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Professor, General, and College President John Fraser Jim Weeks

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Professor, General, and College President John Fraser Jim Weeks Discipline and Piety: Professor, General, and College President John Fraser Jim Weeks intellectually curious perked up as the pro- war,seemed inappropriate for the situations in which he fessor launched into his lecture. Today's session found himself after the war. THEfocused on Shakespeare, withthe professor spic- John Fraser's peripatetic life as immigrant, scholar, inghis thoughts withphrases from the Bard. Gesturing warrior, and university president mirrored America's as he spoke, the littlemanpaused tolower his voice while mid-century social and political convulsions. Joining reciting dramatic lines. Histrionics transported his stu- the tide of European immigrants inundating the ante- dents to far away Verona, bellum nation, Fraser packed a Rome,or London. Tomorrow, dazzling knowledge of the the professor might discuss western intellectual tradition mathematics, just as astrono along with his baggage. As a mv absorbed him vesterday youth, ap- J . J molder of Fraser's His students marveled at their proach to cultivating virtue don's seemingly endless reser through discipline and piety voir ofknowledge. exemplified the best ofAmeri- But squalor surrounding ca's old-time colleges. When professor and students belied warshattered his adopted land, the collegiate deportment. The Fraser displayed a fullmeasure professor's lectern consisted of of devotion by leading troops an ash heap. For instructional at Gettysburg, the Wilderness, aids, he used brown paper as a and Spottsylvania, and Ian- blackboard and burnt coal for guishing for months as a pris- chalk. Barefoot, dressed intat oner of war. tered shirt and pants, the pro Ironically, the victor)' he fessor sartorially disguised his struggled to achieve ushered academic status and rank of in a new America that turned colonel. Union officers, not ad his familiar educational milieu olescents, comprised his stu of God and Greeks upside dents, for the vortex of the down. A man of intellect and CivilWar had swept the acade ethics devoid ofpolitical scnsi- mician from tree-shaded cam bility,Fraser proved tempera- pus to Confederate prison mentally incapable of execu- Colonel John Fraser, master of tivcduties required ofthe post- the classics, had landed in a war nation's "new education." r e Portrait or rraser (artist unknown), c. 1867. , , , , prisoner of war camp after a Although.. the post-war educa- tortuous to new, pedagogy military as journey from oldworld i from tional achievements of leaders such Robert E. ; / to soldiery, from classroom to battlefield. 1 Lee, Stephen D. Lee, Francis A. Walker, and Joshua John Fraser was an academic who began and ended Chamberlin have been documented, the failure ofoth- collegiate career in Western Pennsylvania. er,' luminary,— — his Almost ifless 7 commanders peacetime roles j at r in nothing has been written about this Scot who com- college administration have gone largely unnoticed. A manded Union troops during the Civil War and also tendency to read history backwards often attributed served as president of twomajor land-grant universities. such post-war success to skills honed by wartimeleader- Fraser's bold ways, which served him so well before the ship experience. But Fraser's unsuccessful presidencies of two institutions later to—number among America's Jim Weeks is a research project associate inPennsylvania State major research universities Pennsylvania State Uni- University's Office ofProgram Planning. doctoral — Currently a versity and the University ofKansas suggest Fraser's candidate inhistory at Penn State, Weeks earned a master's post-war career personal degree at Pitt and a bachelor's degree inhistory at Penn State. accentuated characteristics that He has published historical articles and reviews in American functioned in the army and old-time college but im- Heritage, the Journal ofContinuing HigherEducation, Penn- paired his later ambitions. sylvania History, Lincoln Herald, The Diplomat e, Crossing While confined as a prisoner of war, Colonel Fraser Lines, and Penn Stater. probably reminisced about his boyhood alongthe Scot- 24 Discipline and Piety tish coast. Here, Macbeth, Thane of Cromarty, once things intellectual. Flourishing individualism wenthand strode the heather across the cliffs overlooking Cromar- in hand with cultivating reason and acquiring knowl- tyFirth. Below, the town where Fraser was born in1827 edge. In the century before Eraser's birth, the Scots boasted the capacity to host anything afloat. Between could indulge in self-congratulation for producing the tolerably fertile soil and maritime activities, the folk of creative minds of David Hume, Adam Smith, Robert Cromarty eked out a richer livelihood than the upland Burns, and Sir Walter Scott. 7 crofters who struggled with barren soil. But Cromarty, Though young John Fraser balked at the grimness of battling the sea alone, ringed by water and anchored by lifelong asceticism in a vicarage, his folks agreed to the mountains, bred just as vigorous a Scot. Something in youth's insistence on a teaching career. Sometime be- that awe-inspiring landscape yielded the individualist, fore mid-century, wee bauchle Fraser, who when fully the lone wolf, the wanderer as empty as a bagpipe wail grown rose toonlyfive-foot-six,left the Fraser hearth in on the duskv moors.2 Cromarty for the University ofEdinburgh. Preeminent For centuries, Cromarty's fishermen had put for in most fields, Scottish universities had influenced the herring waters until the schools disappeared years— land's intellectual flowering. Few students graduated, before Eraser's birth. Along with the town's instead attending a range ofcourses toquicken chief commodity, dozens of coopers, sail the curiosity intheir blood. Unlike higher ors, and fish curers vanished from education in the United States, which Cromarty's thatched-roof streets. But / retained a Puritan penchant forclassi Fraser's father, aship chandler, plied / cism, the progressive Scots encour his trade inthe growingship-build- / aged practical application of dis ingbusiness.' Always resourceful ,« withthe sea, Cromartians turned What John Fraser discovered a hand tocod fishing, manufac- / at Edinburgh was that he didn't turing sailcloth, and trading. / care forScotland's seat oflearn Surrounding the seaport / ing. He tarried only brieflyin town, castles and other relics / the rarifiedhalls ofEdinburgh, bespeaking ofexhausted civ- / beginning a lifetime of itin- ilizations dotted the land- I erancy. Fraser then enrolled scape. Their— legacy— of spec- at the University of Aber- r c? : r ters, fairies, and Gothic ter- deen, where he applied his ror stillshook Cromarty. Al- intellect withremarkable suc- together, the town's fascina- 1 cess. Beyond an energetic ap- tion and timeless regularity \ proach toacademic work and endowed life witha particular \ an ambition to succeed, Fras- warmth. Up from the pier, \ er demonstrated agenuine love tucked among Cromarty's ofscholarship. He pushed the crooked— streets, stood two kirks limits ofhis kinsmen's curiosity one for Scots patois speakers, \ /rtW X^,-, / while tempering itwithreverence the other for the Gaelic. 4 With a \ for the Almighty. Fraser's intellec- typical parental urge toimprove the \ tual tastes spanned the spectrum of station of their progeny, the Erasers human knowledge. Thucydides and coaxed their precocious son to enter the Lucretius, Napier and Newton, Descartes ministry. 5 """ and Hume touched and stirred Fraser's Scotland's stern Presbyterian faith gripped the soul. At the conclusion of his final year, the souls and thoughts ofits people. Inno other country university fathers awarded Fraser the Huttonian prize, had the Reformation so triumphed without contest, presented only once even' 10 years, for his wizardry in replacing Popery, ironically, with a faith akin to the mathematics. 9 unearthly rites ofScotland's ancient paganism. Perhaps Following the trail ofemigrating countrymen, Fraser the Frasers sought to appease divine wrath by position- set sail for the New World. As the vessel sighed and ing one of their ownin an influential spot. The embers bobbed, Eraser welcomed the dullhours— as an opportu- offireand brimstone stillglowed from anevangelical fire nity to peruse his Huttonian award a collection of that swept the Highlands two decades before Fraser's gilt-edged, leather-bound Greek and Latin classics. birth. Fervor from this evangelism brought the day of Whether arranged before his departure or by accident, reckoning closer to folk who quaked over uncertainties when the ship anchored inBermuda, Eraser landed a beyond the grave. 6 But in their burning attempt to teaching job at the Hamilton Institute, courtesy ofHer know God, the Scots developed acuriosity about them- Majesty's colonial beneficence. 10 In time, a bad supply selves and the world around them. Ages of theological ofwater on the island affected Fraser's health. Searching debate honed a knack for unravelling the knottiness of for a more salubrious environment, he secured a head- 26 Pittsburgh History Spring 1993 master post at a private school inNew York City. life long after he left for bigger adventures. 13 Soon, however, Fraser's introduction to life in the Fraser's comprehensive knowledge and Calvinist zeal United States soured. Personal and financial troubles corresponded to the paternalism Jefferson practiced in plagued him.For one thing, as analternative toBermu- both pedagogy and development offuture public lead- da's bad water, Fraser had habituated himself toslaking ers. Professors served as
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