Fabrica Oris Dipterorum : Dipterernes Mund L Anatomisk Og Systematisk

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Fabrica Oris Dipterorum : Dipterernes Mund L Anatomisk Og Systematisk /A-t: MELANDER From the Library of i. M. ALDRIG Hi ^v^fiAuj^. w ( I / \ ee. U, H-2-H - FABRICA ORIS DIPTERORUM: DIPTERERNES MUND I ANATOMISK OG SYSTEMATISK HENSEENDE / ^v°b H. J/HANSEN CAND. MAG. FØRSTE AFDELING (TABANIDÆ, BOMBYLIIDÆ, ASILIDÆ, THEREVA, MYDA8, APIOCERA) MED 5 KOBBERTAVLER KJØBENHAVN I COMMISSION HOS C. A. REITZEL THIELES BOGTRYKKERI 1883 Det mathem atisk-naturvidenskabelige Fakultet har kjendt denne Afhandling værdig til at forsvares offentlig for den philosophiske Doktorgrad. Kjøbenhavn d. 5te Oktober 1883. Fr. Johnstrup d. A. Dekanus. I. (Tabanidæ, Bombylidæ, Asilidæ, Thereva, Mydas, Apiocera). Da den foreliggende Afhandlings Forfatter i December 1875 begyndte at arbeide paa Zoologisk Museums tredie Afde- ling, blev det af Bestyreren, Hr. Professor Schiødte, over- draget mig at opstille Størstedelen af den danske Dipter- samling, og efter Fuldendelsen heraf gjennemarbeidede og opstillede jeg hele Generalsamlingen af den samme Insekt- orden. Derved blev jeg bekjendt med Dyreformerne samt med det Standpunkt, paa hvilket Systematiken og den ana- tomiske Kundskab stod; jeg begyndte ogsaa dengang at indsamle Diptera i Spiritus samt at see lidt paa deres Mund- dele , og kom snart paa det Rene med, at her var endnu Meget at gjøre. Det nærmere Studium af Munden blev jeg imidlertid, paa Grund af Magisterconferents og større Ar- beider til »Zoologia Danica c , nødt til at opsætte nogle Aar, men jeg vedblev at indsamle Spiritusmateriale, for senere at optage Undersøgelserne. Hr. Dr. Meinert havde, hvad jeg bragte i Erfaring, i denne Mellemtid paabegyndt en større Afhandling over det samme Emne, og jeg var da nødt til at vente indtil denne var udkommen, hvilket fandt Sted i Juli 1881. Jeg saae snart, at der, idetmindste i systematisk Retning, naar et stort Antal Former blev undersøgt, maatte kunne faaes langt Mere ud af det rige Stof, ligesom jeg l 2 antog, at jeg kunde benytte den anatomiske Deel af Meinerts Arbeide og bygge videre derpaa, samtidig med at jeg gik udenom Rækken af nye Theorier, som jeg ikke stolede rigtig paa. Jeg begyndte saa at sætte mig ind i Bygningen af et Par Hovedtyper (den ene er ikke medtaget i denne Afhand- ling) ved selv at undersøge Dyrene og lægge Meinerts Bog ved Siden til Hjælp og Sammenligning; men jeg indsaae inden fjorten Dages Forløb, at jeg maatte studere Mund- bygningen lieelt forfra, hvis jeg vilde have paalidelige og i det Hele brugbare Resultater. Under Udførelsen af denne Beslutning udviklede sig snart en ny Plan, som jeg har forsøgt at sætte i Værk. Jeg har, i det Omfang jeg ansaae for nødvendigt, undersøgt saa ind- gaaende som jeg kunde en enkelt eller flere nærstaaende Arter af en Slægt som en Type for hver Familie. Jeg har omtalt Hovedets Form og Skeletbygning, saavidt som jeg kan antage, at disse Forhold staae i nøiere Forbindelse med de indre og ydre Munddeles Form, Stilling og Virksomhed; dernæst har jeg søgt at klare den hos de forskjellige Familier saa høist forskjellige Udvikling af Pumpemechanismen ved at eftergaae baade Chitindelene og hver enkelt Muskel; endelig er jeg gaaet temmelig omstændeligt ind paa de ydre Mund- deles Tilledning, Form og mikroskopiske Enkeltheder i deres Chitin, ligesom jeg ogsaa her har undersøgt de til dem hø- rende Muskler, for saavidt muligt at kunne forstaae baade Retningen og Styrken af deres Bevægelse. Sandseredskaberne paa Epipharynx og Underlæben har jeg eftersøgt og kort omtalt, men jeg ansaae det ikke for rigtigt at indlade mig paa histologiske Enkeltheder, tilmed da Underlæbens Organer ere beskrevne saa godt af Andre. Nervesystemet har jeg ikke undersøgt nærmere; jeg kunde nok have havt Lyst til at eftergaae de ydre og indre Munddeles Nerveforsyning hos Tabanus -Hunnen, men denne Undersøgelse, der er meget vanskelig i et Hoved, som er saa rigt paa anseelige Muskler som dette Dyrs, har jeg foreløbig maattet opgive af Mangel paa tilstrækkelig stort Materiale, da Nerverne maae forfølges med fuldstændig Opoffrelse af alle andre Organer. (Jeg har dog constateret eet Forhold af Vigtighed, nemlig at det aller- bageste Nervepar fra det nedre Svælgganglie gaaer til Under- læben). Tracheerne har jeg saa at sige ikke berørt; de lade sig heller ikke forfølge paa Spiritusexemplarer. Underlæbens Kjertel har jeg kortelig omtalt, Bindevævet slet ikke. Man vil maaskee finde, at Beskrivelserne af de enkelte Typer, særlig af Tabanus-Hunnen, er noget for lang og de- tailleret, men deels existerer der ingen rigtig indgaaende Fremstilling af Mundens Bygning hos en Dipter med fuldt Antal af Munddele, deels mener jeg, at man, for blot nogen- lunde at forstaae Totaliteten, er nødt til at trænge saa langt som muligt ind i Bygningen og Anordningen af hver enkelt Deel, ligesom man kun ved en saadan Undersøgelse af en Række Typer kommer paa Spor efter de virkelige systema- tiske Charakterer for Familier og Slægter. Jeg har selvfølgelig været nødt til at give Navn baade til Chitindele og især til en Mængde Muskler. Meinert har vel indført en mindre, om end langtfra ubetydelig Række Benævnelser, men det overveiende Antal af disse har jeg ikke kunnet benytte; Straus-Durckheim og Basch have vel i deres Arbeider over Oldenborrens og Termitens Hoved en Mængde gode Muskelnavne, men disse to Forfattere have ofte forskjellige Navne til den samme Muskel, og der findes hos Diptera en betydelig Mængde Muskler, som ikke forekomme hos de to nysnævnte Dyr. Jeg har i de allerfleste Tilfælde givet en Muskel Navn efter den Bevægelse, som jeg meente, den frembragte. Dette er imidlertid ikke altid let at afgjøre, og for Underlæbens indvendige Muskler har jeg særlig følt denne Vanskelighed. Som en Undskyldning for saadanne Tilfælde og til Retfærdiggj øreise for mine meget betydelige Forandringer vil jeg tillade mig at henvise til en Række Be- mærkninger af Henle om Muskel virkning (i hans Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Muskellehre, 1858, p. 13—14). Man bliver her gjort opmærksom paa, hvilke Vanskeligheder der i den Henseende findes indenfor Menneskets Anatomi, et Fag, der dog er saa gjennemstuderet, og hvis Objekt er af en saa betydelig Størrelse. Han siger: »Ueberhaupt wird 1* man bei der Theorie der Muskelbewegungen am besten den Weg einschlagen, der sich auch in anderen physiologischen Fragen bewåhrt; von den thatsåchlichen Bewegungen aus wird man zur Untersuchung der Mittel, durch welche sie zu Stande kommen, fortschreiten« ; men dette bliver ved Undersøgelsen af et Dipterhoved paa Grund af Gjenstandens Lidenhed i de fleste Tilfælde en Umulighed. Man maa nødvendigviis gaae en anden Vei; for at kjende en Muskels Virksomhed maa man kjende dens Tilheftningssteder samt Retningen af dens Fibrer, hvormed følger den Vinkel, under hvilken den virker. Desuden er Leddeforbindelsen af stor Betydning, og herom siger Henle 1. c: »Die Einrichtung der Gelenke sagt uns voraus, wie die Muskeln, um die moglichen Bewegungen aus- zufuhren, angeordnet sein konnen und miissen; das Vertrauen auf die Zweekmåssigkeit unserer mechanischen Apparate spornt zu weiteren Forschungen an, so lange die Resultate der vor- handenen keinen vernunftigen Sinn geben«. De antydede Vanskeligheder samt den ofte meget føle- lige Mangel paa Kjendskab til mange Dyreformers Næring overhovedet, eller til hvilke specielle Kilder, de især ere hen- viste, har ført mig til at skille Beskrivelsen af Munddelenes Bygning og Slutningerne om deres Virken fra hinanden, da den første, i det Mindste for Tiden, kan gjennemføres langt videre og sikkrere, medens der i det physiologiske Afsnit nødvendig maa blive nogen Usikkerhed og Tvivl og Huller paa adskillige Punkter. Efter Undersøgelsen af en Familietype har jeg dissekeret Repræsentanter for saa mange afvigende Arter og Slægter, som jeg kunde forskaffe mig. I Beskrivelsen af disse har jeg kun omtalt de noget væsentligere Afvigelser, som baade i den ydre og indre Bygning fandtes imellem dem og den valgte Type. Her gjorde jeg snart den Erfaring, at hos alle Arter, der havde i de væsentligere Træk den samme ydre Bygning af Underlæben, vare næsten altid ogsaa de andre Munddele af samme Bygning, og omvendt. Herved blev jeg istand til efter en i Forhold til det dissekerede Artsantal betydelig Maalestok at dømme med betydelig Sikkerhed om Arternes og Slægternes Gruppering. Vort Museums Materiale er vel ret rigt, men der findes selvfølgelig en stor Mængde beskrevne Former, hvorom jeg aldeles Intet kan udsige, da Beskrivelserne sædvanlig ikke give nogetsomhelst sikkert Holde- punkt, ligesom Museet ogsaa besidder enkelte, for en Deel ubestemte Arter, der afvige noget fra de her beskrevne, men som jeg paa Grund af ringe Repræsentation ikke har kunnet dissekere. Det kan strax bemærkes, at jeg, for at undgaae Mis- forstaaelser og hyppige Gjentagelser, har benyttet og fuld- stændigt gjennemført en bestemt Betydning af »op«, »ned«, »frem« og »tilbage«, idet jeg, naar der er Tale om Dele af Hovedet eller hele Hovedet, altid tænker mig det i sin natur- lige Stilling, saa at Panden vender fremad, Munden nedad, o. s. v., og saaledes ere ogsaa næsten alle Afbildningerne stillede. Derimod har jeg, naar der er Tale om de enkelte ydre Munddeles nærmere Bygning (undtagen ved Underlæbens ydre Form hos Asilidæ), tænkt disse liggende, saa at Spidsen vender fremad, bort fra Beskueren, Forsiden opad, og her- efter har jeg saa indrettet Betegnelsen op og ned, frem og tilbage, udad og indad; Tegningerne af disse Dele vende ogsaa, fra hvad Side de end ere seete, den frie, længst fra Hovedet liggende Ende opad. Som Undersøgelsesmethode har jeg næsten udelukkende benyttet Dissektion med fine Knive, Sax, Naal og Pincet, udført under et godt Dissektionsmikroskop , aldeles efter samme Principer som ved et Hvirveldyr, saa at enhver Chi- tindeel og Muskel er bleven forfulgt i sin oprindelige Stilling; først naar denne var klaret, er Delen bleven udtaget og nærmere undersøgt med det sammensatte Mikroskop. Snit med eller uden Indsmeltning har jeg ogsaa benyttet, men oftest uden synderlig Fordeel; meest oplysende vare Længde- snit i Symmetriplanet. Snitmethoden , der paa mange Om- raader kan være fortræffelig, er fuldstændigt utilstrækkelig ved Opgaver af denne Natur; herpaa afgiver ogsaa den nyeste Literatur om Dipterernes Munddele flere Exempler.
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