© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contributors This list includes all contributors credited in this edition of the encyclopedia, including some whose articles from the previous edition have been updated by the editors or other contributors. Those with names preceded by a dagger (†) are deceased. Gémino H. Abad, English (emeritus), University of the Guinn Batten, English, Washington University in Saint Philippines Louis Hazard Adams, English and Comparative Literature Gary Beckman, Hittite and Mesopotamian Studies, (emeritus), University of Washington University of Michigan †Percy G. Adams, English, University of Tennes see †Ernst H. Behler, Germanics and Comparative Literature, Cécile Alduy, French, Stanford University University of Washington †Fernando Alegría, Spanish and Portuguese, Stanford Margaret H. Beissinger, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University Princeton University Joseph Allen, Asian Languages and Literatures, University Esther G. Belin, Writing, Fort Lewis College of Minnesota Alexandra G. Bennett, English, Northern Illinois University Roger M. A. Allen, Arabic Languages and Literatures Sandra L. Bermann, Comparative Literature, Princeton (emeritus), University of Pennsylvania University Robert Alter, Hebrew and Comparative Literature, Charles Bernstein, English, University of Pennsylvania University of California, Berkeley Eleanor Berry, independent scholar Charles Altieri, English, University of California, Berkeley †Jess B. Bessinger, English, New York University Hélio J. S. Alves, Portuguese and Comparative Literature, Krzysztof Biedrzycki, Polish Literature, Jagiellonian University of Evora University Walter Andrews, Ottoman and Turkish Literature, Stanley S. Bill, Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Washington Northwestern University †Robert P. apRoberts, English, California State University, Lloyd Bishop, French (emeritus), Virginia Polytechnic Northridge Institute and State University Francesco Marco Aresu, Italian, Stanford University Jenny Björklund, Center for Gender Research, Uppsala Samuel G. Armistead, Spanish (emeritus), University of University California, Davis Josiah Blackmore, Spanish and Portuguese, University of †John Arthos, English, University of Michigan Toronto Robert Ashmore, East Asian Languages and Cultures, Kirstie Blair, English Literature, University of Glasgow University of California, Berkeley C. D. Blanton, English, University of California, Berkeley Paul S. Atkins, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Mutlu Konuk Blasing, English, Brown University Washington †Morton W. Bloomfi eld, English, Harvard University †Stuart Atkins, German and Comparative Literature, Frederick L. Blumberg, Comparative Literature, Stanford University of California, Santa Barbara University Derek Attridge, English and Related Literature, University Lev Blumenfeld, Linguistics, Carleton University of York Fredric Bogel, English, Cornell University Harry Aveling, Asian Studies, La Trobe University Willard Bohn, Foreign Languages (emeritus), Illinois State Jan Baetens, Cultural Studies, University of Leuven University Timothy Bahti, German and Comparative Literature Roy C. Boland, Spanish and Latin American Studies, (emeritus), University of Michigan University of Sydney James O. Bailey, Slavic Languages and Literature (emeritus), Annika Bostelmann, German, Institute of Rostock University of Wisconsin – Madison Enric Bou, Linguistics and Comparative Cultures, Ca’Foscari Peter S. Baker, English, University of Virginia University of Venice Henryk Baran, Slavic Studies, University at Albany, State Betsy Bowden, English, Rutgers University, Camden University of New York Claire Bowen, English, Dickinson College Alessandro Barchiesi, Classics, Stanford University Katherine Bowers, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Vincent Barletta, Iberian and Latin American Cultures, Northwestern University Stanford University Matthieu Boyd, Literature, Fairleigh Dickinson University Jeff rey Barnouw, English (emeritus), University of Texas Jeremy Braddock, English, Cornell University Henry J. Baron, English, Calvin College Gordon Braden, English, University of Virginia Mark Barr, English, St. Mary’s University Anthony Bradley, English (emeritus), University of Vermont Shadi Bartsch, Classics, University of Chicago Ross Brann, Near Eastern Studies, Cornell University Catherine Bates, English and Comparative Literature, Laurence A. Breiner, English, Boston University University of Warwick Karen Britland, English, University of Wisconsin–Madison xxviii © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CONTRIBUTORS xxix Claudia Brodsky, Comparative Literature, Princeton Odile Cisneros, Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American University Studies, University of Alberta Jacqueline Vaught Brogan, English, University of Notre Michael P. Clark, English, University of California, Irvine Dame †Dorothy Clotelle Clarke, Spanish and Portuguese, †T.V.F. Brogan, independent scholar University of California, Berkeley Yigal Bronner, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Albrecht Classen, German Studies, University of Arizona University of Chicago Michelle Clayton, Comparative Literature, Spanish and Gordon Brotherston, Languages, Linguistics, and Cultures, Portuguese, University of California, Los Angeles University of Manchester Katharine Cleland, English, Pennsylvania State University Kristina Vise Browder, English, Troy University James M. Cocola, English, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Catherine Brown, Spanish, University of Michigan Michael C. Cohen, English, University of California, Los †Huntington Brown, English, University of Minnesota Angeles Katherine A. Brown, French, Skidmore College Ann Baynes Coiro, English, Rutgers University †Merle E. Brown, English, University of Iowa A. Thomas Cole, English (emeritus), Yale University †Juan Bruce-Novoa, Spanish and Portuguese, University of Claire Colebrook, English, Pennsylvania State University California, Irvine Stephen Collis, English, Simon Fraser University Benjamin Bruch, Celtic Languages and Literature, Celtic Gregory G. Colomb, English, University of Virginia Institute of North America David A. Colón, English, Texas Christian University Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner, French, Boston College Anne E. Commons, East Asian Studies, University of Alberta Horst Brunner, German Philology, University of J. E. Congleton, Humanities and Sciences (emeritus), Wuerzburg University of Findlay Gerald L. Bruns, English (emeritus), University of Notre Eleanor Cook, English (emerita), University of Toronto Dame †Robert Cook, English, University of Iceland Patrick Buckridge, Humanities, Griffi th University G. Burns Cooper, English, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Sidney Burris, English, University of Arkansas Rita Copeland, Classical Studies, English and Comparative John Burt, English, Brandeis University Literature, University of Pennsylvania Stephen Burt, English, Harvard University Ian D. Copestake, British Culture, University of Bamberg Christopher Bush, French and Comparative Literary François Cornilliat, French, Rutgers University Studies, Northwestern University †Procope S. Costas, Classical Studies, Brooklyn College, Michel Byrne, Celtic and Gaelic, University of Glasgow City University of New York Lorraine Byrne Bodley, Music, National University of Bonnie Costello, English, Boston University Ireland, Maynooth †Ronald S. Crane, English Language and Literature, Thomas Cable, English (emeritus), University of Texas University of Chicago Kolter M. Campbell, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Johaina Crisostomo, independent scholar Northwestern University Holly Crocker, English Language and Literature, University Marta Ortiz Canseco, Philology, University of Alcalá of South Carolina David Caplan, English, Ohio Wesleyan University Jennifer Croft, Comparative Literary Studies, Northwestern Thomas Carper, English (emeritus), University of Southern University Maine Joanna Crow, School of Modern Languages, Bristol Antonio Carreño, Hispanic Studies, Brown University University Meredith Walker Castile, English, Stanford University Cheryl A. Crowley, Russian and East Asian Languages and Clare Cavanagh, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Cultures, Emory University Northwestern University Isagani R. Cruz, Literature and Philippine Languages Max Cavitch, English, University of Pennsylvania (emeritus), De La Salle University Mary Ann Caws, Comparative Literature, English, and Jonathan Culler, English, Cornell University French, Graduate Center, City University of New York Stephen Cushman, English, University of Virginia Natalia Cecire, Fox Center for Humanistic Inquiry, Emory Maria Damon, English, University of Minnesota University †Phillip Damon, English and Comparative Literature, See ta Chaganti, English, University of California, Davis University of California, Berkeley †Frank M. Chambers, French, University of Arizona Michael Dash, French, Social and Cultural Analysis, New Jennifer Chang, English, University of Virginia York University Kang-i-Sun Chang, East Asian Languages and Literatures, Ian Davidson, English and Comparative Literature, Yale University Northumbria University Jack Chen, Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michael Davidson, English, University of