A Flick-based Japanese Tablet Keyboard using Direct Kanji Input Yuya Nakamura1 and Hiroshi Hosobe2 1Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 2Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan Keywords: Text Entry Touch Screen, Touch Typing, Software Keyboard. Abstract: Tablets, as well as smartphones and personal computers, are popular as Internet clients. A split keyboard is a software keyboard suitable for tablets with large screens. However, unlike other methods, the split keyboard has space in the center of the screen, which makes the part of the screen for displaying suggestions small and inconvenient. This paper proposes a Japanese input software keyboard that enables direct kanji input on a split flick keyboard. Once the user has mastered this keyboard, it allows the user to efficiently input Japanese text while holding a tablet with both hands. The paper presents an implementation of the keyboard on Android and reports the result of an experiment on its performance compared with existing methods. In addition, since direct kanji input generally takes time for users to learn, one of the authors by himself has conducted a long- term experiment to confirm the possibility of its mastery. For 12 months, both the input speed and the error rate have gradually improved. 1 INTRODUCTION makes the part of the screen for displaying conversion suggestions small and inconvenient. Japanese text is composed of Chinese-originated In Japan, there are about as many users of “flick” “kanji” characters and Japanese “kana” characters keyboards as QWERTY keyboard users. Flick is a (Tamaoka, 2014). While a kanji character typi- gesture operation especially used for character input cally has a meaning, a kana character does not; in- on touch-screen devices such as tablets and smart- stead, a kana character is associated with a speech phones. Flick input usually makes its user to touch sound. Computer users need to input both kanji and a key with a finger and then slide the finger upward, kana characters for Japanese text. Many Japanese downward, to the left, or to the right for input. keyboards use a conversion function from kana to This paper proposes a Japanese input software kanji. One of the most common kana-kanji conver- keyboard that enables direct kanji input on a split flick sion methods used in Japan is the predictive conver- keyboard. We extend two-handed flick input (Naka- sion that uses past inputs as well as dictionaries. By mura and Hosobe, 2020) to allow direct kanji input. contrast, direct kanji input lets users select kanji char- Once the user has mastered this keyboard, it allows acters by themselves. It is believed that once a user the user to efficiently input Japanese text while hold- mastered direct kanji input, the user can efficiently ing a tablet with both hands. We propose two layouts: and effortlessly input Japanese text because of the un- one uses elements of kanji characters called bushu; necessity of judging conversion suggestions. the other uses elements called on’yomi. Kanji char- A split keyboard is a software keyboard for tablets acters are generally made up of dots and lines. The that improves display space efficiency. It allows its bushu-based layout uses a common collection of such user to put both hands at natural positions. The im- dots and lines. The on’yomi-based layout arranges provement of display space efficiency is good for mul- kanji characters by using their readings. They cover titasking. Split keyboards are often used with the QW- 2136 kanji characters called joyo-kanji, a standard set ERTY layout, and are adopted on Windows and iPad of kanji characters for social life in Japan. tablets (Knox, 2012; Apple Inc., 2019). Current split For the objective evaluation of the proposed key- keyboards for Japanese input use common kana-kanji board, we conducted comparative experiments. We conversion methods such as predictive conversion. compared the bushu-based layout, the on’yomi-based However, unlike other software keyboards, split key- layout, two QWERTY software keyboards, and a flick boards have space in the center of the screen, which keyboard. One of the QWERTY keyboards enabled 49 Nakamura, Y. and Hosobe, H. A Flick-based Japanese Tablet Keyboard using Direct Kanji Input. DOI: 10.5220/0010245800490059 In Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2021) - Volume 2: HUCAPP, pages 49-59 ISBN: 978-989-758-488-6 Copyright c 2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved HUCAPP 2021 - 5th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction Theory and Applications learning in predictive conversion for individual par- to use than the associative method. T-Code (T-Code ticipants, and the other disabled it. We recruited 8 Project, 2003) is one of the most famous methods participants of ages ranging from 23 to 24. During the of non-associative direct kanji input. T-Code uses a experiments, they were seated and held a tablet with combination of two keystrokes on the QWERTY key- both hands. The comparative experiments treated two board to enter a kanji character. There is no regu- kinds of input: sentence input and kanji conversion- larity in such key combinations, and the user needs required word input. The results showed that the to first learn them. The non-associative method takes on’yomi-based layout was faster in the input speed longer time to learn than the associative method, but than the bushu-based layout. In addition, the results allows faster input (T-Code Project, 2003). This is be- of subjective evaluation using the User Experience cause the associative method requires the user to as- Questionnaire (UEQ) showed that the proposed key- sociate kanji characters with keystrokes, but the non- board was better in novelty than the existing methods associative method does not. However, whichever although it was inferior in perspicuity, efficiency, and method is used, direct kanji input requires the user dependability. to more practice than kana-kanji conversion-based in- Direct kanji input generally takes time for users put. In this paper, direct kanji input keyboard was not to learn. Therefore, one of the authors by himself has included in comparative experiment. The reason is conducted a long-term experiment to confirm the pos- that we were not able to find any available software sibility of the mastery of the proposed keyboard using keyboards for tablets that used direct kanji input. the bushu-based layout. The author has input five sen- Research and development of input methods for tences every day. For 12 months, the input speed has Chinese characters are not limited to the Japanese lan- increased, and the error rate has decreased. guage. Pinyin input is a widely used Chinese charac- ter input method that uses Chinese readings of char- acters (Li and Li, 2019). Cangjie is a direct Chinese 2 RELATED WORK character input method used in Hong Kong. In this method, users think of a Chinese character as a com- bination of parts. A keystroke corresponds to such a In this paper, we extend Nakamura and Hosobe’s bi- part, and a combination of keystrokes is used to input manual flick software keyboard for tablets (Nakamura a Chinese character. Liu and Lin (Liu and Lin, 2008) and Hosobe, 2020). It improved screen space effi- proposed an extension of Cangjie to classify similar ciency by splitting a flick keyboard into the left and Chinese characters. Niu et al. (Niu et al., 2010) pro- the right. However, it was not suitable for kana-kanji posed Stroke++, a Chinese character input method for conversion because the conversion space generally mobile phones, in which an input is made by combin- extends from the left to the right edge of the screen. ing bushu elements. In this paper, we solve this problem by introducing direct kanji input. Various research has been done on keyboards for Many Japanese input method uses predictive con- tablets. Sax et al. proposed an ergonomic QWERTY version, which presents conversion suggestions based tablet keyboard (Sax et al., 2011). Bi et al. proposed on previously used words. For example, Ichimura et a bimanual gesture keyboard to reduce display space al. proposed a predictive kana-kanji conversion sys- and to shorten finger movement (Bi et al., 2012). tem (Ichimura et al., 2000). It used the current main- Hasegawa et al. studied input of a software keyboard, stream predictive conversion method that had been with a focus on aging effects and differences between proposed several years before, and reduced users’ dominant and non-dominant hands (Hasegawa et al., keystrokes to 78 %. 2012). Odell studied feedbacks of software keyboards Unlike predictive conversion that is used in many (Odell, 2015). Takei and Hosobe proposed a Japanese current Japanese input methods, direct kanji input lets kana input keyboard that input one character with the user select a kanji character. There are two types two strokes by using 2 × 6 keys (Takei and Hosobe, of direct kanji input: associative and non-associative. 2018). Yajima and Hosobe proposed a Japanese soft- Associative direct kanji input has clear relationships ware keyboard for tablets that reduced user fatigue between keystrokes and kanji characters. This method (Yajima and Hosobe, 2018). has the advantage of being more intuitive and easier In Japan, much research on flick keyboards has to use (T-Code Project, 2003). On the other hand, been done. Sakurai and Masui proposed a QWERTY non-associative direct kanji input does not have such flick keyboard (Sakurai and Masui, 2013). This key- clear relationships between keystrokes and kanji char- board enabled input of Japanese kana characters and acters. From the user’s point of view, it is a random English letters without mode changes.