© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

Contributors

This list includes all contributors credited in this edition of the encyclopedia, including some whose articles from the previous edition have been updated by the editors or other contributors. Those with names preceded by a dagger (†) are deceased.

Gémino H. Abad, English (emeritus), University of the Guinn Batten, English, Washington University in Saint Philippines Louis Hazard Adams, English and Comparative Literature Gary Beckman, Hittite and Mesopotamian Studies, (emeritus), University of Washington University of Michigan †Percy G. Adams, English, University of Tennes see †Ernst H. Behler, Germanics and Comparative Literature, Cécile Alduy, French, Stanford University University of Washington †Fernando Alegría, Spanish and Portuguese, Stanford Margaret H. Beissinger, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University Princeton University Joseph Allen, Asian Languages and Literatures, University Esther G. Belin, Writing, Fort Lewis College of Minnesota Alexandra G. Bennett, English, Northern Illinois University Roger M. A. Allen, Arabic Languages and Literatures Sandra L. Bermann, Comparative Literature, Princeton (emeritus), University of Pennsylvania University Robert Alter, Hebrew and Comparative Literature, Charles Bernstein, English, University of Pennsylvania University of California, Berkeley Eleanor Berry, independent scholar Charles Altieri, English, University of California, Berkeley †Jess B. Bessinger, English, New York University Hélio J. S. Alves, Portuguese and Comparative Literature, Krzysztof Biedrzycki, Polish Literature, Jagiellonian University of Evora University Walter Andrews, Ottoman and Turkish Literature, Stanley S. Bill, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Washington Northwestern University †Robert P. apRoberts, English, California State University, Lloyd Bishop, French (emeritus), Virginia Polytechnic Northridge Institute and State University Francesco Marco Aresu, Italian, Stanford University Jenny Björklund, Center for Gender Research, Uppsala Samuel G. Armistead, Spanish (emeritus), University of University California, Davis Josiah Blackmore, Spanish and Portuguese, University of †John Arthos, English, University of Michigan Toronto Robert Ashmore, East Asian Languages and Cultures, Kirstie Blair, English Literature, University of Glasgow University of California, Berkeley C. D. Blanton, English, University of California, Berkeley Paul S. Atkins, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Mutlu Konuk Blasing, English, Brown University Washington †Morton W. Bloomfi eld, English, Harvard University †Stuart Atkins, German and Comparative Literature, Frederick L. Blumberg, Comparative Literature, Stanford University of California, Santa Barbara University Derek Attridge, English and Related Literature, University Lev Blumenfeld, Linguistics, Carleton University of York Fredric Bogel, English, Cornell University Harry Aveling, Asian Studies, La Trobe University Willard Bohn, Foreign Languages (emeritus), Illinois State Jan Baetens, Cultural Studies, University of Leuven University Timothy Bahti, German and Comparative Literature Roy C. Boland, Spanish and Latin American Studies, (emeritus), University of Michigan University of Sydney James O. Bailey, Slavic Languages and Literature (emeritus), Annika Bostelmann, German, Institute of Rostock University of Wisconsin – Madison Enric Bou, Linguistics and Comparative Cultures, Ca’Foscari Peter S. Baker, English, University of Virginia University of Venice Henryk Baran, Slavic Studies, University at Albany, State Betsy Bowden, English, Rutgers University, Camden University of New York Claire Bowen, English, Dickinson College Alessandro Barchiesi, Classics, Stanford University Katherine Bowers, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Vincent Barletta, Iberian and Latin American Cultures, Northwestern University Stanford University Matthieu Boyd, Literature, Fairleigh Dickinson University Jeff rey Barnouw, English (emeritus), University of Texas Jeremy Braddock, English, Cornell University Henry J. Baron, English, Calvin College Gordon Braden, English, University of Virginia Mark Barr, English, St. Mary’s University Anthony Bradley, English (emeritus), University of Vermont Shadi Bartsch, Classics, University of Chicago Ross Brann, Near Eastern Studies, Cornell University Catherine Bates, English and Comparative Literature, Laurence A. Breiner, English, Boston University University of Warwick Karen Britland, English, University of Wisconsin–Madison xxviii © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

CONTRIBUTORS xxix

Claudia Brodsky, Comparative Literature, Princeton Odile Cisneros, Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American University Studies, University of Alberta Jacqueline Vaught Brogan, English, University of Notre Michael P. Clark, English, University of California, Irvine Dame †Dorothy Clotelle Clarke, Spanish and Portuguese, †T.V.F. Brogan, independent scholar University of California, Berkeley Yigal Bronner, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Albrecht Classen, German Studies, University of Arizona University of Chicago Michelle Clayton, Comparative Literature, Spanish and Gordon Brotherston, Languages, Linguistics, and Cultures, Portuguese, University of California, Los Angeles University of Manchester Katharine Cleland, English, Pennsylvania State University Kristina Vise Browder, English, Troy University James M. Cocola, English, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Catherine Brown, Spanish, University of Michigan Michael C. Cohen, English, University of California, Los †Huntington Brown, English, University of Minnesota Angeles Katherine A. Brown, French, Skidmore College Ann Baynes Coiro, English, Rutgers University †Merle E. Brown, English, University of Iowa A. Thomas Cole, English (emeritus), Yale University †Juan Bruce-Novoa, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Claire Colebrook, English, Pennsylvania State University California, Irvine Stephen Collis, English, Simon Fraser University Benjamin Bruch, Celtic Languages and Literature, Celtic Gregory G. Colomb, English, University of Virginia Institute of North America David A. Colón, English, Texas Christian University Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner, French, Boston College Anne E. Commons, East Asian Studies, University of Alberta Horst Brunner, German Philology, University of J. E. Congleton, Humanities and Sciences (emeritus), Wuerzburg University of Findlay Gerald L. Bruns, English (emeritus), University of Notre Eleanor Cook, English (emerita), University of Toronto Dame †Robert Cook, English, University of Iceland Patrick Buckridge, Humanities, Griffi th University G. Burns Cooper, English, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Sidney Burris, English, University of Arkansas Rita Copeland, Classical Studies, English and Comparative John Burt, English, Brandeis University Literature, University of Pennsylvania Stephen Burt, English, Harvard University Ian D. Copestake, British Culture, University of Bamberg Christopher Bush, French and Comparative Literary François Cornilliat, French, Rutgers University Studies, Northwestern University †Procope S. Costas, Classical Studies, Brooklyn College, Michel Byrne, Celtic and Gaelic, University of Glasgow City University of New York Lorraine Byrne Bodley, Music, National University of Bonnie Costello, English, Boston University Ireland, Maynooth †Ronald S. Crane, English Language and Literature, Thomas Cable, English (emeritus), University of Texas University of Chicago Kolter M. Campbell, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Johaina Crisostomo, independent scholar Northwestern University Holly Crocker, English Language and Literature, University Marta Ortiz Canseco, Philology, University of Alcalá of South Carolina David Caplan, English, Ohio Wesleyan University Jennifer Croft, Comparative Literary Studies, Northwestern Thomas Carper, English (emeritus), University of Southern University Maine Joanna Crow, School of Modern Languages, Bristol Antonio Carreño, Hispanic Studies, Brown University University Meredith Walker Castile, English, Stanford University Cheryl A. Crowley, Russian and East Asian Languages and Clare Cavanagh, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Cultures, Emory University Northwestern University Isagani R. Cruz, Literature and Philippine Languages Max Cavitch, English, University of Pennsylvania (emeritus), De La Salle University Mary Ann Caws, Comparative Literature, English, and Jonathan Culler, English, Cornell University French, Graduate Center, City University of New York Stephen Cushman, English, University of Virginia Natalia Cecire, Fox Center for Humanistic Inquiry, Emory Maria Damon, English, University of Minnesota University †Phillip Damon, English and Comparative Literature, See ta Chaganti, English, University of California, Davis University of California, Berkeley †Frank M. Chambers, French, University of Arizona Michael Dash, French, Social and Cultural Analysis, New Jennifer Chang, English, University of Virginia York University Kang-i-Sun Chang, East Asian Languages and Literatures, Ian Davidson, English and Comparative Literature, Yale University Northumbria University Jack Chen, Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michael Davidson, English, University of California, San Diego California, Los Angeles Kathleen Davis, English, University of Rhode Island Patrick Cheney, English and Comparative Literature, Dirk de Geest, Literary Th eory, University of Leiden Pennsylvania State University Jonathan Decter, Sephardic Studies, Brandeis University David H. Chisholm, German Studies (emeritus), University Andrew M. Devine, Classics, Stanford University of Arizona Jeroen Dewulf, German, University of California, Berkeley Elżbieta Chrzanowska-Kluczewska, English Philology, Vinay Dharwadker, Languages and Cultures of Asia, Jagiellonian University University of Wisconsin–Madison © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. xxx CONTRIBUTORS

Thibaut d’Hubert, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Jordan Finkin, Oriental Studies (Hebrew), University of University of Chicago College Oxford Joanne Diaz, English, Illinois Wesleyan University †Harold Fisch, English, Bar-Ilan University Terence Diggory, English, Skidmore College †Solomon Fishman, English, University of California, Davis Connor Doak, Slavic Languages and Literatures, †Wolfgang Bernhard Fleischman, Comparative Literature, Northwestern University Montclair State College Jeff rey Dolven, English, Princeton University †Robert Harter Fogle, English, University of North Daniel G. Donaghue, Old English Studies, Harvard Carolina , Chapel Hill University †Stephen F. Fogle, English, Adelphi Suff olk College Neil H. Donahue, German and Comparative Literature, †John Miles Foley, Classical Studies, University of Missouri Hofstra University Stephen Foley, English and Comparative Literature, Brown Christopher Donaldson, Comparative Literature, Stanford University University Patrick K. Ford, Celtic Languages and Literatures, Harvard David F. Dorsey, independent scholar University Edward Doughtie, English (emeritus), Rice University Benjamin Foster, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Johanna Drucker, Information Studies, University of Yale University California, Los Angeles Alastair Fowler, Rhetoric and English Literature (emeritus), Andrew Dubois, English, University of Toronto University of Edinburgh Heather Dubrow, English, Fordham University Elizabeth Fowler, English, University of Virginia Martin J. Duff ell, Iberian and Latin American Studies, Queen Nicholas Frankel, English, Virginia Commonwealth Mary, University of London University Dianne Dugaw, English, University of Oregon Lisa Freinkel, Comparative Literature, University of Oregon Francois Dumont, Literature, University of Laval Amanda L. French, Center for History and New Media, †Charles W. Dunn, Celtic Languages and Literatures George Mason University (emeritus), Harvard University †Bernard J. Fridsma, Germanic Languages (emeritus), Rachel Blau DuPlessis, English, Temple University Calvin College Sascha Ebeling, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Debra Fried, English, Cornell University University of Chicago Nila Friedberg, Russian, Portland State University Jonathan P. Eburne, Comparative Literature and English, †Albert B. Friedman, English, Claremont Graduate Pennsylvania State University University Robert R. Edwards, English, Pennsylvania State University Norman Friedman, English (emeritus), Queens College, Sveinn Yngvi Egilsson, Icelandic and Comparative Cultural City University of New York Studies, University of Iceland Dmitry Frolov, Arabic Philology, Moscow State University Robert G. Eisenhauer, independent scholar Paul H. Fry, English, Yale University Helen Regueiro Elam, English, University at Albany, State †Joseph G. Fucilla, Romance Languages, Northwestern University of New York University Jonathan Elmer, English, Indiana University Robert Dennis Fulk, English, Indiana University †Gerald F. Else, Classical Studies, University of Michigan Graham Furniss, Languages and Cultures of Africa, Robert Elsie, independent scholar University of London Lori Emerson, English, University of Colorado Thomas Furniss, English, University of Strathclyde James Engell, English and Comparative Literature, Harvard René Galand, French (emeritus), Wellesley College University Miguel Ángel Garrido Gallardo, Literary Th eory, Spanish †Alfred Garvin Engstrom, French, University of North National Research Council, Madrid Carolina , Chapel Hill Marisa Galvez, French, Stanford University †Alan W. Entwistle, Hindi, University of Washington Linda Garber, Women’s and Gender Studies, Santa Clara †Alvin A. Eustis, French, University of California, Berkeley University David Evans, Modern Languages, University of St. Andrews Ariadna García-Bryce, Spanish, Reed College †Robert O. Evans, English and Comparative Literature Leonardo García-Pabón, Romance Languages, University (emeritus), University of New Mexico of Oregon Raphael Falco, English, University of Maryland, Baltimore Thomas Gardner, English, Virginia Polytechnic Institute County Boris Gasparov, Slavic Languages and Literature, Columbia Walter Farber, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University University of Chicago Mary Malcolm Gaylord, Romance Languages and Ibrahim Fathy, independent scholar Literatures, Harvard University Harris Feinsod, English, Northwestern University Sophie Gee, English, Princeton University Frances Ferguson, English, Johns Hopkins University Stephen A. Geller, Bible, Jewish Th eological Seminary Margaret W. Ferguson, English, University of California, Natalie Gerber, English, State University of New York, Davis Fredonia Patrick ff rench, French, King’s College London E. Michael Gerli, Spanish, University of Virginia Annie Finch, Creative Writing, University of Southern Edwin Gerow, Religion and Humanities (emeritus), Reed Maine College © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

CONTRIBUTORS xxxi

†Robert J. Getty, Classics, University of North Carolina Ernst Haüblein, independent scholar Denise Gigante, English, Stanford University Edward R. Haymes, German, Cleveland State University Brian Glavey, English Language and Literature, University of Kenneth Haynes, Comparative Literature and Classics, South Carolina Brown University Leon Golden, Classics (emeritus), Florida State University Gregory Hays, Classics, University of Virginia Lorrie Goldensohn, independent scholar Wade Heaton, English, Southeastern Louisiana University Alan Golding, English, University of Louisville Ulf Hedetoft, Nationality and Migration Studies, University Robert P. Goldman, South and Southeast Asian Studies, of Copenhagen University of California, Berkeley Wolfhart Heinrichs, Arabic, Harvard University †Ulrich K. Goldsmith, German, University of Colorado Ursula K. Heise, English, Stanford University David Goldstein, English, York University Gustav Heldt, East Asian Languages, Literatures, and Kevis Goodman, English, University of California, Berkeley Cultures, University of Virginia Sverker Göransson, Literature, University of Gothenburg James S. Helgeson, French and Francophone Studies, †Lewis H. Gordon, Italian and French, Brown University University of Nottingham Rüdiger Görner, Germanic Studies, Queen Mary, University Benjamin A. Heller, Spanish, University of Notre Dame of London Sarah-Grace Heller, French, Ohio State University Stathis Gourgouris, Classics, Columbia University Elizabeth K. Helsinger, Art History, University of Chicago George G. Grabowicz, Ukranian Literature, Harvard Omaar Hena, English, Wake Forest University University †Stephen E. Henderson, Afro-American Studies and Kenneth J. E. Graham, English Language and Literature, English, Howard University University of Waterloo †C. John Herington, Classics, Yale University Phyllis Granoff , Religious Studies, Yale University Brenda Hillman, English, Saint Mary’s College of California Erik Gray, English, Columbia University Kenneth Hiltner, English, University of California, Santa Stephen Gray, independent scholar Barbara Roland Greene, Comparative Literature, Stanford University Daniel Hoff man, English (emeritus), University of Edward L. Greenstein, Bible, Bar-Ilan University Pennsylvania Tobias B. Gregory, English, Catholic University of America Tyler Hoff man, English, Rutgers University, Camden †Michelle Grimaud, French, Wellesley College Norman N. Holland, English (emeritus), University of Anne Marie Guglielmo, Comparative Literature, Stanford Florida University John Holmes, English Language and Literature, University Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Comparative Literature, Stanford of Reading University †Urban T. Holmes, Romance Languages, University of Kathryn Gutzwiller, Classics, University of Cincinnati North Carolina, Chapel Hill Janet Hadda, English (emerita), University of California, Bruce Holsinger, English, University of Virginia Los Angeles Marianne Hopman, Classics, Northwestern University †Vernon Hall, Comparative Literature, University of †Roger A. Hornsby, Classics, University of Iowa Wisconsin–Madison H. Mack Horton, East Asian Languages and Cultures, Charles Hallisey, Buddhist Literatures, Harvard Divinity School University of California, Berkeley Stephen Halliwell, Greek, University of St. Andrews Vittorio Hösle, German and Russian Languages and James W. Halporn, Classical Studies, Indiana University Literatures, University of Notre Dame †Albert W. Halsall, French, Carleton University Peter Howarth, School of English and Drama, Queen Mary, Russell G. Hamilton, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Lusophone University of London African Literatures, Vanderbilt University Laura L. Howes, English, University of Tennes see, Knoxville Hannibal Hamlin, English, Ohio State University Thomas John Hudak, Linguistics, Arizona State University William L. Hanaway, Near Eastern Languages and Robert Huey, Japanese Literature, University of Hawai‘i, Civilizations (emeritus), University of Pennsylvania Manoa Kristin Hanson, English, Universitiy of California, Berkeley Shaun F. D. Hughes, Comparative Literature, Purdue University †O. B. Hardison, English, Georgetown University Kathryn Hume, Comparative Literature, Stanford University David Hargreaves, Linguistics, Western Oregon University Jerry Hunter, Welsh, Bangor University William E. Harkins, Slavic Languages, Columbia University Walter Hunter, English, University of Virginia William Harmon, English and Comparative Literature Linda Hutcheon, English and Comparative Literature, (emeritus), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill University of Toronto Joseph Harris, English, Harvard University Wilt L. Idema, Chinese Literature, Harvard University Robert L. Harrison, independent scholar Luis Miguel Isava, Literature, Universidad Simón Bolívar Henry Hart, English, College of William and Mary Fernando Iturburu, Spanish, State University of New York, Kevin Hart, Religious Studies, University of Virginia Plattsburgh Lauran Hartley, Tibetan Studies Librarian, Columbia Linda Ivanits, Russian and Comparative Literature, University Pennsylvania State University Charles O. Hartman, English, Connecticut College †Ivar Ivask, Modern Languages, University of Oklahoma Ruth Harvey, Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, Oren Izenberg, English, University of Illinois, Chicago Royal Holloway, University of London Virginia Jackson, English, University of California, Irvine © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. xxxii CONTRIBUTORS

Alessandro Michelangelo Jaker, Linguistics, Stanford Peter Kirkpatrick, English, University of Sydney University Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, English, University of Alison James, Romance Languages and Literatures, Maryland University of Chicago Dodona Kiziria, Slavic Languages and Literatures (emeritus), Gerald J. Janecek, Russian and Eastern Studies (emeritus), Indiana University University of Kentucky Conor Klamann, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Hanna Janiszewska, English, Stanford University Northwestern University Nicholas Jenkins, English, Stanford University Christopher Kleinhenz, French and Italian, University of D. B. S. Jeyaraj, independent scholar Wisconsin–Madison Ramya Chamalie Jirasinghe, independent scholar Peter Kline, English, James Madison University Christopher Johnson, Comparative Literature, Harvard David Knechtges, Asian Languages and Literature, University University of Washington Eleanor Johnson, English and Comparative Literature, Nisha Kommattam, South Asian Languages and Columbia University Civilizations, University of Chicago Jeff rey Johnson, English Language and Literature, Daito Alireza Korangy Isfahani, Department of Middle Eastern Bunka University and South Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Eileen Tess Johnston, English, United States Naval Virginia Academy David Kovacs, Classics, University of Virginia Aled Llion Jones, Department of Celtic Languages and Christina Kramer, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Literatures, Harvard University University of Toronto †Charles W. Jones, English, University of California, Berkeley Christopher Krentz, English, University of Virginia Meta DuEwa Jones, English, University of Texas †Murray Krieger, English, University of California, Irvine William R. Jones, English and Philosophy, Murray State Theresa Krier, English, Macalester College University Efraín Kristal, Comparative Literature, University of Elise Bickford Jorgens, English (emerita), College of California, Los Angeles Charleston Jelle Krol, Tresoar Friesland Historical and Literary Center Walter Jost, English, University of Virginia Dean Krouk, Languages and Literatures, St. Olaf College Cathy L. Jrade, Spanish and Portuguese, Vanderbilt Paul K. Kugler, Inter-regional Society of Jungian Analysis University Jill Kuhnheim, Spanish and Portuguese, University Gregory Jusdanis, Greek and Latin, Ohio State University of Kansas Steven Justice, English, University of California, Berkeley Aaron Kunin, English, Pomona College Ananya Jahanara Kabir, Humanities, University of Leeds Christoph Küper, English Linguistics, University of Vechta Andrew Kahn, Russian Literature, University of Oxford Leslie Kurke, Classics and Comparative Literature, †Sholom J. Kahn, English, Hebrew University of Jerusalem University of California, Berkeley Rayna Kalas, English, Cornell University William Kuskin, English, University of Colorado Julie Kane, English, Northwestern State University of David Kutzko, Classics, Western Michigan University Louisiana Catherine Labio, English, University of Colorado Paul Kane, English, Vassar College Dov Landau, Hebrew and Comparative Literature, Bar-Ilan Ruth Kaplan, English, Quinnipiac University University Matthew T. Kapstein, Philosophy of Religions and History George Lang, French, University of Ottawa of Religions, University of Chicago Divinity School Susan S. Lanser, English, Brandeis University Robert Kaufman, Comparative Literature, University of Ilse Laude-Cirtautas, Russian, East European and Central California, Berkeley Asian Studies, University of Washington Nanor Kebranian, Armenian Literature, Columbia Marc D. Lauxtermann, Byzantine and Modern Greek University Language and Literature, University of Oxford Edmund Keeley, English (emeritus), Princeton University Sarah Lawall, Comparative Literature (emerita), University Eric Keenaghan, English, University at Albany, State of Massachusetts University of New York Joseph Lease, Writing and Literature, California College of Jennifer Keith, English, University of North Carolina, the Arts Greensboro John Leavitt, Anthropology, University of Montreal Lynn Keller, English, University of Wisconsin–Madison Meredith Lee, German (emerita), University of California, William J. Kennedy, Comparative Literature, Cornell Irvine University Young-Jun Lee, Korean Literature, Kyung Hee University Dov-Ber Kerler, Jewish Studies, Indiana University Catherine Léglu, Medieval Studies, University of Reading Martin Kern, East Asian Studies, Princeton University †Ilse Lehiste, Linguistics, Ohio State University Sachin C. Ketkar, English, Maharaja Sayajrao University of Vincent B. Leitch, English, University of Oklahoma Baroda Keith D. Leonard, Literature, American University Arthur F. Kinney, English, University of Massachusetts, Laurence D. Lerner, English, Vanderbilt University Amherst Rolf Lessenich, English, American, and Celtic Studies Clare R. Kinney, English, University of Virginia (emeritus), University of Bonn Gwen Kirkpatrick, Spanish and Portuguese, Georgetown Gayle Levy, French, University of Missouri, Kansas City University Jennifer Lewin, Writing, Boston University © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii

Franklin D. Lewis, Persian Language and Literature, Kevin McFadden, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities University of Chicago Jerome McGann, English, University of Virginia Rhiannon Lewis, English, Stanford University Meredith McGill, English, Rutgers University Tracy K. Lewis, Portuguese, State University of New York, Robin McGrath, independent scholar Oswego Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, independent scholar Joel Lidov, Classics, Graduate Center, City University of Julie S. Meisami, Persian, University of Oxford New York Louis Menand, English, Harvard University Eva Lilja, Comparative Literature, University of Gothenburg Edward Mendelson, English and Comparative Literature, Ian K. Lilly, European Languages and Literatures, University Columbia University of Auckland †Lore Metzger, English, Emory University John Lindow, Scandinavian, University of California, Talya Meyers, English, Stanford University Berkeley Leah Middlebrook, Comparative Literature and Spanish, Ursula Lindqvist, Scandinavian, Harvard University University of Oregon Lawrence Lipking, English, Northwestern University Peter Middleton, English, University of Southampton Rene Felix Lissens, Dutch and German Literature †Rigo Mignani, Romance Languages, Binghamton (emeritus), St. Ignatius University University, State University of New York Daiva Litvinskaitė, Slavic and Baltic Languages and Laurent Mignon, Turkish, University of Oxford Literatures, University of Illinois, Chicago Cristianne Miller, English, University at Buff alo, State Ernesto Livon-Grosman, Hispanic Studies, Boston College University of New York Ernesto Livorni, Comparative Literature, University of John F. Miller, Classics, University of Virginia Wisconsin–Madison Tyrus Miller, Literature, University of California, Santa Cruz †D. Myrddin Lloyd, National Library of Scotland †Earl Miner, English and Comparative Literature, Princeton Jonathan Loesberg, Literature, American University University Yelena Lorman, Comparative Literary Studies, Northwestern W. J. T. Mitchell, English and Art History, University of University Chicago Paul Losensky, Comparative Literature, Indiana University Ivan Mladenov, Literature, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Tina Lu, East Asian Languages and Literatures, Yale K. Silem Mohammad, English and Writing, Southern University Oregon University †Katharine Luomala, Anthropology, University of Hawai‘i Reidulf K. Molvaer, independent scholar David B. Lurie, Japanese History and Literature, Columbia Steven Monte, English, College of Staten Island, City University University of New York Sverre Lyngstad, English (emeritus), New Jersey Institute of Robert L. Montgomery, English (emeritus), University of Technology California, Irvine John MacInnes, School of Scottish Studies (emeritus), Colin H. Moore, Comparative Literature, Stanford University University of Edinburgh Anna H. More, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Armando Maggi, Italian Literature, University of Chicago California, Los Angeles John L. Mahoney, English (emeritus), Boston College Adelaide Morris, English, University of Iowa Lawrence Manley, English, Yale University Saundra Morris, English, Bucknell University Jenny C. Mann, English, Cornell University Gary Saul Morson, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Joshua K. Mann, English, Stanford University Northwestern University Michael L. Manson, Literature, American University Leith Morton, English, Tokyo Institute of Technology Abednego M. Maphumulo, Modern and Oral Literature, Ian Frederick Moulton, Interdisciplinary Humanities and University of Kwa-Zulu Communication, Arizona State University Kathleen N. March, Spanish, University of Maine Paula M. L. Moya, English, Stanford University Samuel Mareel, Dutch Literature, Ghent University Jan-Dirk Müller, German Philology, Ludwig Maximilians David Marno, English, University of California, Berkeley University of Munich John Henry Marshall, Romance Philology (emeritus), H. Adlai Murdoch, French, University of Illinois, Urbana- University of London Champaign Keavy Martin, English, University of Alberta Walton Muyumba, English, University of North Texas Meredith Martin, English, Princeton University C. M. Naim, South Asian Languages and Civilizations †Wallace Martin, English, University of Toledo (emeritus), University of Chicago Timothy J. Materer, English, University of Missouri James Naughton, Czech and Slovak, University of Oxford Timothy Mathews, French and Comparative Criticism, Sharon Diane Nell, Modern Languages and Literatures, University College London Loyola University Maryland Jonathan Mayhew, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Barbara Barney Nelson, Languages and Literature, Sul Ross Kansas State University Krystyna Mazur, American Studies, University of Warsaw Virgil P. Nemoianu, English and Philosophy, Catholic Nicholas F. Mazza, Social Work, Florida State University University of America Pamela McCallum, English, University of Calgary Carole E. Newlands, Classics, University of Colorado David R. McCann, Korean Literature, Harvard University J. K. Newman, Classics (emeritus), University of Illinois Russ McDonald, English and Comparative Literature, Peter Nicholls, English, New York University Goldsmiths, University of London B. Ashton Nichols, English, Dickinson College © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Jan Krogh Nielsen, Danish, University of Washington Yopie Prins, English, University of Michigan James Nohrnberg, English, University of Virginia Joseph Pucci, Classics and Comparative Literature, Brown Carrie Noland, French and Italian, University of California, University Irvine Marc Quaghebeur, Archives and Museum of Literature, Barnaby Norman, French, King’s College London Brussels Michael North, English, University of California, Los William H. Race, Classics, University of North Carolina, Angeles Chapel Hill Ranjini Obeyesekere, Anthropology (emerita), Princeton Burton Raff el, English (emeritus), University of Louisiana, University Lafayette †Michael Patrick O’Connor, Semitics, Catholic University Jahan Ramazani, English, University of Virginia of America Esperanza Ramirez-Christensen, Japanese Literature, Mari Jose Olaziregi, Basque Studies, University of the University of Michigan Basque Country Virginia Ramos, Comparative Literature, Stanford Jeff Opland, Languages and Cultures of Africa, University University of London Arnold Rampersad, English (emeritus), Stanford University †Ants Oras, English, University of Florida Velcheru Narayana Rao, Languages and Cultures of Asia Martin Orwin, Somali and Amharic School of Oriental and (emeritus), University of Wisconsin–Madison African Studies, University of London Suresh Raval, English, University of Arizona †Richard H. Osberg, English, Santa Clara University Mohit K. Ray, English (emeritus), Bardwan University Andrew L. Osborn, English, University of Dallas Brian M. Reed, English, University of Washington Iztok Osojnik, independent scholar †Erica Reiner, Eastern Languages, University of Chicago Stephen Owen, Comparative Literature, Harvard University Timothy J. Reiss, Comparative Literature (emeritus), New William D. Paden, French (emeritus), Northwestern York University University Elizabeth Renker, English, Ohio State University Kirsten Blythe Painter, independent scholar Eric J. Rettberg, English Language and Literature, University Lucy B. Palache, independent scholar of Virginia Anne Paolucci, Council on National Literature Alena Rettová, Swahili Literature and Culture, School of †Henry Paolucci, Government and Politics (emeritus), St. Oriental and African Studies, University of London John’s University Maria G. Rewakowicz, Slavic Languages and Literatures, †Douglass S. Parker, Classics, University of Texas, Austin University of Washington Walter Ward Parks, independent scholar Eliza Richards, English and Comparative Literature, James Parsons, Music, Missouri State University University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Deven M. Patel, South Asia Studies, University of Alan Richardson, English, Boston College Pennsylvania Hallie Smith Richmond, English, University of Virginia Dipti R. Pattanaik, English, Ravenshaw University Francois Rigolot, French and Italian, Princeton University Mark Payne, Classics, University of Chicago Tulku Thondup Rinpoche, Buddhayana Foundation Victoria Pedrick, Classics, Georgetown University Elias L. Rivers, Spanish, Stony Brook University Stephen Penn, English, University of Stirling Hugh Roberts, English, University of California, Irvine Jeff rey M. Perl, Humanities, Bar-Ilan University Françoise Robin, independent scholar Marjorie Perloff , English (emerita), Stanford University Jenefer Robinson, Philosophy, University of Cincinnati †Laurence Perrine, English, Southern Methodist University Peter Robinson, English Language and Literature, Charles A. Perrone, Portuguese and Luso-Brazilian Culture University of Reading and Literatures, University of Florida Emily Rohrbach, English, Northwestern University Curtis Perry, English, University of Illinois, Chicago Philip Rollinson, English, University of South Carolina †Erskine A. Peters, English, University of Notre Dame Armando Romero, Romance Languages and Literatures, Guillaume Peureux, French, University of California, Davis University of Cincinnati Ineke Phaf-Rheinberger, African Literature and Culture, Susan Rosenbaum, English, University of Georgia Humboldt University, Berlin Jason Rosenblatt, English, Georgetown University Chantal Phan, French, University of British Columbia Patricia A. Rosenmeyer, Classics, University of Wisconsin– Allen W. Phillips, Spanish (emeritus), University of Madison California, Santa Barbara Sven H. Rossel, Comparative Literature, University of Natalie Phillips, English, Stanford University Washington Noam Pines, Comparative Literature, Stanford University David J. Rothman, Creative Writing, Western State College †Arshi Pipa, Italian and Albanian, University of Minnesota of Colorado William Bowman Piper, English (emeritus), Rice University Phillip Rothwell, Spanish and Portuguese, Rutgers Elizabeth W. Poe, French, Tulane University University Jean-Jacques Poucel, French, Southern Connecticut State Paul Rouzer, Asian Languages and Literatures, University of University Minnesota †Alex Preminger, independent scholar Christopher Rovee, English, Stanford University Jenifer Presto, Comparative Literature and Russian, †Beryl Rowland, English, University of Victoria University of Oregon David Lee Rubin, French (emeritus), University of Virginia © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

CONTRIBUTORS xxxv

Charles Russell, American Studies, Rutgers University, Thomas O. Sloane, Rhetoric (emeritus), University of Newark California, Berkeley Elizabeth Sagaser, English, Colby College Edgar Slotkin, English and Comparative Literature, Ramon Saldivar, English, Stanford University University of Cincinnati David Salter, English Literature, University of Edinburgh James Smethurst, Afro-American Studies, University of Graham Sanders, Classical Chinese Literature, University Massachusetts, Amherst of Toronto Guntis Šmidchens, Scandinavian Studies, University of Stephanie Sandler, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Washington Harvard University †A. J. M. Smith, English, Michigan State University Rosa Sarabia, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Toronto Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Comparative and English Edith Sarra, East Asian Languages and Cultures, Indiana Literature, Duke University and Brown University University Ivo Smits, Area Studies (Japan), Leiden University Haun Saussy, Comparative Literature, University of Chicago Rupert Snell, Asian Studies, University of Texas, Austin Olive L. Sayce, Modern Languages, University of Oxford Angela Sorby, English, Marquette University Jennifer Scappettone, English Language and Literature, Tamar Sovran, Hebrew Language, Tel Aviv University University of Chicago Lisa Russ Spaar, English, University of Virginia Raymond P. Scheindlin, Medieval Hebrew Literature, Ezra Spicehandler, Hebrew Literature (emeritus), Hebrew Jewish Th eological Seminary Union College †Bernard N. Schilling, English and Comparative Literature, Willard Spiegelman, English, Southern Methodist University of Rochester University Stephanie Schmidt, Iberian and Latin American Cultures, G. Gabrielle Starr, English, New York University Stanford University Timothy Steele, English, California State University, Los Michael Schoenfeldt, English, University of Michigan Angeles Richard Scholar, Modern Languages, University of Oxford Peter Steiner, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University Stephen Schryer, English, University of New Brunswick of Pennsylvania Russell G. Schuh, Linguistics, University of California, Los †Martin Steinmann, English, University of Illinois, Chicago Angeles Laurence D. Stephens, Classics, University of North Joshua Scodel, English and Comparative Literature, Carolina, Chapel Hill University of Chicago Malynne Sternstein, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Clive Scott, European Literature (emeritus), University of University of Chicago East Anglia Robert S. Stilling, English, University of Virginia Matthew Scott, English Language and Literature, University Richard P. Sugg, English, Florida International University of Reading Robert Sullivan, English, University of Hawai‘i Andrew Seal, American Studies, Yale University Luke Sunderland, French, University of Cambridge Jacobo Sefami, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Tae-kyung T. E. Sung, English, University of California, California, Irvine Irvine †A. Lytton Sells, French and Italian, Indiana University †Roy Arthur Swanson, Classics, University of Wisconsin Alexander Sens, Classics, Georgetown University Jeff rey S. Sychterz, English, Fayetteville State University Shafi q Shamel, English, Stanford University Meredith Ramirez Talusan, Comparative Literature, †Marianne Shapiro, Comparative Literature, Brown Cornell University University G. Thomas Tanselle, English and Comparative Literature Robert B. Shaw, English, Mount Holyoke College (emeritus), Columbia University Vered Karti Shemtov, Hebrew Language and Literature, Bronwen Tate, Comparative Literature, Stanford University Stanford University Miles Taylor, English, Le Moyne College Charles P. Shepherdson, English, University at Albany, Frances Teague, English, University of Georgia State University of New York Gordon Teskey, English and American Literature, Harvard Anna Shields, Chinese Literature, University of Maryland, University Baltimore County †Robert Donald Thornton, English, State University of Rimvydas Silbajoris, Slavic (emeritus), Ohio State New York, New Paltz University Galin Tihanov, Comparative Literature, Queen Mary, Juris Silenieks, French (emeritus), Carnegie Mellon University of London University Francisco Tomsich, independent scholar †Isidore Silver, Humanities, Washington University in Saint Humphrey Tonkin, Humanities (emeritus), University of Louis Hartford †Joseph H. Silverman, Spanish, University of California, Chandrakant Topiwala, independent scholar Santa Cruz Steven C. Tracy, Afro-American Studies, University of Kirsti K. Simonsuuri, Comparative Literature, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Helsinki Wesley Trimpi, English (emeritus), Stanford University James Simpson, French, University of Glasgow Reuven Tsur, Hebrew Literature, Tel Aviv University Amardeep Singh, English, Lehigh University Gary Tubb, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Alexandra Slessarev, English, Stanford University University of Chicago © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Herbert F. Tucker, English, University of Virginia Philip Weller, Music, University of Nottingham Leslie Ullman, Creative Writing (emerita), University of Colin Wells, English, St. Olaf College Texas, El Paso Andrew Welsh, English, Rutgers University Michael Ursell, Literature, University of California, Santa William Wenthe, English, Texas Tech University Cruz Winthrop Wetherbee, Humanities (emeritus), Cornell Quang Phu Van, Vietnamese, Yale University University W. J. van Bekkum, Semitic Languages and Cultures, †Rachel Wetzsteon, English, William Paterson University University of Groningen Bridget Whearty, English, Stanford University John Van Sickle, Classics, Brooklyn College, City University Philip White, English, Centre College of New York Steven F. White, Spanish and Portuguese, St. Lawrence Anton Vander Zee, English, Stanford University University Valeria Varga, Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University Simon Wickham-Smith, Russian, East European, and Daniel Veraldi, independent scholar Central Asian Studies, University of Washington Aida Vidan, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard †John Ellis Caerwyn Williams, Welsh and Celtic University, University College of Wales Robert Vilain, German, University of Bristol Rhian Williams, English and Scottish Language and Louise Viljoen, Afrikaans and Dutch, University of Literature, University of Glasgow Stellensbosch James I. Wimsatt, English (emeritus), University of Texas, Robert von Hallberg, English and Comparative Literature, Austin University of Chicago Michael Winkler, German Studies (emeritus), Rice Michael Wachtel, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University Princeton University James A. Winn, English, Boston University David A. Wacks, Spanish, University of Oregon Rosemary (Gates) Winslow, English, Catholic University Mara R. Wade, Germanic Languages and Literatures, of America University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Steven Winspur, French and Italian, University of Amanda Walling, English, University of Hartford Wisconsin–Madison Christopher Warley, English, University of Toronto †Tibor Wlassics, Italian, University of Virginia †Frank J. Warnke, Comparative Literature, University of Susan J. Wolfson, English, Princeton University Georgia Allen G. Wood, French and Comparative Literature, Purdue James Perrin Warren, English, Washington and Lee University University Dafydd Wood, Comparative Literature, University of Texas William Waters, Modern Languages and Comparative James Robert Wood, English, Stanford University Literature, Boston University Malcolm Woodland, English, University of Toronto Amanda Watson, Research and Instruction Librarian, W. B. Worthen, Th eatre, Barnard College Connecticut College George T. Wright, English (emeritus), University of Roderick Watson, English (emeritus), University of Minnesota Stirling Teri Shaff er Yamada, Asian Studies, California State Jessica Weare, English, Stanford University University, Long Beach Ruth Helen Webb, History, Classics, and Archaeology, Michelle Yeh, Chinese, University of California, Davis Birkbeck College, University of London Timothy Yu, English, University of Toronto Anthony K. Webster, Anthropology, Southern Illinois †Lawrence J. Zillman, English, University of Washington University Marc Zimmerman, Modern and Classical Languages, †Uriel Weinrich, Yiddish, Columbia University University of Houston Madeline Weinstein, English, Harvard University Eliza Zingesser, French, Princeton University †Edward R. Weismiller, English, George Washington Robert Zydenbos, Institute of Indiology, Ludwig University Maximilian University of Munich