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295 El Bosque De Araucaria Con Podocarpus Y Los Campos De Bom U. Eskuche, El bosque de Araucaria con Podocarpus y los campos de Bom ISSNJardim 0373-580 da Serra X Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 42 (3-4): 295 - 308. 2007 El bosque de Araucaria con Podocarpus y los campos de Bom Jardim da Serra, Santa Catarina (Brasil meridional) ULRICH ESKUCHE1 Summary: Podocarpus–Araucaria forest and «campos « near Bom Jardim da Serra, Santa Catarina (Southern Brasil).- The grassland of the «campos» and Araucaria forests cover the «planalto», or highlands,of Santa Catarina (Brazil-S). Picking up the discussion on whether the campos replaced the Araucaria forest or the latter originated from the campos, a fitosociological study on an Araucaria forest and on three communities of the campos is presented with special reference to the processes of forest destruction and regeneration. The forest is described as Podocarpo lambertii-Araucarietum angustifoliae. Its canopy consists of Araucaria only; many myrtaceae form, together with the tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana, a rather dense understory of lower trees and shrubs. Numerous species of epiphytes are also common in the rain forest of southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and NE-Argentina (Misiones); on the other hand, the Podocarpo-Araucarietum is rather poor in climbers. Of the grassland of the «campos», the Plantagini-Andropogonetum macrothrici is described as a meadow with a mean species number of 42, thereof 15 graminiforms and 12 composites nearly all of them geophytes, some herbs with their leaves in rosettes, – possibly a consequence of a long time of cattle grazing and burning. The area of many species ranges from southern Brazil to the NE, N, and Center of Argentina. At sites protected against the fire grows the Baccharido-Heterothalametum alieni shrub, which also invades the burnt and grazed forest. The regeneration of Araucaria angustifolia in the undisturbed forest, and the ocurrence of seedlings as well as treelets in the Baccharido-Heterothalametum, lead to the conclusion that the Araucaria forest is to be considered the actual potential natural vegetation on the planalto of Santa Catarina, and the Podocarpo-Araucarietum that of the studied area. Key words: Phytosociology, South Brazil, Araucaria forest, campos grassland, forest destruction and regeneration, actual potential natural vegetation. Resumen: Estudio fitosociológico de un bosque de Araucaria y de tres comunidades de los «campos», cerca de Bom Jardim da Serra, Santa Catarina, en relación con la discusión, si los campos sustituyeron a los bosques, ó si los bosques de Araucaria se originaron de ellos. El bosque descrito como Podocarpo lambertii-Araucarietum angustifoliae consiste de un alto estrato arbóreo de Araucaria sola sobre un sotobosque, donde predominan mirtáceas juntos con Dicksonia sellowii. Principalmente, ocupa la parte más alta de las elevaciones entre 1400 y más de 1500 m de altitud s.n.m., y en su borde inferior contra los «campos» se observa una -franja ± ancha de bosque quemado del cual sobrevive solamente el estrato de araucarias altas. De los «campos» se describe el Plantagini-Andropogonetum macrothrici como el pajonal que predomina en el paisaje. Se compone de 42 especies, en su mayoría geófitos. En sitios protegidos del fuego se estableció el matorral del Baccharido-Heterothalametum alieni que también invadió el bosque quemado. En fisuras de roca desnuda por erosión del suelo se observó la comunidad de Trachypogon montufari y Senecio pinnatus. La regeneración de Araucaria en el bosque intacto, más los ejemplares viejos sobrevivientes igual que sus plántulas y árbolitos en el Heterothalametum indican el bosque de Araucaria como la actual vegetación natural potencial del planalto de Santa Catarina y el Podocarpo-Araucarietum como la del área de estudios. Palabras clave: Fitosociología, Brasil meridional, planalto, bosque de Araucaria, campos, vegetación natural potencial. Introducción Catarina y Paraná se pueden observar comunidades fisionómicamente parecidas pero con composición En los bosques de Araucaria angustifolia del florística diferente: Klein (1960) distinguió entre los planalto de los estados de Río Grande do Sul, Santa bosques de «Araucaria y Ocotea pulchella», de 1Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal y Herbarium «Araucaria y Ocotea porosa», y de «Araucaria y Humboldtianum, Fac. Cs. Exact. y Nat. y Agrimensura, Selva Pluvial o Bosques Mixtos». De Bolós et al. UNNE, C. C. 326, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina. (1991) informaron sobre un bosque de «Araucaria 295 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 42 (3-4) 2007 angustifolia con Ocotea puberula» cerca de Curitiba. frecuentes incendios causados por pobladores Klein y el autor relevaron dos censos en bosques de amerindios con fines de caza, y posteriormente por Araucaria angustifolia cerca de Imbituva, a ca. 900 los pobladores modernos para favorecer el pastoreo m s.n.m., 145 km al oeste de Curitiba, que se destacan de su ganado. Ellos quemaron, y aún queman, el por la presencia de Ocotea porosa y Cedrela fissilis. bosque para ganar superficie para el pastoreo, y los (Tab. 1). campos, para impedir el avance del bosque sobre ellos. La relación entre el Bosque de Araucaria y los Contrariamente a la aseveración de Hueck (l. cit.) campos como vegetación natural original o secun- habrá bastado una población poco densa de daria se discute en la literatura desde la mitad del cazadores-recolectores-plantadores para quemar siglo XIX. Lindman (1906), por ejemplo, citó como grandes superficies de campo en períodos secos. equivocadas las observaciones de Lund (1838, cit. Incluso hoy, la población ganadera del paisaje de los en Lindman 1906), según las cuales los campos campos es poco densa en comparación con la de los sustituyen el bosque, y compartió la opinión de valles, donde están ubicados los pueblos y las Reinhard (1857, cit. ibid.) quién aseveró lo contrario. ciudades. Después de Maack (1948), Klein (1960) continuó la Queda aún por aclarar cuáles de los campos discusión, considerando a los campos más antiguos actuales se formaron a partir del bosque destruído e invadidos por los «pinhais» bajo el régimen del durante los últimos 1000-2000 años, período en el cual actual clima de bosque. Inspirado por Rambo (1951), gran parte de los bosques de Betula y Quercus en el Klein presentó, además, la teoría que el actual clima NW de Europa ya estaban sustituídos por landas de húmedo favorece no solamente la expansión del Calluna vulgaris gracias a la obra del hombre bosque de Araucaria sobre los campos, sino la prehistórico (Tüxen, 1966). invasión del «pinhal» por elementos de la selva En esta publicación, el autor desea contribuir al pluvial. También Hueck (1966) aceptó los campos tema con los resultados de estudios fitosociológicos como vegetación natural, dudando de su origen por en un bosque de Araucaria angustifolia y tres quemazones que iniciaron las poblaciónes indígenas, comunidades de campo en la parte más alta del al considerar su escasa densidad y poco desarrollo. planalto catarinense. Se observaron, además, los Los trabajos palinológicos de Behling (1993, 2002) procesos de su destrucción, sustitución y aclararon definitivamente que los campos cubrían el regeneración. Los estudios se efectuaron en planalto catarinense antes de la aparición de los septiembre del año 1969 y enero del año 1985 a poca bosques de Araucaria durante el Holoceno Mediano distancia de Bom Jardim da Serra a 1400-1590 m s. n. (6.500-3.000 años antes del presente). Los espectros m. en bosques y campos de las estancias Ribeiro y de polen señalan que recién durante el Holoceno Machado, situadas sobre el camino que lleva desde Tardío (hace 1.700-800 años), el bosque de Araucaria Bom Jardim a Urubicí y Bom Retiro a la altura de su se expandió sobre el planalto simultáneamente con puente sobre el Ao Cachoerinho. Tabla 1. Podocarpo lambertii-Araucarietum angustifoliae ass.nov. Columna 12345 Columna 12345 censo nº Nº 16.. 41 42 40 39 49 A2 altura, m 15 18 15 15 15 altitud, m s.n.m. 1490 1510 1520 1540 1550 A3 / a1, cohesión de copas 0.5 0.75 0.7 0.7 0.4 exposición (NW) NW NW _ W a2, 1-2 m, cobertura % 25 30 . 10 50 A1, cohesión de copas 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 H cobertura, % 50 15 . 95 20 altura, m 25 27 18 18 20 M cobertura, % 75 v . 15 75 A2, cohesión de copas 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 nº de especies 73 83 61 58 64 A1 Araucaria angustifolia 4.4 4.4 v 4.4 4.5 A2 Ocotea pulchella 1.3 1.3 v 2.3 Podocarpus lambertii 1.3 1.3 v . Mimosa scabrella . +.3 v (+.3) 1.3 Scutia buxifolia 1.3 . v .. cf Ocotea sp. (discolor) +.3 . 2.3 (+.3) Myrrhinium atropurpureum +.3 . v .. Araucaria angustifolia +.3 . v +.3 . A3 / a1 Araucaria angustifolia +.3 +.3 v +.2 +.3 Scutia buxifolia 1.3 2.3 . 2.3 296 U. Eskuche, El bosque de Araucaria con Podocarpus y los campos de Bom Jardim da Serra Tabla 1. Continuación. Rhamnus sphaerosperma +.3 +.3 vv +.2 Oreopanax fulvum . +.3v . +.3 Drimys brasiliensis 1.2 +.2 . 2.2 1.3 Dicksonia sellowiana .2.4v .3.4 Feijoa sellowiana 2.3 +.3 v1.3. Solanum sanctae-catharinae v ..(v). Podocarpus lambertii 2.3 2.3 v 1.3 . Symplocos cf celastrinea . +.2..(+.2) Myrceugenia cf campestris 2.3 1.3 v 3.3 . Myrrhinium atropurpureum ..v. +.3 Blepharocalyx suaveolens +.3 +.3 . +.3 a2 Berberis laurina 1.2 1.3 v 2.3 2.2 Baccharis trimera 1.2º ..1.2 . Rubus brasiliensis +º 1.2º v v v Schinus ferox +.3 +.3 . Myrceugenia macrosepala 1.3 +.2 v +.2 . Myrcia richardiana v.fenzliana v +.2 ... Drimys brasiliensis 1.2 . v +.2 1.3 Lantana cf fucota +.2 . v .. Myrceugenia regnelliana +.3 2.3 v . (1.3 Dicksonia sellowiana .2.3. .2.3 Allophylus edulis +.2º 1.2 v . +.2 Chusquea cf meyeriana .
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