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Power Politics in Ottoman Provincial Administration

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Power Politics in Ottoman Provincial Administration KÜÇÜKOĞLU SEVİNÇ LÜTFİYE POWER POLITICS IN OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF GÜRCÜ OSMAN PASHA (1789-1807) POWER POLITICS IN PROVINCIAL POLITICS IN POWER OTTOMAN POWER POLITICS IN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION: POLITICS IN POWER OTTOMAN A CASE STUDY OF GÜRCÜ OSMAN PASHA OF GÜRCÜA CASE STUDY (1789 OSMAN A CASE STUDY OF GÜRCÜ OSMAN PASHA OF GÜRCÜA CASE STUDY (1789 OSMAN A. Ph. D. Dissertation by LÜTFİYE SEVİNÇ KÜÇÜKOĞLU ADMINISTRATION: - The Department of History - 1807) 1807) İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2019 Bilkent University 2019 To My Family POWER POLITICS IN OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF GÜRCÜ OSMAN PASHA (1789-1807) The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University By LÜTFİYE SEVİNÇ KÜÇÜKOĞLU In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2019 ABSTRACT POWER POLITICS IN OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF GÜRCÜ OSMAN PASHA (1789-1807) Küçükoğlu, Lütfiye Sevinç Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeniy R. Radushev September 2019 This dissertation examines Gürcü Osman Pasha, who was a promising military origin Ottoman state official at his early career stages, but then turned into a rebel sacking Rumelian districts in collaboration with the most unruly figures of the region. When his political, military and financial sources of power eventually evolved to pose a significant threat to the central authority, he ended up being executed by the government. Although he was not a primary figure of his time, both his political networks and dynamics of his rebellion refer that he had strong connections with many prominent characters of the period. Through analyzing reasons behind Osman Pasha’s rebellion, his patronage relations, alliances and conflicts, the dissertation depicts the volatile and delicate structure of the early modern Ottoman politics and places Osman among other prominent characters of the time. It also focuses on formation of Osman’s household and his various revenue sources, discussing how they enabled him to become a prominent pasha without a powerful family, or a local notable origin, or a considerable wealth of his own at the beginning of his career. As a conclusion this study attempts to explain Osman Pasha’s career cycle with a vicious circle of acquiring power, behaving disorderly and power again, and so on. It also offers a principle that might help us comprehend the dynamics of the Ottoman politics and the shifting power from the center to the provinces and vice versa. Keywords: Household, Military Resources and Financial Sources of Power, Patronage Relations, Political Networks, State official iii ÖZET OSMANLI TAŞRA YÖNETİMİNDE GÜÇ VE İKTİDAR ÇATIŞMALARI: GÜRCÜ OSMAN PAŞA İSYANI (1789-1807) Küçükoğlu, Lütfiye Sevinç Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Evgeniy R. Radushev Eylül 2019 Bu tez çalışması, kariyerinin ilk evrelerinde oldukça umut vaadeden asker kökenli bir Osmanlı devlet adamı olan Gürcü Osman Paşa hakkındadır. Osman Paşa kariyerinin sonraki dönemlerinde Rumeli bölgesinin en asi figürleri ile işbirliği içinde kazaları yağmalayan isyancı bir karaktere dönüşmüştür. Paşa’nın politik, askeri ve finansal güç kaynakları gelişip merkezi otoriteye karşı ciddi bir tehlike oluşturmaya başladığında, Paşa takibe alınır ve sonunda hakkında idam emri çıkarılır. Her ne kadar döneminin çok öne çıkan karakterlerinden biri olmasa da, Paşa’nın hem politik bağlantıları hem de isyanının dinamikleri, kendi zamanının birçok önemli karakteri ile kuvvetli ilişkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Tezde Osman Paşa’nın isyanı, intisap ilişkileri, işbirlikleri ve çatışmaları analiz edilerek, erken modern Osmanlı politik dünyasının değişken yapısı incelenmekte ve Osman Paşa karakteri dönemin diğer önemli karakterlerinin olduğu sahaya yerleştirilmektedir. Tezin odaklandığı diğer konular Paşa’nın kapı halkı ve muhtelif gelir kaynaklarıdır. Ayrıca kapı halkı ve gelir kaynaklarının Paşa’yı nasıl güçlü bir aileye, veya ayanlık kökenine, veya hatırı sayılır bir servete sahip olmadan kayda değer bir paşa karakterine dönüştürdüklerine değinilmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu tez Paşa’nın kariyer aşamalarını, güç elde etme, asi davranışlarda bulunma, tekrar güç elde etme ve sonra yine asi davranışlar kısır döngüsü ile açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca tezde dönemin Osmanlı politik dinamiklerini ve emperyal merkez ile taşra arasındaki güç kaymalarını anlamlandırmada yardımcı olabilecek bir model önermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Askeri ve Finansal Gücün Kaynakları, Devlet Adamı, İntisap, Kapı Halkı, Politik İlişki Ağları iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a wise man once said, it takes a village to raise a baby. Just like that it took a large community to write this thesis. First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitudes to my supervisors Oktay Özel and Evgeniy Radushev who have guided and taught me, commented on my thoughts and helped me formulate my ideas through many years. I am also greatly indebted to Mehmet Genç, Özer Ergenç, Mehmet Öz, Erol Özvar, Fatih Yeşil, Harun Yeni and Canay Şahin for their supports and insightful comments on my works. I am particularly thankful to many colleagues and friends who contributed to this thesis; Ali Osman Çınar, Dilek Cansel, Sinan Çuluk, Aydın Kurt, Hakan Engin, Cumhur Bekar, Ebru Sönmez, Yıldız Yılmaz and Göksel Baş. I am also grateful to Jeff Hugh Turner and Ömer Gürbüz for their valuable help in editing my texts. Special thanks to Oğuz Işık who was my teacher when I was a undergraduate student for he has always believed in me and my academic faculties. Last but not least, I would like to thank my dearest friends Ayşe Nahide Yılmaz and Sultan Bardakcı who were right beside me at my darkest and also brightest moments. This thesis is dedicated to my family, Naime Firuz and Bekir Küçükoğlu, Emine and Mustafa Baysal. I am especially grateful to my deceased grandpa Mustafa for his love and encouragement for learning. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Subject ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Transformations Leading to the Realities of the Late Eighteenth Century ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Rise of the Local Notables .................................................................. 8 1.4 Military and Fiscal Needs of Local Notables and Provincial Governors ................................................................................................. 11 1.5 Studies on Eighteenth-Century Figures .................................................... 15 1.6 Sources ..................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER II: CAREER STEPS OF OSMAN PASHA ........................................... 22 2.1 Period of Guardianships ............................................................................ 22 2.2 Years of Exile in Keşan ............................................................................. 25 2.3 Back to Guardianship in Vidin .................................................................. 28 2.4 Start to Rise Up in Silistre ......................................................................... 31 2.5 Peak of His Career as the Governor of Rumelia ........................................ 38 2.6 Denial of His Depositon from Rumelia ..................................................... 42 2.7 Resistance and Rebellion ........................................................................... 52 CHAPTER III: PATRONAGE RELATIONS AND POLITICAL NETWORKS ............................................................................................................ 66 3.1 Patronage Ralations ................................................................................... 66 3.1.1 Overview of Patronage Relations .................................................... 66 3.1.2 The Prominent Figures From 1790s to 1800s: The Profiles ............ 71 3.1.3 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................... 94 3.2 Vizier Households ................................................................................... 106 3.2.1 Overview of Vizier Households and Their Structure .................... 106 3.2.2 Household of Gürcü Osman Pasha ................................................ 109 vi 3.2.2.1 Members of His Household During His Rise ................... 109 3.2.2.2 His Household After His Disfavor and Rebellion ............ 117 3.2.3 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................
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