Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 04/03/2019 9:26:04 o de Humboldt de añadir una visita a los Estados Unidos de añadir una visita a los Estados Unidos o de Humboldt 113-130 on Humboldt’s decision to add a visit to the at the end at the end States decision to add a visit to the United on Humboldt’s k o b e R

umScienceNet, project number 327127, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IOF), whose results will be pub- whose results number 327127, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IOF), project umScienceNet, This article forms part of a three-year research project, funded by the European Commission European by the funded project, research This article forms part of a three-year (AH White Court to the Spanish the Royal From of Knowledge: Empire lished in the monograph Humboldt’s House. andra Resumen: La decisión de Alejandr Abstract: Alexander v Humboldtian Science; United States; American West; Louisiana Purchase; . Louisiana Purchase; West; American States; Science; United Keywords: Humboldtian | | DOI: 10.18441/ibam.19.2019.70. * Expert, Research Program “Culture and Foreign Policy” “Culture and Foreign Research Program Expert, Auslandsbeziehungen) ifa (Institut für [email protected] S “En cuyas cabezas me gustaría que vivieran mis vivieran mis me gustaría que “En cuyas cabezas los Estados Unidos interés de Humboldt por el ideas”: “In Whose Heads I Would Like My My Like Would I Heads Whose “In in Interest Humboldt’s Live”: To Ideas States* the United al final de su expedición ha llevado a diversas especulaciones sobre los motivos de este cambio de este cambio los motivos especulaciones sobre a diversas al final de su expedición ha llevado de su viaje en el que tomó esta decisión. Este artículo en su itinerario y el momento concreto argumenta que su estancia en este país forma parte importante Americana de su Expedición | | of his expedition has led to various speculations about the motives of this change in his itin- about the motives speculations of his expedition has led to various erary when he took this decision. This article and the particular moment during his voyage America forms an important part of his American Expedition argues that his stay in North and is crucial and the larger impact of his to better understanding both the historical context references analysis of his first this topic based on a thorough addresses therefore It journey. during his time in republic to this country about the young he received and the information had played the Louisiana Purchase it focuses on the role particular, colonies. In the Spanish the scientific exploration of the newly regarding in this context and the possibilities he saw territory. acquired Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 113 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 114 114 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK the United States andtheOld Continent. While theSpanish colonieswere ontheeve oamerica and Europe, but also helped to establish close scholarly connections between endeavors. Humboldt stage intherelationship notonlyinitiatedanew between Iber- his journeyontheonehand,andother, theglobalsignificanceofhisscientific expedition istherefore inorder crucial tounderstandthesocio-historical contextof a visittotheUnitedat themotives hehadforundertaking States attheendofhis ofhislargerscientificpursuits. Having acloserlook part tries constituteanimportant Prussian’s voyage ofexplorationthrough theSpanish colonies;hisstaysinbothcoun- Science. However, thesewere notmerely twobriefvisitsthathappenedtoframethe with hisambitiousscientificproject andtheglobalimplementationof Humboldtian stood ashisLatinAmericanexpedition,withoutlooking sufficientlyatitsconnection the United States tendstobeviewedasrather disconnectedfrom whattodayisunder- through the Spanish coloniesforalmostfive years. when hewasprepared toreturn toEurope outhisscientificexpedition aftercarrying ulation abouttheoriginandmomentofthismodificationtohisitinerary, atatime States attheendofhisexpeditionthrough theSpanish colonieshasledtomuchspec- known to us today. Specifically, the explorer’s decision to add a visit to the United had goodreasons forallthesechanges,thoughsomeare betterandsomeare lesswell and the Philippines as initially planned, is another illustrative example. Humboldt tocatchupwiththeexpeditionofThomas Baudin, insteadoftravelingtry to Mexico took himtoMadrid. Also,hisdecisiontoleave Cuba duringhisfirstvisitin1801and this voyage inthecontextof a French government expedition,before hispathfinally ginning ofhisAmericanexpedition.He wasexaminingdifferent optionstoundertake be- forhisscientificpursuits.Thisapproachfrom the canbeobserved very important acquaintancesortoaddvisitsplacesthatwereto makenew describedtohimas tions totheseproblems. In other situations,hedecidedtofollow recommendations occasions thisallowed himtoreact toanyunexpecteddifficulties,findinginstantsolu- On some opportunities. maintaining hisflexibilitytoadaptitspontaneouslynew fect combination of following an outlined itinerary, while at the same time always Throughout hisAmerican expedition, hadpracticedaper- Luisiana; Cuba. torio recién adquirido. enrelación conlaexploracióncientíficadelterri- así comoenlasposibilidadesqueobservó En particular, seenfocaenelpapelquedesempeñólacompradeLuisiana enestecontexto, joven república duranteeltiempoquepermanecióenlasposesionesespañolasAmérica. primeras referencias delosEstadosUnidos ydelainformaciónqueHumboldt obtuvo dela riplo americanoamayor escala.Se acerca aestetemaenbaseunexhaustivo análisisdesus paraentendermejortantoelcontextohistóricocomo elimpactodesupe- y queescrucial Palabras clave: Cienciahumboldtiana;EstadosUnidos; Oeste americano;Compra dela Interestingly, asinthecaseofhisstaySpain priortohisvisit,Humboldt’s timein 04/03/2019 9:26:04 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 115 04/03/2019 9:26:04 - corre the veryused, and for eagerly and extensive active Humboldt which 1 Interestingly, Humboldt’s teacher had already foreseen the role the country the role foreseen would teacher had already Humboldt’s Interestingly, Ebeling’s collection was purchased by Israel Thorndyke in the year after his death, and given by him year after his death, and given Thorndyke in the Israel by collection was purchased Ebeling’s College. to Harvard While it is quite obvious, given Humboldt’s critical comments about the situation critical comments Humboldt’s given While it is quite obvious,

play on the global stage decades later in terms of its economic, political and cultural play on the global stage decades later in terms of its economic, political the curiosity of his democracy aroused seems that his vision of the young It leadership. spondence network he had established over the years with many people in the young young the in people many with years the over established had he network spondence informed unusually well therefore was Lane 1926). Ebeling nation (Ebeling/Coolidge about the situation of this country in all fields, and thus and its latest developments the geogra- on a wide-ranging work to prepare of knowledge wealth to use his decided und the title Erdbeschreibung under America. This appeared phy and history of North and 1816, 1793 between produced volumes consisted of seven Amerika, von Geschichte 1793-1816). In (Ebeling on both sides of the Atlantic much attention and received 1795-1797 the years during Hegewisch, Hermann addition, together with Dietrich Germa- the first scholarly magazine in Magazin, published the Amerikanisches Ebeling States. to the United ny that dealt with all aspects related EARLY INTEREST IN THE YOUNG DEMOCRACY THE IN INTEREST EARLY at the to the time when he was a student goes back interest seems that Humboldt’s It 1791. This famous 1790 until April August from in , Academy Commercial all over students from received Büsch, Georg Johann founded in 1768 by academy, Christoph time there, the Prussian’s During World. the New from and even Europe experts (1741-1817), one of the most distinguished German on the Ebeling Daniel America, was teaching at the institution, and the geography and history of North passed on his classes Ebeling happened to be one of his students. In explorer future and the vision he had for the fu- States for the United to his students his fascination for the is also known the country of development 1976: 151-61). He ture (Stewart library collecting all types of publications and cartographic ma- impressive he created, 1818: unknown 471-479; Author 1940: (Brown States terial concerning the United 208-211), of colonial societies, why he was intrigued with visiting an independent nation at that why he was intrigued with visiting of colonial societies, for this country: to look at the origins of his interest still need we point of his voyage, do we Where States? the United life did he become intrigued by at what point in his country? his concern for this expressing references find the first of their independence movements, and therefore would eagerly incorporate Humboldt Humboldt incorporate eagerly would therefore and movements, independence their of States struggle,political their into United to the 1804 in visit his of moment the at since the countrydecades had passed only two had become a new and independent and nation-building, of process the in moment early an at still was it Hence, nation. with perfect this larger goal. timing for occurred visit the Prussian’s 1 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 115 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 116 116 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK there were writers“inwhoseheadsIwouldlikemyideastolive”. come to life in the minds of many people”, Humboldt stated, and in unconnected commentconcerningtheUnited States: “Ideas canonlybeusefulifthey ticularly describing the events in , he makes a rather intriguing and apparently expressing ofthemoralsituationEurope hispessimisticview atthatmoment,par- he addedaninteresting reflection inalettertohisfriend Ludwig Bollmann. While actually planninghisvisit,whiletravelling around Cumaná inmodern-day Venezuela, opment. However, asearlythebeginningofhisAmericanexpedition,years before of histeacher, Ebeling, intheyoung democracyanditspoliticaleconomicdevel - oftheNewpart World, extent,totakeupandcontinuetheinterest andtoacertain pectedly, arose thatalsoallowed duringhisexpeditiontheopportunity himtoseethis curiosity fortheUnited States seemedtolanguishduringthattimeuntil,ratherunex- sible expeditions that were rather oriented towards the exotic areas of the world. His years hefocused onhisown professional projects andbegantocontemplateother pos- 3 2 invitation tojoinhistutorintravels. Humboldt dayawaitedaletterof confessed,hewasintriguedby thisideaandevery Old World, inorder to“disseminate freedom aboutthepeople”. andthetruth As for ayear tostudytheConstitutionofUnited States andtoproclaim itinthe Sömmering that his tutor, Joachim Heinrich Campe, was going to North America early interest inthiscountry. In 1791hewrote tohisfriendSamuel Thomas von economic future heforesaw fortheUnited States. for thedevelopmentnation,providing ofthenew himwithhisown analysisofthe ly Ebeling whodrew Humboldt’s ofcommerce attentiontotheimportance particular and Friedrich anadministrative von lawyer Laffert, andbotanist. It wasalsomostlike- States. Humboldt wasoneofthem,aswere themerchant Georg Heinrich Sieveking or longer visits to the Unitedstudents, since several shorter of them later undertook collector in Russian service. Incollector inRussian 1783or1784hehadinitiatedhis firstjourneytothe service. plant specimens,andfrom 1795onwards occasionallyactedasacommissionedplant world, from North Americaandthe West Indies toRussia andelsewhere, collecting he metduringhisfirstvisitto Cuba. Since 1780 Fraser hadbeentraveling around the about hiswork, hetalksabouttheScottishbotanistJohn Fraser (1750-1811),whom Willdenow inFebruary 1801.In thislengthynote,withmuchdetailedinformation a placewhere enlightenedideas were abletoprosper. names of people he was thinking about. However, as it reveals of this country his view this pointhedoesnotdevelop thisideaany further, nordoeshementionanyspecific

From histimeasastudentinHamburg we have aninteresting expression ofhis Another important hintcanbefoundinaletterHumboldtAnother important senttoKarlLudwig physiolog[ische] Schriftsteller, inderen Köpfen ichmeinen Ideen Lebenwünschte”. “Ideen könnennurnützen, wenn sieinvielenKöpfen lebendigwerden. Sie habeninNord-Amerika Humboldt toLudwig Bollmann, 15October 1799,inMoheit (1993:63).Original text in German: Humboldt toSamuel Thomas von Sömmering, 28 1791,in January Jahn/Lange (1973: 121-124). 2 Since thisdidnothappen,over thefollowing 3 Unfortunately, at 04/03/2019 9:26:04 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 117 04/03/2019 9:26:05 Though Though 4 Humboldt to Karl Ludwig Willdenow, 21 February 1801, in Moheit (1993: 122-131). 1801, in Moheit 21 February Willdenow, to Karl Ludwig Humboldt In any case, the crucial question at this point is for what specific reason, and at case, the crucial any what specific question at this point is for In However, these were not the only problems the Scottish botanist had to face at the Scottish botanist had to face at not the only problems these were However, In the year 1799, this time with his eldest son John, he undertook another voyage to he undertook another voyage his eldest son John, 1799, this time with the year In

this idea ultimately proved impractical, Humboldt took advantage of the oppor- took advantage impractical, Humboldt this idea ultimately proved John specimen collections back to with the younger tunity to send several to eyes who opened Humboldt’s been Fraser it may have importantly, More Fraser. Jefferson, who and meeting Thomas States to the United the possibility of traveling The fact States. of the United president shortly afterwards the third was to become from routes about possible seemed to be so well-informed that Humboldt is most likely due to this chance shall see later, as we via Charleston to Philadelphia, meeting in Cuba. changed his initial idea and what particular point during his expedition, Humboldt letters he had announced his several In States. decided to add a visit to the United but no document has and Cuba, via Mexico to Europe directly intention to return startedand decision that took Humboldt moment the indicates that been found yet America and the West Indies, visiting at and then mak- and Monticello at Jefferson Thomas visiting Indies, West the and America and northern- Geor , eastern , through ing an extended journey to they travelled there 1800 and from December returned to Charleston in gia. They and reef, coral on a shipwrecked they were Havana to way their on However, Cuba. they lost everything. ship, a Spanish by lucky enough to be rescued although they were for the who had arrived Humboldt’s, with crossed his path where That was the point verycoincidence turned out to be a and this shortly just Havana before, first time in he Willdenow, comments to fortunate of them: As the Prussian encounter for both in his home situation, inviting him to stay out in this difficult was able to help Fraser him with money and anything else he needed. and providing with the goal of collecting plants; however, Cuba in had arrived this point. Fraser an authorization of the crown of the fact that he needed he was completely unaware And he soon had to face the colonies. to carry in the Spanish in order out research It was thus a lucky chance permission. from doing this without arose difficulties that who was perfectly- the proce acquainted with that he met with Humboldt, for Fraser he Prussian letter, his continues to explain in connections, as the his Through dure. and to obtain a permission for his colleague was also able to help with this problem spent together and the time they the island. Given round him to travel that allowed goals, they became friends: so much so the fact that they pursued similar scientific son in his expedition. suggested including Fraser’s even that Humboldt American south, to Charleston, South Carolina. On the return trip he continued to trip he continued the return On Carolina. South south, to Charleston, American edge along the southeastern , into the Appalachians of region the near County, Pickens 1787 reached and in Ridge Mountains, Blue of the southern Alleghenies the through he trekked later years Two territory. Cherokee Chickamauga trails. peoples’ to indigenous was mainly limited when such travel at a time 4 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 117 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 118 118 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK who convincedHumboldt thisvisit. toundertake When thePrussian explorer arrived the Vice-Consular Commercial Agentofthe United States inHavana, astheperson A muchrepeated interpretation inHumboldtian scholarshipistosee Vincent F. Gray, PREPARATION OFHIS VISIT INHAVANA the first United States explorationintothis region? vision forthe West and,inconsequenceoftheterritorialexpansion,preparation of interesting questionstillremains: At whatpointwouldhebecome aware ofJefferson’s ican Philosophical Society, the nation’s most prestigious learned society. However, the with theAmericanpresident, whointhoseyears alsoactedaspresident oftheAmer- the American West inMay momentforapersonalencounter of1804,wastheperfect He wasaware ofgovernment-promoted thattheconsequentstart reconnaissance of Humboldt becameinvolved intheconcernsandstrategicpursuitsofbothnations. empireits riseasanew duringthenineteenthcentury. Through thischainofevents, the other, itbuiltthefoundationforwestward expansionoftheyoung nation,and transaction accelerated the disintegration of theSpanish empire, already indecline; on which meant that theyoung nation would doubleits size. On theonehand,this in French hands,stretching from west oftheMississippi totheRocky Mountains, had ratifiedtheacquisitionofLouisianaterritory, aformer Spanish possessionnow monthsbefore1803, onlyafew hisarrival inPhiladelphia, theUnited States Senate intrepid explorer heard abouttheLouisianaPurchase forthefirsttime: In October Old Continent.In thiscontextitwouldbemostusefultoknow whenandwhere our month inCuba andwhatexactly madehimmodifyhisplantoreturn directly tothe extraordinarily forbothsidesover important thedecadestocome. connection totheexpandingUnited States: aconnectionthatwouldprove tobecome Humboldt steppedoutofthesphere ofinfluencethe Spanish empire andbeganhis different chapterinhis life. andvery opened awholenew It was thepointatwhich of endinghisAmericanexpeditionthere, ashehadinitiallyplanned,withthisvisit Havana turning point for the Prussian would thus be an important explorer: instead board thecargoshipConcepciónon29April tosailPhiladelphia. His secondstayin America. Nevertheless, hehadtowaitforanotherseventeen daysbefore hecould less thanamonthhehadprepared stepsforhisjourneytoNorth allthenecessary that allowed himtoproceed withhistravels totheUnited States. Thisshows thatin Muro y Salazar, the Marquis of Someruelos, in his role as Captain General of Cuba, in Cuba, on12April, Humboldt grantedby Salvador wasissuedapassport, José de on 19March 1804forhissecondvisittoHavana. About three weeks afterhisarrival sources available. The onlyinformation isthat we have forcertain Humboldt arrived is noclearanswer tothatquestionandwe have toreconstruct thismomentfrom the to prepare histravels tofinallyseethe young democracy. Thus,unfortunately, there Nevertheless, ithasnotyet beenpossibletoretrace whathappened duringhis 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 119 04/03/2019 9:26:05 concerning concerning 6 In a second a second In 5 A few days later, in in A few days later, 7

9 “These (remarks) cannot be otherwise than interesting be otherwise cannot “These (remarks) than interesting 8 The Papers of James Madison (2005: 190–192). James Papers of 1804, in The 8 May Madison, to James Gray Vincent Vincent F. Gray to James Madison, April 28, 1804, James Madison Papers at the Librarythe at Congress. of Papers Madison James 1804, 28, April Madison, James to Gray F. Vincent > (24.01.2019).

Humboldt, whom he had recommended to his attention, believing that he would to his attention, believing that he would he had recommended whom Humboldt, acquainted with him”. by being personally gratified feel “much note written the same day, the American agent added that Madison would receive a a would receive agent added that Madison the American note written the same day, of Someruelos, the Marquis of Cuba, the Captain General letter from another letter sent to Madison, when Humboldt had just left the country, Gray was was Gray had just left the country, when Humboldt to Madison, sent another letter to he refers for his nation. Here of the explorer explicit concerning the interest more políti- Correo journal Aurora: had published in the Cuban an article that Humboldt . co-económico de la Havana take a closer look at these documents. In the first letter written on 28 April 1804 he April 1804 he on 28 the first letter written these documents. In take a closer look at of to the fact that he could be pointing explicitly traveler, the Prussian introduced of useful and necessary as a source documents and first- for his government, interest in the Service Counsellor of Mines Supreme Humboldt, “Baron hand knowledge: ”, at Sciences of Academy Royal the of member and Majesty Prussian His of - of natural his the progress the purpose of advancing “for was traveling he wrote, back Spain America and New South from on his return was now Humboldt tory”. to took “leave and Gray he informed Madison, States, via the United to Europe, particular during his stay in the him to your friendship and protection, recommend - only mentions the connection to the Prus Gray here Interestingly, States”. United colonies exploration of the Spanish sian Court, but not the fact that Humboldt’s Spanish crown. was undertaken of the the specific protection under - that he was in posses learned Gray been understood, 1804, it has in March in the city regions important of sion border disputed the concerning information geographical importance of the strategic of this Aware Territory. Louisiana of the newly acquired and the potential at that moment, government for the American of knowledge wealth for his countrybenefits to write to contact, he decided this could come from that oppor- favorable of the aware make him to order in Madison James State of Secretary this is an has shown, research as recent However, famous explorer. tunity to meet the inaccurate conclusion. 9 5 6 7 8 at this moment”, he affirmed, “particularly as he is now on his route to the city of route to the city now on his “particularly as he is he affirmed, at this moment”, - rel much useful information you to give it in his power and will have Washington, to the countryative Louisiana”. adjoining Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 119 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 120 120 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK phia, inorder tobeablearrive inParis inJune 1804. days. Hisanother fourteen planwastostaynotlongerthansixweeks inPhiladel- adelphia onland,whilehavinghisbelongingsshippedby boat,whichmighttake would takehimfive toninedays by ship. From there heintendedtotravel to Phil- or three weeks inHavana andthentoproceed toCharleston,whichheestimated ing dayhealsoinformshisbrother Wilhelm thatheplannedtostayforonlytwo 11 10 stay there months.In forafew addition,ayoung Spaniard from theBasque region from Mexico, inwhichheannouncedhisplanstotravel totheUnited States and that Humboldt hadsenttoCaroline von Humboldt, infactone ofthelasthewrote published. It wasinthiscontextthatthejournalconfirmedexistenceofaletter tion abouthisfatethatreached theGaceta deMadrid hadbeenavidlytakenupand nals with the erroneous information of Humboldt’s death in Acapulco, any informa- republic inNorth America.Afterafalsealarmhadbeencirculated by different jour- in Mexico, Humboldt hadtaken thedecisiontodirect hispathtowards theyoung Gaceta deMadrid, indicatethatalready weeks before his arrival inCuba, while still him directly toPhiladelphia. States, onthecargoshipConcepción,whichoffered theadvantage thatitwouldtake toinitiatehisjourneytheUnitedthus neededtowaitforthenextopportunity on 17April forCharleston,thetripwasdelayed by customsdifficulties. Humboldt self. In anycase,thoughheplannedtoleave onthefrigateMiddelton, duetosail through this country, thathadinspired Humboldt thisvoyage toundertake him- the precise informationtheScottishbotanisthadprovided himabouthistravels might have beenhisencounterwithFraser, duringhisfirstvisittotheisland,and journey wouldtakefrom Charlestononwards. Thisleadsustosuspectthatitwas about thetravel connectionfrom Havana toCharleston,aswell asthetime And second,itbecomesobvious how well informedhewasalready atthatmoment ofarrival buthismaindestination.adelphia:, thecitywasthusnotonlyhisport hints:first,theyshowimportant that Humboldt’s explicitgoalwastovisit Phil- then backtoFrance”, hewritestohisfriendChristianevon Haeften. Charleston: “Iwillleave in15daystoCharleston,from there toPhiladelphia and details ofhisplannedtravels toPhiladelphia, interestingly by wayofthetown of Already inMarch of1804,onlyoneweek afterhisarrival inHavana, hementioned light onthequestionofwhenandwhere hedecidedtoaddavisitthiscountry. several illuminatinglettersaswell asotherdocumentshave beenseenthatshed In thecourseofour searches foranykindofearlyreference totheUnited States, MODIFICATION OFHISITINERARY

However, additionalcommentsfoundinSpain’s official government journal,the to Christianevon Haeften on9June 1804,inMoheit (1993:284). Humboldt to , 28March 1804;lettermentionedinahis brother sent Humboldt toChristiane von Haeften, 27 March 1804,inMoheit (1993:283-284). 11 Theselettersgive ustwo 10 Thefollow- 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 121 04/03/2019 9:26:05 The war he referred to was the to was the referred The war he 12 , Nº. 58, 20 July 1804, p. 638. 638. p. 1804, , Nº. 58, 20 July de Madrid Gaceta While the documents still provide no explicit reason for the modification of his his for the modification of no explicit reason While the documents still provide

hostilities that rose again after the end of the Treaty of Amiens in May 1803. The The 1803. of Amiens in May Treaty after the end of the again hostilities that rose the French between 1802 to end the enmities had been signed on 25 March treaty the However, Wars. Revolutionary during the French Britain and Great Republic Britain when down broke treaty the and respected not were agreements established These tensions escalated Spain. and consequently on its ally, war on France declared a squadron captured when the British War into a continuation of the Anglo-Spanish with a responded frigates carrying gold bullion to Cadiz and the Spanish of Spanish concern to navi- Humboldt’s that 1804. This shows in December War declaration of British by the be captured flag, on a ship that might potentially gate under a Spanish to and his efforts to eliminate this risk thus proved possibility, was indeed a realistic that he had originally hoped be a wise decision. Azaola also explained to his brother he saw that possibility dis- but when with Humboldt, to Europe to be able to return where Philippines, the in Manila to Acapulco via travel to decided finally he appear, plantations. he would later own of the Louisiana territory the acquisition the timing is indeed revealing: itinerary, Humboldt’s October 1803, the same month Azaola communicated was ratified in - likely that he was still in Mex thus seems It States. to the United plan to proceed United this significant territorial expansion of the about ico when he had heard on the future would have the impact this purchase easily foresee could He States. under these of the material in his possession and the value States of the United the interesting of been immediately aware might also have new He circumstances. opportunities that could arise for him in the context of the scientific exploration of been one of might have constellation on the horizon a promising those lands. Such for his wish to become acquainted with the political and scientific the main reasons nation. leaders of the young named Íñigo González y Azaola, who accompanied Humboldt on his expeditions in in his expeditions on y Azaola, González Humboldt who accompanied named Íñigo - to his broth letters addressed several 1803, had sent year at the end of the Mexico Chemistry Laboratory he in which to the Royal Assistant of Madrid, er Gregorio, to the letters passed the in turn brother His newsPrussian. the famous gave about impor- some discover that we this connection through , and it is de Madrid Gaceta Azaola 1803, makes a revealing one of them, written on 27 October tant details: In his baggage as well prepared had already that Humboldt statement, commenting note to his brother, another In to Philadelphia. to travel in order as his documents was looking forward Azaola the famous explorer tells him that later, sent four weeks and to start publications with the outcome on the working to Europe to his return mentioned to his Spanish seems to have as Humboldt However, of his expedition. and in particularafraid to concerned about the war in Europe, colleague, he was circumstances. ship under the on a Spanish embark 12 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 121 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 122 122 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK Their conversation centered around thestateofcommerce on theislandand,inpar- about Cuban politicsandthecountry’s relationship to theUnited States inthisperiod. Madison before duringthetimeshortly andafterHumboldt’s visitalsoreveals more as “hisfriendinHavana” inhisletterofintroduction toJefferson 2004:89). (Schwarz convictions. It wasthusmore ofadiplomatic move whenthePrussian referred tohim general there wasnotmuchconnection between bothmenregarding theirideas and of Gray andHumboldt regarding theinstitutionofslavery, we canassumethatin inHavana (Chambers2016:205).Givenservice thediametricallyopposedpositions trader, whichtherefore becamethedefactopublicsealofUnited States foreign he even issuedpublicconsulardocumentsunderhisprivate commercial sealasaslave diplomatic positionandthefactthatheopenlyworked intheslave trade. Moreover, focused around thefigure of Gray, given thelackofseparation between his official edge theUnited States consulateinHavana. There degree wasacertain ofsuspicion merce, their activitiesmightinciteinstabilityinCuba. Theythus refused toacknowl- potential of these agents for foreign espionage and feared that, under the guise of com- in thistensesituationtheSpanish authoritiesremained deeplyconcernedaboutthe become akeyplayer fortheUnited States establishmentinCuba. Not surprisingly, allowed himinthoseearlyyears toattractextensive Americanbusinessinterests and in theregion andaregular intheslave trade.His participant publicpositioninHavana the slave trade, anditisinthiscontextthatGray exercised his duties. country, Cuban stillfunctionedasmajorhubsforAmericancitizens involved ports in a timewhenUnited States lawbannedtheoutfittingorbuildingofslave shipsintheir mercial house ofAntoniodeFrías (Chambers2016:202-203;Coker1992:113).At towork asaslave started afterwards traderintheHavanamerchants andshortly com- with Cuba. He had moved to Cuba in the early 1800s to collect debts forAmerican States commercial agent,wasastaunchallyoftheAmericaneliteinvesting intrade chant-diplomats. When Humboldt arrived in Havana, Gray, in his position as United sugar plantations,Americanswhoinvested ontheislanddependedthesemer- century, with theexpansionofUS-Cuba tradeandtherecent increase incoffeeand more appropriate than“consul” fortheirduties.In thefirstdecadeofnineteenth referredto Americanofficialsin Cubaas “commercial agents”, atermsignificantly Spanish administrationdidnotrecognize foreign colonialdiplomats,andtypically time andattheposition the American agent heldwithinthiscontext.At thattimethe government. who initiatedthediplomaticpreparations forhisencounterwiththeUnited States the Americanrepresentative ontheislandofCuba asanintermediary simplyserved In any case, it becomes clear that the visit was on Humboldt’s own initiative, and that American agentsinCuba The diplomaticcorrespondence between theAmericanagentand of Secretary State Gray would soon become one of the best connected American commercial agents It ishelpfulto have acloserlookatthepolitico-economic situation in Cuba at the 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 123 04/03/2019 9:26:05 Madison, Madison, 14

15 This seems to have been to have This seems 13 It becomes clear that at the moment of becomes clear that at the moment of It 16 The Papers of James Madison (2002: 545-549). James Papers of 1804, in The 5 March Madison, to James Monroe James The Papers of James Madison (2002: 466-468); James Papers of 1804, in The 11 February Madison, to James Gray Vincent Madison (2005: 522-523). James Papers of 1804, in The 25 July Madison, to James Gray Vincent Madison (2005: 90-91). James Papers of 1804, in The 20 April Madison, to James Blakeley Joshua Madison thus reacted quickly, and at the beginning of May he sent a letter of he sent a letter of of May and at the beginning quickly, thus reacted Madison In any case, given Gray’s interests and activities in Havana as well as the type of as as well and activities in Havana interests Gray’s any case, given In (2002: Madison (2002: James Papers of 1804, in The 5 May Madison, to James of Someruelos Marquis 154-155).

- of So to the Marquis and Blakely Gray by complaint about the situation reported for Amer- dangers he saw pointing out the meruelos, of Cuba, the Captain General has States of the United some time past the commerce “For ican trade in the region: Madison Flag”, cruizers, under the French certain harassed by irregular been greatly Excellency which your over made use of the ports have of the Island “who wrote, and to cruize, which and places of safety for the reception as stations from presides “contrary to the obligations, and to be This was considered sale of their prizes”. therefore State of Secretary the and Majesty”, Catholic His of will the presume we - to will be rec abuses referred so that “the to act accordingly, expected the governor and exact manner”. tified in that prompt Humboldt’s planned return French pirates represented a serious danger of which he danger of which he a serious represented pirates French planned return Humboldt’s and which he was eager to avoid. was aware at that time, it is un- government States information he transmitted to the United itinerary. Humboldt’s in change the in role active an played have could he that likely representative States the United look at the letters of introduction if we Interestingly, which and arguments to those with find rather similar wording we sent to Madison, years earlier court five to Carlos IV at the Spanish himself had presented Humboldt he would write shortly as in the letter of introduction well 2001) as (Puig-Samper Vincent all the letters sent by other words, In afterwards to the American president. simply Gray himself. Humboldt by drafted been have well may context, this in Gray as part he car- of the diplomatic duties States facilitated the connection to the United the most pressing concern for Gray in those months, and he attempted to alert he attempted to those months, and in the for Gray concern pressing the most American the Blakely, Joshua this imminent problem. to government States United concerns same transmitted the city, second Cuba’s de Cuba, in Santiago representative of the Secretary sent Blakely departure, Humboldt’s prior to week One to Madison. - cruising privateers seas, and provid in these French a detailed description of the State into the ports. and brought being captured vessels ed a list of the American - had previ It cruisers Havana. in of French of the problem aware was already however, ambassador Carlos Martínez with the Spanish of a conversation ously been the topic ports in the use of Spanish “the that criticized when the American minister de Irujo, cruisers American capturing French to allowed were particularly Cuba, Indies, West had been vessels cases “where were that there to the circumstance pointing vessels”, jurisdiction”. Spanish within and sold as prizes actually sanctioned ticular, the danger of ships being captured by French pirates. French by of ships being captured the danger ticular, 15 16 13 14 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 123 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 124 124 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK return toEurope. Theriskthathismanuscriptsandcollectionscouldfallinto British Humboldt madeaclearriskassessmentastotherightdecisionwithregard tohis property, mighttakecitoyen Bonplandprisoner. Astuteandfar-sighted ashewas, or thepossibilitythatBritish, whowere searching Americanvessels forFrench ship. Even theBritish thoughitalsomeanttakingtheriskofrunning naval blockade returning from Cuba toEurope, whichwouldmostlikelyhave beenonaSpanish tunity tosailfrom Philadelphia toFrance therefore seemedtobeasaferoptionthan in theircoloniesandthusobtaincontrol over ofyears ofwork. thefruit Theoppor- been worriedthattheCrown togetholdofthematerialhehadgathered wouldtry authorities. With theexampleofotherexplorers inmind,Humboldt seemstohave ish Government, hestillhadsomeconcernsaboutgettingintodifficultieswith their 17 politics”. tosave hismanuscriptsandcollectionsfromit wasundertaken “perfidious Spanish tion, and seemed to question the real necessity of this trip. Here he mentions that Humboldt feared ofhisfive-year forhislifebutalsothescientificfruits expedi- Philadelphia, duringviolentstormyweather whichcausedthedeathoftwopeople, this motivationvisit: aboard in undertaking the thatHumboldtit iscertain wasimmediatelyaware politicalimplications. ofitsfurther ritory. Though it remains unclear where had and when exactly this news reached him, ber 1803:mostlikelyhehadheard aboutthependingacquisitionofLouisianater- was inCuba. Thisideahadbeen well planned over several months,atleastsince Octo- to theUnited States wasnotbasedonalastmomentmodificationofhisplanswhilehe specific moment. ofbeingpersonallyacquaintedwith thePrussianto theimportance explorer atthis Madison aboutHumboldt’s wasprepared, pendingvisit,wheneverything andpointed to receive aninvitationfrom theUnited States government. Gray merely informed depend onanyspecificanswer inorder nordidhe wait tobeginhisjourneynorth, Humboldt forhisvisit.He passport wasalready didnot inpossessionofthenecessary fact thattheserecommendations were senttotheUnited States atamomentwhen himself. Lastbutnotleast, there detail totakeintoaccount:the isanotherimportant case of Spain the corresponding documents seem to have been drafted by Humboldt Saxon diplomatForell, whointroduced himtoSecretary ofState Urquijo. Alsointhe Madrid, when he was received by the Spanish King, after being presented first to the ried outforhiscountry. Thisprocedure issimilartothesituationfive yearsearlierin

Another interesting commentfrom hisdiariesreveals anadditionalreason forhis Bearing all thesecircumstances inmind,itbecomesobvious thatHumboldt’s visit espagnole”. nécessité (quoiqueentrepris poursauver nosmanuscriptset collectionscontre laperfidepolitique sonnes quim’accompagnaient, périrdansunvoyage dePhiladelphie quineparaissaitpasdetoute jouissance, voir demestravaux, périravec être moitouslesfruits desdeuxper- lacause delamort Faak (1986: 397-398).French original:“Je mesentaistrès émû.Me voir périrálaveille detant 17 Despite the generous travel authorization hehadreceived from theSpan- Concepción on May 9, on its way to 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 125 04/03/2019 9:26:05 and to William William and to 19 Finally, also to John Vaughan, he revealed his earnest desire his earnest desire he revealed Vaughan, also to John Finally, 20 Humboldt already had a clear idea of this second visit in mind and went into into a clear idea of this second visit in mind and went had already Humboldt 18 Humboldt to William Thornton, 20 June 1804, in Schwarz (2004: 96). French original: “Ce pays qui French June 1804, in Schwarz (2004: 96). Thornton, 20 William to Humboldt champs à conquérir pour les sciences”. un vaste présente des montagnes à l’ouest s’étend Humboldt to James Madison, June 19 and 20, 1804, in Schwarz (2004: 94). French original: “Il original: “Il Schwarz 19 and 20, 1804, in (2004: 94). French June Madison, to James Humboldt aux côté de l’Océan Le chemin du Missouri ce beau pays en peu d’années. me paraît que je reverrai Pittsburg s’étend después l’immense bassin qui pacifique sera alors déjà ouvert. et Les lacs, le Canada géologiques (…)”. recherches vaste champs aux un offrent aux montagnes vues par Fidler “Quelque original: Schwarzin 1804, 29, French 95). (2004: Albertto June Gallatin, Humboldt - humain et la liberté civile pré de l’esprit j’ai de quitter si tôt ce beau pays, où les progrès que regret sentent un spectacle aussi brillant…”. So it seems to have been a fortunate combination of specific personal interests and fortunatea been interests personal specific of combination have to seems it So

20 18 19 NEW OPPORTUNITIES ON THE HORIZON FOR HUMBOLDTIAN SCIENCE SCIENCE THE HORIZON FOR HUMBOLDTIAN ON NEW OPPORTUNITIES been very he appears to have sure the country, was about to leave When Humboldt While occasions. other on several he had expressed soon –a desire about returning in seeing the about his interest he made a comment to Madison still in Philadelphia Missouri time, when the way would be open from again in a few years’ States United for the exploration of the concern of the government Ocean. Knowing to the Pacific to this task he saw a possibility of contributing of the country, regions the western to Pittsburgh land from Lakes, Canada and the Great his opinion the In himself. (Schwarzvast field for geological exploration 2004: a offered Mountains the Rocky 94). political circumstances that convinced him to see the United States before returning returning before States the United him to see that convinced political circumstances at a moment his voyage extended Humboldt any case, the fact that In home to Europe. the underscores Europe, to return was anxious to he traveling, years of when, after five personally and democracy the young Seeing importance he placed on this opportunity. a memorable experience for was indeed of importantmaking the acquaintance figures first independent of the and the architects Fathers the Founding him: he would meet the functioning of the first continent, and learn at close hand nation on the American shared. whose ideals he passionately World, institutions in the New republican hands was thus less worrying than getting within reach of the Spanish authorities.. authorities.. worryingthus less hands was Spanish the of within reach than getting for Bonpland, while risk a greater clearly carried the option he chose However, less to fear. had citizen as a Prussian Humboldt - important re government States United the from aid some With detail: more even north could be undertaken,even travel as far search which he might he affirmed, for Albert possessions. Also to Gallatin in Alaska and the Russian Elias Saint as Mount of the progress “the where beautiful country, at leaving this his regret he expressed brilliant spectacle”; such a human spirit and civil liberty presented Thornton he wrote that he hoped to meet again one day in the United States, since States, since United that he hoped to meet again one day in the Thornton he wrote country of the mountains offers a wide field to con- to the west that stretches “the quer for the sciences”. Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 125 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 126 126 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK fact that Jefferson’s eyes were set on America’s “continental destiny”. president, hedidnotexpress theseideasopenly, aware thoughhewasperfectly ofthe orable &useful”. &itsresources.of acquiringafullknowledge It ofthisCountry wouldbebothhon- that “the public”, whichmeanttheCongress, “would putatyour disposalthemeans have visited ushave beensowell inclinedtospeakwell ofus”. Therefore, hewished West. Thisletterhadgiven himmuchsatisfaction, Vaughan stated,since who “few sure thatJefferson ofthe knew Prussian’s projects regarding theexplorationof Vaughan whosentthepresident theletter he hadreceived from Humboldt, tomake 25 24 23 22 21 and forwhichhesawJefferson him. asjustthe rightmantosupport western region, along the Missouri, a plan for which he had not lost his enthusiasm, friends and to travelto be back soon among his new one day through the immense the wise constitution.” ofwhichIlovefinish mylifein your country theinhabitants,landandabove all Wilson Peale’s sonRembrandt, whowaslivinginParis atthistime,“Iwillcometo hindered from makingmyjourneytotheGreat Indies,” hewritesin1810toCharles his return toEurope Humboldt favored theideaofanotherstayinUS.“If Iam general gratulationsthanamongtheCitizens oftheUnited States”. fore, that,onamore favorable supposition,you wd. nowhere bewelcomed by more interesting demandsonyour timeelsewhere”, hewrote, “Icanonlyassure you there- now, thatafulfilmentof your originalintention,wouldbecompatiblewiththemany personally regretted thathewouldnotseethePrussian again“There maybelittlehope understanding forHumboldt’s situationbutalsoleftnodoubtabouthow muchhe years later hehadstillnotbeenabletomakethatsecondvisit.Madison expressed his ican friends,itwasMadison whoreminded himofthatpromise, whenalmostthirty and expressing howof coming back to this country much he missed his North Amer- intheexplorationof theAmerican part West. Aftersomanyre-affirmations ofhisidea ambitious publishingprojects. Unfortunately hewasunabletoreturn totakeanactive oftheAmericas,once backinEuropepart thePrussian foundhimselfcaughtupinhis ied Humboldt’s ideal not only in the political sense but also in the way these enlight- exploration voyages over thenextdecades(Rebok 2018).The United States embod- beforethat hadjustleftshortly Humboldt’s arrival andfollowed by numerous other scientific reconnaissance ofthe and Clark withtheLewis expedition West, starting

hington. Unfortunately, there are norecords revealing thecontentoftheirpersonalconversations in Was- Despite these clearvisions for the future, hewould receive and the support in this James Madison toHumboldt, 12March (2004:186). 1833, inSchwarz Jefferson/99-01-02-2469> (24January 2019). John Vaughan toThomas Jefferson, 14 October1805,in:

However, it was Still years after 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 127 04/03/2019 9:26:05 In addition, the historic circumstances also turned out to be the perfect addition, the historic circumstances timing for In Humboldt’s visit. He arrived precisely at a moment when his science was beginning beginning was science his when moment a at precisely arrived He visit. Humboldt’s weak- the years for had been waiting for Jefferson to be useful for American interests: the decades his opportunity In had arrived. now and Empire, ening of the Spanish new and seeking to explore its borders the nation was constantly extending to follow instrumental in expertise and his proved Prussian the ways many in territories, and as a nation, to become a global player to grow States sought United The the process. the world-fa- as veryon an international stage, and saw it to involve advantageous collaboration be- favored strongly These circumstances in the project. mous explorer be also would that connection –a empire American and the young Humboldt tween he decades over the following Thus, Prussian explorer. of considerable benefit to the the opportunity would have of being closely connected to the rise of the nation, on nation but also a not only a powerful the end of the century, its way to becoming, by Humboldtian science where these circumstances, Given leader in the field of science. need for the type of information he had fell on very was a great fertile there ground, of achieving in his hands and the kind of expertise The prospect he had achieved. connected with means of this leading authority in science, well global standing by the European but without representing World, the scholarly community in the Old America, seemed to be a of colonization of North in the process involved powers ened principles were applied to the progress of science. He was particularly impressed particularly was impressed of science. He progress to the applied were principles ened knowledge, of scientific promotion the in played government its role active the by public received explorers or that scholars praised the fact occasions several on and - that the pro his conviction with support in accordance This was projects. for their partbe thus and of society, of improvement the for used be should science of gress individuals, ded- should not be left to intrepid It of government. the responsibility government efforts to this ambitious goal. The wealth icating their personal of the to population the motivate would nation the of pursuits scientific the popularize to nineteenth the of half second the by States, United the In process. this to contribute voluntary local and regional building an insti- societies, numerous century were there The of individuals for scientific advancement. used the interest that tutional network participated enthusiastically in States individuals in the United fact that also many was certainly him with all kind of information, con- providing networks, Humboldt’s effort his with do to had also it to However, fame. growing constantly his to nected participatepeople make that to a certain project in a scientific considered extent was it was a clear indi- Humboldt 2008: 519-546). For a national enterprise (Goldstein without the bound- and liberal society, in a free science could develop cation of how dogmatic obstacles imposed by and the aries of colonialism, the lack of free-thinking This was the perfect philosophy: setting for his scientific method and catholic belief. an en- nation, guided by needed to be implemented in a free Science Humboldtian circumstances. favorable most under the develop to order in lightened government, to be an explorer seemed to the Prussian States the United all these reasons, For future. country professional receptive for his science, but also for his own extremely Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 127 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 128 128 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK Humboldt opportunities. wasabletoturnthemintonew less flexibility, developments wouldhave certain raisedmajor obstaclesintheirway, extremely favorable circumstances: While forotherexplorers ornaturalists,with economic worriesformuchofthetime.His incomparablesuccessisduetothese any country. Instead, he followed his own convictions throughout his life, free from cosmopolitanscholarheshowedspecific idea,asatrue noexclusive attachmentto approach. Just ashewasnottiedtooneacademic discipline,oneuniversity orone chy— Humboldt over didnotfavor one country theotherintermsofhisscientific on enlightened values aroused far more sympathy in himthana repressive monar- personal ideologicalpreferences mighthave been—anindependentnationbased impact onthedevelopment ofNorth Americanscience.Nevertheless, whatever his quickly adapttothem—theoutcomeofthisexpeditionhappenedhave astronger boldt’s American voyage, asaresult ofhistoricalchanges—andhisflexibilityto circulation ofknowledge. in general,amore entrepreneurial environment didcontributetoamore effective of Americanmedia,thefreedom ofspeechassured underthe First Amendmentand, networks he establishedwere extensive, long-lastingandsuccessful.Alsotheopenness ciprocal exchange ofknowledge thathesoughtwouldwork more efficiently, andthe life, from places ontheEastcoast,extendingprogressively tothe West. Here there- uously over endofhis timeandspace,from thetimeofhisfirstvisituntil very 26 knowledge. tomakethe amount oftimeandeffort United ofhisnetworkStates anactive of part mote American editionsof his work. Over the years hewouldinvest aconsiderable works known inthiscountry, andexplicitlyattemptedtousehisconnectionspro - progress ofthecountry. Humboldt, showed forhispart, great interest inmakinghis quests were answered promptly, andhewasconstantlykeptupdatedonthescientific with him,andprovided himwiththeinformationandmaterialheneeded. His re- from allscholarlyfieldsandofdifferent generations were eagertoestablishcontact and hewasabletotesttherelevance andapplicabilityofhisknowledge. Americans Prussian wouldfindfewerobstaclesinhiswayfornumerous ideasandprojects, transatlantic bookexchange, orthecreation ofscientificjournals. In thiscontextthe different academic institutions or scientificsocieties, publishing presses, asystem of was stilltobedeveloped —theestablishmentofanation-wideuniversity system, as thefieldsofoceanography, cartography, geology, agriculture andmineralogy. Much boldt´s work includedtheusefulsciencesneededforgrowth ofthe country, such promising combinationfortheUnited States government. Thebroad scopeof Hum-

As itturnedout,whileSpanish forthepreparation sciencewascrucial ofHum- Alexander von Humboldt’s Networks ofKnowledge. Expanding the Frontiershad on thedevelopment of the sciences in this country: of American Science: boldt andtheUnited States, thatfocusesonthescholarlynetworks hecreated andtheimpact they Currently a secondmonographisbeingprepared asaresult ofthesameresearch project onHum - 26 Asaconsequencehiscorrespondence intheUnited States grew contin- 04/03/2019 9:26:05 “IN WHOSE HEADS I WOULD LIKE MY IDEAS TO LIVE Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 129 04/03/2019 9:26:05 Secretary of State Series, vol. 7, ed. by David B. David by ed. 7, vol. Series, State of Secretary Die Jugendbriefe Alexander von Humboldts 1787-1799. Humboldts von Alexander Jugendbriefe Die Secretary of State Series, vol. vol. Series, of State Madison, Secretary James Papers of The (2002): - Ver Akademie Berlin: 1799-1804. Amerika. aus Briefe Humboldt. The Papers of James Madison, James of Papers The (2005): . Charlottesville: University et.al. Charlottesville: University J. Barber Ellen J. C. A. Stagg, B. Mattern, David 6, ed. by of Virginia Press. . Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Virginia of et. al. Charlottesville: University J. Barber, Ellen J. C. A. Stagg, Mattern, lag. von zu Alexander Studien Neuere Amerikas. L. (eds.): Ansichten Walther Ottmar/Bernecker, pp. 19-49. Vervuert, a. M.: Frankfurt Humboldt. Calles. . Aranjuez: Doce España Press. Virginia of Charlottesville: University - Cam Cambridge: History. of Natural Worlds C. (eds.): Emma Andrew/Spary, James Secord, pp. 319-334. Press, bridge University Berlin: Akademie Verlag. Briefwechsel. 151-161. 68, 2, pp. Monatshefte In: tury ”. Berlin: Berlin: Akademie Verlag. , 8, 22, pp. 208-211. , 8, 22, pp. Journal and Miscellaneous Review 471-479. , 30, 3, pp. Review Geographical In: States”. Seaboard the Northern A New Capitalism: (eds.): Slavery’s Seth Beckert, Sven/Rockman, 1809-1812”. In: Circuit, Press, of Pennsylvania University . Philadelphia: Development Economic History of American 195-208. pp. the Study in for Sources America: North Experience in Hispanic (ed.): The A. Clayton rence 107-114. pp. Press, University State . Columbus: Ohio States United Hamburg. , 7 vols. Nordamerika von Staaten Vereinigten - Ameri von und Geschichte Staatskunde zur Erdbeschreibung, azin, oder authentische Beiträge Bohn. Carl Ernst Hamburg: Staaten. Vereinigten ka, besonders aber der Society. The Worcester: Verlag. Akademie 8. Berlin: Vol. Mexiko. und durch Anden 519-546. , 99, 3, pp. In: Isis War America”. Post-Civil Scientific Community in ––– Puig-Samper, Miguel Ángel (2001): “Humboldt, ein Preuße am Hofe Karls IV”. In: Ette, Ette, IV”. In: Karls am Hofe ein Preuße (2001): “Humboldt, Ángel Miguel Puig-Samper, en de Humboldt Alejandro y medir. Sentir (2007): Sandra Ángel/Rebok, Miguel Puig-Samper, Enlightenment. of the Friendship Transatlantic Humboldt: A and (2014): Jefferson Sandra Rebok, Nicholas/ Anne/Jardine, Helen Curry, In: exploration at a distance”. ––– (2018): “Humboldt’s Amerika. von Staaten Vereinigten und die Humboldt von (ed.) (2004): Alexander Schwarz, Ingo Cen- in Eighteenth Friend America’s Ebeling: M. (1976): “Christoph Daniel Gordon Stewart, Madison James Papers of The Moheit, Ulrike (ed.) (1993): (ed.) Ulrike Moheit, REFERENCES North-American The In: Library”. Ebeling’s 1818): “Professor (December unknown Author Maps of Ebeling-Sotzmann The States: of the United “Early Maps Ralph H. (1940): Brown, The U.S.-Cuba-Baltic counting-houses’. county but their (2016): “‘No Chambers, Stephen Law- In: Borderlands”. Spanish Southeastern the of Traders “Indian (1992): S. William Coker, Die Amerika. von und Geschichte Erdbeschreibung (1793-1816): Christoph Daniel Ebeling, - Mag (1795-1797): Amerikanisches Hermann Dietrich Christoph Daniel/Hegewisch, Ebeling, Ebeling. (1926): Letters of Christoph Daniel Coolidge William Christoph Daniel/Lane, Ebeling, die durch auf dem Rio Magdalena, Reise Humboldt. von (ed.) (1986): Alexander Margot Faak, Expansion of Trade and the Knowledge of Science: The (2008): “Outposts Daniel Goldstein, (1973): (eds.) G. Fritz Ilse/Lange, Jahn, Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 129 Revista Iberoamericana 70.indd 130 130 Iberoamericana, XIX, 70 (2019), 113-130 SANDRA REBOK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7251-521X. Empire andtheexpandingUnited States (Humboldt’s Empire of Knowledge, 2019).ORCID ID: Humboldt, Her mostrecent book discusseshis intellectual exchange with Thomas Jefferson (Jefferson and onHumboldtbooks andnumerous articles andistheeditorofthree ofhisworks inSpanish. ry. She hasover twenty years ofexperienceinHumboldt scholarship;sheistheauthorofseveral science, intellectualnetworks andtransnationalscientificcollaborationsduringthe19thcentu- Huntington inCalifornia.Her Library research andpublicationsfocusontheglobalizationof many years attheSpanish National Research CouncilandwasaMarie Curie Fellow atthe | Manuscript accepted:22.01.2019 Manuscript received:16.07.2018 | Dr. SandraRebokisahistorianofscience,authorandscientificconsultant. She worked for 2014) and her forthcoming monograph analyzes2014) and herhisposition forthcoming between the Spanish 04/03/2019 9:26:05