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A Study of Sports and the Implications of Women's Participation in Them in Modern Society

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A Study of Sports and the Implications of Women's Participation in Them in Modern Society A STUDY OF SPORTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN THEM IN MODERN SOCIETY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By LAURA ELIZABETH KRATZ, B. S., A. M The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by Adviser Department of Physical Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Doctor Bruce L. Bennett for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript and to Mrs. John R. Kinzer and other members of the Statistics Laboratory of the Mathematics Department for their assistance with the calculations involved in the study. ii CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION............... .•............. 1 The Problem and Its Importance............. 1 The Changing American Character............ ^ Patterns of Conformity in American Character ........................... 7 Play as a Vital Part of Civilization........ 10 Cultural Definitions of Work and P l a y ....... 13 Women's Increasing Participation in Sports............................ 15 II THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN CULTURE....... 19 Women Exercise a Cultural Focal Influence............................ 21 The Influence of Technological Changes....... 22 The Influence of Soeio-Psychological Factors.................. 28 Women's Organizations and their Influence............................ ^1 Women's Present Work Ro l e ................. ^3 Advances in Sports Lines Parallel Women's Progress in Other Areas ........ *+8 Summary: The Status of American Women Today ........................... 50 III A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS .................. 52 The Most Influential Factors in Women's Broader Participation .................. 53 Women's Skill in Participation Becomes Greater at Four Different Levels.......... 63 Participation on the Family and School Levels is More Accepted than Participation on Other Levels ............ 66 iii * CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page Women's Participation on the Family Level . 68 Women's Participation on the School Level . 71 Women's Participation on the Recreational Level..................... 79 Women's Participation on the Highly Competitive Level ............... 84- IV DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH................ 9*+ The Development of the Hypotheses.......... 95 Verification of the Hypotheses............. 102 V PRESENTATION OF THE DATA.................... 121 General Data. .......................... 122 Data Concerning Women's Sports Activities Under Various Circumstances........... 12h Data Concerning Women's Choices of Sports Activities with Regard to Femininity and Acceptance Value.................... 127 Data Concerning Choices of Sports Considered Low in Acceptance Value........ 130 Degree of Acceptance of the Five Hypotheses Concerning Women's Sports Participation . 13*+ Two-Way Analysis of Variance of the Means . of Acceptance Values of the Five hypotheses............................ 136 VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY....................... 158 The General Sports Pattern................ 159 Acceptance Values of Certain Concepts of Participation....................... 169 The Meaning of Sports Participation ........ 186 Suggestions for Further S t u d y ............. 192 iv CONTENTS (continued) Page APPENDIXES A Prior Analyses of the Hypotheses......... 194 B Interview Schedule ............ 200 C Suggestion List of Sports Activities .... 205 D The North-Hatt Scale of Occupational Prestige................. 20? E Organizational Affiliations of the Interviewees.................... 213 F Occupations of Single Women and Wives. 220 G Unique Data - Verbatim Responses of the Interviewees.................. 222 H National Organizations Sponsoring Competitive Sports for Women .......... 338 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................... 341 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Persons with "Whom Women Participate in Sports............................ .... 123 2 Sports Activities in which Women Participate ......... 125 3 Spectator Sports Preferences of Women............... 126 4 Sports in ’which Women Participate on a Family Basis ............................... 127 5 Rank Order of Sports Chosen by Women with Regard to Femininity and Acceptance Values Compared to those in which they Actually Participate................... 129 6 Sports Considered Least Acceptable for Women's and Daughters' Participation ............. 132 7 Degree of Acceptance of the Five Hypotheses Concerning Women's Sports Participation............ 134 8 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Degree of Sports Activity ............. 137 9 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Type of Sports Participation.................. 138 10 Acceptance Values of hypotheses According to Participation in Team, Dual or Individual Sports......... 139 11 Acceptance Values of hypotheses According to Type of Spectator Sports Attended............. 140 12 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Sports Organizational Affiliations. 141 vi LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page 13 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Social-Fraternal Organizational Affiliations . ............. .. ............... 1*4-2 14 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Marital Status............................... 143 15 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Children Under Six Years of Age ....... 145 16 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Children 6 to 10 Years of A g e .......... 146 17 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Children 11 to 15 Years of Age.......... 147 18 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Number of Children 16 to 19 Years of Age.......... 148 19 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Total Number of Dependent Children.............. 149 20 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Occupational Prestige Levels................... 150 21 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Educational Levels. ..................... 151 22 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Age Groups................ ................. 152 23 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Patterns of Participation.................... 153 24 Acceptance Values of Hypotheses According to Employment Status......... ... ............. 154 25 Rank Order of Women’s Practices and Preferences in Sports........................... 155 26 Coefficients of Rank Correlation Among Women's Preferences and Practices in Sports Participation................................... 156 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION As the initial chapter of so broad a subject, Chapter I will set forth the broad concepts involved and the theoretical bases upon which the study rests. These concepts and bases are arranged tinder several topics in the following manner: 1) The Problem and Its Importance 2) The Changing American Character 3) Patterns of Conformity in American Character *0 Play as a Vital Part of Civilization 5) Cultural Definitions of Work and Play 6) Women's Increasing Participation in Sports THE PROBLEM AND ITS IMPORTANCE Sports, as a whole, have not been studied to any great extent in their relationship to the American social structure. The implications of sports participation for women in modem society have been almost completely overlooked. It is the purpose of this study to determine the influence of sports on the lives of American people and, in turn, the influence of American people on sports. Particular reference will be made to these discoveries as they pertain to women living in the contemporary framework of modem American society. 2 In order to study this matter, the subject must be investigated broadly as well as deeply. Some physical educators avoid the social implications of their activities and take a rather unrealistic approach to their problems. The sports writer exploits, or uses for human interest, any aspect of sports that he can summon. The psychologist refers to sports only briefly as a minor ingredient in the complicated structure of social influences. One might ask why there has been so much peripheral investi­ gation, with no truly thorough approach to the subject of sports. If sports are of interest to so many groups, are they not worthy of more thorough investigation? Sports are a vital interest to the historian, the psychiatrist, and the anthropologist. The professional athlete pursues his activities because he has no choice in the matter, either because of his indomitable will to compete or his need for making a living, or both. The spectator public continues to witness contests in large numbers for as many psychological and materialistic reasons, perhaps, as there are persons who attend these spectacles. As a leading sociologist has stated, "A social science of play is needed in America. Without its contributions the ways in which we spend our leisure may never be ennobled."! ^Gregory P. Stone, "American Sports: Play and Dis-Play," / Chicago Review. IX (Fall, 1955)* 100. 3 The motives of the American people for participating or not participating in a sport, and how they participate, give an indication of the national character. American skiing, for instance, is as different from St. Moritz skiing as Coney Island is different from Cannes. "Sports," say Cozens and Stumpf, "are one index of the national genius and character of the American people."2 Today there is little knowledge of the feminine player. It is hoped that from this study there will emerge reasons which may help in understanding the American feminine character
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