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SUPPORTING the CHINESE, JAPANESE, and KOREAN LANGUAGES in the OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM by Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT the Asian L
SUPPORTING THE CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREAN LANGUAGES IN THE OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM By Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT The Asian language versions of the OpenVMS operating system allow Asian-speaking users to interact with the OpenVMS system in their native languages and provide a platform for developing Asian applications. Since the OpenVMS variants must be able to handle multibyte character sets, the requirements for the internal representation, input, and output differ considerably from those for the standard English version. A review of the Japanese, Chinese, and Korean writing systems and character set standards provides the context for a discussion of the features of the Asian OpenVMS variants. The localization approach adopted in developing these Asian variants was shaped by business and engineering constraints; issues related to this approach are presented. INTRODUCTION The OpenVMS operating system was designed in an era when English was the only language supported in computer systems. The Digital Command Language (DCL) commands and utilities, system help and message texts, run-time libraries and system services, and names of system objects such as file names and user names all assume English text encoded in the 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) character set. As Digital's business began to expand into markets where common end users are non-English speaking, the requirement for the OpenVMS system to support languages other than English became inevitable. In contrast to the migration to support single-byte, 8-bit European characters, OpenVMS localization efforts to support the Asian languages, namely Japanese, Chinese, and Korean, must deal with a more complex issue, i.e., the handling of multibyte character sets. -
Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
D Igital Text
Digital text The joys of character sets Contents Storing text ¡ General problems ¡ Legacy character encodings ¡ Unicode ¡ Markup languages Using text ¡ Processing and display ¡ Programming languages A little bit about writing systems Overview Latin Cyrillic Devanagari − − − − − − Tibetan \ / / Gujarati | \ / − Armenian / Bengali SOGDIAN − Mongolian \ / / Gurumukhi SCRIPT Greek − Georgian / Oriya Chinese | / / | / Telugu / PHOENICIAN BRAHMI − − Kannada SINITIC − Japanese SCRIPT \ SCRIPT Malayalam SCRIPT \ / | \ \ Tamil \ Hebrew | Arabic \ Korean | \ \ − − Sinhala | \ \ | \ \ _ _ Burmese | \ \ Khmer | \ \ Ethiopic Thaana \ _ _ Thai Lao The easy ones Latin is the alphabet and writing system used in the West and some other places Greek and Cyrillic (Russian) are very similar, they just use different characters Armenian and Georgian are also relatively similar More difficult Hebrew is written from right−to−left, but numbers go left−to−right... Arabic has the same rules, but also requires variant selection depending on context and ligature forming The far east Chinese uses two ’alphabets’: hanzi ideographs and zhuyin syllables Japanese mixes four alphabets: kanji ideographs, katakana and hiragana syllables and romaji (latin) letters and numbers Korean uses hangul ideographs, combined from jamo components Vietnamese uses latin letters... The Indic languages Based on syllabic alphabets Require complex ligature forming Letters are not written in logical order, but require a strange ’circular’ ordering In addition, a single line consists of separate -
AIX Globalization
AIX Version 7.1 AIX globalization IBM Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 233 . This edition applies to AIX Version 7.1 and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2010, 2018. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this document............................................................................................vii Highlighting.................................................................................................................................................vii Case-sensitivity in AIX................................................................................................................................vii ISO 9000.....................................................................................................................................................vii AIX globalization...................................................................................................1 What's new...................................................................................................................................................1 Separation of messages from programs..................................................................................................... 1 Conversion between code sets............................................................................................................. -
Media Pustikelin London, 2001
Media Pustikelin London, 2001. European Centre for War Peace and the News Media dzutimasa khatar i Evropaki Kulturani Fondacia thaj o OSI editoro Milica Pesic lakhavnenda Lesley Abdela and Tim Symonds Eyecatcher Training INKERIMATA 1 TRANSLATORESKI VORBA 3 jekhto kotor SAR TE VAZDES EFEKTIVNE MEDIAKE RELACII 4 dujto kotor INTERJU ANDI TELEVIZIA THAJ ANDO RADIO 10 trito kotor SAR TE KERES ZURALI KAMPANJA E MEDIASA ANDO VAST 15 shtarto kotor E VAZHNE DZENENGO XUTERIPEN 22 pandzto kotor LILA E EDITORESKE,LILA E PRESSAKE tmd. 23 appendikso MEDIA RELACIENGI BUTJI ASTARDINDOS, tmd. 32 LAV E LAKHAVNENDAR 39 ECWPNM 39 Media Pustikelin drago drabarno, E idea vash o Media Pustikelin avili ande jekh khatar mashkarthemutni konfer- encia vash e Romane zhurnalisti thaj Romane Khetanimatange Sherutne, kerdo khatar o Open Society Institute (Budapest) ando Ohrid, Macedonia, februari, 1999. Diskussie mashkar e maj but sar 80 konferenciake dzene khatar 20 Evropake thema dine i vorba, ke o post-kommunisto vaxt na lokharel e Romengi situacia, ba shol le ando maj pharo trajo. Maj agressivo rassizmo resel len, anglikrisipen thaj diskriminacia. E butipnaski, gadzikani media bari rola sikavdas (thaj vi sikavel) ando kado processo te del stereotipikano sikavipe pe e Roma, butivar bi direktno kontakto e romane populaciasa. E diskussia ando Ohrid vi kodo svato phuterdas ke ando divesutno trajo naj but direktno kontakto mashkar e Roma thaj i gadzikani populacia. Misalake, jekh rodipe, so kerdas o Roma Press Centro ando Budapest, kasko sherutno sas andi konferencia, sikavdas ke e maj but rakle nivar na maladjon e romane sikljar- nenca andi shkola. Kado si mamuj o fakto, ke buteder sar 10% mashkar e cha- vorra ande 900 elementarne shkoli si romane sikle ando Ungriko Them. -
Frank's Do-It-Yourself Kana Cards V
Frank's do-it-yourself kana cards v. 1.0, 2000-08-07 Frank Stajano University of Cambridge and AT&T Laboratories Cambridge http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fms27/ and http://www.uk.research.att.com/~fms/ This set of flash cards is meant to help you familiar cards and insist on the difficult part of き and さ with a separate stroke, become fluent in the use of the Japanese ones. unlike what happens in the fonts used in hiragana and katakana syllabaries. I made this document. I have followed the stroke it because I needed one myself and could The complete set consists of 10 double- counts of Henshall-Takagaki, even when not find it in the local bookshops (kanji sided sheets (20 printable pages) of 50 they seem weird for the shape of the char- cards were available, and I bought those; cards each, but you may choose to print acter as drawn on the card. but kana cards weren't); if it helps you too, smaller subsets as detailed below. Actu- so much the better. ally there are some blanks, so the total The easiest way to turn this document into number of cards is only 428 instead of 500. a set of cards is simply to print it (double The romanisation system chosen for these It would have been possible to fit them on sided of course!) and then cut each page cards is the Hepburn, which is the most 9 sheets instead of 10, but only by com- into cards with a ruler and a sharp blade. -
Degemination in Japanese Loanwords from Italian
DEGEMINATION IN JAPANESE LOANWORDS FROM ITALIAN Maho Morimoto University of California, Santa Cruz In Japanese native phonology, geminate consonants are contrastive (as in [kata] ‘shoulder’ vs. [katta] ‘win-PAST’), but geminates in loanwords can have differing sources and motivations (see Kubozono, Itô, Mester 2009, Kawagoe 2015, and references cited therein): we see gemination of singletons in loanwords from English, in which consonant length is not distinctive ([kæt]Eng ‘cat’ → [kjatto]Jp), whereas we see geminate-preservation in loanwords from Italian ([espresso]It ‘espresso’ → [esupuresso]Jp), in which the length of most consonants is contrastive. In loanwords from Italian, however, not all geminates are preserved. This research addresses the cases of degemination, and captures the pattern as stress-based neutralization of consonant length within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993). 1. THE PUZZLE In loanwords from Italian, as pointed out by Tanaka (2007), the preservation rate for geminates that belong to the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable is higher compared to the other positions within a word. This positional effect on degemination is present in loanwords that include more than one geminate within a word, illustrated below (capital letters indicate the first half of long consonants and the acute accent mark signals stress in Italian and pitch accent in Japanese): (1) Italian source Japanese loan a. zuK.kóT.to → zu.kóT.to zuccotto (a type of cake) b. oreK.kjéT.te → o.re.ki.éT.te orecchiette (a type of pasta) c. kaF.feL.láT.te → ka.fe.ráT.te caffè latte ‘caffè latte’ 2. THE PROPOSAL Drawing attention to the fact that the penultimate and the antepenultimate syllables are the most common locations for Italian noun stress and Japanese pitch accent for loanwords to be assigned to, the current analysis views this positional effect on degemination as stress-based positional neutralization. -
Japanese Typing Tutorial (For Mac): コンピュータで日本語
JPN_Typing_Tutorial_Mac.doc Japanese Typing Tutorial (for Mac): コンピュータで日本語 1. Enable Japanese language features 1) In the Microsoft Office 2004 folder on your hard disk, open the Additional Tools folder, and then open the Microsoft Language Register folder. 2) Drag the Microsoft Word icon on top of the Microsoft Language Register utility. 3) In the Select the language to enable for pop-up menu, click Japanese. Note After running the Microsoft Language Register program, you should select the Japanese keyboard layout provided with the Apple OS, or a third-party keyboard layout of your choice. To do so, open System Preferences, click International, and then click the Input Menu tab. 4) In the menu bar at the top of the screen do you see American flag icon or “A” in the black box? Click the icon, and choose [あ] Hiragana. 2. How to Type ひらがな 2.1 Romaji Typing System When you type Japanese, you have to use Romanization because HIRAGANA or KATAKANA is not listed on your keyboard. But the Romanization you are supposed to use for the word processor is not quite the same as the one you learned in class. You have to interpret Romanization as a mere substitution for the written syllables, HIRAGANA. You first have to consider how the word you want to type is written in HIRAGANA and then transcribe each HIRAGANA character into corresponding romaji. After typing in the Romanization, hit ‘Enter’ key (do not hit ‘Space’ key before hitting ‘Enter’ key, that will convert HIRAGNA into Kanji). Hit space key after each word if you want to have a space. -
A Flick-Based Japanese Tablet Keyboard Using Direct Kanji Input
A Flick-based Japanese Tablet Keyboard using Direct Kanji Input Yuya Nakamura1 and Hiroshi Hosobe2 1Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 2Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan Keywords: Text Entry Touch Screen, Touch Typing, Software Keyboard. Abstract: Tablets, as well as smartphones and personal computers, are popular as Internet clients. A split keyboard is a software keyboard suitable for tablets with large screens. However, unlike other methods, the split keyboard has space in the center of the screen, which makes the part of the screen for displaying suggestions small and inconvenient. This paper proposes a Japanese input software keyboard that enables direct kanji input on a split flick keyboard. Once the user has mastered this keyboard, it allows the user to efficiently input Japanese text while holding a tablet with both hands. The paper presents an implementation of the keyboard on Android and reports the result of an experiment on its performance compared with existing methods. In addition, since direct kanji input generally takes time for users to learn, one of the authors by himself has conducted a long- term experiment to confirm the possibility of its mastery. For 12 months, both the input speed and the error rate have gradually improved. 1 INTRODUCTION makes the part of the screen for displaying conversion suggestions small and inconvenient. Japanese text is composed of Chinese-originated In Japan, there are about as many users of “flick” “kanji” characters and Japanese “kana” characters keyboards as QWERTY keyboard users. Flick is a (Tamaoka, 2014). While a kanji character typi- gesture operation especially used for character input cally has a meaning, a kana character does not; in- on touch-screen devices such as tablets and smart- stead, a kana character is associated with a speech phones. -
Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera U Osijeku Filozofski Fakultet U Osijeku Odsjek Za Engleski Jezik I Književnost Uroš Ba
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Croatian Digital Thesis Repository Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Uroš Barjaktarević Japanese-English Language Contact / Japansko-engleski jezični kontakt Diplomski rad Kolegij: Engleski jezik u kontaktu Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić Osijek, 2015. 1 Summary JAPANESE-ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONTACT The paper examines the language contact between Japanese and English. The first section of the paper defines language contact and the most common contact-induced language phenomena with an emphasis on linguistic borrowing as the dominant contact-induced phenomenon. The classification of linguistic borrowing thereby follows Haugen's distinction between morphemic importation and substitution. The second section of the paper presents the features of the Japanese language in terms of origin, phonology, syntax, morphology, and writing. The third section looks at the history of language contact of the Japanese with the Europeans, starting with the Portuguese and Spaniards, followed by the Dutch, and finally the English. The same section examines three different borrowing routes from English, and contact-induced language phenomena other than linguistic borrowing – bilingualism , code alternation, code-switching, negotiation, and language shift – present in Japanese-English language contact to varying degrees. This section also includes a survey of the motivation and reasons for borrowing from English, as well as the attitudes of native Japanese speakers to these borrowings. The fourth and the central section of the paper looks at the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, its scope and the various adaptations that occur upon morphemic importation on the phonological, morphological, orthographic, semantic and syntactic levels. -
A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai Oku No Yamamichi
国立国語研究所学術情報リポジトリ A discovery in the history of research on Japanese kana orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai oku no yamamichi 著者(英) Shinkichi HASHIMOTO 翻訳者(英) Timothy J. Vance 校正者(英) Wayne Lawrence journal or Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan publication title page range 1-24 year 2019-09 URL http://doi.org/10.15084/00002233 HASHIMOTO Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro’s Kanazukai oku no yamamichi HASHIMOTO Shinkichi 1 Two Aspects of Kana Orthography Research Kana orthography refers to the way of using kana [i.e., Chinese characters used to write Japanese syllables phonographically, including both the unabbreviated characters (man’yōgana), used mostly in the Nara period (710–794) and early in the Heian Period (794–1185), and the abbreviated forms (hiragana and katakana) that first appeared around 900]. When it comes to using あ to represent the sound “a” or か to represent the sound “ka,” things are clear and simple, and no doubts arise. It is only when two or more different letters correspond to the same sound, as in the case of い [i] and ゐ [wi] [both pronounced i today] or お [o] and を [wo] [both pronounced o today], that doubts arise as to which letter to use. Thus, we can say that problems of kana orthography are actually just problems of choosing which letter to use. Kana orthography problems have two aspects. On the one hand, there is the question of whether or not letters that represent the same sound (い [i] and ゐ [wi] [for i], お [o] and を [wo] [for o], etc.) should be distinguished, and if so, which letter should be used when. -
Katakana Chart
かたかな Katakana Chart W R Y M H N T S K VOWEL ン ワ ラ ヤ マ ハ ナ タ サ カ ア A リ ミ ヒ ニ チ シ キ イ I ル ユ ム フ ヌ ツ ス ク ウ U レ メ ヘ ネ テ セ ケ エ E ヲ ロ ヨ モ ホ ノ ト ソ コ オ O © 2010 Michael L. Kluemper et al. Beginning Japanese, Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. www.TimeForJapanese.com. 22 Beginning Japanese 名前: ________________________ 1－1 Katakana Activity Book 日付: ＿＿＿月 ＿＿＿日 一、 Practice: アイウエオ カキクケコ ガギグゲゴ O E U I A オ エ ウ イ ア ア オ エ ウ イ ア オ ウ ア エ イ ア オ エ ウ イ オ ウ イ ア オ エ ア KO KE KU KI KA コ ケ ク キ カ カ コ ケ ク キ カ コ ケ ク ク キ カ カ コ キ キ カ コ コ ケ カ ケ ク ク キ キ コ ケ カ © 2010 Michael L. Kluemper et al. Beginning Japanese, Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. www.TimeForJapanese.com. 23 GO GE GU GI GA ゴ ゲ グ ギ ガ ガ ゴ ゲ グ ギ ガ ゴ ゴ ゲ グ グ ギ ギ ガ ガ ゴ ゲ ギ ガ ゴ ゴ ゲ ガ ゲ グ グ ギ ギ ゴ ゲ ガ © 2010 Michael L. Kluemper et al. Beginning Japanese, Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved.