Institute of Zoology

LIVING conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2006/07

director’s introduction 1 Institute of Zoology mission: To identify, undertake, and communicate high-quality research to benefit the conservation of animal species and their habitats. i . t d s e t e y n u e q IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3 e r m e l n To undertake relevant, To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to p o

g high-quality biological research conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and m e i l

b and research training identified by conservation the wider community e a l b i organisations a e o } v t a s i s i t i y t h g c e i t

h We run a programme of meetings and

a IoZ HEFCE funded programme r w t a publications see page 8:

s Activities n i We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: e y h • Journal of Zoology and Animal t • Biodiversity and macroecology see page 12 a f w r • Behavioural and population ecology see page 14 Conservation o e

n • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 16 h o t i • Wildlife epidemiology see page 18 • Annual programme of evening s d r t • Reproductive biology see page 20 scientific meetings n e a v We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 25 , l l y • Biannual international symposia u s g f

e on topical themes in conservation t A a r . Science Plan. The major topics: biology t s s r (a) Biodiversity patterns and processes o h t • Technical publications to support

c How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, a r r

a best practice in zoos (International

o temporal and biological scales? e b h

s (b) People and the environment in a changing world Zoo Yearbook) and in field a l e l

r How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside conservation (Conservation Reports) o r c

u human population growth and development? d o

c • Conservation Science and Practice book n f a

o series published with Blackwell s s r t e c

n • Conservation biology book series e r t r p

a published with CUP

s with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation p a Programmes see page 22: r n i u a • Bushmeat and forests a o

m • Carnivores and people h t i

e • Deserts and rangelands e h w t • Marine and freshwater

s • UK native species e s s i • Island ecosystems r a

m We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living e m

u animal collection: s • Animal health and welfare research e l • Reproductive monitoring b r a t s i h } T with We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to the Tropical

z Cambridge research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and University other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference

o with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science i bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation Ecology and Evolution

We run MSc courses in Wild Animal Health and Wild Animal Biology with the Royal Veterinary College and a MSC course in Conservation Science see page 25

with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science research interests see page 28 Wildlife Conservation Society and and conservation English Nature

1 director’s introduction This annual report emphasises once again the remarkable diversity of research carried out at the Institute of Zoology and its impact on the d conservation of animals and their environments through distinguished

r scientific publications, promotion of research findings to relevant organisations and the wider public, and the training of the future generation of scholars and practitioners. o Among the highlights, the reader will find here news of a large DEFRA grant for the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. The 2006

w Living Planet Report describes indicators of how well or otherwise the earth is surviving under the environmental pressures of modern lifestyles. e It illustrates the immense benefit of an Institute working closely with

r organisations such as the WWF and the Global Footprint Network in producing outcomes that should advise policy makers. The following pages also reveal a dynamic programme. A new o Behavioural and Population Ecology research theme integrates studies of

f individuals and populations. These include the resistance of California sea lions to pathogens, DNA barcoding success in the identification of known and previously unknown biodiversity of the oceans, and prediction of the spread of emerging diseases, such as West Nile virus, to the Galapagos. The link between the Institute and University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology continues to be fruitful as seen in the wealth of collaborative studies, the strength of publications and the training of students. The same can be said for collaborations with institutions in London and elsewhere. Altogether, staff, research students, honorary Contents research fellows and associates have reached record levels.

1 Foreword Much of the credit must go to the dedication of the Institute’s staff and 2 Introduction the support of the Officers and Directors, but also to the former Director 3 Awards of Science, Professor Georgina Mace CBE FRS who has now become 4 Research news Professor of Conservation Science and Director of the Natural Environment 6 Indicators and assessments unit 8 Communicating science Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, London. 10 Funding We thank her for all that she achieved and contributed to the the Institute 12 Biodiversity and macroecology and wish her every success in her new post. We were delighted to learn 14 Behavioural and population ecology that she is the winner of the 2007 International Cosmos Prize. 16 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability We are very pleased to welcome Professor Tim Blackburn as Head of 18 Wildlife epidemiology 20 Reproductive biology the Institute. Previously Professor of Macroecology at the University of 22 ZSL conservation programmes Birmingham, he is also Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford. 24 Library During the interregnum the Institute was most ably led by Dr Bill Holt who 25 Education and training is warmly thanked for his loyal guidance. 26 Governance, staff and students 28 Collaborations 31 Staff representation Professor Sir Brian Heap 32 Publications Chair, ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee

foreword 1 The renowned philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus noted in the fifth century BC that the world is in a state of flux, and two-and-a-half n thousand years on all that has changed is the rate of change itself. Human activities are responsible for upping the pace, and a significant o concern for biologists is whether animals and plants will be able to keep i up. Many of the current key questions in conservation biology relate to responses to changes in the environment, and Institute scientists are t at the forefront of research into these issues, as the reports from our

c research themes demonstrate (see pages 12–21). The Institute has recently been coming to terms with environmental

u change within as well as outside. Georgina Mace left in November, after 23 years of service, the last six as Director of Science. Her contribution here has been immense, assembling a team of talented and passionate d scientists, and putting in place a science plan that addresses a wide- ranging set of questions of general theoretical interest and high o conservation relevance. Over and above that, she leaves the Institute having fostered a spirit of community and purpose that really sets us r apart from most other academic organisations. Georgina was this year

t awarded a CBE for her services to environmental science, and I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate her on behalf of everybody at the Institute. n It is also a time of change more generally at the higher echelons of I ZSL. The recently appointed leaders of collections and science are soon to be joined by a new head of the field conservation department. The fresh perspectives that this will bring give us the chance to assess how we might more effectively capitalise on our unique position as part of an organisation addressing conservation questions from scientific, field and captive-breeding perspectives, and bring closer integration of these three branches of ZSL. We have similar opportunities to forge new connections in our partnership with Cambridge University, with Professor Bill Sutherland taking up the Chair in Conservation Biology there. So, while change can be daunting, it can also be a positive experience. As Hercalitus would have known, to stand still is really to move backwards. It is a great pleasure for me to be working with everyone here to help to take the Institute forward.

Tim Blackburn Head of the Institute of Zoology

2 ZSL recognises outstanding The Frink Medal The Marsh Award for Marine and achievements in conservation and Presented to a professional scientist for Freshwater Conservation zoological research through its annual substantial and original contributions Awarded to: presentation of awards and prizes. to zoology. Awarded to: Professor Hal Whitehead, Dalhousie Professor Brian Charlesworth, University University, Canada, for significant of Edinburgh, for his outstanding contributions to the conservation of research in evolutionary genetics, cetaceans, including the development of including molecular evolution and behavioural methods of analysis that are variation, the evolution of genetic and now widely used to better understand sexual systems and the quantitative the social structure of whales and the genetics of life-history traits. effects of human disturbance on cetacean social behaviour. Scientific Medal Presented to research scientists with no The Thomson/Zoological Record Award more than 15 years postdoctoral for Communicating Zoology experience for distinguished work in Awarded to: zoology. Awarded to: Simon King in recognition of his Dr Angus Buckling, University of Oxford, extensive contributions to natural history for his research on the evolutionary film-making and public understanding S 6 ecology of pathogenic microbes and and appreciation of wildlife. their hosts in order to better understand

0 the causes and consequences of Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and D coevolution between bacteria and their Marsh Award

0 parasitic viruses. Presented for the best zoological R Professor Matt Keeling, University of doctoral thesis produced in the UK. 2 Warwick, for his use of mathematical Awarded to:

A methodologies to analyse a wide range Dr Gina Galli, University of Birmingham, of topics in disease epidemiology and for her thesis Reptilian cardiovascular evolution, including childhood infections, physiology: from whole animal to

W foot-and-mouth disease and host- cardiac myocyte. pathogen evolutionary dynamics.

A Professor Stuart West, University of Charles Darwin Award Edinburgh, for his research on the Presented for the best zoological project evolution of social behaviour, such as by an undergraduate student attending cooperation and conflict within or a university in the UK. Awarded to: C between species, relatedness and the Helen Weavers, University of Cambridge, I allocation of resources to male versus for her project Characterising candidate female reproduction. interactors with nephrin, a protein that is F mutated in kidney disease, using the fly

I The Stamford Raffles Award as a model. Given annually for distinguished

T contributions to zoology by amateur The Prince Philip Prize and Marsh Award zoologists. Awarded to: Presented for the best zoological project Peter Chandler for his extensive work by an A-level student or equivalent. n on European diptera. Awarded to: Louise Russell of Lingfield Notre Dame E The Marsh Award School, for her project An investigation

I for Conservation Biology into the density of freshwater shrimp in Awarded to: relation to dissolved oxygen

C Professor Sarah Wanless, Centre for concentrations within two lotic Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory, ecosystems.

S for her long-term research into the survival and breeding success of Honorary Fellowship seabirds and significant contributions Awarded to:

L to our understanding of the effects Professor Sir John Lawton CBE, FRS, of changes in marine ecosystems on Chair of the Royal Commission on S seabird populations. Environmental Pollution, for his outstanding services to science and Z conservation.

(left to right) Peter Chandler, Dr Angus Buckling, Nigel Robinson (Thomson Scientific), Professor Stuart West, Dr Gina Galli, Simon King, Louise Russell, Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, Marguerite Xerri, Professor Sir John Lawton, Brian Marsh (Marsh Christian Trust), Helen Weavers, Professor Matt Keeling, Professor Brian Charlesworth, Benjamin Weilgart-Whitehead, Professor Sarah Wanless

introduction / awards 3 © K

Over the year research undertaken at a r i n IoZ has continued to respond to a wide a A c e v

range of conservation issues. As a result e d o - of this work, some of which is described W h i t e

below, ever-more accurate predictions h o u s

about population changes in the light e of environmental pressures can be made to inform national and international decision-making processes. S W E N © K a t e J o n e s H C R A E S © E N o ë l l e K ü m R p e l © J a i m e

G Disease dynamics and o s á

l resistance to pathogens in v e z

B California sea lions e r e n

g Each year large numbers of sea lions are u e r stranded along the central California coast afflicted with a wide array of diseases. Many of these animals receive medical treatment, making it possible to © R

o obtain detailed data on disease status h a n and pathogen load. There is evidence of C l a r k individual-level genetic contribution to e pathogen susceptibility and disease development in this species. For many diseases, it has not been possible to obtain a clear understanding of their cause and dynamics. For instance, leptospirosis – a bacterial infection that periodically causes high mortality of sea lions – was first identified in sea lions more than 30 years ago, but the source of infection, predisposing factors and means of transmission are still unknown. 4 Another example is carcinoma, a highly- involved. The results showed that fresh semen in koalas has now become invasive cancer whose cause and tourists got significantly closer to gorillas highly successful, with more than 25 predisposing factors remain unclear. than the park rules allow (a mean of joeys to date, the freezing procedure Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse investigated 2.76 m, compared to the rule of 7 m), and seems to be a major limiting factor. phylogeographic heterogeneity of remained close for long periods. Koala sperm nuclei have a tendency to pathogen burden and disease in Contacts with the gorillas most decondense and swell following freezing California sea lions. This research, based vulnerable to disease, the juveniles, were and thawing, but it is uncertain whether on molecular genetics, assignment tests closer but of shorter duration than those this phenomenon is associated with the and temporal-spatial modelling to search with adults. Contacts initiated by gorillas breakage and fragmentation of DNA. for associations between diseases and were closer but shorter than those In collaboration with the University of sea lion colonies, has shown that initiated by tourists. These results, Queensland and the University of movement between colonies separated published in the journal Oryx, Madrid, Bill Holt and his team have by the peninsula of Baja California does demonstrate that existing rules on validated a new technique for the occur, and could help explain the tourist interactions with gorillas are detection of DNA strand breakages in periodic outbreaks of leptospirosis that failing and that the risk of disease koala sperm. This is the first time that are observed on Californian coasts. transmission may be greater than any such method has been applied to These results suggest that certain previously believed. marsupial sperm. The technique colonies are ‘high-risk’ areas for disentangles DNA from its naturally carcinoma, implying the importance of coiled configuration, but if it has biotic and abiotic factors in the Behavioural and Population undergone severe strand breakages development of cancer. This research is Ecology Research Theme during treatments such as freezing and funded by the British Ecological Society A new research theme, Behavioural and thawing it unravels like spaghetti and and Morris Animal Foundation and is Population Ecology (see page 14), has forms a visible halo around the sperm conducted in collaboration with the been established to strengthen the links head. Marsupials appear to lack the Marine Mammal Center, USA. between the study of individuals (in ability to form strong cross-links behavioural ecology) and populations (in between their DNA-chromatin strands, population ecology). A wide diversity of which probably makes their sperm much Indicator Bats Program research activities are carried out under more labile than sperm from eutherian 2006 saw the launch of the Indicator Bats this theme’s umbrella, incorporating mammals, reducing the fertility of the Program (iBats), a partnership between studies of invertebrate and vertebrate frozen sperm. This technique has given the IoZ and the Bat Conservation Trust, species in both terrestrial and aquatic us a new insight into the freezing run by Kate Jones. Bats face an systems, using a combination of desk-, damage undergone by koala sperm, and uncertain future with global warming lab- and field-based approaches. will allow appropriate countermeasures and increasing human population Four key areas can be identified: to be developed. pressures likely to impact their (1) the human-wildlife interface, which populations. Monitoring bat populations particularly focuses on the bushmeat is critical to both inform and influence trade and human-predator conflict; Monitoring for reintroduction conservation policy and to ensure (2) the individuals-population interface, Reintroduction is a highly visible resources are directed to where they are which explores these links in a wide technique that is often used as a most needed. A pioneering new survey variety of taxa from birds and butterflies showcase for conservation. Birds are a technique has been developed: to amphibians and mammals; major taxon in reintroduction projects; ‘Batmobiles’. Cars fitted with bat (3) monitoring theory and practice, however, the overall success of these detectors are driven at night to record which encompasses work ranging from conservation campaigns is poor. Why bat ultrasonic echolocation calls over radio-tagging wasps to camera-trapping this is and what we can do to improve large distances. These bat calls can then cryptic mammals; success rates are important and largely be identified to species and their (4) social biology and sexual selection, unanswered issues. A study by John populations monitored over time. With which investigates a range of areas Ewen on reintroduced and remnant hihi the help of funding from the Darwin including mate choice and signalling, Notiomystis cincta populations in New Initiative, Rufford Foundation and Bat optimal foraging, and collective action. Zealand is focusing on robust population Conservation International, iBats has Work in this new research theme is monitoring, predicting viability under developed projects with trained set to develop in a variety of exciting different management scenarios and volunteers in Romania, Moldavia, directions in the future. understanding the limiting roles of Hungary, Bulgaria and the UK, and is parasites and disease, in order to currently trialling the techniques in develop a science of reintroduction Mongolia, Madagascar, Thailand and Assessment of DNA quality in biology to address these problems. New York. For more information see koala sperm www.ibats.org.uk. Koalas are listed as vulnerable to extinction in Queensland and parts of (a) California sea lion pups (b) Monitoring bat populations for a New South Wales. Loss of habitat is one the Indicator Bats Program Impact of tourism on of the major threats. However, females (c) Assessing the impact of tourism b mountain gorillas are also plagued with the sexually- on gorillas c A study by Chris Sandbrook has transmitted disease chlamydia, which (d) Visualisation of DNA quantified for the first time aspects of can cut fertility rates by one-third. The fragmentation in frozen-thawed d koala spermatozoa. Sperm nuclei e encounters between gorillas and tourists Australian authorities would like to (red staining) are either compact, at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park establish a bank of frozen sperm, which slightly hook-shaped and contain that are likely to contribute to the risk of could be used to boost the genetic unfragmented (unfrag) DNA or disease transmission. These include how variation of koala populations, and which swollen (frag) and contain DNA that has become fragmented during close tourists get to gorillas, how close would contain samples screened to be the freeze-thaw process encounters are initiated, how long they free of chlamydia and other diseases. (e) John Ewen with a purple- last, and the age class of gorillas Although artificial insemination with crowned fruit dove research news 5 The Indicators and Assessments Unit,

T headed by Jonathan Baillie, was formed & in 2006 to consolidate work at ZSL on I defining the status and trends of

S biodiversity.The Unit is a joint IoZ and

N ZSL Conservation Programmes initiative and is comprised of a total of 20 staff, R students and interns. The five major U projects of the Unit are the IUCN

O Sampled Red List Index, WWF/ZSL Living Planet Index, WCS/ZSL Wildlife S

T Picture Index, Regional Red List Programme, and the EDGE of Existence T A programme. The IoZ is primarily responsible for the first three of these projects, all of which aim to produce C N scientifically robust global biodiversity I

E indicators.

D In April 2002, at the Sixth Conference of

M the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the world’s S N governments committed themselves to actions to ‘achieve, by 2010, a significant I S reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss’. Setting this target has E helped to highlight the lack of

S biodiversity indicators capable of measuring trends in global biodiversity.

S The IoZ is helping to address this knowledge gap by leading in the

A development and implementation of species-level biodiversity indicators that can be used to measure species trends in 2010 and beyond. Two of the indicators have been adopted by the scientific body of the CBD for immediate testing and will be essential for assessing the success or failure of the 2010 target.

6 Temperate and Tropical Terrestrial Living Planet Indices, 1970-2003

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1.6

1.4 )

0 1.2 . 1

= Temperate 0 1.0 7 9 1 ( 0.8 x

e Terrestrial Index d

n 0.6 I 0.4 Tropical

0.2

0.0 1970 1980 1990 2000 03

Mammals on the EDGE to 2003. The LPI demonstrates that Scientists have often argued that some between 1970 and 2003 terrestrial species are more valuable than others, species have declined on average by and that the conservation of species 31%, freshwater species by 28%, and representing more evolution should be marine species by 27%. The starkest prioritised. These sentiments have made indication of human impact on biological little headway against the conservation systems is in tropical ecosystems, where orthodoxy, which values all species decline rates are greatest. The Indicators equally. One reason is the difficulty of and Assessments Unit is now working to estimating species originality in a robust increase coverage of the index and fashion. A new technique which address the discrepancy between data overcomes these problems has been availability (more prevalent in temperate developed at the IoZ and applied to over regions) and species richness (highest in 4,500 species of mammals. The study, tropical regions). published in PLoS ONE, found that species which are both evolutionarily Loss of Natural Habitat, by Biome, distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) to 1990 (as % of estimated original area) receive relatively little conservation attention. The results suggest how Tundra (no significant change) Pre-1950 conservation activities should be Boreal forests/taiga 1950–1990 refocused in order to prevent large Temperate coniferous forests amounts of our evolutionary heritage being lost in the near future. The EDGE Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of Existence programme aims to address Montane grasslands and shrublands this issue by implementing conservation Deserts and xeric shrublands strategies for all of these species within Mangroves the next five years. For more information see www.edgeofexistence.org/species/. Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands Isaac, N.J.B, Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman, C. and Baillie, J.E.M. (2007) Mammals on the EDGE: Conservation Flooded grasslands and savannahs priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS ONE 2(3):e296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000296. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub WWF/ZSL Living Planet Report Temperate grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands A collaboration between WWF, IoZ and the Global Footprint Network resulted in 0 % 20 40 60 80 the publication of the 2006 Living Planet Report. The Report, produced biennially, pulls together time-series data to compile two indicators of the earth’s Loss of Natural Habitat to Agriculture, by Realm, 1950-1990 (as % of 1950 area) well-being. The first, the Living Planet Index (LPI), measures biodiversity based Nearctic (no significant change) To cropland on trends in more than 3,600 populations Palaearctic To pasture of 1,300 vertebrate species around the Afrotropical world. The second index, the Ecological Footprint, measures humanity’s demand Indomalayan on the biosphere. Significantly the Neotropical carbon dioxide footprint, from the use of Australasian fossil fuels, was the fastest growing component of our global footprint, increasing more than ninefold from 1961 0 % 123456 indicators and assessments unit 7

l l i r e h t a e W n e d i A © s meetings andthepublicationof this through avaried programme of We achieve zoologists andthepublic. professional between researchers, the communicationofinformation A 8 cientific journals andbooks. COMMUNICATING major part ofIoZ’s work isfacilitating

SCIENCE

© s l l a W n a i r d A Publications Meetings

Animal Conservation Scientific Meetings teasing Prism Glasses. Visitors also had Now in its tenth year, Animal Scientific Meetings were held monthly the chance to meet scientists who are Conservation continues to provide a throughout the academic year and actively involved in sense-related forum for the rapid publication of novel, covered a range of subjects, including research. Each day a different scientist peer-reviewed research into conservation Tropical deforestation: patterns, causes gave a 15-minute talk and engaged in of animal species and their habitats. The and consequences; Mongolia wildlife: lively discussion about their work. During focus is on rigorous quantitative studies market forces and massive declines and the 16-day run, Sense-sational Science relating to populations, species or Evolution in the marine environment. was enjoyed by over 5,000 members of communities and their conservation. Scientific meetings are free and open to the public and school children. Subjects covered by the journal include anyone who would like to attend. population biology, epidemiology, evolutionary ecology, population Science for Conservation genetics, biodiversity, biogeography and Symposia Seminar Series conservation economics. In October ZSL hosted an international This series provides our staff and symposium Recreational hunting, students with the opportunity to learn conservation and rural livelihoods: more about the work of visiting Journal of Zoology science and practice, organised by researchers, collaborators and invited The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminent Bill Adams, Barney Dickson, Jon Hutton, speakers. A wide range of subjects were journal dedicated to academic zoology, Robin Sharp and Kai Wollscheid. This covered during the year, including continues to attract an increasing symposium facilitated important debate Ecology and conservation of Eurasian number of high-quality research papers on controversial issues that are lynx in the multi-use landscapes of and reviews. Published monthly, the fundamental to understanding the role Scandinavia and A molecular Journal promotes hypothesis-driven of recreational hunting in wildlife perspective on the evolution of studies that are of interest to all readers conservation and rural development. echolocation and flight in bats. of zoology, and provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research. A second symposium held in May, Zoo experiences and the human dimensions House Sparrow Conference of saving wildlife, organised by John In February, IoZ was pleased to host a Conservation Biology book series Fraser, Carol Saunders and Thomas two-day meeting with the RSPB and the This series includes titles which reflect Webler, examined current research in University of Ghent focusing on the our research interests. Coral Reef conservation psychology in order to decline of the house sparrow in Europe. Conservation, edited by Isabelle Côté review how social processes and Topics of discussion included census and John D. Reynolds, was published concepts of community influence techniques and the problems associated during the year. Coral reefs contain the environmental action. with consistently defining urban habitats highest diversity of marine organisms across Europe. More hands-on issues, and as shallow-water coastal habitats such as measuring body condition, they support a wide range of Stamford Raffles Lecture health status and immunocompetence, economically and culturally important The 2007 Lecture was given by Steve as well as techniques for trapping and activities. However, their accessibility Jones, Professor of Genetics, University colour-ringing of sparrows in urban makes reefs vulnerable to local threats College London. Is man just another areas, were also discussed. Daria including over-fishing, pollution and animal? examined the similarities and Dadam, a PhD student at IoZ, is currently physical damage. Reefs also face global differences between human DNA and investigating possible causes of house problems, such as climate change, which that of our closest relatives, looking sparrow declines in Greater London in may be responsible for recent beyond comparative anatomy to ask collaboration with the RSPB and the widespread coral mortality. Coral Reef whether the science helps us to University of Liverpool. Conservation summarises the current understand what we are as human status of reefs, the problems they face, beings, rather than merely as rather and discusses potential solutions. unspecialised primates. a b International Zoo Yearbook National Science and Zoo and wildlife veterinarians are Engineering Week c integral members of the team of experts In April we were delighted to host required for wildlife conservation. In Sense-sational Science, an d g e Volume 41, Animal Health and interdisciplinary science event held at f Conservation, Guest Editor R. Eric Miller ZSL London Zoo for National Science (WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo) and Engineering Week 2007. Funded by (a) Animal Conservation series brings together work on various aspects NESTA (National Endowment for (b) Carol Saunders, John Fraser and Thomas of conservation, biosurveillance, regional Science, Technology and the Arts), ZSL Webler, organisers of the May symposium (c) Professor Steve Jones presented the management planning, reintroductions, and the RCUK (Research Councils UK), Stamford Raffles Lecture in June disease risk assessment, faecal steroid the event explored how animal senses (d) Sense-sational Science, Giant Spider Web monitoring, West Nile virus and are essential for survival, why scientists (e) The Sense-sational Science team: conservation medicine. Topically there study them and how this scientific Craig Childs (UCL), Katrien Van Look (IoZ), Seirian Sumner (IoZ), David Hitchcock (IoZ) are two detailed reviews on the current research has enlightened technology and (f) International Zoo Yearbook situation for amphibian chytrid fungus benefited society. Each sense was (g) The decline of the house sparrow was the and avian influenza. explained using a variety of interactive focus of a two-day meeting in February experiments, including Stinky Smell Pipes, Giant Spider Web and brain- communicating science 9 As usual, we received our annual core In May the Cetacean Strandings income from HEFCE via the University of Investigation Programme, coordinated g Cambridge; however, this year 48% of by ZSL and project managed by Rob our income came from other sources, Deaville, received a grant of £1,053,000 particularly the Research Councils and from DEFRA and the Welsh Assembly n government departments. In total, 54 Government to investigate whale, i new grants were received during the year. dolphin, harbour porpoise and turtle strandings in the UK for the next three Alex Rogers received funding from the years. Scottish Agricultural College, d Lighthouse Foundation for £87,300 to Inverness, the Natural History Museum undertake a project on the deep-water and Marine Environmental Monitoring

n coral habitats of the Azores using the are partners in the CSIP, undertaking submersible Lula of the Rebikoff work in specific regions of the UK. Foundation. An additional grant of Currently around 750 stranded cetaceans u £126,000 was awarded from the are reported annually in the UK. Leverhulme Trust for an exciting project Renewed funding of the programme will f that will improve our understanding of ensure that the national cetacean and the relationships between the occurrence turtle strandings databases and tissue of deep-sea corals and the physical banks will continue to support a broad environment, and explore important range of scientific research activity. aspects of coral ecology and resilience to Incidences of entanglement in fishing human impacts. We also received a grant gear (by-catch), current or emerging of £150,000 to initiate the International diseases and other causes of mortality Program on the State of the Oceans (IPSO) will be monitored in order to identify any from the J.M. Kaplan Fund, USA. This significant threats to the conservation programme will assess how oceans are status of the species. For the first time, changing and how human activities can the CSIP will also investigate incidences be managed in order to restore or prevent of basking shark strandings in the UK. further degradation of ocean ecosystems.

Bill Jordan and Kate Ciborowski were awarded £316,700 to study how changes in the level of expression of odorant receptors may be involved in imprinting Atlantic salmon to their home stream before they make their migration to the ocean. By increasing the level of expression of receptors for odours they Congratulations are due to Seirian experience as juveniles, adult salmon Sumner (far right), who was awarded may subsequently be able to use the a fellowship of £10,000 in the first L’Oréal same odours as orientation cues in the UK Fellowships for Women in Science. return migration to spawn. Understanding Designed to promote the vital importance the mechanisms underlying homing of ensuring greater participation of behaviour, which determines population women in science, the awards are run structure in the species, can help in in partnership with the UK National predicting the outcome of deliberate or Commission for UNESCO, the Royal inadvertent releases of non-native fish Institution of Great Britain and the UK into natural populations. Resource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology. The award will help further Seirian’s research into the origins of social evolution.

10 Funding organisations Yellow seahorse Hippocampus kuda. © Ben Spink Amphibian Conservation Research Trust Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBRSC) A grant from the Royal Society has British Antarctic Survey enabled us to show experimentally that British Ecological Society parental body size and age impacts upon British Herpetological Society the early post-natal growth rate of British Wildlife Health Association seahorses; larger parents produce Centre for Ecology and Hydrology offspring that grow more rapidly during Charities Advisory Trust the first three weeks of life than those of Chinese Academy of Sciences smaller, younger parents. We also Copenhagen Zoo examined mechanisms of fertilisation in Darwin Initiative (DEFRA) this species and showed that seahorses Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs produce the lowest number of Esmee Fairbairn Foundation spermatozoa, and the most efficient Field Conservation Fund sperm, of any fish species studied to Genetics Society date. These studies represent Heptagon Fund collaboration between the Institute of Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) Zoology and the London Zoo Aquarium. Howard Buffett Foundation See page 21 Imperial College London Isaac Newton Trust IUCN L’Oréal Leverhulme Trust Lighthouse Foundation Marine Resources Assessment Group National Environment Research Council (NERC) Natural England New Zealand Department of Conservation People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) QinetiQ Research Councils UK Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Trust Rufford Foundation Tanzania Guides Ltd The Fishmongers’ Company The Royal Society Thomas Doherty-Bone UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Universities Foundation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) University of Cambridge University of London Central Research Fund University of Swansea World Wildlife Fund Canada World Wildlife Fund International

Institute of Zoology Income, 2006/07 1 August 2006–31 July 2007

Total Income £3,857,652

Core Grant £1,987,272 Research Grants & Contracts £1,705,290

(Other Organisations £973,616)

(Government Bodies £254,370)

(Research Councils £477,304)

Other Income £165,090

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Predator mass (kg)

The Biodiversity and Macroecology follow a three-fourths scaling with body

Y Research Theme aims to describe mass. However, when each dietary & patterns of diversity in the biology, group is considered individually they ecology and distribution of animal both display a shallower scaling. This G species and their habitats at regional suggests that carnivores at the upper Y and global scales, and to test size limits of each group are constrained

O hypotheses about the evolutionary and by intake and adopt energy-conserving T ecological processes that may explain strategies to counter this. Analysing the L I the origin and maintenance of this balance between energy intake and diversity.We also aim to work with expenditure across a range of species, S practitioners to apply this knowledge in we predict that mammalian carnivores O setting priorities for conservation action. should have a maximum body mass of

R one ton. Thus, mammalian carnivores

C are relatively small compared with the © E

J largest extinct terrestrial herbivorous a k E o

b mammals, such as the indricothere, B r o V -

J which weighed around 15 tons. The ø r g

e largest existing carnivore, the polar bear, O I n s e

n is only around half a ton, while the largest known extinct carnivores, such as R

D the short-faced bear, weighed around one ton. This study suggests that those

C extremely large carnivores would have O been heavily reliant on abundant large I A prey, helping to explain why the largest modern mammalian carnivores are rare

B and vulnerable to extinction. M

Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M. (2007) The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biology 5: 363-368.

Spatial overlap in the worldwide distribution of mammals, birds and amphibians The costs of carnivory Global conservation strategies Carnivores fall into two dietary groups commonly assume that different based on the energetic requirements of taxonomic groups show congruent their feeding strategies: small-bodied geographical patterns of diversity. For species, which feed mostly on prey example, the conservation of smaller than themselves, and large- biodiversity hotspots has been proposed bodied species, which prefer prey as a ‘silver-bullet’ strategy, where the around their own size. While carnivores distribution of extinction-prone species around the size of a lynx or larger can in one group can therefore act as a obtain higher net energy intake by surrogate for vulnerable species in other switching to relatively large prey, the groups when conservation decisions are difficulty of catching and subduing these being made. However, the validity of animals means that a large-prey these assumptions remains unclear specialist would expend twice as much because previous tests have been limited energy as a small-prey specialist of in both geographical and taxonomic equivalent body size. Across all species, extent. We used a database on the global energy expenditure and intake both distribution of 19,349 living bird, 12 (left) Estimates of daily energy expenditure (DEE) (kJ) against carnivore mass (kilograms) for 14 species, together with the piecewise regression fit (black line). Our model analysis predicted a step increase in DEE (by a factor of around 2.3) as a result of the switch to hunting large prey. The vertical line represents the predicted threshold of 14.5 kg where predators switch from small to large prey. Estimates of DEE were obtained from different sources, triangles represent estimates based on doubly labelled water, circles are based on behavioural observations, and squares are based on oxygen consumption in captive studies

mammal and amphibian species to show certain mammals did experience a rapid that, although the distribution of overall period of diversification and evolution. species richness is very similar among However, most of these groups have these groups, congruence in the since either died out completely or distribution of rare and threatened declined in diversity. This research species is markedly lower. Congruence is indicates that our 'ancestors', and those especially low among the very rarest of all other mammals on earth now, species. Cross-taxon congruence is also began to radiate around the time of a highly scale dependent, being sudden increase in the temperature of particularly low at the finer spatial the planet – ten million years after the resolutions relevant to real protected death of the dinosaurs. The research areas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat are was carried out in collaboration with therefore largely non-overlapping across Imperial College London. groups, as are areas chosen to maximise Monotremata species complementarity. Overall, our Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K.E., Marsupialia MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer, R., Price, results indicate that 'silver-bullet' S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L. and Purvis, A. (2007) Afrotheria conservation strategies alone will not The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Xenarthra Nature 446: 507-512. deliver efficient conservation solutions. Laurasiatheria Euarchonotglires Instead, priority areas for biodiversity conservation must be based on high- resolution data from multiple taxa.

Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F., Thomas, G.H., Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E., Olson, V.A., Ridgely, R.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Ding, T-S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006) Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96.

Mammal ‘tree of life’ New research published in the journal Nature on a new, complete 'tree of life' tracing the history of all 4,500 mammals on earth, shows that they did not diversify as a result of the death of the dinosaurs. It contradicts the previously accepted theory that the Mass Extinction Event (MEE) that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago prompted the rapid rise of the mammals we see on the earth today. The research shows that many of the genetic 'ancestors' of the mammals we see around us today existed 85 million years ago, and survived the meteor impact that is thought to have killed the dinosaurs. However, throughout the Cretaceous epoch, when dinosaurs walked the earth, these mammal species were relatively few in number, and were prevented from diversifying and evolving in ecosystems dominated by dinosaurs. The tree of life shows that after the MEE, biodiversity and macroecology 13 (left) Tagged wasp

(below) Two adult chacma baboons at the study site © A i d e n W e a t h e r i l l

Our research in behavioural ecology and related colonies in a viscous population

y population ecology has two major structure. The potential importance of & interlinked aims: to test fundamental this strategy as a component of the hypotheses in behavioural and kin-selected benefits for a social insect g population ecology and to use our worker has previously been overlooked l knowledge of the behavioural and due to methodological difficulties in

o population ecology of wild species, and quantifying and studying drifting. a the human populations that interact Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007) l with them, to inform conservation policy Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest drifting in r and management. a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145. o u Radio-tagging technology reveals The advantage of social information

c extreme nest drifting behaviour in for group-living animals o a eusocial insect Correct decision-making is crucial if E

i In groups of related individuals, group animals are to be successful at finding members may gain fitness benefits by food and avoid being eaten themselves.

v helping raise closely related young at the For group-living animals, individuals can cost of sacrificing their own direct make such decisions based upon n

a reproduction (kin-selection theory). In personal information they gather directly the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and from their environment (e.g. identifying ants), females are more closely related an approaching predator), or by using o

h to their sisters (relatedness = 0.75) than the social information that other group i to their own offspring (r = 0.5) because members provide (e.g. seeing group e of their haplodiploid genetic sex- members fleeing may indicate an t determination system. Nest drifting in approaching predator). These choices

B eusocial insects (where workers move often relate to an animal’s immediate a between nests) presents a challenge to survival and so it is vitally important that this paradigm, since a worker should decisions made are based upon the most l remain as a helper on her natal colony, reliable information available. The Tsaobis rather than visit other colonies to which Baboon Project in Namibia has been

u she is less closely related. The working towards understanding how importance of this drifting behaviour and animals use information and how this p its implications for kin-selection theory relates to decision-making in a group are poorly understood because of the situation, by using a combination of difficulties in studying it, especially in theoretical predictions with natural and o natural populations. We used a novel experimental observations. We applied a ©

P monitoring technique, radio frequency A n d

identification tags, to quantify nest r e w

drifting in a natural population of K i n the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes g canadensis, in Panama. We were astonished to find that 56% of P. canadensis females drifted between nests, exceeding previous records of drifting in natural populations by more than 30-fold. This drifting behaviour cannot be explained through social parasitism, queen succession, mistakes in nest identity or methodological bias. Instead, workers appear to gain indirect fitness benefits by helping on several 14 1.0 1 5 (left) = 3 Relative quality of social versus personal n = ) 0.8 s n information. Plot of quality of social information I (

n (Is) against the quality of personal information o i t 0.6 (Ip). Lines plotted are for odd group sizes (n) a

m up to 51. To the left-hand side of the dashed line r o f through the origin (n=1) are represented all n i 0.4

l scenarios where an individual should use social a i c information; to the right-hand side of the line, o

S 0.2 an individual would do better to rely on its own personally acquired information.

0.0 (below) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Colobus angolensis is a flagship species

Personal information (I p) for the coastal forests of Kenya and the region is recognised as one of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots ©

simple mathematical formula developed J with multiple mating but the potential u l i e

by an eighteenth-century political A benefits that females gain by mating n d e

scientist, Marquis de Condorcet, to r with more than one male have long been s o provide a theoretical framework for n debated. Mating tactics in carnivores are understanding when individuals should linked to their spacing patterns where, in make decisions based on their own general, males occupy large ranges that personal information or rely on social encompass those of several females, information pooled from many group giving males access to several sexually members. We found that social receptive females. In contrast, female information allows less well-informed cheetahs are non-territorial and move members of large groups to reach a over extensive home ranges that include correct decision with the same unobservable in the lifetime of a normal several much smaller territories of probability as more well-informed research project. This study has males. This pattern of territoriality is members of small groups. Thus, animals overcome this problem by enlisting the unique and brings females into contact in larger groups may be able to help of the people who live and work in with several males making polyandry minimise the costs of collecting personal the habitat of interest, effectively possible within this system. To test for information without impairing their extending the available information well evidence of multiple paternity, and hence ability to make correct decisions. These beyond anything a researcher could polyandry, within a litter we used a findings provide us with new insights achieve by direct observation. In order to statistical method that partitioned each into the use of personal and social understand how movements of colobus litter into full-siblings and inferred the information in animal groups and their are influenced by habitat characteristics father from a pool of sampled candidate consequences for baboons and other in the farmland surrounding the forest males. The analysis showed that female group-living species. patches, over 300 locals were cheetahs are promiscuous with evidence interviewed to find out if they had ever of high rates of multiple paternity in King, A.J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to use social information: the advantage of large group size in individual seen colobus outside the forests, and if litters with more than one cub. Despite decision-making. Biology Letters 3: 137-139. so, where. The results showed that 28% the inclusion of 70% of known adult of those questioned had seen colobus up males in the last years of this study the to 4 km from the nearest forest, and that allocation of paternity was low. This Movement of a forest primate in a observations were much more likely seems to indicate that males living complex agricultural landscape where tall vegetation was present, such outside the study area contributed As land use intensifies, natural habitats as mangrove, scrubland or fruit substantially to reproduction and are increasingly divided into fragments. plantation. This provides important highlights the importance that high Once-continuous populations come to information to guide management of the mobility plays in cheetah ecology and exist in systems of sub-populations with wider landscape, not just the forest conservation. The understanding of the little connection between them – known fragments, to improve the chances of breeding system of this threatened as metapopulations. For example, in persistence for colobus in Kenya. species will aid in the development of south coastal Kenya, black-and-white future management plans aimed at the Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) colobus Colobus angolensis live in 124 Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex long-term maintenance of genetic different forest patches, separated by a agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 135: 212-222. variability among fragmented populations. mosaic of farmland and scrub. In such Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant, S.M. (2007) systems, the degree of connection Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs. between fragments is key to the viability Promiscuity among female Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI 10.1098/rspb.2007.0502 of the whole metapopulation, and cheetahs © S

effective conservation in this Behavioural data from IoZ’s long-term a r a h

environment therefore requires the research study of cheetahs in the D u r a

habitat between the fragments to be Serengeti was combined with genetic n t managed appropriately. A major data resulting from non-invasive difficulty with achieving this is the fact sampling to unveil the mating system that, while observations of movements of this population. In wild populations it are essential to understanding the is widely assumed that males are habitat features that are important, promiscuous while females are coy. movements are usually so rare as to be Male reproductive success increases behavioural and population ecology 15 (right) 1.5 t n

A figure from the paper e 1.0 i c i

showing how some f

f 0.5 alleles are positively e o selected for while others c 0.0 n o i

have negative selection t -0.5 c e l

e -1.0 S -1.5 2 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 9 2 3 3 3 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A D D D D D D D D D D D D D

Sasa-DAA allele , The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness We found significant differences between

y and Adaptability Research Theme is to expected and observed genotype

n develop and apply empirical and frequencies at one MH gene (the class II

t theoretical methods to describe patterns alpha locus, Sasa-DAA), but not at a MH of relatedness among individuals, class I-linked microsatellite or at seven o i populations and species. Our research non-MH-linked microsatellite loci. These

i aims to test hypotheses on the effects of results indicate that the differences we l genetic diversity on individual fitness see at the MH class II alpha locus were a i t and population persistence and to apply result of pathogen-mediated natural this knowledge of genetic structure and selection, rather than any demographic b a genetic diversity/fitness relationships to event. We also show that survival was

i the management of animal populations. associated with additive allelic effects at

a the MH class II alpha locus, rather than heterozygote advantage. Our results r t Selection on immune response have implications for both the genes in Atlantic salmon conservation of wild salmon stocks and a p Natural selection by pathogens is the management of disease in hatchery thought to have a major role in fish. We conclude that natural or v a determining levels of variation in host hatchery populations have the best immune response genes, including chance of dealing with episodic and major histocompatibility (MH) genes variable disease challenges if MH genetic d

c which code for proteins which recognise variation is preserved both within and pathogens. However, there have been among populations. i a few empirical demonstrations of selection acting on MH loci in natural De Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S., Coughlan, J., t Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J., Jordan, W.C., Cross, T. populations. In collaboration with and Stet, R.J.M. (2007) Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in the &

e laboratories in Ireland, The Netherlands wild. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B and Norway we set out to determine 274: 861-869. whether selection on MH genes has s n fitness consequences for wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in natural Maintaining species barriers s e conditions. We compared observed through mate choice genotype frequencies of Atlantic salmon Determining the factors which produce e surviving in a river 6 months after their and/or maintain reproductive isolation G introduction as eggs with frequencies between closely-related species is

n expected from parental crosses. important in understanding how environmental change might affect © E l v

t species composition within ecosystems. i r a d

e The grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus i E y t

o and Chorthippus jacobsi are highly differentiated for male mating signals, f and form a mosaic hybrid zone in northern Spain. At some sites within this zone many hybrids are observed, while at others few hybrids are found. Such bimodality in incidence of hybrids © P h

i among sites may reflect relatively recent l M c

G contacts between parental genotypes, i n (above) The study site for n i

t local variation in levels of assortative y Atlantic salmon study mating or selection against hybrids. With (left) The fish trap at the colleagues from the University of Leeds study site we played back parental and F1 hybrid 16 BB3 (C. brunneus) Echeme length (left) EL = 0.10 Syllable length A figure from the paper showing differences Mean SL = 0.005 in parental songs (top and bottom) and hybrid CV SL = 0.15 songs. It shows the differences between parentals and intermediate nature of hybrids

(below left) Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus)

0.05 secs (below) The hydroids Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi (top) and Halecium halecinum JB2 (F1, C. brunneus mother) EL = 0.31 (bottom) off Plymouth, Devon, UK Mean SL = 0.005 CV SL = 0.26 ©

DNA barcoding and species C a r l o

discovery in the oceans s

BJ3 (F1, C. jacobsi mother) M o

The oceans are the cradle of life u

EL = 0.32 r a ,

Mean SL = 0.020 I containing a higher diversity of phyla, n s t i

CV SL = 0.24 t u

classes and orders than terrestrial or t e o f

freshwater ecosystems. However, about Z o o l 1.5 million species have been described o g y a

from terrestrial and freshwater n d U

ecosystems compared to just 0.2 million n i v e r from the oceans. This may partially s i t y o

reflect the open nature of marine f A v e

JJ2 (F1, C. jacobsi) i

ecosystems that allow large-scale r o EL = 0.41 dispersal of species across great Mean SL = 0.021 CV SL = 0.33 distances reducing opportunities for allopatric speciation over geological timescales. However, it may also reflect our poor understanding of the diversity of many groups of marine animals. The need to catalogue diversity is urgent because of the potential of climate change and human impacts to cause extinctions of marine species and the fact that ecosystem function is related to occurring in the coastal waters of Britain © R o

g biodiversity. and elsewhere in the world. We are e r

B The fact that each species has a using this gene to study the diversity of u t l i n unique sequence of DNA contained nematodes in areas of the deep sea with within the genome has provided marine markedly different levels of food supply. scientists with a new tool to aid in the We are also applying similar DNA identification of known species and the barcoding methods to study the diversity discovery of previously unknown of other animal groups that are difficult biodiversity. The nematodes are a group to identify, including hydroids and corals of tiny unsegmented worms that include from coastal habitats and the deep sea. both free-living and parasitic species. Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D., male songs to parental and hybrid They often dominate the communities of Rogers A.D. and Smerdon, G. (2006) Development and females, all reared under common small-sized animals in the sediments of evaluation of a DNA-barcoding approach for the rapid identification of nematodes. Marine Ecology Progress conditions. These experiments revealed the seabed in terms of abundance and Series 320: 1-9. positive assortative preferences in both diversity. However, nematodes have Meldal, B.H.M., Debenham, N.J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I.T., C. brunneus and C. jacobsi females, relatively few morphological characters Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C., Blaxter, M.L., Rogers, supporting a direct role of male mating on which to base identification and A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D. (2007) An improved molecular signals in female choice. All female resolving species of these worms is phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution classes showed reduced responsiveness difficult and requires specialised 42: 622-636.

to F1 hybrid male songs. Such sexual taxonomists. We have evaluated the Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D., selection against hybrids is consistent nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene for use Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2007) Exploitation of archived marine nematodes – a hot lysis DNA extraction with the narrow width of the hybrid in identification of marine nematodes. protocol for molecular studies. Zoologica Scripta zone observed in the field. These results This gene has both conserved and 36(1): 93-98. have implications for the genetic rapidly evolving sections enabling us to Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2006) Molecular detection structure of the hybrid zone and models derive information useful in studying the of marine nematodes from environmental samples – of speciation. evolution of this group of animals and in overcoming eukaryotic interference. Microbial Aquatic Ecology 44: 97-103. the identification of individual species. Bridle, J.R., Saldamando, C.I., Koning, W. and Butlin, R.K. (2006) Assortative preferences and discrimination by As well as identifying known nematode females against hybrid male song in the grasshoppers species our work has revealed the Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1248-1256. existence of previously unknown species genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 17 The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Galapagos and measures that can be e y Theme aims to identify where disease is taken to reduce the risk of introduction. a threat to wildlife conservation, either The introduction of this highly f as a primary cause of species declines, pathogenic virus to this unique World g

i or as a threat to remnant wildlife Heritage Site could have devastating populations, investigate the emergence consequences, similar to those seen l

o of disease as a conservation threat and following introductions of pathogens to develop an understanding of the into other endemic island faunas. Our

l consequences of changes in wildlife model identified the transport of d disease epidemiology, both to wildlife mosquitoes on airplanes as the highest conservation and welfare and to human risk for West Nile virus introduction. l o health and welfare, particularly where Pathogen dissemination through avian i i these changes are driven by migration and the transportation of anthropogenic forces. day-old chickens appeared to be less important pathways. Infected humans W m and mosquitoes transported in sea Predicting the spread of West Nile containers, in tyres, or by wind all e virus to Galapagos represented much lower risk. Our risk- Emerging infectious diseases are a key assessment framework has broad threat to conservation and public health, applicability to other pathogens and d yet predicting and preventing their other regions and depends only on the i emergence is notoriously difficult. We availability of data on the transport of devised a predictive model for the goods and animals and the p introduction of a zoonotic vector-borne epidemiology of the pathogen. pathogen by considering each of the E Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H., pathways by which it may be introduced Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus spread to ©

A Galapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 1224-1231. n d r e w C u n n i n g h

a Invasive amphibian species m and the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis In collaboration with the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology of Imperial College London and the University of Victoria, Canada, researchers at IoZ examined the potential relationship between the emergence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the global trade in amphibians. The first (right) study examined the prevalence of the Galapagos giant tortoises to a new area and comparing the relative fungus in populations of one of the most (Geochelone nigra guntheri) risk of each pathway.This framework is invasive vertebrate species in existence in a conservation breeding centre on the island of Isabela, an adaptation of pest introduction today, the North American bullfrog (Rana Galapagos. Should it arrive models and estimates the number of catesbeiana). Bullfrog populations were in the archipelago, the effects infectious individuals arriving in a sampled across the Americas, Europe of West Nile virus infection on location and the duration of their and Asia. We found that, with the this endangered species are infectivity. The framework was used to exception of bullfrog tadpoles collected unknown, but could be catastrophic for the survival determine the most likely route for the in Japan, all populations of bullfrogs of these iconic giants introduction of West Nile virus to contained animals infected with the 18 (right) Schematic representation of the a i

immune-related genes that are r e t

important at different times during c a the course of an infection B n o i t c e f n I f o r e b m u N e v i t a l e R

(Innate Immunity) (Adaptive Immunity) Days after Infection

fungus. However, Japanese researchers potential to exacerbate the situation. different pathogens and that operate at have since shown that bullfrogs in Japan Currently, there are no international different times following infection. Such also are infected with the fungus. Due to standards in place with regard to this findings urge caution when drawing the fact that bullfrogs are asymptomatic disease, and while intentionally general conclusions about disease- when infected, they may be acting as introducing exotic amphibians into threats from the study of just one part of reservoirs and vectors of the disease countries like Great Britain is illegal, the immunogenetic system. We propose across a broad geographic range. A introductions of exotic amphibians and a shift in the current paradigm by using subsequent review of the relationship their diseases do occur. new approaches involving (1) a case- between introduced amphibians, tailored selection of genes relevant to Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., amphibian trade and the fungal disease Walker, S.J., Cunningham, A.A. and Fisher, M.C. (2006) the infectious disease studied or (2) large- revealed the potential for trade to The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium scale single nucleotide polymorphism dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations contribute to the distribution of the of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology surveys of immune genes. Letters 2: 455-459.

fungus at a global scale. The number of © K

Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The relationship a animals involved in the international r i n

between the introduction of Batrachochytrium a trade of amphibians is in the millions. A

dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians c e

and introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biology Reviews v e

By the 1960s, over 140 species of d

21: 2-9. o - amphibians were internationally traded W h i t e h

for the purposes of research, and the o u s global food market may generate up to e 7,000 tons of amphibians per annum. Understanding immunogenetics Commercial practices also regularly Infectious diseases are important bring traded animals into direct contact demographic and evolutionary forces of with wild populations. An examination of natural populations. This is because the available literature on amphibian under natural conditions, populations introductions, many of which are the and individuals are constantly direct result of the amphibian trade, and challenged by pathogens. These fungal infection showed that nearly 30 challenges have led to the evolution of species of introduced amphibians are host immune responses, which in turn We have compiled a list of known known to be infected with the fungus. influence the ability of pathogens to immune genes and functions and The majority of species identified are avoid host defences. Such interactions, discuss the challenges and problems asymptomatic when infected. tightly controlled by genes, are that arise from our proposed approach, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is particularly interesting for addressing as well as solutions to deal with them. implicated in the decline and possible questions on evolution. From a We conclude that this wider approach to extinction of dozens of species of conservation perspective, the increasing immunogenetics will be integral to amphibians. Whether the amphibian emergence and re-emergence of understanding disease dynamics and trade is responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases as a serious threat to assessing epidemic risks as a step this disease we may never know, but it is wildlife, particularly small or endangered towards predicting and – potentially – clear that trade practices have the populations where sudden demographic preventing future disease-driven declines could be catastrophic, warrant a demographic declines of threatened and © D i

n more complete understanding of how endangered populations. a E l

T resistance to infectious disease is o

u Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham, A. (2006) Is n

s regulated in natural populations. To date,

e MHC enough for understanding wildlife immunogenetics? y - G most studies on the genetic regulation of Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21(8): 433-438. a r n e

r disease resistance (i.e. immunogenetics) have focused on a particular genetic region, the major histocompatibility complex, involved with the presentation of infectious agents to the immune system. However, research on domestic and laboratory animals has highlighted the importance of many other genes that regulate diverse immune responses to wildlife epidemiology 19 20 Reproductive biology recognition processes. spermatozoa orbytheinvolvement of the progressofpoorquality using cattle, pigsand sheep (Satake is in embryo. Itisalsolik tract fortheeventualdevelopmentofan presumably preparingthereproductive gene transcriptionandproteinsynthesis, ar shown thattheoviduct respondstothe the egg. We havepreviously andothers or aconduitleadingthespermtowards more thaneitheraspermstorageorg it? We nowknowthattheoviduct is spermatoz manage afewdaysunlessthe inthelaboratory wecanonly years; spermatoz mammals. Some ofthesespeciesstore and turtles, aswellmany birdsand snakes including sharks,salamanders, documented inarangeofvertebrates tract hasbeenextensively reproductive Sperm storageinthefemale what istherole oftheoviduct? Sper out whetherandho applications. technologies thatmay have practical knowledge for thedevelopment of diversity andto usesomeofthis explore andunderstandsomeofthis Biology Research Theme we aimbothto IntheReproductive species we examine. adaptations withalmostevery new nature presents abewildering array of but intensely studied modelspecies, comes largely from asmallnumberof Our understandingofreproductive biology dev change may affect reproductive and sperm viability (S membrane proteins inmaintaining investigating theroleofoviductal plasma Breeding Ltd,wehavebeen ofSheffield andGenus University with theRoyal Veterinary College,the about thiscomplexity ri val ofspermatoz elopmental pr volved inspermselectionprocesses m et al tr oa arefrozen. Howdothey oa forseveralmonthsoreven anspor ., 2007), eitherbyimpeding ., 2007), nadto,we aimto find In addition, ostaric ocesses. t oa byinitiatingno w ely thattheo in mammals; . en In collaboration W et al e vironmental still knowlit ., 20 viduct 06), an vel tle a c in thelaboratoryshowing S ( pipefish, notallspecies haveadistinct (Lloyd fertilization inporcinevitrofertilization. oviductal epitheliumapicalplasmamembraneenhances Exposure ofspermatozoatosolubilizedextractsthe Satake, N.,Alhaider,A.K.,Holt,W.V.andWatson,P.F.(2007) Fertility andDevelopment are abletosupport spermviability have shownthatculturedo Proteome Research protein inpar vitro Development whic body compartment, thebrood pouch, in offspring. Seahorses haveaspecialised becomes pregnantandgi Syngnathidae), it isthemalethat andpipefish(Familyseahorses Uniquely amongver surviv Seahorse reproduction and oviductal epithelialcells. Prolonging thelifeoframspermatozoainvitrousing Lloyd, R.E.,Badia,E.,Watson,P.F.andHolt,W.V.(2007) membrane proteomeofoviductalepithelialcells. W.V. andFazeli,A.(2006)Globalprofilingofsurfaceplasma Sostaric, E.,Georgiou,A.S.,Wong,C.H.,Watson,P.F.,Holt, from oneplacetoanother spermatozoa needtobetransported wild species,especiallyifthe tec the successofartificial insemination may beimportant inhelpingtoimprove not bespecies-specific,somethingthat proteins involved may inspermsurvival species. This worksuggeststhatthe inseveral in enhancingspermsurvival protein 70;Hsc70)seemstobeimportant below) ytoskeletal proteins(green) ytoskeletal nd cellnuclei(blue) heep oviductal cellscultured hniques forthecapti h and haverecentlyfoundthatone the embryosdevelop, whilein et al. al of 19 : , 278. 2007) asmodelspecies. 2007) We ticular (heatshoc 5 : 3029-3037. fspr Reproduction, Fertilityand 19 : ing tebrates, in 272. ve ves bir . breeding of viductal cells Reproduction k th tothe cognate Journal of in A 0-9 secs B 10-16 secs C 17 secs figure 1

Mating sequence of a yellow seahorse couple; hand drawn from video sequences. The time is shown above the images and demonstrates the duration (A) when the brood pouch remains open (PO), (B) when spermatozoa and eggs are transferred and (C) when the pouch is closed (PC) Drawing © B.Dzyuba PC PC

figure 2 brood pouch. As in mammals, the therefore uniquely efficient among embryos develop in close association vertebrates, yet paradoxically involves 130 ** with the brood pouch epithelium, which several steps that would seem to is involved with gaseous exchange, complicate, and even appear to prevent, 110 provision of nutrients, removal of waste the interaction of spermatozoa and eggs. products and osmoregulation. We Although we are still unable to describe 90 e z hypothesised that body size and age of the exact fertilisation mechanism, we i s the parents should affect the growth and speculate that spermatozoa are d 70 o o r

survival of the offspring if the quality of ejaculated into a mixture of ovarian fluid B the brood pouch impacts on the nutrition and eggs, while the male and female are 50 or respiration of the developing in close contact. Thereafter, this mixture embryos. In addition, the fact that the must enter the pouch, whereupon the 30 embryos develop in a brood pouch has spermatozoa encounter seawater. These led to a widespread but poorly founded observations also support the view, 10 Old Young belief that the eggs are fertilised using indirectly inferred in previous Parental group spermatozoa that are deposited directly publications, that sperm competition into the pouch via an internal sperm in seahorses is not only non-existent (A) Brood size comparison between duct. In collaboration with the ZSL but impossible. old and young parents; box-whisker London Zoo Aquarium Team we Even though the fertilisation process plot showing the mean ± s.e.m. investigated (1) the effect of parental age in the yellow seahorse is intricate, these (boxes) and s.d. (whiskers) and body size on growth and survival of fish are nevertheless highly fertile and (F1,10 = 6.45, *P = 0.029) the offspring, and (2) the process of can produce broods that exceed 100 mating and fertilisation in the yellow embryos. The old parents,A however, seahorse Hippocampus kuda.The produced significantly larger broods with seahorses were obtained from a captive- 90% of the offspring surviving for the bred aquarium population that was duration of the 7-week study, compared 1100.0 established at Chester Zoo. When to the smaller broods of the young ) ) % examining the effect of parental age and parents with less than 50% survival of % ( (

l 080.8 l a body size on growth and survival of the the offspring (Figure 2). The growth rates a v v i i v r offspring the old parents were seahorses were also significantly higher in the first v r u u S

that were over 8 months old and had 3 weeks after birth of the offspring from S 060.6 bred previously, while the young parents the old parents compared to the consisted of 3- and 4-month old offspring from the young parents. Our individuals that had not previously bred. findings suggest that male body size, 040.4 Our studies revealed that direct and pouch size and function, may deposition of spermatozoa into the influence the future fitness and survival 1234561 2 3 4 5 6 brood pouch is physically impossible, as of their offspring. AAgege ((weeks)weeks) was previously presumed. In reality, the Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J. spermatozoa must travel a significant and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect of parental age and associated (B) Comparison of offspring survival distance (>4 mm) outside the body of the size on fecundity, growth and survival in the yellow seahorse Hippocampus kuda. Journal of Experimental curves from old (open squares) and male, to reach and fertilise the eggs in Biology 209: 3055-3061. young (solid circles) parents. Least- the pouch. In addition, observations of Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J. squares survival functions (fitted courtship and mating behaviour revealed and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely lines) for offspring from the old route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse. Journal of parents (n = 508, offspring from that the pouch closes immediately after Experimental Biology 210: 432-437. six couples) and young parents mating and that sperm transfer must (n = 263, offspring from six couples). occur within a time window of no more Survival of offspring from young than 6 seconds (Figure 1). Furthermore, parents is significantly poorer than the yellow seahorse produces from old parents (P<0.0001) extraordinarily low quantities of dimorphic spermatozoa with a minimum sperm:egg ratio of <2.5:1.The entire fertilisation process in seahorses is reproductive biology 21 © A n d r e w C u n n i

n Research carried out at IoZ focuses on g h a

m scientific issues relevant to the conservation of species and their habitats. This work directly supports ZSL’s field conservation programmes, ©

S which are currently run in over 30 i m o

n countries worldwide. The combination of G o

o applied and pure research means that d m a

n we are engaged in conservation activities at all points along the spectrum, from genes to ecosystems. Here we describe how research carried out at IoZ underpins conservation policy and practice, and makes it possible to source support and funding for conservation work in range countries in partnership with governments, NGOs and local communities. s n e o m i t m a a v r

r Island Ecosystems g e The Galapagos Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology s

o Laboratory Introduced disease is a global concern

n for the conservation of biodiversity and r represents some of the most serious current and future threats to the unique p o wildlife of Galapagos. Endemic species can suffer when diseases spread from

c domestic animals, while globalisation and climate change increase the risk of contact with new kinds of pathogen,

l disease hosts or vectors. Island species are particularly vulnerable to introduced

s diseases due to their long histories of isolation. The GGEPL project began in

z October 2003, and the new laboratory opened in August 2004. The project grew

© from an Ecuadorian initiative to establish J a

n molecular biology techniques for n a R

i conservation in the archipelago. The s t development of this facility for the Galapagos National Park, combined with building the expertise of Ecuadorian scientists, provides the in situ rapid diagnostic capability required so that

© mitigating action can be taken to control J a n

n potential disease threats to the islands. a R i © s

t GGEPL is a partnership between M a

u Galapagos National Park, the University r u s

M of Leeds, IoZ and the University of s u h

a Guayaquil, Ecuador. Funding for this project was provided through the UK government's Darwin Initiative scheme for the conservation of global biodiversity. www.galapagoslab.org 22 Marine and Freshwater associated with lead ammunition. In documents are essential for defining the collaboration with Natural England, the status of Mongolian biodiversity, raising Deep-sea ecosystems RSPB, the Hawk and Owl Trust, the Welsh awareness and assisting in planning and The deep ocean has an average depth of Kite Trust, Raptor Rescue and the priority setting. ZSL is grateful to the about 3,800 m and makes up about 90% Chilterns Conservation Board, ZSL has World Bank for their support in the of the earth’s biosphere, yet little of this published a leaflet ‘Helping Red Kites’ production of the Red Lists and vast area has been explored. In recent which suggests ways in which the public Summary Conservation Action Plans. years technological advances have can prevent red kites being exposed to allowed us to explore new habitats in the the risk of lead poisoning, for example deep sea including seamounts, cold- by ensuring that shot carcases are not Carnivores and People water coral reefs and coral gardens fed to these birds. formed by octocorals (sea fans and Human impacts on carnivore relatives) and black corals (Antipatharia). biodiversity This year we have completed work on Bushmeat and Forests The presence of unfenced and analysis and modelling of the occurrence uncultivated land outside protected of corals on seamounts with colleagues Indices of hunter effort and areas is important for long-term wildlife in the Census of Marine Life’s (CoML), sustainability in Equatorial Guinea conservation, since these areas provide Census of Seamounts programme. The Hunting to supply the bushmeat trade is refuge and act as buffer zones. In Africa, results of this study have fed into currently one of the greatest threats many such areas are dominated by discussion at the UN General Assembly facing biodiversity in West and Central pastoral communities, who have on impacts of trawling on deep-sea Africa. Unsustainable levels of hunting co-existed with wildlife for many years. communities. We have also employed are believed to threaten the survival of However, in recent decades this DNA barcoding methods to explore the many tropical forest species, and may coexistence has been declining due to species diversity of by-catch from deep- also have important implications for the the replacement of pastoral systems with sea longline fisheries for Patagonian food security and livelihoods of those subsistence and commercial cultivation. toothfish in South Georgia. This study people who use this resource. There is Tarangire Ecosystem in Tanzania allowed us to identify that this region therefore an urgent need to develop provides a good example where land- has a high diversity of octocorals successful initiatives to promote the use change is fast outside the Tarangire (>40 species) with an associated fauna of long-term sustainability of bushmeat National Park. These changes in land use other animals including echinoderms harvest; understanding the impact of affect many carnivores, since they (basket stars, urchins and starfish), bushmeat hunting on wildlife require extensive habitats to survive. polychaete worms and even octopus. In populations will be crucial to achieving Understanding the effects of these European waters DNA barcoding this. The development of techniques that changes on carnivores is fundamental methods have also allowed us to identify allow these impacts to be assessed for developing conservation strategies. new deep-sea species such as hydroids, indirectly without the need for difficult Our study aims to investigate the impact previously thought to represent species and expensive population monitoring of human activities on the abundance common in shallow-water. The richness will greatly enhance our ability to and distribution of carnivores and of species within the deep sea has been manage hunting sustainably. The herbivores in the park and in grazing a surprise and a source of constant concept of Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) areas and farmlands outside the park, fascination for scientists and all is frequently used as an index to evaluate methods for monitoring interested in natural history, but even abundance in fisheries but to date has carnivores and prey, and document these remote habitats are now been little applied to terrestrial the use of carnivores in traditional threatened by climate change. harvesting systems. This project is medicine and other cultural practices evaluating the potential of CPUE as an in the ecosystem. index to the abundance of tropical forest UK Native Species species and therefore as a novel tool for the assessment and management of a Lead poisoning in red kite bushmeat hunting. b The red kite Milvus milvus, the subject of c a reintroduction programme to England d since 1989, feeds on carrion including Deserts and Rangelands non-retrieved shot game and is predicted e to be at risk of lead poisoning. A recent Desert mammals in Mongolia f study examined the threat posed by lead ZSL has been involved in conservation in shot to red kites through radiography of Mongolia through the Steppe Forward (a) El Chato Tortuga – GGEPL vet Marilyn Cruz regurgitated pellets found under a red Programme. Through this work, which kite roost, blood biochemical analyses of primarily focused on the Gobi desert, it (b) Galapagos tortoise health survey red kites destined for reintroduction, and became apparent that many of the desert analyses of the lead content of the liver mammals were experiencing rapid (c) Deep-sea coral community from the Hatton Bank, North East Atlantic. and bone of kites found dead and stored declines. However, the overall C/O DTI SEAS Programme, Bhavani in ZSL’s archive. The results showed that conservation status of Mongolian Narayanaswamy, SAMS, Oban, Scotland lead is a significant cause of death in red mammals was unknown, as a kites. Between 1.5 and 2.3% of pellets comprehensive assessment of their (d) Red kite contained lead shot, 37% of 125 red kites conservation status had never been (e) The field team in Equatorial Guinea had elevated blood lead prior to release, conducted. ZSL in collaboration with and six of 44 red kites had liver lead local partners has addressed this gap by (f) Aardwolf Proteles cristatus levels compatible with lead poisoning. producing the first comprehensive The isotopic signature of the lead in the Mongolian Red List of Mammals as well pellets was similar to that in the livers as Summary Conservation Action Plans suggesting that the lead poisoning was for Mongolian Mammals. These ZSL conservation programmes 23 Volume 1ofthe and thearticle werepublishedin1835 in description ofan Asian lion. The illustration accompany CaptainSmee’s scientific first used asthebasisofacolourillustrationto zoological illustrator. This watercolour was andlimericks,verse began hiscareerasa Edward Lear, better knownforhisnonsense (below) 24 Zoological Society ofLondon LIBRARY Transactions ofthe seen ontheironlinecatalogue to apply. from aroundtheworldarewelcome the ZSLLibraryand access torareitemsheldin privileged S archives ontheNorthern Aviary. Visiting as a Visiting Scholar toresearch the In OctoberHadasSteinerw 60 librariesintheUK. researchers locateserialsheldinover available tooldesignedtohelp SUNCATautumn 2006, isafreely http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/ CA http://library.zsl.org `Art’ intheLibrarycatalogueat using the`switch database’ optionto Trust, isnowonlineandcanbesearched with fundingfromtheMichael Marks A made to Fellows andZSLstaff. issues accessionedand2,375loanswere 4,033journal the onlinecatalogue, 1,500 bookswere addedto During 2006, SUNCAT, thepilot the Libraryhasbeenuploadedto The journalholdingsinformationof main ZSLwebsiteat and prints cholar isanhonorarytitle allowing trial onlineart catalogue,developed T alogue fortheUK,andcannowbe ’ page hasbeenaddedtothe S . erials Arc A www `ZSL drawings hives. Scholarshives. UN . .zsl.or as appointed Launched in ion g . of theLinneaustercentenary. work ofErnestGrisetandacelebration ofZSL anniversary Whipsnade Zoo,the photographs tocelebratethe75th items inourcollection,such asarchival Reception hasbeenusedtoexhibitrare A planning. our futurepreservation/conservation providing detailedreports tohelpinform audit visitbyprofessionalconservators, London fundedafurther preservation MLA (Museums,Libraries, Archives) bequest ofhisbookstotheLibrary. atLondon Zoo1966-2006,keeper left a by theLibrary. Frank Wheeler, aformer staff, byZSLforuse hasbeenreceived Connie Nutkins,aformermemberof A our collection. funds fortheconservationofitems in W genealogical archives. and zoo guides,aswellhistoricaland Meetings, thecor Council minutes,MinutesofS Daily Occurrence books,the19th century visiting theLibrary, mainlytoconsultthe to increasewithavarietyofresearchers Interest inZSL librarians fromElthamCollege. Fellows andFriends ofZSL,andstudent from theNaturalHistoryMuseum, Library tour paintings, archives andbooks. on theZSLwebsite,alsofeaturingrare the month books, arc the Librarywiththeirtime,bydonating Friends ofZSLwhocontinuetosupport v continued helpofourdedicatedteam largest elephantseverheldinazoo ( t A preservedinthe the circus.Hisskeleton, accident inOntario,Canada,whiletouringwith p P to manage andhewas soldfor£2,000 Z w Plantes inParis. Jumbo, amale African elephant, J ( 1865, byErnestGriset Elephants atLondon Zoo, 1843-1907). The elephantonthefarleft is left) hat hisheightwas 3.4metres–oneofthe .T. Barnum,the American showmanandcircus umbo, received in1865 fromtheJardinumbo, received des oreo.I 1885 Jumbo was killedinarailway roprietor. In o oee n1881 hebecamedifficult to oo. Howeverin olunteer merican MuseumofNaturalHistory, indicates as verytractableformostofhistimeatthe e display caseinthenewlyrefurbished from generous bequestof£245,000 are extremelygratefulforthe s hi has continuedtobepopular and themany Fellows and s ves, z were gi ’ s archives hascontinued respondence collection oo ephemeraand ven tolibrarystaf Artefact of cientific f 12 (left)

s Number of publications published by

n 10 o

i MSc graduates 1995 to 2006 t a

c 8 i l

b (below – left to right) u

p 6 Sandra Wenger, Chloe Booth, ZSL’s f o

r Director General Ralph Armond and

e 4

b Anna Wallwork m

u 2 N (below left) 0 Sandra Wenger (MSc Wild Animal 5 4 0 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 2 6 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Health) monitoring an anaesthetised 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 white rhinoceros in South Africa to assess novel anaesthetic methods

Education and training are central to graduates, 68% have entered the wild IoZ’s activities and we have a strong animal health and biology field, forming & g commitment to hosting research projects, a valuable worldwide network of wild particularly those leading to a PhD degree. animal professionals. n

n Our PhD students are co-registered at a i university department but most spend the majority of their time at IoZ. During o the year PhDs were awarded to Tom n

i Charman (University of Cambridge) for

i his research on the conservation ecology and genetics of the great yellow t

a bumblebee Bombus distinguendus;

a Kate Ciborowski (University of Reading)

r for her investigation into patterns of genetic variability during the decline of c

t Iberian Atlantic salmon populations; In partnership with Imperial College Khyne Mar (University College London) London, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew u for her study on the demography and and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, life-history strategies of working timber IoZ has developed a new MSc in elephants in Myanmar; Simon Rees Conservation Science. The course is d (University of Wales, Cardiff) for his aimed at graduates or conservation research on the conservation genetics practitioners wishing to improve their E and ecology of the endangered black existing skills. It is strongly bog ant Formica picea and Chris interdisciplinary, covering both Sandbrook (University College London) socioeconomic and biological analysis, for his analysis of the impacts of tourism as well as providing training in the on gorillas at Bwindi Impenetrable practical skills needed to succeed as a National Park, Uganda. conservation professional. In this way, the course aims to develop abilities not Our MSc courses in Wild Animal Health only in the analysis of conservation and Wild Animal Biology, both jointly run problems, but also in the with the Royal Veterinary College, implementation of solutions. continue to be very popular. Each student carries out a project during the The IoZ annual Student Conference was

© course, increasing numbers of which are held in January. The conference offers S a

n being successfully published in the an opportunity for students to present d r a

W scientific literature, reflecting the high their work in a relatively informal e n g

e calibre of students and the rising atmosphere and for staff and university r standards of teaching and supervision. supervisors to learn about the diverse Project prizes in 2005/06 were presented research undertaken by students at IoZ. for Chloe Booth’s study on the effects of This year’s Daisy Balogh Prize for the marine contaminants on the DNA of best talk was awarded to Nicola Jenner cetaceans, Anna Wallwork’s project on for her talk ‘Insights into the mating the effect of distance and speed of chase system of the black-backed jackal prior to chemical immobilisation on Canis mesomelas revealed using serum myoglobin in black rhinoceros, microsatellite analysis’. and Sandra Wenger’s work on the cardiopulmonary effects on field- anaesthetised white rhinoceros of using a combination of etorphine, azaperone, detomidine and butorphanol. Of 180 library / education and training 25 The Zoological Society of London Postgraduate Research Students Gerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MSc Officers Sophie Allebone-Webb MRes Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Arnaud Bataille BSc Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS (Secretary) Jon Bielby MSc Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) Patricia Brekke BSc Ruth Brown MSc Directors Savrina Carrizo Ralph Armond (Director General) Thomas Charman BA • Glyn Davies PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) • Natalie Cooper MSc David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Ian Craigie MSc Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) • Daria Dadam MSc Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Amelia Dickman MSc Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director) Amanda Duffus Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Jon Epstein Emily Fitzherbert MSc Nicholas Hill MSc Elise Huchard MSc ZSL/University of Cambridge Nicola Jenner BSc Joint Committee Andrew King BSc Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Professor Sir Brian Heap CBE FRS, University of Cambridge Khyne Mar MSc • (Chairman) Maurus Msuha MSc

, Dr Bill Amos PhD, University of Cambridge Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL Robert Pickles

s Simon Rees BSc •

e Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Janna Rist BSc Dr Tony Fincham BSc PhD Chris Sandbrook MSc • t Nana Satake MRes

c Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Professor Michael Hassell FRS, Imperial College London Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Joseph Smith MSc Gordon Smith BSc n

n Amber Teacher BSc MRes Susan Walker BSc e Institute of Zoology Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc a

Head of the Institute of Zoology Administrative, Support and Technical Staff Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) d Tim Blackburn DPhil Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT (Assistant Institute Administrator) n Senior Research Staff Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Science/Head of Institute and Senior Staff)

u Peter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and

r Macroecology Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator – Chris Carbone DPhil, Postgraduate Tutor Information Systems)

t Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Breda Farrell (General Technician) e Population Ecology Jenny Fulford (Editorial Assistant) • David Hitchcock (Senior Workshop Technician) s Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, Theme Leader, Sarah Holbrook (Living Planet Index Administrator)

v Wildlife Epidemiology Sarah Durant PhD Louise McRae (Living Planet Index Administrator) William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Biology Julie Phillips BA PGCE (Administrative Assistant) • Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS Mala Ram (Indicators & Assessments Unit Administrator) & o William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability Research Technicians Richard Pettifor DPhil, Theme Leader, Population and Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Programme Manager)

g Community Ecology • Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician) f Alex D Rogers PhD Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician) Jinliang Wang PhD Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician)

f Johanna Nielsen (Research Technician) Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhD a Jonathan Baillie PhD Honorary Research Fellows Elizabeth Boakes PhD • Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge

t Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhD Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool James Bull PhD • Professor Michael Bruford, University of Cardiff Professor Roger Butlin, University of Sheffield s Kate Ciborowski PhD Ben Collen PhD Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA Roslyn Elliott PhD Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London John Ewen PhD Professor John Gittleman, University of Georgia, USA Robert Ewers PhD Professor Rhys Green, University of Cambridge Trenton Garner PhD Professor Katherine Homewood, University College London Clyde Hutchinson PhD • Dr Rufus Johnstone, University of Cambridge Nick Isaac PhD Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Kate Jones PhD Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London Noëlle Kümpel PhD • Dr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Rhiannon Lloyd PhD Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Dr Robert Simmons, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Marcus Rowcliffe PhD South Africa Anna Santure PhD Professor Rene Stet, University of Aberdeen Seirian Sumner PhD Dr Simon Thirgood, Macauley Institute Samuel Turvey DPhil Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter Katrien Van Look PhD Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College

Postgraduate Research Assistants and Vets Honorary Research Associates Yedra Feltrer Rambaud MSc MRCVS • Teresa Abáiger PhD Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Boris Dzyuba PhD Iain McGill BSc BVetMed MRCVS • Simon Goodman PhD Fieke Molenaar Marcella Kelly PhD Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVS Heather Koldeway PhD Nana Satake MRes Jonathan Loh PhD Valerie Olson PhD Giovanni Pastorino MSc Nilendran Prathalingam PhD Sebastien Regnaut PhD 26 Scientific Publications and Meetings Others working at the Institute, including volunteers working on projects in the field Journals and Meetings Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings) Hajir Al-khaiurlla Marianne James Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Zoo Yearbook) Mark Ambrus Carlos Filipe Justo Moura Lucinda Haines BSc (Scientific Journals Administrator) Claudia Amphlett Janien Kamps Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Coordinator) Julie Anderson Jos Kielgast Jaime Andres Cabrera Melissa Kyriakos Editors Journal of Zoology Tzo Tze Ang Susana La Falci Ian Boyd PhD DSc (Editor-in-Chief) Sayako Arai Julia Latham Nigel Bennett PhD Alistair Auffret Yiming Li Juliet Clutton-Brock PhD DSc • Elena Badia Nicola Lipczynski Robert Elwood PhD • Juliana Berrio Jonathan Loh Tim Halliday MA DPhil Holly Bik Alanna Maltby Andrew Kitchener PhD Chloe Booth Harry Marshall Philip Rainbow PhD DSc David Bowden Laura Martinez Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD Brenna Boyle Veronica Melchionda Gunther Zupanc PhD Andrew Breed Victoria Morgan Jon Bridle Linus Munishi Editors Animal Conservation George Busby Lenke Nealova Guy Cowlishaw PhD Damien Caillaud Deise Nichimura Keith Crandall PhD • Nicholas Camara Margaret Nyokabi Trenton Garner PhD Claudia Carraro Kim O’Connor John Gittleman PhD Jaya Carrier Ciara O’Dea Todd Katzner PhD Bernadette Carroll Valerie Olson E J Milner-Gulland PhD • Phillip Cassey Cecilia Orme Karen Mock PhD Anna Chenery Jenny Paola Gallo Santos Sally Cheung Giovanni Pastorino Emily Coleman Hannah Peck Library Esther Flores Couce Kirsi Peck Pilar Coy Laura Pettiti Anne Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Melissa Cuke Emilio Rendon-Franco Michael Palmer MA (Archivist) Olivia Daniel Mer Richardson Marie Monaghan BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian) Tim Davies Agnes Rocha-Gosselin James Godwin (Library Assistant) Jane Dayanna Guerrero Perez Judith Schleicher Angelica Diaz Paul Scofield Thomas Doherty-Bone Jennifer Sears Emily Dolan Laura Simpson • departures Caitlin Douglas Sarah Stebbing Kate Douglas David Stonehill Trevorne Douglas Abigel Szodoray-Paradi Boris Dzyuba Kelly Thurston Catrin Egerton Sandra Tranquilli Sandra Patricia Escudero Paez Carly Waterman G Francesco Ficetola Hazel Watson Katie Frith Margaret Waweru Jennifer Gilbert Oliver Wearn Smita Gogoi Aidan Weatherill Annemarie Greenwood Ann Weddle Kate Harris Penny Wilson David Hayman Susan Wilson Judit Hidalgo Vila Helen Womack Anne Hilborn Sally Wren Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Tara Zamin Ulrike Irlich Miho Ishida

governance, staff and students 27 Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN CSIRO Australian Animal Health Idea Wild (USA) Jaguar density, prey Sampled Red List Index Laboratory (Australia) Anthropogenic availability and hunting pressure in the ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled change and emerging zoonotic Colombian Amazon Red List Index paramyxovirus; Conservation of Gyps Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socio- spp. vultures in India; Ecology and economic models of Amazonian Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat evolution of infectious diseases in deforestation biodiversity: indicators of sustainable mammalian mating and social systems IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival development in Eastern Europe; Bat by epididymal and oviduct epithelial ultrasonic acoustic monitoring Department of Fisheries and Wildlife cells protocols Habitat use of tigers in altered Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of landscapes and monitoring of cryptic survival by epididymal and oviduct Gyps spp. vultures in India mammals epithelial cells BirdLife International Global biodiversity Desert Research Foundation of Namibia INPA (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic hotspots; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Functional response mechanisms in models of Amazonian deforestation Bombay Natural History Society (India) social foragers; Optimisation and social Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in constraints in group-living vertebrates; la Nature (Democratic Republic of India; Impact of vulture declines on Coordination of social foragers in Congo) Development of a monitoring public and animal health in India patchy environments; MHC, parasite and training unit for the World Heritage Borugo Ltda (Colombia) Jaguar density, loads, and mate choice in desert Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo prey availability and hunting pressure baboons Institut National Agronomique Paris- in the Colombian Amazon Downstream Research Group (USA) Grignon (France) Dynamics of species British Antarctic Survey Conservation of the Yangtze River extinctions Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems dolphin Institute for Animal Health Effects of south of the Polar Front Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust climate change and globalisation on British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Chytridiomycosis emergence in disease emergence

s Building capacity and determining Dominica; Spatial organisation and Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and disease threats to Galapagos taxa disease transmission in black-backed Cryomedicine – National Academy of British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird jackal; EDGE of Existence: solenodon Sciences (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics Health Initiative; Long-term research on programme of euryhaline fish species in fresh

n the Gulf of Guinea islands waters of the Ukraine Bulgarian National Museum of Natural Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic History Monitoring bat biodiversity: (Spain) Reproductive studies in change and emerging zoonotic indicators of sustainable development in gazelles paramyxovirus o Eastern Europe European Bird Census Council Living Institute of Hydrobiology Conservation of

i Planet Index the Yangtze River dolphin Canterbury Museum (New Zealand) European Environment Agency IUCN Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Extinct birds and bird extinctions in the Sampled Red List Index Sciences (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential t South Pacific of whale watching; Determining age Care for the Wild International Farmed Environment Company Ltd structure of cetacean populations using

a Comparative demography of elephants Management of bumblebee habitat in telomeres as a biological clock in European zoos and range states agricultural landscapes IUCN SSC Global Mammal Assessment; Center of Expertise for Rabies CFIA/ACIA Fauna and Flora International Conservation of the Yangtze River

r (Canada) Impact of vulture declines on Chytridiomycosis emergence in dolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; public and animal health in India Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in EDGE of Extinction: golden-rumped Central Science Laboratory Garden Bird altered landscapes and monitoring of elephant shrew programme (Afrotheria Health Initiative; Health surveillance for cryptic mammals; EDGE of Existence: Specialist Group) o species recovery programmes pygmy hippopotamus programme Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) - FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index Kenya Wildlife Service EDGE of Existence:

b NERC Management of bumblebee Fisheries Research Services Odorant hirola programme habitat in agricultural landscapes; receptor gene expression in homing in Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health Effects of spatial scale on population Atlantic salmon and reproduction in elephant a abundance and dynamics; Health Forestry and Wildlife Division, populations in Asia surveillance for species recovery Commonwealth of Dominica

l programmes Chytridiomycosis emergence in Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Dominica Therapeutics DNA damage and cancer: Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Cetacean Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) a biomolecular approach to l strandings investigation; IUCN Sampled Long-term demography of the Serengeti understanding urogenital carcinoma in Red List Index cheetah population California sea lions Centre National de la Recherche Leuser Development Programme Habitat o Scientifique (France) Long-term Galapagos Conservation Trust Building use of tigers in altered landscapes and research on the Gulf of Guinea islands capacity and determining disease monitoring of cryptic mammals Charles Darwin Research Station threats to Galapagos taxa C (Galapagos) Ecology, adaptation and Galapagos National Park Building Marine Environmental Monitoring evolution in invasive ants capacity and determining disease Cetacean strandings investigation Chester Zoological Gardens threats to Galapagos taxa; West Nile Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA Chytridiomycosis emergence in virus emergence in Galapagos; damage and cancer: a biomolecular Dominica Genetics, parasitology and ecology of approach to understanding urogenital Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health mosquito spp.: impacts of disease carcinoma in California sea lions; and reproduction in elephant vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos Phylogeographic patterns of disease populations in Asia Genus-ABS Ltd Enhancement of sperm occurrence in California sea lions Chinese Academy of Sciences North cell survival by epididymal and oviduct Martin Luther University of Halle American bullfrogs as potential epithelial cells Wittenberg (Germany) Regional Red Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Gobabeb Training and Research Centre Listing reservoirs in China (Namibia) Spatial organisation and Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual Conservation International IUCN Sampled disease transmission in black-backed selection and the hihi Red List Index; Global Mammal jackal; Coordination of social foragers Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Assessment; Global biodiversity in patchy environments; MHC, parasite Conservation and molecular ecology of hotspots; Spatial patterns of hunting loads, and mate choice in desert Round Island petrels and sustainability in Rio Muni; baboons Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Evaluating dependence on wild foods Great Gobi Biosphere Protection Government of the Republic of Namibia among the rural poor in Central Africa; (Mongolia) Regional Red Listing Coordination of social foragers in EDGE of Existence: echidna programme Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat patchy environments; MHC, parasite Consortium for Conservation Medicine biodiversity: indicators of sustainable loads, and mate choice in desert (USA) Effects of climate change and development in Eastern Europe baboons globalisation on disease emergence; Group on Earth Observations Secretariat Ministry of Nature and Environment Ecology of henipavirus in Bangladesh IUCN Sampled Red List Index Mongolia Regional Red Listing Mongolian Academy of Sciences Regional Harvard Medical School (USA) Red Listing Anthropogenic change and emerging Moredun Research Institute zoonotic paramyxovirus Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels

28 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Royal Society for the Protection of Birds UNESCO ‘Conservation in Crisis’ (Spain) Emergence of Batrachochytrium Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in Programme Monitoring and training dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife India; Garden Bird Health Initiative; unit for the World Heritage Sites of toad Impact of vulture declines on public Democratic Republic of Congo National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of health in India; Health surveillance for Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) Gyps spp. vultures in India species recovery programmes; The UK Enhancement of sperm cell survival by National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled house sparrow population decline; epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Red List Index Living Planet Index Universidad Complutense de Madrid National University of Mongolia Regional Royal Veterinary College Maximising (Spain) Ecology and evolution of Red Listing semen performance during and after introduced avian malaria Natural England Assessing the impact of cryopreservation; Cetacean strandings Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis investigation; Enhancement of sperm Wildlife immunogenetics emergence in Britain; Health surveillance cell survival by epididymal and oviduct Universidad Nacional de Colombia Jaguar for species recovery programmes epithelial cells; Optimisation and social density, prey availability and hunting Natural History Museum Cetacean constraints in group-living vertebrates; pressure in the Colombian Amazon strandings investigation; The Frozen Ark Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels Universities Federation for Animal Welfare project Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation Impact (UFAW) Garden Bird Health Initiative; Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled and sustainability of hunting in Cetacean strandings investigation Red List Index Colombia University of Aberdeen CET-LIFE, Cetacean NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List life history, ecology and movements in Index Salmonella Reference Unit, Health European Atlantic waters; Evolutionary New South Wales Zoological Parks Board Protection Agency Garden Bird Health dynamics of major histocompatibility (Australia) Semen freezing in Initiative genes in Arctic charr macropods Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean University of Birmingham Global New York State Department of Health strandings investigation; Garden Bird biodiversity hotspots; Sexual selection (USA) West Nile virus emergence in Health Initiative and the hihi; Extinction, island Galapagos Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory biogeography and community structure North of England Zoological Society Garden Bird Health Initiative in island birds; Ecology and evolution of Comparative jaguar abundance in Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean introduced avian malaria Colombian Amazonia strandings investigation University of Bristol Evolution of Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute echolocation in bats; Sampled Red List Index (USA) Genetics of caste determination Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) EDGE in polistine wasps; Hierarchical socio- south of the Polar Front of Existence: hirola programme economic models of Amazonian University of California (USA) DNA Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife deforestation damage and cancer: a biomolecular Service (Australia) Bioregional patterns State University of New York (USA) IUCN approach to understanding urogenital of extinction in Australian mammals Sampled Red List Index carcinoma in California sea lions; Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red Ecology and evolution of introduced Organizacion Aviatur (Colombia) Jaguar List Index; Living Planet Index avian malaria density, prey availability and hunting Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use of University of Cambridge MHC, parasite pressure in the Colombian Amazon tigers in altered landscapes and loads, and mate choice in desert Oxford Brooks University EDGE of Existence: monitoring of cryptic mammals baboons; Functional response loris programme Swedish Museum of Natural History mechanisms in social foragers Sexual selection and the hihi (baboons); Optimisation and social Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health constraints in group-living vertebrates; surveillance for species recovery Tanzania National Parks Long-term Wildlife immunogenetics: understanding programmes demography of the Serengeti cheetah neutral and functional genetic influences Palaecol Research Ltd (New Zealand) population; National Conservation Action on pathogen resistance; Susceptibilities Extinct birds and bird extinctions in the Plan for Tanzanian mammals; A national of species to human disturbances; Long- South Pacific plan for carnivore conservation in term research on the Gulf of Guinea Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguar Tanzania islands; The Frozen Ark project; density, prey availability and hunting Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long- Assessing the effectiveness of parks in pressure in the Colombian Amazon term demography of the Serengeti maintaining biodiversity; Towards a People’s Trust for Endangered Species cheetah population; National deeper understanding of extinction; Health surveillance for species recovery Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian Sexual selection in hihi programmes mammals; A national plan for carnivore University of Canterbury (New Zealand) Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre conservation in Tanzania The Hope River Forest Fragmentation Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A Project India national plan for carnivore conservation University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia) Prince of Songkla University (Thailand) in Tanzania EDGE of Existence: echidna programme EDGE of Existence: bumblebee bat Thompson Rivers University (Canada) University of Columbia (USA) Effects of programme Dispersal, population genetics and climate change and globalisation on Princeton University (USA) Anthropogenic disease survey of endangered disease emergence change and emerging zoonotic rattlesnakes University of Copenhagen (Denmark) paramyxovirus; Ecology and evolution of Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in altered Chytridiomycosis in Kenya infectious diseases in mammalian landscapes and monitoring of cryptic University of Cork (Ireland) Cetacean mating and social systems; Effects of mammals strandings investigation climate change and globalisation on Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) disease emergence Coordination of social foragers in patchy environments; Optimisation and social Queensland Department of Environment constraints in group-living vertebrates; and Heritage (Australia) Susceptibilities MHC, parasite loads, and mate choice in of species to human disturbances desert baboons; Functional response Queensland Department of Primary mechanisms in social foragers Industries (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic Umengo (Mongolia) Regional Red Listing paramyxovirus UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessing the effectiveness of Romanian Bat Protection Organisation parks in maintaining biodiversity; Monitoring bat biodiversity: indicators of IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living sustainable development in Eastern Planet Index Europe Rothamsted Research Management of bumblebee habitat in agricultural landscapes Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled Red List Index Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red List Index

collaborations 29 University of East Anglia Management of Susceptibilities of species to human University of Stirling Comparative bumblebee habitat in agricultural disturbances; Determinants of demography of elephants in European landscapes; Relatedness and pathogen distribution and prevalence in zoos and range states information in reproductive conflicts in a multi-host and island system; Sexual University of Sussex Communication social groups; Multiple mating in topi selection and extinction in birds; networks in African elephants antelopes; Garden Bird Health Initiative; Evaluating dependence on wild foods University of Swansea Patterns of genetic Pigs, palms, people and tigers: among the rural poor in Central Africa; variability during population decline in integrating conservation and commerce Spatial patterns of hunting and Iberian Atlantic salmon in Sumatra sustainability in Rio Muni; Disease University of Victoria (Canada) University of Edinburgh Implications of susceptibility of three amphibian Determinants of pathogen distribution dog-wildlife coexistence for species; Wildlife management and prevalence in a multihost and conservation and public health; Impact indicators for timber certification in island system of vulture declines on public and West African forests; Emergence of University of Virginia (USA) Energetic animal health Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the constraints on animal ecology; Ecology in India Mallorcan midwife toad; Ecological and evolution of infectious diseases in University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of and genetic determinants of mammalian mating and social systems; tigers in altered landscapes and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Effects of spatial scale on population monitoring of cryptic mammals emergence in European amphibian abundance and dynamics University of Girona (Spain) populations; Ecology of henipavirus University of Washington (USA) Long- Enhancement of sperm cell survival by in Bangladesh term demography of the Serengeti epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells University of London, Queen Mary and cheetah population University of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Westfield College Population and University of Wisconsin (USA) Effects of Building capacity and determining immunocompetent genetic variation: climate change and globalisation on disease threats to Galapagos taxa; West a field-based study; Conservation and disease emergence Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; molecular ecology of Round Island University of Zurich (Switzerland) Genetics, parasitology and ecology of petrels; Molecular and adaptive genetic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis mosquito spp.: impacts of disease variation of ranavirus in the UK; emergence in European amphibian vectors on biodiversity on Galapagos Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels populations University of Guelph (Canada) University of Makerere (Uganda) Living US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red Comparative demography of elephants Planet Index List Index in European zoos and range states University of Malaya (Malaysia) Utrecht University (The Netherlands) University of Kent Spatial organisation Anthropogenic change and emerging Health and reproduction in elephant and disease transmission in black- zoonotic paramyxovirus populations in Asia backed jackal; Emergence of University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Sampled Red List Index Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean Mallorcan midwife toad University of Montpellier (France) MHC, strandings investigation; Health University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South parasite loads and mate choice in surveillance for species recovery Africa) MHC, parasite loads, and mate desert baboons programmes choice in desert baboons University of Murcia (Spain) Veterinary Services Division, Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Commonwealth of Dominica University of Las Palmas (Spain) epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells (Dominica) Chytridiomycosis Cetacean strandings investigation University of Natal (South Africa) emergence in Dominica University of Leeds Ecology, adaptation Dynamics of species extinctions and evolution in invasive ants; West University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic Waikato Institute of Technology (New Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; constraints on animal ecology Zealand) The Hope River Forest Genetics, parasitology and ecology of University of Newcastle Fragmentation Project mosquito spp.: impacts of disease Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology Phenotypic and transcriptomic University of Leicester Population of poxviruses in squirrels responses to microparasite and genetics and phylogeography of the University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark macroparasite co-infection in zebrafish European bitterling project Wild Camel Protection Foundation EDGE of University of Liverpool Garden Bird University of Oxford Habitat use of tigers Existence: Bactrian camel programme Health Initiative; Cetacean strandings in altered landscapes and monitoring of Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) investigation; Effects of climate change cryptic mammals; Camera trapping as a Long-term demography of the and globalisation on disease census tool; IUCN Sampled Red List Serengeti cheetah population; National emergence; Phenotypic and Index Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian transcriptomic responses to University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone mammals; Investigating human–large microparasite and macroparasite assay service; Reproductive and density carnivore conflict in Tanzania; Human co-infection in zebrafish; Stochasticity assessment of wild red deer in relation impacts on carnivore biodiversity in in macroparasite community to landscape Tanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal population dynamics; The UK house University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) prey conservation in Amazonia; Wildlife sparrow population decline Health and reproduction in elephant Picture Index; Regional Red Listing; University of London, University College populations in Asia Kaplan Awards Program Coordination of social foragers in University of Queensland (Australia) Wildlife Institute of India Monitoring patchy environments; Jaguar, ocelot Semen freezing in macropods tigers, large mammals and and mammal prey conservation in University of Reading Patterns of genetic human–wildlife conflict in India Amazonia; Investigating key variability during population decline in Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre determinants of human-large carnivore Iberian Atlantic salmon Garden Bird Health Initiative conflict in Tanzania; Social and University of San Diego (USA) Energetic Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) ecological dynamics of the bushmeat constraints on animal ecology Long-term demography of the trade: commodity chains and University of Saskatchewan (Canada) Serengeti cheetah population sustainability; Development of a Cetacean strandings investigation; World Wildlife Fund Development and monitoring and training unit for the Effects of climate change and implementation of the Living Planet World Heritage Sites of Democratic globalisation on disease emergence Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Republic of Congo; Matrix effects on University of Sheffield A postgenomic Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution the metapopulation dynamics of the approach to the role of odour and of nest-drifting by workers of the black-and-white colobus monkey in the gustatory receptors in Drosophila tropical paper wasp coastal forests of Kenya; Human speciation; Enhancement of sperm cell impacts on carnivore biodiversity in survival by epididymal and oviduct ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Tanzania; Effects of climate change and epithelial cells; Global biodiversity Conservation (Italy) Is disease an globalisation on disease emergence. hotspots undetected extinction threat to the University of London, Imperial College University of Southampton endangered Sardinian newt? Effects of private ecotourism operations Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems on a subsistence fishing community; south of the Polar Front Economics of wild meat consumption; University of St Andrews A postgenomic Energetic constraints on animal approach to the role of odour and ecology; Habitat requirements of gustatory receptors in Drosophila Sumatran mammals in human-altered speciation; Patterns of genetic landscapes; Global biodiversity variability during population decline in hotspots; Macroecology and Iberian Atlantic salmon; IUCN Sampled macroevolution of mammals; Red List Index; Living Planet Index

30 staff Representation Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee; Assessments Biodiversity Red List Working Group; Member, Cetaceans) Group ontheImpactofS P of theSea International Councilfor Exploration Member) Andrew Cunningham(Committee Int William Holt(Member, SteeringGroup) Frozen Ark Ex Advisory Group;Reviewer, Statutoryand Surveillance Strategy;Member Group onQuality Andrew Cunningham(Member Rur Food and Department for Environment, K Andrew Cunningham(Associate); C C J C M C Paul Jepson (Member) C Advisor) BlackburnTim (InternationalScience Centre ofExcellence for Invasion Biology S C BlackburnTim (Member, Steering Centre for Ecology andEvolution M G B B B W BritishSociety Andrology J B Kate Jones (Trustee) Bat Conservation UK Trust, A ( A Professional affiliations S Jonathan Baillie(Coordinator, IUCN V and CatSpecialistGroups;Member Gerardo Acosta-Jamett (Member, Deer IUCN SSC British Section) Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for of SocialInsects International Unionfor theStudy Advisory Commit Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific International Foundation for Science Regulatory Committee) William Holt(Co-chair, CANDES Int the Northern BaldIbis USA Managers Group A UK andIreland) onathan Baillie(Member) o aul Jepson (Member, Ad-hoc Advisory eterinary Specialist Group); ampled R ate J ommittee onConservationOutcomes) ommittee); Kate Jones (Member, teering Committee) iodiversity Indicators Partnership ushmeat Working Group ushmeat Working onsortium for Conservation Medicine, harity Archivists andRecords etacean andMarine Turtle Biodiversity onserv ritish Veterinary ZoologicalSociety ecki Lawson(CouncilMember) ction PlanSteering Group nimal HealthInformation Specialists nn Sylph (Member) uy Cowlishaw(Member); ichael Palmer (Member) arcus Rowcliffe (Member) illiam Holt(Chairman) nathan Baillie(Member otic DiseaseResearch Programme) er er al national national Embry Affairs ones (Associate) ation Int ed ListIndex;Co-c A dvisory Group for e tee) rnational Assurance, Veterinary o T r ansfer Society onar on , Steering hair , , TB Advisory , IUCN , C G M Office International desEpizooties (Member) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse M A Linnean Society P B G Leverhulme Trust Bec Zoological Education Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Group on Andrew Cunningham(Member, W J Wildlif Advisory Committee) Guy Cowlishaw(Member, Conference Science Student Conference onConservation William Holt(Trustee) Sheep Alex R Observing Marine Life SCOR Panel onNew Technologies for Fellowships AwardPanel) William Holt(Member, International Royal Society Sarah Durant(Trustee) South Africa Nature Conservation Trust, P Alex Rogers(Member, Review College); College); P Nat Reviewers fortheCanadaResearch Chairs) William Jordan (Member, Collegeof Resear National ScienceandEngineering S International Advisor, Veterinary K Mexican SocietyofMar Assessments Sub-Committee) S ( B Marine Programme onHighSeas Invertebrate Red List Authority; Advisor, S Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera D R G S Conservation BreedingSpecialistGroup); Veterinary SpecialistGroup;Member, A C U Red ListIndex Working Group;Member, Specialist Group);BenCollen(Member, J A H A Member, Veterinary SpecialistGroup); akob Bro-Jørgensen(Member, Antelope onathan Baillie(S eer Review College) eter Bennett (Member, Peer Review rizes inZoology) am Turvey (Member, Biodiversity eintroduction SpecialistGroup); arah Durant(Member, CatSpecialist arina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member,arina Acevedo-Whitehouse iodiversity); Anthony Sainsbury Anthony iodiversity); oard forthePhilipLeverhulme pecialist Group) onservation BreedingSpecialistGroup); pecialist Group;Member, Biodiversity lassification Schemes Working Group); ada Gottelli (Member, CanidSpecialist ndrew Cunningham(Member, lex Rogers(Fellow) istorical Extinctions Advisory Panel); lex Rogers(Member, Marine ssessments Sub-Committee; Advisor, roup); Peter Bennett (Member, roup); John Ewen(Member, uy Cowlishaw(Member, Advisory sers sers Working Group;Member, arine MammalSociety ember, Regional Red List Working or ki Lawson(Council Member) ur ld Or al En eDirect ogers (Viceogers Chair) T c r h ust g William Jordan (Member, Peer Council, Amphibian Diseases) anisation f vir onment Research Council Canada cientific or Animal Health, or Animal i ne Mast Advisor) Ad hoc oz o olog y Global Ecology andBiogeography BlackburnTim (Editor) E Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor) A E Board; Review Editor) Andrew Cunningham(Member, Editorial EcoHealth B A Diseases of Aquatic Organisms W C A book series C B G Biological Reviews W A Trent Garner(Editor) Nick Isaac(Member, EditorialBoard), B C T A Editorial positions Alex Rogers(Sub-Editor) Linnean Society Zoological Journal ofthe William Holt(Member, EditorialBoard) Repr Guy Cowlishaw(Member, EditorialBoard) BiologicalSciences B: Pr Peter Bennett (AcademicEditor) PLoS ONE T P Journal ofZoology P Journal of Animal Ecology R Insect Conservation andDiversity K T collaborations /staff representation rent Garner(Member eter Bennet eter Bennet volutionary Ecology Research ndangered SpeciesResearch im Blackburn (Member, EditorialBoard); im Blac obert (Editor) Ewers a oard); GuyCowlishaw(Editor); oard) hristopher Carbone(Member, Editorial oard; Review Editor onservation ScienceandPractice ryobiology ndrew Cunningham(Editor); ndrew Cunningham(Member, Editorial nimal Reproduction Science lex Rogers(Series Editor) nimal Conservation uy Cowlishaw(Member, Editorial oceedings oftheRoyal Society illiam Holt(Member, EditorialBoard) illiam Holt(Member, EditorialBoard) te J oduction ones (AssociateEditor) k burn (Editor); t t (Member, EditorialBoard); (Associate Editor) , Editorial Board) 31 Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham, Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M. Ewers, R.M., Kliskey, A., Walker, S., Rutledge, A.A. (2006) Is MHC enough for understanding (2007) The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biology D., Harding, J.S. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Past wildlife immunogenetics? Trends in Ecology 5(2): e22. and future trajectories of forest loss in New and Evolution 21: 433-438. Zealand. Biological Conservation 133: 312-325. Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Karadas, F. and Hauber, Akçakaya, H.R., Butchart, S.H.M., Mace, G.M., M.E. (2006) Repeatability of laboratory Ewers, R. M. and Laurance, W.F. (2006) Scale- Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C. (2006) Use measurements for maternally derived yolk dependent patterns of deforestation in the and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in carotenoid concentrations in bird eggs. Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Conservation projecting climate change impacts on Australian Journal of Zoology 54(6): 381-384. 33: 203-211. biodiversity. Global Change Biology 12: 2037- 2043. Clarke, A., Johnston, N.M., Murphy, E.J. and Ewers, R.M. and Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2006) Rogers, A.D. (2007) Introduction. Antarctic Letter – Speaking different languages on Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, ecology from genes to ecosystems: the impact biodiversity. Nature 443: 506. G. (2007) Does the matrix matter? A forest of climate change and the importance of scale. primate in a complex agricultural landscape. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Ewers, R.M. and Smith, R.J. (2007) Choice of Biological Conservation 135: 212-222. of London Series B 362: 5-9. index determines the relationship between corruption and environmental sustainability. Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, Cooper, A.B., Pettorelli, N. and Durant, S.M. Ecology and Society 12: r2. G. (2007) The Angola black-and-white colobus (2007) Large carnivore menus: factors affecting (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in Kenya: hunting decisions by cheetahs in the Serengeti. 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s success, is jointly affected by postglacial impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked colonization and isolation in the threatened frog, Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Rana latastei. Molecular Ecology 16: 1787-1797. Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, Management 7: 177-187. G.R. (2006) Molecular detection of marine Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The

n nematodes from environmental samples: Cruz-Neto, A.P. and Jones, K.E. (2006) relationship between the introduction of overcoming eukaryotic interference. Aquatic Exploring the evolution of the basal metabolic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the Microbial Ecology 44: 97-103. rates of bats. In Functional and Evolutionary international trade in amphibians and Ecology of Bats: 56-89. Zubaid, A., McCracken, introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biology Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., G.F. and Kunz, T.H. (Eds). New York: Oxford o Reviews 21: 2-9. Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, University Press. G.R. (2006) Development and evaluation of a

i Fraser, K.P.P. and Rogers, A.D. (2007) Protein DNA-barcoding approach for the rapid Cuthbert, R., Green, R.E., Ranade, S., metabolism in marine animals: the underlying identification of marine nematodes. Marine Saravanan, S., Pain, D.J., Prakash, V. and mechanism of growth. Advances in Marine Ecology – Progress Series 320: 1-9. Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Rapid population Biology 52: 267-362. t declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., percnopterus) and red-headed vulture Garcia de Leaniz, C., Fleming, I.A., Einum, S., Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, (Sarcogyps calvus) in India. Animal Verspoor, E., Jordan, W.C., Consuegra, S.,

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l empirical reevaluation. American Naturalist Fisher, M.C. (2006) The emerging amphibian 169: 748-757. Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Storch, D., Olson, pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T-S., globally infects introduced populations of the Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Beck, R.M.D., Cardillo, Rasmussen, P.C., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., b North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. M., Gittleman, J.L., Grenyer, R., Jones, K.E., Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2007) Topography, Biology Letters 2: 455-459. Mace, G.M., Price, S.A. and Purvis, A. (2006) energy and the global distribution of bird The Tree of Life: deciphering the puzzle of species richness. Proceedings of the Royal Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant, relationships between mammals using u Society of London Series B 274: 1189-1197. S.M. (2007) Genetic analysis reveals supertrees. In The Encyclopedia of Mammals: promiscuity among female cheetahs. 32-33. Macdonald, D. (Ed.). 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(2007) Jordan, W.C., Cross, T. and Stet, R.J.M. (2007) An investigation of inbreeding depression and Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F.,Thomas, purging in captive pedigreed populations. histocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild. G.H., Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E., Heredity 98(3): 172-182. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Olson, V.A., Ridgely, R.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Series B 274: 861-869. Bridle, J.R. and Vines, T.H. (2007) Limits to Ding,T-S., Bennett, P.M.,Blackburn,T.M., Gaston, K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006) evolution at range margins: when and why Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Global distribution and conservation of rare does adaptation fail?Trends in Ecology and Koldeway, H.J. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect of and threatened vertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96. 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Johnston, S.D., MacCallum, C., Blyde, D., Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Nicol, C., Bull, J.C., Pickup, N.J., Pickett, B., Hassell, M.P. McClean, R., Lisle, A. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Armstrong, D.P. and Alley, M. (2007) and Bonsall, M.B. (2007) Metapopulation An investigation into the similarities and Salmonella typhimurium in hihi, New Zealand. extinction risk is increased by environmental differences governing the cryopreservation Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(5): 788-790. stochasticity and assemblage complexity. success of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus: Goldfuss) and common wombat (Vombatus Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Ewers, R.M. (2007) Deforesting the Earth: From ursinus: Shaw) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 53: Series B 274: 87-96. Prehistory to Global Crisis. An Abridgement 218-228. (Book Review). Environmental Conservation Butchart, S.H.M., Akçakaya, H.R., Chanson, J., 34: 83-84. Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B., Quader, S., Turner, W. R., Amin, R., Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C. (2007) Improvements to the Red List Index. PLoS ONE 2(1): e140. 32 publications Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H., Sandbrook, C. and Semple, S. (2006) The rules and the PhD Theses Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006) reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus tracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40(4): 428-433. Charman, T. (2006) Conservation ecology and genetics spread to Galapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 1224- Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W., Workman, of the great yellow bumblebee (Bombus 1231. King, A. J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to use V.L., Holt, W.V., van Aerle, R., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R. distinguendus). University of Cambridge, UK. social information: the advantage of large group size (2007) Gonadal transcriptome responses and in individual decision-making. Biology Letters 3: physiological consequences of exposure to oestrogen Ciborowski, K. (2007) Patterns of genetic variability 137-139. in breeding zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology during the decline of Iberian Atlantic salmon 83: 134-142. populations. University of Reading, UK. Kirkwood, J.K. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Portrait of prion diseases in zoo animals. In Prions in Humans Santos, E.M., Workman, V.L., Paull, G.C., Filby, A.L., Van Mar, K. (2007) The demography and life history and Animals: 250-256. Hornlimann, B., Riesner, D. and Look, K.J.W., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R. (2007) Molecular strategies of timber elephants in Myanmar. University Kretzschmar, H. (Eds). Berlin and New York: Walter de basis of sex and reproductive status in breeding College London, UK. Gruyter. zebrafish. Physiological Genomics 30: 111-122. Rees, S. (2006) Conservation genetics and ecology of Lawson, B., Cunningham, A., Chantry, J., Hughes, L., Satake, N., Alhaider, A.K., Holt, W.V. and Watson, P.F. the endangered black bog ant, Formica picea. Kirkwood, J., Pennycott, T. and Simpson, V. (2006) (2007) Exposure of spermatozoa to solubilized extracts University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Epidemic finch mortality. Veterinary Record 159: 367. of the oviductal epithelium apical plasma membrane enhances fertilization in porcine in vitro fertilization. Sandbrook, C. (2007) Tourism, conservation and Lindenfors, P., Gittleman, J.L. and Jones, K.E. (2007) Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19(1): 272-272. livelihoods: the impacts of gorilla tracking at Bwindi Sexual size dimorphism in mammals. In Sex, Size and Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. University Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Satake, N., Elliott, R., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2006) College London, UK. Dimorphism: 16-26. Fairbairn, D.J., Blanckenhorn, W.J. Oviductal membrane proteins modulate bicarbonate- and Szekely, T. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press. induced boar sperm activation response by inhibition of sodium-dependent bicarbonate transport. Human Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C.L., Jones, K.E., Cunningham, Fertility 9(2): 108. MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology A.A., Sechrest, W. and Gittleman, J.L. (2007) Parasite Awarded by University of London, UK species richness in carnivores: Effects of host body Sostaric, E., Georgiou, A.S., Wong, C.H., Watson, P.F., mass, latitude, geographic range and population Holt, W.V. and Fazeli, A. (2006) Global profiling of Beber, R. (2006) Population density estimation from density. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 496-509. surface plasma membrane proteome of oviductal camera trapping. epithelial cells. Journal of Proteome Research 5: 3029- Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2007) 3037. Black, A. (2006) Behavioural and nutritional exploration Prolonging the life of ram spermatozoa in vitro using of a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) showing oviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility and Spence, R., Jordan, W.C. and Smith, C. (2006) Genetic signs of marked weight loss and poor body condition. Development 19(1): 278-278. analysis of male reproductive success in relation to density in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Frontiers in Booth, C. (2006) Effects of marine contaminants on the Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Brown, R.M., Lucas, E.R., Zoology 3: 5. DNA of cetaceans. Pereboom, J.J.M., Jordan, W.C. and Bourke, A.F.G. (2007) Effect of the queen on worker reproduction and Storch, D., Davies, R.G., Zajícek, S., Orme, C.D.L., Gouveia, A. (2006) Factors affecting population new queen production in the bumble bee Bombus Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ding, T-S., Rasmussen, P.C., dynamics in captive Partula snails. terrestri. Apidologie 38: 171-180. Ridgely, R.S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2006) Energy, range dynamics Kempson, A. (2006) An investigation into the spatial Meldal, B.H.M., Debenhamb, N.J., De Ley, P., Tandingan and global species richness patterns: Reconciling distribution patterns of Batrachochytrium De Ley, I., Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W., mid-domain effects and environmental determinants dendrobatidis on a coastal Canadian island. Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C., of avian diversity. Ecology Letters 9: 1308-1320. Blaxter, M.L., Rogers, A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D. Lavers, A. (2006) The role of density dependence in the (2007) An improved molecular phylogeny of the Sumner, S. (2006) Determining the molecular basis of effect of parasitism on the health and fecundity of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. sociality in insects: progress, prospects and potential UK harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 622-636. in sociogenomics. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43(5-6): 423-442. Petetti, L. (2006) Genetic heterozygosity and de Merode, E. and Cowlishaw. G. (2006) Species hookworm (Uncinaria spp.) resistance in New Zealand protection, the changing informal economy, and the Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007) sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups. politics of access to the bushmeat trade in Democratic Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest drifting Republic of Congo. Conservation Biology 20(4): 1262- in a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145. Pini, E. (2006) Chytridiomycosis in the Caribbean: 1271. informing risk assessments and mitigating actions. Sunak, N., Green, D.F., Abeydeera, L.R., Thurston, L.M. de Merode, E., Hillman-Smith, K., Homewood, K., and Michael, A.E. (2007) Implication of cortisol and Snow, C. (2006) Non-invasive faecal steroid analysis to Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the investigate the reproductive activity in the fishing cat, The impact of armed conflict on protected area development of porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) Prionailurus viverrinus. efficacy in Central Africa. Biology Letters 3: 299-301. ovarian follicles and cysts. Reproduction 133: 1149-1158. de Stefano, M. L. (2006) How heavily has Batrachochytrium Oni, O., Sujit, K., Kasemsuwan, S., Sakpuaram, T. and Taggart, M.A., Cuthbert, R., Das, D., Sashikumar, C., dendrobatidis penetrated UK amphibians. Pfeiffer, D.U. (2007) Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in Pain, D.J., Green, R.E., Feltrer,Y., Shultz, S., Wallwork, A. (2006) Effect of distance and speed of domesticated Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Cunningham, A.A. and Meharg, A.A. (2007) Diclofenac chase prior to chemical immobilisation on serum north and west Thailand in 2004. Veterinary Record disposition in Indian cow and goat with reference to creatine kinase and myoglobin in free-ranging black 160(11): 368-371. Gyps vulture population declines. Environmental rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe. Pollution 147: 60-65. Pain, D.J., Carter, I., Sainsbury, A.W., Shore, R.F., Eden, Wardley,T. (2006) Welfare of the pool frog following P., Taggart, M.A., Konstantinos, S., Walker, L.A., Turvey, S.T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig- reintroduction. Meharg, A.A. and Raab, A. (2007) Lead contamination Llanvirn of the south China plate. Palaeontology 50(2): and associated disease in captive and reintroduced red 347-399. Wong, W-M. (2006) The distribution of chytridiomycosis kites Milvus milvus in England. Science of the Total in Canada. Environment 376: 116-127. Turvey, S.T., Oliver, J.R., Narganes Storde, Y.M. and Rye, P. (2007) Late Holocene extinction of Puerto Rican Phalan, B., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Balmford, A., Green, R.E. native land mammals. Biology Letters 3: 193-196. and Ewers, R.M. (2007) Comment on ‘Resource- Turvey, S.T. and Siveter, D.J. (2007) Assignment of the MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health conserving agriculture increases yields in developing Awarded by University of London, UK countries’. Environmental Science and Technology South Chinese Ordovician trilobite Calymene paronai to Neseuretus. Alcheringa 31: 173-183. 41(3): 1054-1055. McMeekin, R.M. (2006) Haematology and biochemistry Pickard, A.R. and Holt, W.V. (2007) Contraception in Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldeway, H.J. in a wild population of desert baboons (Papio ursinus). and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and the wildlife. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Middleton, V. (2006) A retrospective study of cardiac Health Care 33(1): 48-52. unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 432-437. pathology in captive wild cats. Prathalingam, N.S., Watson, P.F., Revell, S.G., Busby, J. Van Look, K.J.W., Paull, G.C., Santos, E.M., Tyler, C.R. Rice, C. (2006) The prevalence and intensity of infection and Holt, W.V. (2007) The response of bovine with the respiratory parasites Linguatula serrata and spermatozoa to bicarbonate and its use to assess the and Holt, W.V. (2006) Testicular asymmetry in zebrafish. Human Fertility 9(2): 107. Pneumonyssus (Pneumonyssoides) caninum in red influence of added oviductal epithelial proteins on foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain. cryopreservation. Journal of Andrology 28: 407-415. Wang, J.L. (2006) Informativeness of genetic markers Rosetyadewi, A. (2006) Patterns of chytrid infection in Racey, P.A., Barratt, E.M., Burland, T.M., Deaville, R., for pairwise relationship and relatedness inference. Theoretical Population Biology 70(3): 300-321. native Swiss amphibians: variation among sites, Gottelli, D., Jones, G. and Piertney, S.B. (2007) species and life history stages. Microsatellite DNA polymorphism confirms reproductive isolation and reveals differences in population genetic Smok, G. (2006) Correlation of ante-mortem ophidian structure of cryptic pipistrelle bat species. Biological paramyxovirus serology results with post-mortem Journal of the Linnean Society 90: 539-550. pathology and pulmonary histology.

Rands, S.A., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Suu-Ire, R. (2206) Prevalence of Trichinella infection in Cowlishaw, G. (2006) Social foraging and dominance marine mammals. relationships: the effects of socially mediated interference. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Twitchett, M. (2006) Training of tigers for routine 60(4): 572-581. veterinary procedures: Investigating the efficiency of once daily versus twice daily training. Rogers, A.D. (2006) New molecular approaches to biodiversity assessment in species rich environments. Wenger, S. (2006) The cardiopulmonary effects of field- Prospects for international collaboration in marine anaesthetized white rhinoceros using a combination of environmental research to enhance understanding of etorphine, azaperone, detomidine and butorphanol. the deep-sea environment. Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority's Workshop. Kingston, van Zijll Langhout, M. (2006) Cryptosporidium sp., Jamaica, 2002. Giardia sp. and Balantidium infections in habituated and non-habituated western lowland gorillas (Gorilla Sanchez-Thorin, A. C., Laurance, W.F., Perdomo, C. and gorilla gorilla) populations in Lope National Park, Ewers, R.M. (2006) Physical damage to artificial Gabon. seedlings in relation to distance from tropical forest edges. Ecotropica 12: 161-166.

publications 33 For further information about the Institute of Zoology please contact: Tim Blackburn Head of the Institute of Zoology

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1 director’s introduction