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Genetic Control of Diurnal and Lunar Emergence Times Is Correlated in the Marine Midge Clunio Marinus Tobias S Kaiser1,2*, Dietrich Neumann3 and David G Heckel1
Kaiser et al. BMC Genetics 2011, 12:49 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/12/49 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Timing the tides: Genetic control of diurnal and lunar emergence times is correlated in the marine midge Clunio marinus Tobias S Kaiser1,2*, Dietrich Neumann3 and David G Heckel1 Abstract Background: The intertidal zone of seacoasts, being affected by the superimposed tidal, diurnal and lunar cycles, is temporally the most complex environment on earth. Many marine organisms exhibit lunar rhythms in reproductive behaviour and some show experimental evidence of endogenous control by a circalunar clock, the molecular and genetic basis of which is unexplored. We examined the genetic control of lunar and diurnal rhythmicity in the marine midge Clunio marinus (Chironomidae, Diptera), a species for which the correct timing of adult emergence is critical in natural populations. Results: We crossed two strains of Clunio marinus that differ in the timing of the diurnal and lunar rhythms of emergence. The phenotype distribution of the segregating backcross progeny indicates polygenic control of the lunar emergence rhythm. Diurnal timing of emergence is also under genetic control, and is influenced by two unlinked genes with major effects. Furthermore, the lunar and diurnal timing of emergence is correlated in the backcross generation. We show that both the lunar emergence time and its correlation to the diurnal emergence time are adaptive for the species in its natural environment. Conclusions: The correlation implies that the unlinked genes affecting lunar timing and the two unlinked genes affecting diurnal timing could be the same, providing an unexpectedly close interaction of the two clocks. -
Nitrogen Content in Riparian Arthropods Is Most Dependent on Allometry and Order
Wiesenborn: Nitrogen Contents in Riparian Arthropods 71 NITROGEN CONTENT IN RIPARIAN ARTHROPODS IS MOST DEPENDENT ON ALLOMETRY AND ORDER WILLIAM D. WIESENBORN U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Regional Office, P.O. Box 61470, Boulder City, NV 89006 ABSTRACT I investigated the contributions of body mass, order, family, and trophic level to nitrogen (N) content in riparian spiders and insects collected near the Colorado River in western Arizona. Most variation (97.2%) in N mass among arthropods was associated with the allometric effects of body mass. Nitrogen mass increased exponentially as body dry-mass increased. Significant variation (20.7%) in N mass adjusted for body mass was explained by arthropod order. Ad- justed N mass was highest in Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, and Odonata and lowest in Coleoptera. Classifying arthropods by family compared with order did not explain signifi- cantly more variation (22.1%) in N content. Herbivore, predator, and detritivore trophic-levels across orders explained little variation (4.3%) in N mass adjusted for body mass. Within or- ders, N content differed only among trophic levels of Diptera. Adjusted N mass was highest in predaceous flies, intermediate in detritivorous flies, and lowest in phytophagous flies. Nitro- gen content in riparian spiders and insects is most dependent on allometry and order and least dependent on trophic level. I suggest the effects of allometry and order are due to exoskeleton thickness and composition. Foraging by vertebrate predators, such as insectivorous birds, may be affected by variation in N content among riparian arthropods. Key Words: nutrients, spiders, insects, trophic level, exoskeleton, cuticle RESUMEN Se investiguo las contribuciones de la masa de cuerpo, orden, familia y el nivel trófico al con- tenido de nitógeno (N) en arañas e insectos riparianos (que viven en la orilla del rio u otro cuerpo de agua) recolectadaos cerca del Rio Colorado en el oeste del estado de Arizona. -
Changes in the Insect Fauna of a Deteriorating Riverine Sand Dune
., CHANGES IN THE INSECT FAUNA OF A DETERIORATING RIVERINE SAND DUNE COMMUNITY DURING 50 YEARS OF HUMAN EXPLOITATION J. A. Powell Department of Entomological Sciences University of California, Berkeley May , 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORY OF EXPLOITATION 4 HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 7 INSECT FAUNA 10 Methods 10 ErRs s~lected for compar"ltive "lnBlysis 13 Bio1o~ica1 isl!lnd si~e 14 Inventory of sp~cies 14 Endemism 18 Extinctions 19 Species restricted to one of the two refu~e parcels 25 Possible recently colonized species 27 INSECT ASSOCIATES OF ERYSIMUM AND OENOTHERA 29 Poll i n!ltor<'l 29 Predqt,.n·s 32 SUMMARY 35 RECOm1ENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY ~4NAGEMENT 37 ACKNOWT.. EDGMENTS 42 LITERATURE CITED 44 APPENDICES 1. T'lbles 1-8 49 2. St::ttns of 15 Antioch Insects Listed in Notice of 75 Review by the U.S. Fish "l.nd Wildlife Service INTRODUCTION The sand dune formation east of Antioch, Contra Costa County, California, comprised the largest riverine dune system in California. Biogeographically, this formation was unique because it supported a northern extension of plants and animals of desert, rather than coastal, affinities. Geologists believe that the dunes were relicts of the most recent glaciation of the Sierra Nevada, probably originating 10,000 to 25,000 years ago, with the sand derived from the supratidal floodplain of the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The ice age climate in the area is thought to have been cold but arid. Presumably summertime winds sweeping through the Carquinez Strait across the glacial-age floodplains would have picked up the fine-grained sand and redeposited it to the east and southeast, thus creating the dune fields of eastern Contra Costa County. -
Pick Your Poison: Molecular Evolution of Venom Proteins in Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera)
toxins Article Pick Your Poison: Molecular Evolution of Venom Proteins in Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) Chris M. Cohen * , T. Jeffrey Cole and Michael S. Brewer * Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, 1000 E 5th St., Greenville, NC 27858, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.M.C.); [email protected] (M.S.B.) Received: 5 November 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Robber flies are an understudied family of venomous, predatory Diptera. With the recent characterization of venom from three asilid species, it is possible, for the first time, to study the molecular evolution of venom genes in this unique lineage. To accomplish this, a novel whole-body transcriptome of Eudioctria media was combined with 10 other publicly available asiloid thoracic or salivary gland transcriptomes to identify putative venom gene families and assess evidence of pervasive positive selection. A total of 348 gene families of sufficient size were analyzed, and 33 of these were predicted to contain venom genes. We recovered 151 families containing homologs to previously described venom proteins, and 40 of these were uniquely gained in Asilidae. Our gene family clustering suggests that many asilidin venom gene families are not natural groupings, as delimited by previous authors, but instead form multiple discrete gene families. Additionally, robber fly venoms have relatively few sites under positive selection, consistent with the hypothesis that the venoms of older lineages are dominated by negative selection acting to maintain toxic function. Keywords: Asilidae; transcriptome; positive selection Key Contribution: Asilidae venoms have relatively few sites under positive selection, consistent with the hypothesis that the venoms of older lineages are dominated by negative selection acting to maintain toxic function. -
Chasing Sympatric Speciation
C HASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION - P rezygotic isolation barriers in barriers isolation rezygotic CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF Spodoptera SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA frugiperda frugiperda S ABINE H ÄNNIGER SABINE HÄNNIGER CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA ‘Every scientific statement is provisional. […]. How can anyone trust scientists? If new evidence comes along, they change their minds.’ Terry Pratchett et al., The Science of Discworld: Judgement Day, 2005 S. Hänniger, 2015. Chasing sympatric speciation - The relative importance and genetic basis of prezygotic isolation barriers in diverging populations of Spodoptera frugiperda PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISBN: 978 94 91407 21 5 Cover design: Sabine Hänniger Lay-out: Sabine Hänniger, with assistance of Jan Bruin CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 06 oktober 2015, te 10.00 uur door SABINE HÄNNIGER geboren te Heiligenstadt, Duitsland Promotores prof. dr. S.B.J. Menken 1 prof. dr. D.G. Heckel 2 Co-promotor dr. A.T. Groot 1,2 Overige leden prof. dr. A.M. de Roos 1 prof. dr. P.H. van Tienderen 1 prof. dr. P.C. -
Rare Invertebrates of the South Okanagan
Rare Invertebrates of the South Okanagan The endangered invertebrates of the south Okanagan are at risk because their ecosystems are at risk. Province of British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks The diversity of that visit our picnics. Velvet ants are invertebrate communities common, too. These are actually wasps in the south Okanagan with wingless females that look like big, e also don’t know how many in- red, furry ants as they scurry around The diversity of vertebrates can be found in the looking for bee nests to lay their eggs in. invertebrates dry, warm lowlands of the south Spider-hunting wasps are also common here are many, many different kinds WOkanagan and Similkameen val- and diverse – the most striking of these of terrestrial and freshwater inverte- leys, but we can estimate that perhaps is an unnervingly large, black species brates in British Columbia. If we 15␣ 000 species live there. Although with fire-coloured wings, which hunts Twent through all the reports and many of these are common and wide- the big ‘trapdoor’ spiders of the lists that have been published over the spread, some are confined to the dry grasslands. years, and peered through the museum grasslands of the southern Interior – drawers filled with specimens, we would and there are literally hundreds that are Alkaline lakes be able to list 20␣ 000 to 25␣ 000 species. found nowhere else in the province. In some of the sagebrush basins lie lakes But when all the surveys are complete These are inhabitants of the Great Basin ringed white with drying carbonate and and all the specimens described and grasslands and wetlands, which extend sulphate salts. -
Genetic Basis of Allochronic Differentiation in the Fall Armyworm
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Genetic basis of allochronic differentiation in the fall armyworm Hänniger, S.; Dumas, P.; Schöfl, G.; Gebauer-Jung, S.; Vogel, H.; Unbehend, M.; Heckel, D.G.; Groot, A.T. DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-0911-5 Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version Published in BMC Evolutionary Biology License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hänniger, S., Dumas, P., Schöfl, G., Gebauer-Jung, S., Vogel, H., Unbehend, M., Heckel, D. G., & Groot, A. T. (2017). Genetic basis of allochronic differentiation in the fall armyworm. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17, [68]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0911-5 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Hänniger et al. -
Polygenic Adaptation from Standing Genetic Variation Allows Rapid Ecotype Formation
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440113; this version posted April 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Polygenic adaptation from standing genetic variation allows rapid ecotype formation Nico Fuhrmann, Celine Prakash, Tobias S. Kaiser* Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Research Group Biological Clocks, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany *[email protected] Abstract Adaptive ecotype formation is the first step to speciation, but the genetic underpinnings of this process are poorly understood. While in marine midges of the genus Clunio (Diptera) re- production generally follows a lunar rhythm, we here characterize two lunar-arrhythmic eco- types. Analysis of 168 genomes reveals a recent establishment of these ecotypes, reflected in massive haplotype sharing between ecotypes, irrespective of whether there is ongoing gene flow or geographic isolation. Genetic analysis and genome screens reveal patterns of poly- genic adaptation from standing genetic variation. Ecotype-associated loci prominently include circadian clock genes, as well as genes affecting sensory perception and nervous system de- velopment, hinting to a central role of these processes in lunar time-keeping. Our data show that adaptive ecotype formation can occur rapidly, with ongoing gene flow and largely based on a re-assortment of existing and potentially co-adapted alleles. Keywords: Local adaptation, reproductive timing, lunar rhythm, biological clocks, sympat- ric speciation, gene flow, Chironomidae, marine ecology 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440113; this version posted April 18, 2021. -
Linkages Between Saline Lakes and Their Riparian Zone Over Climate Change
1 Linkages between Saline Lakes and their Riparian zone over climate change Philip Sanders School of Biological and Chemical studies Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS A Thesis submitted to the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 2 Statement of Originality I certify that this thesis and the research presented with it are the product of my own work. During the Fieldwork campaigns I had multiple assistance from Undergraduate and Msc students, members of the local community, and a combined field excursion with members of the University of Southampton. I acknowledge the input of the above when relevant. The guidance I received from my supervisors is acknowledged in a section dedicated to this purpose. Other authors work is cited and the references listed at the end of the thesis. All other opinions and views given are my own. 3 Abstract Research on resource transfer across ecosystem boundaries (i.e. allochthonous material; a subsidy) has been recognised since the 1920s and recognition of allochthonous inputs has been a part of food web theory since its inception. Nonetheless, only in recent decades have subsidies between ecosystems become a feature of large scale food web studies. Measures of subsidy links are usually restricted to studies on either marine or freshwater, the latter being the focus of most attention. In a recent meta-analysis of cross ecosystem boundary subsidies, two thirds of the 32 data sets used focused on freshwater ecosystems and one third on marine; none involved saline lakes. As a percentage of total global water volume saline lakes are almost equal to that of freshwater, yet there is a paucity of research carried out on linkage between saline lakes and their catchments. -
Ultrastructural Studies of the Abdominal Plaques of Some Diptera
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Entomology Papers from Other Sources Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 1988 Ultrastructural Studies of the Abdominal Plaques of Some Diptera John G. Stoffolano, Jr., Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Norman E. Woodley Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, [email protected] Art Borkent Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Central Experiment Farm Lucy R. S. Yin Electron Microscope Laboratory, Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother Part of the Entomology Commons Stoffolano, Jr.,, John G.; Woodley, Norman E.; Borkent, Art; and Yin, Lucy R. S., "Ultrastructural Studies of the Abdominal Plaques of Some Diptera" (1988). Entomology Papers from Other Sources. 92. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother/92 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Papers from Other Sources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Ultrastructural Studies of the Abdominal Plaques of Some Diptera JOHN G. STOFFOLANO, JR.,I NORMAN E. WOODLEY,2 ART BORKENT,3 AND LUCY R. S. YIN4 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81(3): 503-510 (1988) ABSTRACT Light microscopy revealed cuticular plaques restricted to the abdomens -
Joel Moubayed-Breil1 & Jean-Marie Dominici2 1 Freshwater & Marine
CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research No. 32, 2019: 4-24. Current Research. CLUNIO BOUDOURESQUEI SP. N. AND THALASSOSMITTIA BALLESTAI SP. N., TWO TYRRHENIAN MARINE SPECIES OCCURRING IN SCANDOLA NATURE RESERVE, WEST CORSICA (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) Joel Moubayed-Breil1 & Jean-Marie Dominici2 1 Freshwater & Marine biology, 10 rue des Fenouils, F-34070 Montpellier, France. E-mail: [email protected], corresponding author 2Nature Reserve of Scandola (Regional Nature Park of Corsica), 20245 Galéria, Corsica, France. E-mail: [email protected] http://zoobank.org/4E98B6AF-1BFF-4C12-BCF0-C416B600CA94 Abstract on the taxonomic position, ecology and geographi- cal distribution of the new species are given. Clunio boudouresquei sp. n. and Thalassosmittia Introduction ballestai sp. n. are diagnosed and described based on associated material of male adults, pharate Recent investigations of marine chironomids con- male adults and pupal exuviae recently collected ducted in the protected area of Scandola Nature in the marine littoral zone of Scandola Nature Reserve (West Corsica), allowed us to sample Reserve (Cala Litizia, Punta Palazzu, Focolara fully developed pharate, adults, pupae and pupal Bay, West Corsica). While C. boudouresquei sp. exuviae of two new species, which belong to the n. is described as male and female adults and pu- genera Clunio Haliday, 1855 and Thalassosmittia pal exuviae, T. ballestai sp. n. is described only Strenzke & Remmert, 1957. The two new species as male adult and pupal exuviae. On the basis of (C. boudouresquei sp. n. and T. ballestai sp. n.) some atypical characters found in the male adult were previously reported by Moubayed-Breil et and pupal exuviae, both C. -
An INIRO DUCTION
Introduction to the Black Sea Ecology Item Type Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings Authors Zaitsev, Yuvenaly Publisher Smil Edition and Publishing Agency ltd Download date 23/09/2021 11:08:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/12945 Yuvenaiy ZAITSEV шшшшшшишшвивявшиншшшаттшшшштшшщ an INIRO DUCTION TO THE BLACK SEA ECOLOGY Production and publication of this book was supported by the UNDF-GEF Black Sea Ecosystem Recovery Project (BSERP) Istanbul, TURKEY an INTRO Yuvenaly ZAITSEV TO THE BLACK SEA ECOLOGY Smil Editing and Publishing Agency ltd Odessa 2008 УДК 504.42(262.5) 3177 ББК 26.221.8 (922.8) Yuvenaly Zaitsev. An Introduction to the Black Sea Ecology. Odessa: Smil Edition and Publishing Agency ltd. 2008. — 228 p. Translation from Russian by M. Gelmboldt. ISBN 978-966-8127-83-0 The Black Sea is an inland sea surrounded by land except for the narrow Strait of Bosporus connecting it to the Mediterranean. The huge catchment area of the Black Sea receives annually about 400 ктУ of fresh water from large European and Asian rivers (e.g. Danube, Dnieper, Yeshil Irmak). This, combined with the shallowness of Bosporus makes the Black Sea to a considerable degree a stagnant marine water body wherein the dissolved oxygen disappears at a depth of about 200 m while hydrogen sulphide is present at all greater depths. Since the 1970s, the Black Sea has been seriously damaged as a result of pollution and other man-made factors and was studied by dif ferent specialists. There are, of course, many excellent works dealing with individual aspects of the Black Sea biology and ecology.