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Index

Page numbers with images are underlined, those with explanations of concepts are printed in bold.

ABC transporters 280, 383, 439 Aegeritina tortuosa (teleom. alder, leaf blister 251 Absidia 183 Subulicystidium longisporum) 697 Aleuria 417–419 Absidia corymbifera 184 aequi-hymenial gills 522 Aleuria aurantia 243, 419, Pl. 6; Absidia glauca 172, 176, 185 aero-aquatic fungi 506, 696–701; mycorrhiza 419 Absidia spinosa 173, 176, 184 anamorph-teleomorph connections aleuriaxanthin 419 Acaulospora 221 697; ecophysiology 698–701 algal parasites 127 acervulus 231, 387 aethalium 50, Pl. 1 alkaloids 354, 364, 539, 541; Achlya 86–91; aplanetic forms 93; aflatoxins 304, 305, Pl. 4 biosynthesis 354; commercial asexual reproduction 87, 88; Agaricus 532–536 production 354; see Claviceps hyphae 80; relative sexuality 91; Agaricus arvensis 532 purpurea, Neotyphodium sex hormones 88–89, 90, 91; sexual Agaricus bisporus 15, 533; breeding allergens; see asthma reproduction 88–91 536; cultivation 525, 532–534; allyl amines 279, 280 Achlya ambisexualis 88, 89, 91 life cycle 535; mating system 506, Allomyces 155–160; Brachy-Allomyces 160; Achlya bisexualis 88 535; morphogenesis 534–535; var. Cystogenes 159; Eu-Allomyces 156; life Achlya colorata 69, 87–88 burnettii 536; var. eurotetrasporus 536 cycle 158; polyploidy 159; Achlya heterosexualis 88 Agaricus bitorquis 532 sex hormones (parisin and sirenin) Achlya klebsiana 87 Agaricus brunnescens; see Agaricus 156 Acrasiomycetes (acrasid cellular bisporus Allomyces anomalus 155, 160 slime moulds) 40–41 Agaricus campestris 496, 521, 532; Allomyces arbuscula 155, 157 Acrasis rosea 41 mating system 506 Allomyces macrogynus 155, 158 Acremonium 316, 339, 341 Agaricus macrosporus 532 Allomyces moniliformis 155, 159 Acremonium chrysogenum 303, 349 Agaricus silvaticus 515, 532 Allomyces neo-moniliformis 159 Acremonium salmosynnematum 349 Agaricus tabularis 532 Alternaria 469–471; plant diseases 472; actin cap 9 Agaricus xanthodermus 532 sexual ancestors 469 actin filaments 9, 10, 51, 65–66, 158, age of fungi; see evolution Alternaria alternata 470 258, 271, 646; in ascospore ageing 271 Alternaria brassicae 469, 471 formation 323; in graviperception agglutination 254, 265 Alternaria brassicicola 469 549; in penetration peg 381 aggregation; see Dictyostelium Alternaria solani 469 actin-myosin 46, 51, 72; see also discoideum Alternaria tenuissima 469 cytoskeleton Agrobacterium transformation 536 alternate host 610 actin ring 259, 271, 301 agroclavine 354 alternation of generations 155, adaxial blob (drop) 493–494, 496 AIDS 279, 306–307, 661–662, 664 160, 229 adhesins 277 air pollution monitoring, lichens 454; alveoli 427 adhesion pad 615 Rhytisma 442; Sporobolomyces roseus Amanita 540–541; poisoning 540 adhesives 66, 205, 364, 378, 381, 395, 669 Amanita caesarea 540, Pl. 9 438; in nematophagous fungi 683 Ajellomyces 290 Amanita fulva 540 adhesorium 59 Ajellomyces capsulatus 289; Amanita muscaria 526, 540–541, Pl. 9 adnate gills 523 see Histoplasma capsulatum Amanita pantherina 540 adnexed gills 523 Ajellomyces dermatitidis; Amanita phalloides 540–541; poisoning adult plant resistance; see host see Blastomyces dermatitidis 540 resistance Alatospora acuminata 685, 687 Amanita rubescens 521, 540; trama 524 aeciospore 613, Pl. 12 Albugo 122–125 Amanita vaginata 492, 540 aecium 612, 613, 622, Pl. 12; caeoma Albugo bliti 124 Amanita verna 540 635; roestelioid aecium 632 Albugo candida 122, 123, 124–125, Pl. 2; Amanita virosa 540 Aegerita 701 haustorium 122; oospore 124 a-amanitin 539, 540 Aegerita candida (teleom. Bulbillomyces Albugo tragopogonis 122, 125 Amanitopsis 540 farinosus) 506, 697, 699 alcohol and fungi; see coprine Amauroascus 290 Aegeritina 701 alcoholic fermentation 254, 262 Amauroderma rugosum 518

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818 INDE X

amerospore 23 apical paraphysis; see paraphysis Armillaria ostoyae 550 2-aminopyrimidine-type fungicides Apiocrea chrysosperma; see Sepedonium Armillaria tabescens 550 410 chrysospermum Arrhenosphaera 286 amixis 176 aplanetism 92 Arthrobotrys 676; induction of ammonia, as signal molecule 42 Aplanopsis 93 nematode traps 682 amoebae 40, 41, 42, 49, 55; ‘social aplanospore 2, 15, 24, 64, 165–214, Arthrobotrys eudermata 677, 684; amoebae’ 44, 46 216–223, 224, 225 chlamydospores 684 amoeboid plasmodium 55, 60 apomixis 85, 160 Arthrobotrys oligospora 676, 678 Ampelomyces quisqualis 412 apophysis 46; of basidiospore 490 Arthrobotrys robusta 678 amphigynous fertilization 109 apoptosis in fungi 534 arthroconidium 281, 421, 422, 502, amphithallism 506, 535, 538 apothecium 245, 246, Pl. 6, Pl. 7; 599, 600 amphotericin B 260, 279, 291, cleistohymenial 422; Arthroderma 293 306–307, 663 gymnohymenial 422; Articulospora tetracladia (teleom. amylase 282 hemiangiocarpic 439 Hymenoscyphus tetracladius) 685, 687, amyloid staining 28, 241; of ascus tip apple, brown rot 306, 432, 433, 537; 688 334; of ascus wall 414, 419; of canker 343; cedar-apple rust 632; Ascobolus 419–423; ascus development basidiospore 566 powdery mildew 390, 405; scab 478, 238; mating behaviour 420–421 Amylostereum 571 479; spur canker 432 Ascobolus carbonarius 420 Anaeromyces 151 appressorium, in Blumeria 396; Ascobolus crenulatus 420; and hyphal anamorph 32,38 in Botrytis 438; in Colletotrichum 388; interference 540 anamorph-teleomorph relationships in Magnaporthe 378–381; in Ascobolus furfuraceus 420, 422, Pl. 6; 32, 38, 299; see aero-aquatic fungi, Metarhizium 364; in Piptocephalis 202; apothecium development 422; aquatic hyphomycetes, Cordyceps, in Pythium, Phytophthora 100; in hormonal control 421; mating 421 Epichloe, nematophagous fungi Tapesia 440; in Uromyces 615, 616 Ascobolus immersus 420, 421; ascospore Anaptychia ciliaris 448 Aqualinderella fermentans 79 wall 237; gene recombination 423; anastomosis 3, 227, 377, 625 aquatic fungi 577; see aero-aquatic mating 421; turgor pressure in anastomosis groups 594 fungi, aquatic hyphomycetes ascus 242 andromorph 32 aquatic hyphomycetes 685, 686–696; Ascobolus scatigenus, mating 420 anaerobic fungi 79, 150 adaptations to aquatic habitat 694; Ascobolus stictoideus 422 angiocarpic hymenophore 520, 521, anamorph-teleomorph connections ascocarps (ascomata) 21, 245, 246; 522–525 686; branched clamped conidia see epigeous, hypogeous Anguillospora crassa (teleom. Mollisia 688–689; ecophysiology 694–696; Ascochyta (teleom. Didymella) 464 uda) 685, 690 foam 685, 694; invertebrate feeding Ascochyta fabae 464 Anguillospora furtiva (teleom. Pezoloma) 695–696; sigmoid spores 686, Ascochyta pisi 464, 465 690 689–691, 694; spore concentrations Ascochyta rabiei 464 Anguillospora longissima (teleom. 695; tetraradiate conidia 686, Ascocoryne 444 Massarina) 689, 692 687–688, 693 ascogenous hypha 236, 296, 307, 309, anisokont zoospore 24, 55, 64 Arabidopsis thaliana 62, 118, 122 318, 418 annellide 233, 234, 368 arboriform hypha 518 ascogonium 296, 307, 309, 318, 416 annulus 520, 533 arbuscule (of VAM) 218, 220, 221 ascohymenial development 315, 459 anther smut 652 archaeology 479, 610 ascolocular development 455, 459 antheridiol 88, 89, 90–91 Archiascomycetes 250–260, Pl. 4 ascomycetes, classification 247–249; antheridium in Oomycota 29, 77, 85, Arcyria denudata 51, Pl. 1 phylogeny 248; significance 246–247 89, 101; monoclinous and diclinous Armillaria 549–550; orchid mycorrhiza ascorbic acid; see vitamin C 85, 101; in Ascomycota 296, 307, 416 598; rhizomorphs 16, 17, 550 Ascosphaera 286–287 anthracnose 388, 389 Armillaria bulbosa 511, 550 Ascosphaera apis 288, 289 antifreeze proteins 537 Armillaria cepistipes 550 Ascosphaerales 286–289 antioxidants 482, 670 Armillaria lutea 550 ascospore 25–26; alignment in ascus Aphanomyces 94–95 Armillaria luteobubalina 550 323–324; appendages 238, 322; Aphanomyces astaci 79, 94 Armillaria mellea 547, 549; cleavage 237, 267, 422; discharge Aphanomyces euteiches 79, 94 dikaryotization (Buller 242–245, 318; eclosion 336, 338; Aphanomyces patersonii 94 phenomenon) 510; orchid multi-spored projectiles 318, 420; aphanoplasmodium 48 mycorrhiza 550; unusual life cycle puffing 243, 415, 427, 442; tendrils apical apparatus; see ascus 507 245; wall layers 321, 333

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INDEX 819

ascospore-delimiting membrane Aureobasidium pullulans 231, 261, phylogeny 37, 166, 203; sexual (ascus vesicle) 237, 238, 422 484–485, 486, 668 reproduction 207, 209 ascospore wall 237–239 Auricularia auricula-judae 208, 493, 504, basidiocarps (basidiomata) 22, ascosporogenous yeast 265 601, 602, Pl. 11; basidiospore 517–523; development 519–522, ascostroma 246, 459 germination 601; basidium 489, 602; 534–535, 545 ascus apical apparatus 241, 242, 335, dolipore septum 499; life cycle 603 basidiomycete yeasts 658, 659, 349, 358, 375; annulus 241; Auricularia mesenterica 602 660–672; ecology 658–659; bilabiate 241; operculate versus Auricularia polytricha, cultivation 602 isolation 658; phylogeny 660, 661; inoperculate 241 Auriculariales 601–604; basidial versus ascomycete yeasts 659; ascus development 236, 237 septation 601; lunate microconidia see Heterobasidiomycetes, ascus vesicle; see ascospore-delimiting 601, 602 Urediniomycetes, membrane Auriscalpium 572 Ustilaginomycetes ascus wall 239, 240, 241; bitunicate Auriscalpium vulgare 567, 572; dolipore Basidiomycota 487–513; asexual 239, 429, 459; ectotunica 240, 459, septum 499 reproduction 501–506; 460; endotunica 240, 459, 460; autodigestion 537 classification 512; dikaryotization fissitunicate 239, 455, 459; autoecious 613 498; life cycle 492; mating systems prototunicate 241; rostrate 239, autophagocytosis 11, 13, 381 506–510; mycelial cords 500; 455; unitunicate 239 autophagosome 273 phylogeny 512; plasmogamy 498; Aseroe rubra 592, Pl. 11 Auxarthron 290 relationship with Ascomycota 511; Ashbya; see Eremothecium auxiliary zoospore 76,83 rhizomorphs 500; sclerotia 501; aspergillomarasmine A 478 auxins (of host plants) Albugo 122; see basidium, basidiospore aspergillosis 306 Plasmodiophora 60; Taphrina 253; basidiospore 26, 27, 28; development Aspergillus 297–301; anamorph- Ustilago maydis 644 490–492, 493; discharge 493–495; teleomorph relationships 308; avirulence gene products 484, 619 germination 496; numbers 495, cell-cycle 301; conidiophores 298, avoidance response (fugitropism) 168 497; see adaxial blob, Buller’s drop, 299; conidiogenesis 299–301; axoneme 68 hilar appendix, hilar appendix sclerotia 308; teleomorphs 299, azoles 279, 291 body, surface tension catapult 308–310; uniseriate versus biseriate azygospore 179, 181 basidium; development 488–490; 298 morphology 487–488; nuclear Aspergillus carbonarius 305 bacterial endosymbionts of fungi: events 490, 492; holobasidium Aspergillus clavatus 306 Geosiphon pyriforme 221; Laccaria 553; versus phragmobasidium 488; Aspergillus flavus 302, 306, 308; Morchella 428; Rhizopus microsporus probasidium versus metabasidium aflatoxins 305 183 490; chiastobasidium versus Aspergillus fumigatus 306, 308 Baermann funnel 681 stichobasidium 490; Aspergillus nidulans (teleom. Emericella ballistospores 28; Ascomycota see epibasidium, furcate basidium, nidulans), conidiogenesis 299, 301; 242–245; Basidiobolus 205; heterobasidium, phragmo- conidiophore 301, 302; parasexual Basidiomycota 493, 495–496, 660; basidium, tremelloid basidium cycle 230; penicillin production 303 Entomophthora 216; Epicoccum 467; bassianolide 363 Aspergillus niger 308; citric acid Erynia 213; Furia 219; Batkoa 203 production 303; conidiogenesis Peronosclerospora 125 Beaumont period 114 299 banana, Panama wilt 347; post- Beauveria bassiana 361–362, 363; in Aspergillus ochraceus 305 harvest anthracnose 388 biological control 363 Aspergillus oryzae 276, 302, 305, 308 barberry and Puccinia graminis beauvericin 363 Aspergillus parasiticus 302, 308, Pl. 4 620–622; barberry eradication 622 bellows mechanism 580–581, 588, 639 Aspergillus sojae 302 barley, covered smut 643; dwarf rust benomyl 410; resistance 410 Aspergillus versicolor 304 628; leaf-blotch 462; leaf-spot 478; benzaldehyde 630 astaxanthin 665, 671 loose smut 643; net-blotch 478; benzimidazole fungicides 410 Asterionella formosa, and Rhizophydium powdery mildew 398; stripe rust benzothiadiazole 410, 412 141 627; see mlo allele Bettsia 286 Asteromella 481 barrage phenomenon 325, 365, 428 Beverwijkella pulmonaria 697, 700, asthma 306, 471, 483, 560, 647, 669; Basidiobolus microsporus 207 701 ‘mushroom worker’s lung’ 542 Basidiobolus ranarum 203–208; bifactorial mating 507 Astraeus 586; boletoid clade 579 germination patterns 204, 205–206; binding hypha 518 Atricordyceps 349, 681 life cycle 208; pathogenicity 207; biological clock 331

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820 INDEX

biological control 263; of fungi 340, 400, 401; conidia 395, 399; formae brewing 274–275 342, 347, 377, 412–413, 433–434, speciales 395; gene-for-gene broad bean, anthracnose 387, Pl. 5; 485, 551, 569, 596, 668; of insects interactions 398; haustorium 393, leaf- and pod-spot 464; net-blotch 211, 363–364; of nematodes 684; of 394, 397–398, 399; infection process 466; rust 631 weeds 631 395, 396, 397; life cycle 399–401; brown-rot (of wood) 529, 529–530, bioremediation 531 primary germ tube 396; races 395, 556, 559–560, 563–564 biotechnology; see bread-making, 408; secondary germ tube 396; bubble-trap propagules 696, 698 brewing, biological control, signalling 396 bud scar 271, 283 biotransformation, citric acid ‘boat-hook’ spines 82, 84 bulbil 490, 505 fermentation, enzyme production, boletoid clade 555–560, Pl. 9; Bulbillomyces farinosus (anam. Aegerita food production, griseofulvin, gasteromycetes 579, 585–588; candida) 505, 506, 697 penicillin, riboflavin production, phylogeny 516–517, 555, 585 bulbous hyphae 378, 381; see infection sake´, wine production Boletus 557–558; related to hyphae biotransformation 167, 197 gasteromycetes 578 Bulgaria inquinans 445, Pl. 7 biotrophy in mycoparasites 191, 201; Boletus appendiculatus 557 Buller phenomenon 510, 570 in plant pathogens; see Blumeria Boletus badius 515, 557, Pl. 9 Buller’s drop 493–494, 495 graminis, Cladosporium fulvum, Boletus chrysenteron 556, 557 Bullera 659 Exobasidiales, Peronosporales, Boletus edulis 556, 557; cultivation 526, Bulleromyces (anam. Bullera) 659 Uredinales, ustilaginomycetous 557; trama 524 bunt 637; common bunt 647; dwarf smuts Boletus erythropus 557, Pl. 9 bunt 649; Karnal bunt 649 bipolar; see heterothallism Boletus luridus 557 Byssochlamys 307–308 Bipolaris 471–472 Boletus parasiticus 557 Byssochlamys nivea 306, 307 Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleom. Boletus rubinellus 489; basidiospore Cochliobolus sativus) 472, 474 development 491–492, 493 Ca2þ channels, stretch-activated 9–10, birch, rust 635; sap and Boletus satanas 557 66, 615 Xanthophyllomyces 665; witches’ boom-and-bust cycle 619 Cadophora 439 broom 251, Pl. 4 Bordeaux mixture 112, 119, 253, Caecomyces 151 bird’s nest fungi; see Crucibulum cyathus 410, 647 caeoma 635 Biscogniauxia mediterranea 333 bothrosome; see sagenogen Caespitotheca forestalis 393 Biscogniauxia nummularia 333 Botryotinia fuckeliana 430, 434–435; calcineurin signalling 664 biseriate; see Aspergillus see Botrytis cinerea calciseptine 646 Bisporella citrina 444, Pl. 7 Botryotinia porri 436 callose 397 bitunicate; see ascus wall Botryotrichum (teleom. Chaetomium) 332 calmodulin 384, 385 biverticillate; see Penicillium Botrytis cinerea (teleom. Botryotinia Calocera cornea 598, 601 conidiophores fuckeliana) 4, 7, 32, 121, 403, Calocera viscosa 600, 601, Pl. 11; Bjerkandera adusta 519, 562 434–435; attachment 438; fungicide basidiospore germination 600, 601; black yeasts 486 resistance 439; life cycle 437; basidium 489 Blakeslea trispora 174, 194, 195 macroconidia 434, 436; Calostoma 585 Blakeslea unispora 195 microconidia 435; pathogenicity Calvatia 581 blastic conidiogenesis 231; mechanisms 436–439, 475; sclerotia Calvatia excipuliformis 582, Pl. 11 see holoblastic, enteroblastic 19; septum 228 Calvatia gigantea 581, 582 Blastocladiales 153–162; bipolar Bovista 581 cAMP (cyclic AMP) 41, 105, 384, 645; as germination 155; life cycles bow-tie reaction 570, 571 hormone 42 155–160; zoospore 153–155 bramble rust 631 Candelabrum desmidiaceum 701 Blastocladiella 160–162; Cystocladiella brassicas, Albugo white blisters 122, Candida 276–280 160; Eucladiella 160 125; blackleg 463; club-root 55–56, Candida albicans 226, 276–280, 291, 654; Blastocladiella emersonii 153, 154, 57; powdery mildew 402; see also candidiasis 278–280; cryptic sexual 161, 162 oilseed rape phase 277; dimorphism 277; drug Blastocladiella variabilis 160 bread-making 274 resistance 279–280;mating 277–278; blastoconidium 435, 484, 503, 504 breeding for resistance (in plants) 63, switching 278; treatment 279–280 Blastomyces dermatitidis 289, 290–292 119, 138, 347, 368, 408–410, 440, Candida dubliniensis 276, 280 Blumeria graminis 390, 393, 394, 625–627, 633–634, 642 Candida glabrata 276, 278, 280 395–399, 400, 401; appressorium Bremia lactucae 120, 121, 122 Candida inconspicua 276 396; attachment 395; chasmothecia Brettanomyces 275 Candida krusei 276, 280

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INDEX 821

Candida parapsilosis 227, 280 Ceratocystis coerulescens 373 Chlorociboria aeruginascens Pl. 7 Candida tropicalis 280 Ceratocystis fagacearum 369, 373 chloromethane 532 Candida utilis; see Pichia jadinii Ceratocystis fimbriata 369 chlorothalonil 631 candidiasis 278–280; treatment Ceratorhiza (teleom. Ceratobasidium) 594 Choanephora cucurbitarum 173, 179, 279–280 cerato-ulmin 366, 368 193, 194, 202 canker (of plants) 333, 342, 343, Cercospora 481–482 Chondrostereum purpureum 571, Pl. 10 376, 634; self-healing 376 Cercospora beticola 481, 484 Chromista 67; see Straminipila cantharelloid clade 574–575; Cercospora coffeicola 481 Chrysonilia 327, 329 phylogeny 516–517 Cercospora zea-maydis 481 Chrysosporium 290, 293, 294 Cantharellus 574 cercosporin 482, 485 Chytridiales 134–145 Cantharellus cibarius 574, Pl. 10; cereal rusts 627–629; origin 628 Chytridiomycota 71, 127–164, Pl. 3; cultivation 526; post-meiotic cereals, downy mildews 126; ergot classification 134; flagellar mitosis 490 352; eyespot 439, 441; leaf blotch apparatus 129, 130; germination Cantharellus cinnabarinus 574 439; mosaic viruses 62; powdery (monopolar versus bipolar) 131; Cantharellus tubaeformis 574 mildew 393–399, 400, 401; sharp inoperculate and operculate species canthaxanthin 574 eyespot 596; take-all 385–386; see 129; life cycles 131; microbody-lipid capilliconidia 205, 206 also individual cereals complex 130, 131; sexual capillitium 51, 581 Chaenothecopsis 246 reproduction 132–133; thallus 128; Capronia 486 Chaetocladium brefeldii 191, 192 zoospore 129–131 captan 479, 651 Chaetocladium jonesii 191 Chytriomyces hyalinus 132 carbendazim 410 Chaetomium 331–332; perithecial cinerean 438 carboxin 651 development 332 circadian rhythm 331, 590 b-carotene 170, 175, 195, 434, 665, Chaetomium brasiliense 332 cirrhus 315, 332, 465 Pl. 12 Chaetomium cochliodes 331 citric acid fermentation 303 carotenoids 143, 150, 156, 185, 253, Chaetomium elatum 331–332 citrinin 305 414, 456, 574, 598, 605, 613 Chaetomium globosum 332 citrus fruit rot Pl. 4; see Penicillium caspofungin 279, 291 Chaetomium piluliferum 332 italicum, P. digitatum Catenaria allomycis 153 Chaetomium thermophile 331 Cladina 458 Catenaria anguillulae 153, 681 Chaetothyriales 486 Cladina rangiferina 458, Pl. 8 cattle; see grazing animals chalk brood disease; see honey bees Cladina stellaris 458 Caulochytrium 127 chasmothecium 246, 392, 401, Cladochytrium 142–144 caulocystidium 525 409; in oversummering 401; Cladochytrium replicatum 142, 143, 144 cdc2 51, 256 viability 405 Cladonia 448, 457–458 cell cycle 51, 256–257, 270–272 cheese production 303 Cladonia convoluta 452 cellulase 339–340, 396, 530 cheilocystidium 525 Cladonia cristatella 450 cellulose 528; in fungal cell walls 6, chemotaxis 42, 100, 106 Cladonia floerkiana 457, Pl. 8 42, 67, 75, 127; as substrate 148, chemotaxonomy 454 Cladonia pyxidata 450, 457 150, 529–530 chemotropism 201, 330, 586 Cladophialophora 486 cell wall 5, 6; in Mucorales 167; in Chernobyl accident 454 Cladosporium 481–484; Mycosphaerella Saccharomyces cerevisiae 270 cherry, witches’ broom 251; silver-leaf teleomorphs 482; spores 22–23 cell wall, biosynthesis 6–8 571 Cladosporium cladosporioides 483 cell wall-degrading enzymes 375, 396, chestnut, blight 376 Cladosporium echinulatum 482 438, 596 chiastobasidium 490 Cladosporium fulvum 483–484, 619; centrum 242, 318 chickpea, blight 464 biotrophy 483 cephalodium (in lichens) 451 chitin (in cell walls) 5, 6, 55, 67, 127, Cladosporium herbarum 482–483, 485 cephalosporins 303–304, 350 153, 165, 255, 538; bud scar 261; Cladosporium humile 482 Cephalotrichum stemonitis 230, 368, 370 spiral growth 171 Cladosporium macrocarpum 485 Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa 46, 47, Pl. 1 chitosan (in cell walls) 6, 165 clamp connection 499, 500–501, 569; Ceratobasidiales 594–598; chitosomes 6, 7, 168 versus crozier 512 basidiocarps 595; basidium 595; chlamydospore 29, 30, 81, 105, 218, Clastoderma 51 see Rhizoctonia 345, 347, 484, 486, 504, 505, 545, Clathrosphaerina zalewskii (teleom. Ceratobasidium 594; see Rhizoctonia 667; see teliospore Hyaloscypha) 697, 699–700 Ceratocystis 369–373; versus Ophiostoma 3-chloroanisylalcohol 530, 531, 532 Clathrus archeri 591–592 364, 373 Chlorociboria 444 Clathrus ruber 591–592, Pl. 11

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822 INDEX

Clavaria 575–576; ericoid mycorrhiza Cochliobolus heterostrophus (anam. blastoconidium, oidium, 576 Bipolaris maydis) 477; T-toxin 476 phialoconidium, spermatium Clavaria argillacea 576 Cochliobolus sativus (anam. Bipolaris conifers, butt rot 567; root rot 573, Clavaria vermicularis 576 sorokiniana) 475–476; Pl. 2 Clavariadelphus pistillaris 515, 576 prehelminthosporol 476 Coniophora 558 Clavariopsis aquatica (teleom. Cochliobolus victoriae 476–477, 619; Coniophora puteana 570 Massarina) 688 origin 477; victorin C 476 Coniothyrium minitans 433 Clavatospora longibrachiata 685 cocoa, pod rot 103; frosty pod rot 551; conjugate nuclear division 499 Clavatospora stellata 685 witches’ broom 547, 550 connective 300, 327 Claviceps 349 Coelomomyces 127, 153 convergent evolution 673, 686, Claviceps africana 349, 355 coelomycetes 231 693, 701 Claviceps fusiformis 349, 355 coenocytic hypha 2, 75, 167 copper, as fungicide 479, 633, 647, Claviceps microcephala 350 coffee, berry disease 388; eyespot 481; 651; see Bordeaux mixture Claviceps paspali 349, 355 leaf rust 632–634 coprine 538, 539 Claviceps phalaridis 355 collagen 654 Coprinellus 537 Claviceps purpurea 349–351, 352, Colletotrichum 231, 387, 389; infection Coprinopsis 537 353–355; alkaloids 353, 354, 355; strategies 389 Coprinus 536–540; life cycle 492; ascospore discharge 241; control Colletotrichum capsici 388 mating behaviour 538; sclerotium 355; ergotism 352–353; life cycle Colletotrichum coccodes 388–389 537; stipe elongation 538 349–350, 351, 352; sclerotia 19, 20, Colletotrichum coffeanum 388 Coprinus atramentarius 522, 537–538; 350, 352 Colletotrichum destructivum 388 and alcohol 538 Claviceps purpurea var. spartinae 355, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 387, 389 Coprinus cinereus 22, 489, 498, 501, 521, Pl. 5 Colletotrichum gossypii 388 533, 538; basidiospore development Claviceps sorghi 349 Colletotrichum graminicola 387, 388 491, 492, 493, 494; dikaryotization Clavicipitales 316, 348–364; alkaloids Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 388, (Buller phenomenon) 510; 349 Pl. 5 gravitropism 549; mating type Clavicorona pyxidata 489 Colletotrichum musae 388–389 alleles 508, 509; oidia 502, 503 Clavulina 575–576 Collybia 546, 552 Coprinus comatus 533, 537; mating Clavulina cristata 574, 575 Collybia butyracea post-meiotic mitosis system 506; phylogeny 536; related Clavulina rugosa 575 490 to gasteromycetes 578 cleavage of cytoplasm 98, 106, Collybia tuberosa 501 Coprinus congregatus 499 158, 172 columella; in puffballs 584; in Coprinus curtus 537 cleistohymenial; see apothecium Zygomycota 166, 167, 182, 184–185, Coprinus domesticus 537 cleistothecium 245, 246, 285, 309, 192, 208 Coprinus ephemerus f. bisporus, mating 313, 314 Comatricha 51 system 506 cleptobiosis 451, 456 co-metabolism 531 Coprinus heptemerus, hyphal Clitocybe 552 compound appressorium 595 interference 540 Clitocybe clavipes 521 Conidiobolus 203, 208–211; eversion Coprinus micaceus 537 Clitocybe geotropa 552 mechanism in conidium discharge Coprinus plicatilis 537 Clitocybe nebularis 552, 553 208 Coprinus psychromorbidus 537 Clitocybe odora 552 Conidiobolus coronatus 209, 210, 211; Coprinus sterquilinus, mating system club root 55–56, 57; see Plasmodiophora insecticidal toxin 211; loriconidia 506; phylogeny 536; sclerotia brassicae 211; villose conidia 210 537–538

CO2 fixation 162 conidiogenesis 31, 231–235, 299, Coprobia granulata 229 Coccidioides immitis 290–293 300, 301; blastic versus thallic 232; coprophilous fungi 238; Ascobolus 419; Coccidioides posadasii 293 hormonal control 301; see holo- Basidiobolus 203–208; Coprinus 537; Coccomyxa 452, 456 blastic, enteroblastic, thallic Mucor 181; Pilaira 189–190; Pilobolus Cochliobolus 460, 471–477; Bipolaris conidiogenone 301 185–189 anamorphs 475; mating type conidioma 230 Cordyceps 360–362; perithecial stroma idiomorphs 477; pathology 475–477 conidiophore 230, 298, 310 362; sclerotium 360 Cochliobolus carbonum 477; HC-toxin conidium (conidiospore) 30–32; Cordyceps bassiana (anam. Beauveria 476 unitunicate versus bitunicate bassiana) 362 Cochliobolus cymbopogonis, ascus (Entomophthorales) 203, 215; Cordyceps brittlebankisoides (anam. discharge 243, 244 see arthroconidium, Metarhizium anisopliae) 363

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INDEX 823

Cordyceps capitata 362 Ctenomyces serratus 293, 294 Daldinia loculata 334 Cordyceps militaris 20, 361, Pl. 5 cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) 148 damping-off 96, 97, 102, 595, Pl. 2 Cordyceps ophioglossoides 314, 362, Pl. 4; cultivation of mushrooms 525, dandruff and Malassezia 672 host-jumping 362 602, 607; mycorrhizal fungi 527, Dasyscyphus 25 Cordyceps sinensis 361, 362 558, 566; see Agaricus bisporus, Dasyscyphus virgineus Pl. 7 Cordyceps subsessilis (anam. Auricularia polytricha, Lentinula trans-2-decenoic acid, nematicidal Tolypocladium inflatum) 349, 364 edodes, Tremella fuciformis properties 683 coremium 230, 310, 311 Cunninghamella 196 decurrent gills 523 Coriolus; see Trametes Cunninghamella bertholettiae 196 de-dikaryotization 502, 630, 653 corn; see maize Cunninghamella echinulata 196 de-diversification 661 correlated rust species 614 Cunninghamella elegans 196 defence mechanisms; see host defence cortina 520, 553, 555 Curvularia 471–472 demethylation inhibitors (DMI) 651; Cortinarius 555; related to Curvularia cymbopogonis 472, 475 see imidazoles, triazole gasteromycetes 578 Curvularia lunata (teleom. Cochliobolus demicyclic 613 Cortinarius orellanus 555 lunatus) 475 Dendrospora erecta 688, 690 Cortinarius purpureus 553 cutinase 396, 438, 615 Dendrosporomyces prolifer 689 Costantinella cristata 428 Cyathus 582–585; splash cup 582 Dendrosporomyces splendens 689 cotton, anthracnose 388 Cyathus olla 582 dense-body vesicles 87, 107; see Craterellus cornucopioides 574 Cyathus stercoreus 582, 584 fingerprint vacuoles crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) Cyathus striatus 582; mating type depletion zone 222 94 factors 509 Dermateaceae 439–440 Cribraria 51 cyazofamid 113 dermatitis and Malassezia 672 Crinipellis 546 cycloheximide 373, 634 dermatophytes 293 Crinipellis perniciosa 547, 550 cyclosporin A 350, 364, 664 desert truffle 427 Crinipellis roreri 551 Cylindrocarpon 342, 345, 348 destruxins 364 Cronartium 634–635; teliospore 634 Cylindrocarpon destructans (teleom. dextrinoid staining (with iodine) 241 Cronartium flaccidum 634 Nectria radicicola) 348 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol 386 Cronartium quercuum 634 Cylindrocarpon heteronema (teleom. diacylglycerol (DAG) 384 Cronartium ribicola 634; canker 634 Nectria galligena) 348 diallyl disulphide 434, 435 crook root; see watercress Cylindrosporium concentricum Diaporthales 316, 373–377 crozier 236, 418; versus clamp (teleom. Pyrenopeziza brassicae) 439 Diaporthe (anam. Phomopsis) 373–375, connection 512 cystesium 525 605; ecology 375 Crucibulum 582, 585 cystidiole 525 Diaporthe ambigua 375 Crucibulum vulgare, mating-type cystidium 522, 524, 525 Diaporthe helianthi 375 factors 509 cytochalasins 364 Diaporthe phaseolorum 373–375; cruciform mitosis; see Plasmodiophora cytokinins (of host plants), in pycnidium 374; sexual brassicae Plasmodiophora 60; in Taphrina 253 reproduction 374 crustose lichens 447, Pl. 8 cytoskeleton 8, 9–10, 81, 258, 646; in Diaporthe toxica 375 Cryphonectria parasitica 375–377; spore cleavage 87, 158; see actin, diazonium blue B stain 659 basidium 662; biological control microtubules Dichotomocladium 191 377; hypovirulence 376–377; Cyttaria 445 diclinous antheridium 85 Hypovirus 376–377; mating types Cyttaria darwinii Pl. 7 Dictydium 51 662; pheromones 377; vegetative Dictyophora; see Phallus incompatibility 377; virus Dacrymycetales 598–601; epibasidia dictyospore 23, 469, 470 transmission 377 599–600; life cycle 598 Dictyosteliomycetes (dicytostelid Cryptococcus 661 Dacrymyces stillatus 493, 598–599, 600; cellular slime moulds) 41–45 Cryptococcus neoformans 608, basidiospore germination 599, 600 Dictyostelium discoideum 42–45; 661–665; infection biology 663–664; Dacrymyces unisporus 598 aggregation 42, 44–45; cheater life cycle 662, 663; mucilage Dactylelina 675–676; induction of strains 44; life cycle 43 capsule 661, 664; natural habitat nematode traps 683 Dictyuchus sterile 91, 93–94 662; switching of phenotypes 664; Dactylelina haptotyla 679 Didymella (anam. Ascochyta) 464 var. gattii 661; var. grubii 661; var. Daldinia 334 didymospore 23 neoformans 661; virulence factors Daldinia concentrica 236, 333–335, Pl. 5 diffluent sporangium 173 664–665 Daldinia fissa 334 diffuse extension growth 538

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824 INDEX

Digitatospora marina 693 caspofunginterbinafine, Entomophthora sepulchralis 217, 218 dikaryotization 498, 613; legitimate 5’-fluorocytosinegriseofulvin, Entomophthorales 202–217 and illegitimate 510; see Buller griseofulvin, terbinafine, triazole enzyme production 303, 339–340, phenomenon dry rot 558–560; control 560 562 dimethyl disulphide 436, 591 Duddingtonia flagrans; see Arthrobotrys epibasidium 593, 595 dimethyl sulphide 424 eudermata Epichloe 355–357; ascospore dimitic basidiocarp construction 519 Dumontinia; see Sclerotinia tuberosa germination 356, 358; infection of dimorphism, sexual 436; yeast-hypha Dutch elm disease 366–368, Pl. 5; grasses 356; spermatization by 3, 181, 226; in Candida albicans 227, control 368 insects 356 277; in Onygenaceae 291; in Epichloe baconii 355, 357 phialidic conidiogenesis 301, 302; earth stars 588 Epichloe clarkii 356 in smut fungi 638 Echinobotryum 368, 370 Epichloe festucae 356, 359 Dioszegia 659 echinocandins 260, 280 Epichloe typhina 355, 358, Pl. 5 diplanetism 81, 85 Echinosteliales (Myxomycota) 51 Epicoccum 30 diploid Eumycota 277, 666–667 Echinostelium 51 Epicoccum nigrum 466; active conidial Dipodascus 282 eclosion; see ascospore discharge 466 Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata 447, ectomycorrhiza (sheathing Epidermophyton 293 454 mycorrhiza) 21, 314, 424, 526, 527, epigeous fruit-bodies 414 Discosphaerina fulvida (anam. 552, 573, 585–586 epiphragm 583, 584 Aureobasidium pullulans) 484 ectotunica; see ascus wall epispore, episporium (of spore walls) Discula destructiva 373 efrapeptins 364 26, 417 disease forecasting, Hemileia vastatrix eelgrass (Zostera) wasting 72 Eremascus 286–287 633; Phytophthora infestans 113; Elaphomyces 313–314, Pl. 4 Eremascus albus 287 Uncinula necator 403; Venturia Elaphomyces granulatus 313 Eremascus fertilis 287 inaequalis 479 Elaphomyces muricatus 313 Eremothecium 262, 284 dispersal; see insects; mites elater 51, 52 Eremothecium ashbyi 284 dissepiments 519 electric field (around hypha) 13, 14 Eremothecium coryli 284, 304 distoseptate 472, 473–474, 476, 478 elm, Dutch elm disease 366–368 Eremothecium gossypii 284 dithiocarbamates 112, 119, 253, 410 Emericella (anam. Aspergillus) nidulans ergometrine 353, 354 dogwood, anthracnose 373 229, 310; Woronin bodies 228; ergosterol 279; biosynthesis 279, 412 dolipore septum 497, 498, 499, 594, see Aspergillus nidulans ergot 350, 352 597, 606; breakdown for nuclear encystment (of zoospores) 68, 76–77, ergotamine 353, 354 passage 497, 600 83, 84, 87, 100, 106, 131 ergotism 352–353 Doratomyces; see Cephalotrichum endocytosis 11, 13, 272 ergovaline 360 dormant kinetosome; Endogone 221 ericoid mycorrhiza 444, 576 see kinetosome Endogone flammicorona 221 Erynia 203, 211–215; resting bodies Dothideales 480–486; lichens 455 Endogone lactiflua Pl. 3 211 double discharge of asci 405 endophytic fungi 333–334, 429, 484; Erynia conica 213–215; conidial types downy mildews Pl. 2; of grasses see Neotyphodium; related 213, 214 see Peronosporales to pathogens 347, 359, 375, 389, Erynia neoaphidis 211, 212, 213; Drechmeria coniospora 349, 681, 682; 441, 462; xylotropic endophyte 336 asexual reproduction 213; infection adhesion to nematodes 683; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 11 of aphids 212–213; penetration 212; infection process 684 endospore, endosporium (of spore protoplasts 212 Drechslera (teleom. Pyrenophora) 471, walls) 26, 417 Erysiphales 390–413; appendages 391, 477–478 endospores 205, 206 392–393; chasmothecium 392; Drechslera tritici-repentis 476 endotunica; see ascus wall conidia 390; conidial surface and Drechslerella 677, 680; induction of enteroblastic conidiogenesis 31, 232, taxonomy 394, 395; control nematode traps 683; ring 299, 300, 659 408–413; phylogeny and evolution constriction 678 entomopathogenic fungi; see insect 392–393 Drechslerella brochopaga 679 pathogens Erysiphe 401, 402, 403–404 Drechslerella dactyloides 679 Entomophaga 203 Erysiphe betae 402 drugs (against human pathogens) 279, Entomophthora 203 Erysiphe cruciferarum 401 280; see allyl amines, Entomophthora muscae 215–217, Pl. 3; Erysiphe heraclei 402 amphotericin B, azoles, infection 216, 218; penetration 216 Erysiphe pisi 398, 402

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INDEX 825

Erysiphe polygoni 402 Flagellospora penicillioides (teleom. Furia 203 Erysiphe trifolii 402; resistance Nectria) 689, 692 Furia americana 217, 219, Pl. 3 breeding 408 flagellum 23, 69; retraction 155; Fusarium 30, 342–343, 344, 345–348; ethanol; see alcoholic fermentation straminipilous (tinsel) flagellum 24, biological control 347; endophytes ethirimol 410 67–70; whiplash flagellum 68, 69, 347; macroconidium 343, 344, 347; ethnomycology 541 153 microconidium 343, 344; ethylene 389 Flammulina 546 mycotoxins 348; plant diseases 346; euagarics clade 516–517, 532–555, Flammulina velutipes 169, 548–549, wilts 345, 346 Pl. 9; gasteromycetes 579, 581–585 Pl. 9; cultivation 525, 548; Fusarium culmorum 347 Eumycota 38 gravitropism 548, 549; oidium 502, Fusarium heterosporum Pl. 5 Eupenicillium 311–313 503, 548; trama 524 Fusarium moniliforme (teleom. Eupenicillium crustosum 313 flexuous hypha 622 Gibberella fujikuroi) 339 Eurotiales 297–314; anamorph- flocculation 275 Fusarium oxysporum 345–347 teleomorph connections 299 floral mimicry 614 Fusarium venenatum 339 Eurotium repens 230, 308, 309 fluconazole 279, 664 fusion biotroph 191 euseptate 473 5’-fluorocytosine 279, 280, 663 fusion septum 176 evolution of fungi 35, 133, 165, 221, fly agaric 541; see Amanita muscaria 246, 511; co-evolution with host foliose lichens 447, Pl. 8 Gabarnaudia (teleom. Sphaeronaemella) plants 116, 393 Fomes fomentarius 560 372 exhabitant (of lichens) 446 Fomitopsis pinicola 529 Gaeumannomyces graminis 385, 386, 595 Exidia glandulosa 603–604; basidium food production 167, 181, 302–303; Galactomyces 281–282 489, 604 see cultivation of mushrooms Galactomyces candidus 4, 13, 30, 281 Exobasidium 655–657, Pl. 12; basidium food spoilage 298; canned food 307 Galactomyces geotrichum; see G. candidus 656, 657; haustorium 656, 657 foot cell, in Aspergillus 308, 309; in gamma-particles 154 Exobasidium japonicum 656 Blumeria 394 gametangio-gametangiogamy 132, Exobasidium vaccinii 656, Pl. 12 form-genus 23 133, 229 Exobasidium vexans 656 formae speciales 120, 345, 346, 395, 621 gametangio-gametogamy 132, 229 Exobasidiales 655–657; biotrophy 655, fosetyl-Al 113, 119 gametangium 177; hypogynous versus 656; exocytosis; see secretion fossil fungi 35, 133, 203, 221, 246, 363, epigynous 156, 157, 159, 163 Exophiala 486 512, 526, 579; lichens 454 gametogamy: isogamy, anisogamy, extrahaustorial matrix 103, 398, 617 free gills 523 oogamy 132 extrahaustorial membrane 617 French bean rust 631 Gamsylella 675, 676; induction of eyespot (of zoospore) 72 fruity smells 371, 373 nematode traps 683 fruticose lichens 447, Pl. 8 Ganoderma 564 fairy rings 13, 532, 546, 547, 552 fucosterol 90 Ganoderma adspersum 565 famoxadone 113 Fuligo septica 51, Pl. 1 Ganoderma applanatum 560, 561, fatty acids, in biological control 412 fumonisin 348 564, 565 fenpropimorph 411 fungi, key features 1–2 Ganoderma lucidum 561, 564 Fenton reaction 530 fungicide resistance 279–280, 410, gasterocarp 577 fibrosin bodies 404, 405 439; see ABC transporters gasteromycetation 578 Fibulomyces 689, 690 fungicides, against Phytophthora 112, gasteromycetes 575, 577–592, Pl. 11; Filobasidiella neoformans 661; see 113; against powdery mildews 410, boletoid clade 586–589; dispersal Cryptococcus neoformans 411–412; see also allyl amines; 580; euagarics clade 580, 581–585; fimbriae 176, 202, 275, 277, 653, 654; 2-aminopyrimidine, azoles, evolution 578–579; gomphoid- fimbrial RNA 654 benzimidazole, Bordeaux mixture, phalloid clade 589–592; life cycle fingerprint vacuoles, see dense-body captan, carboxin, copper, 577; phylogeny 579, 580; vesicles 76, 107 dithiocarbamate, imidazoles, propagules 580 fish farming 665 maneb, myclobutanil, morpholine, Gastroboletus 578 fish pathogens, Saprolegnia 81 phenylamide, phosphonate, Gastrosuillus 578 fission yeast 254 quinoxyfen, strobilurin, Gastrosuillus laricinus 578 fissitunicate; see ascus wall sulphur dust and lime, triazole Geastrum, gomphoid-phalloid clade flagellar apparatus 129–130, 153 fungistasis 534 579 Flagellospora 342 funiculus 581, 584 Geastrum triplex 588, 589 Flagellospora curvula 689, 692 furcate basidium 598, 599–600 gemma 30, 590

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826 INDEX

gene conversion 319, 423 Golovinomyces orontii 403 haptor 205 gene-for-gene hypothesis 114, 118, 383, Gomphidius 558 Harpella melusinae 223, 224, 225; 398, 408, 477, 484, 619, 642, 649 gomphoid-phalloid clade 575–576; asexual reproduction 223–225; generative hypha 518 phylogeny 516–517; gasteromycetes sexual reproduction 225 genet 558, 586 579, 588–592 Harpellales 223; phylogeny 166, 225 Geniculosporium 333, 337, 424 Gonapodya 127, 162 Harpochytrium 162 Genistellospora homothallica 225 Gonapodya prolifera 162 Harposporium anguillulae 349, 681, 682 Geoglossum 443 gooseberry, powdery mildew 390, 404 Hartig net 21, 526, 527, 586 Geolegnia 93 grape-vine, bunch rot (grey mould) hart’s truffle 314 Geosiphon pyriforme 221 436; dead-arm 375; downy mildew haustorial branches 605, 606 Geotrichum candidum (teleom. 119; powdery mildew 390 haustorial mother cell 615 Galactomyces candidus) 235 Graphium 366, 368, 372 haustorium 103, 105, 118, 381, 399, germination, auto-inhibitors 378, Graphium penicillioides 372 615–616, 617–618; intraparietal 387, 614 Graphium ulmi 366, 367 452; see Albugo candida, Blumeria germination patterns, variability grasses, choke disease 355; crown rust graminis, lichens, Peronospora, 208, 210, 214, 496; in 628; endophytes 357–360; powdery Phytophthora infestans, Piptocephalis, Heterobasidiomycetes 600, 602, 608 mildew 393–401 Uredinales germ pore (of spores) 26, 27, 239, gravitropism 169, 522, 548, 549 hazel, powdery mildew 406 614, 615 grazing animals, fescue toxicosis 358; HC-toxin 476, 477 germ slit (of spores) 239, 332–333, 479 lupinosis 375; mycoses 295; heavy metal accumulation; mercury germ sporangium 178 ryegrass staggers 359 536 Gibberella-Fusarium complex 345 ‘green bridge’ 401, 408, 627 Helicodendron 697; ecophysiology Gibberella fujikuroi 339 green fluorescent protein (GFP) 263 699–701 Gibberella zeae, turgor pressure in greenhouse gases 532 Helicodendron conglomeratum 698, 701 ascus 242 grevillins 557, 558 Helicodendron fractum 701 gibberellins 339 grey mould 434, 436 Helicodendron fuscosporum 701 Gigaspora decipiens 218 griseofulvin 293, 304 Helicodendron giganteum 699 Gilbertella persicaria 172, 177, 179 gut-stage cells of Basidiobolus 206 Helicodendron hyalinum 701 gills; see lamellae Gymnoascus reessii 295, 296 Helicodendron praetermissum 701 girdling 342, 376, 634 gymnocarpic hymenophore 520, 521 Helicodendron triglitziense 698, 701 gleba 424, 425, 577, 581, 588, 591 gymnohymenial; see apothecium Helicodendron tubulosum 701 Gliocladium 340, 341 Gymnopus 546 Helicoon 697 gliotoxin 339 Gymnosporangium 631–632 Helicoon richonis 697, 698 gloeocystidium 566, 572 Gymnosporangium clavariiforme 632 helicospore 23 gloeoplerous hypha 518, 568 Gymnosporangium cornutum 632 Heliscus 342 Gloeotulasnella cystidiophora 595 Gymnosporangium fuscum 613, 629, Heliscus lugdunensis (teleom. Nectria Glomales 29, 37, 217–222 631–632, Pl. 12 lugdunensis) 685, 687 Glomerella 387–388 Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Helminthosporium 30–31, 471 Glomerella cingulata (anam. 632 Helminthosporium velutinum 472, 473 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 387 gymnothecium 245, 246, 285, 289, Helotiales (inoperculate Glomerellaceae 316, 386, 389 293, 294, 297 discomycetes) 429–445, Pl. 7; Glomeromycota 221 Gyrodon 579 classification 429, 430; lichens Glomus mosseae 218, 220, 221 Gyromitra esculenta 415 455 glucans, in cell walls 5,6,75 gyromitrin 415 Helvella 423; ectomycorrhiza 423 glucan matrix 15, 438 Helvella crispa 423, Pl. 6 glycerol, in turgor generation 381 Hþ ATPases 12, 14, 221, 398, 617, Helvella lacunosa 423 glycogen (storage reserve) 28, 76, 618 hemiangiocarpic 545; see apothecium, 381, 392 hallucinogenic mushrooms 541, 546; basidiocarp development Golgi apparatus 11, 66–67, 71, 75, see ergotism Hemiascomycetes 261–284; versus 165, 272 halo; see host defence mechanisms Archiascomycetes 261–262; Golovinomyces 403 hamathecium 241 importance 262; isolation 262; Golovinomyces cichoracearum 403; hapteron 584 occurrence 262 resistance breeding 408 Haptoglossa 54, 63, 64–66, 681; gun cell hemibiotrophy 388, 475, 550 Golovinomyces cucurbitacearum 404 64, 65, 66; taxonomy 54 hemicellulase 530

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INDEX 827

hemicellulose 528 hymenophore arrangement 514, hydrophobins 8, 327, 364, 366, 452, Hemileia vastatrix 632–634; long- 515; phylogeny 516 519, 535, 545 distance spread 633 homogenic incompatibility 325 Hygrocybe 546 Hemitrichia serpula 51 homothallism 319–320, 330, 506; Hygrocybe coccinea 546, Pl. 9 het genes 325–326, 330 primary 506; secondary Hygrocybe conica 546 Heterobasidiomycetes 593–608, Pl. 11; (¼ pseudohomothallism) 179, Hygrocybe psittacina 546 parenthesome 499, 593; taxonomy 506–507, 535; unclassified 506 Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 501 593, 594 honey bees, chalk brood disease 288 Hygrophorus 546 heterobasidiomycete yeasts 659, honeydew 349 hymenium 525 660–666 hook cell; see crozier Hymenoascomycetes 315 Heterobasidion abietinum 568 hops, powdery mildew 404 hymenochaetoid clade 573–574; Heterobasidion annosum 519, 567; horizontal gene transfer 305 phylogeny 516–517 blastoconidium (Spiniger) 504, 568; horizontal resistance; see host Hymenomycetes 513 control 569 resistance hymenophoral trama 523, 524 Heterobasidion parviporum 568 horizontal transmission of inoculum hymenophore 515 heterobasidium 593; 357 Hymenoscyphus ericae 444 see phragmobasidium Hormonema dematioides 227 Hymenoscyphus splendens 688 heteroecious 613 hormones; see antheridiol, cAMP, Hymenoscyphus tetracladius 688 heterogenic incompatibility; conidiogenone, oogoniol, parisin, Hymenostilbe 360 see vegetative incompatibility sirenin, trisporic acid; see also plant hyperplasia 56 heterokaryosis 351, 359; restricted growth hormones, sex hormones hypersensitive response 62, 115, 400, versus unrestricted 330 host defence mechanisms 397; halo 408, 618; in nectrotrophs 438–439, heterokont zoospore 24,71 397; papilla 397, 408; 476 heterothallism 174, 330, 506–507; see hypersensitive response, hypertrophy 56, 58, 60–61, 136, 137, bipolar 506; modified tetrapolar oxidative burst, PR proteins 547, 550, 644 605; physiological 435; tetrapolar host differentials 625, 628, 642 hypha 2, 4; in Ascomycota 227; in 507 host-jumping 362 Basidiomycota 501; in Oomycota 1,16-hexadecanediol 384 host-pathogen recognition; 75–76; Spitzenko¨rper 3, 4–5, 7, 10; hilar appendix (of basidiospore) 27, see gene-for-gene hypothesis vessel hypha 17 490, 491, 492 host resistance; adult plant resistance hyphal analysis 517, 518, 519, 562; hilar appendix body 491–492 410, 620; field (horizontal, partial, see momomitic, dimitic, sarcomitic, hilum (of basidiospore) 27, 490 minor gene) resistance 115, 408, sarcotrimitic, trimitic Hirsutella 360 619; major gene (vertical) resistance hyphal body 203, 216, 364 Hirsutella rhossiliensis, as nematode 114, 408, 619, 626 hyphal branching 13 endoparasite 685 hot water treatment (of seeds) 651 hyphal coiling 340, 342 Hirsutella sinensis (teleom. Cordyceps Hu¨lle cells 308, 310 hyphal interference 540, 569 sinensis) 362 human pathogens 196, 211, 471; hyphal tip 3, 4–5, 8; and Ca2þ gradient Histoplasma capsulatum 289, 290–292, see Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus 9–10 307 fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Hyphochytriomycota 24, 70, 71 Hohenbuehelia 542; nematode-trapping Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Hyphochytrium catenoides 70 679, 681 Cryptococcus neoformans, Hyphochytrium peniliae 71 holdfast 223, 224 Histoplasma capsulatum, Hypholoma fasciculare 554 Holliday model 319, 643 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Hypholoma sublateritium 553, 554 holobasidium 488 Penicillium marneffei, Pneumocystis, hyphomycetes 231 holoblastic conidiogenesis 31, 232 Trichosporon hyphopodium 386 holocoenocytic 569 Humicola insolens; see Scytalidium hyphosphere 534 holomorph 32 thermophilum Hypocrea 339–341 holothallic conidiogenesis 235 hybrid ascus 319 Hypocrea gelatinosa 340, 341 homing reaction (in basidiomycete hybrid vigour 477 Hypocrea jecorina (anam. Trichoderma fertilization) 502, 503 Hydnangium 578 reesei) 340 homing sequence (in zoospores) 100 Hydnotrya 423 Hypocrea poronioidea 341 Homobasidiomycetes 514–564, Hydnum repandum 515, 575 Hypocrea pulvinata 339, 340, Pl. 5 565–576, Pl. 9, Pl. 10, Pl. 11; eight- Hydnum rufescens 574, 575 Hypocrea rufa (anam. Trichoderma viride) clade system 514, 517; hydrogenosome 151 340

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828 INDEX

Hypocrea virens (anam. Trichoderma insect pathogens; see Ascosphaera apis, lactifer (lacticiferous hypha) 519, 566, virens) 340 Beauveria bassiana, Conidiobolus 568, 569 Hypocreales 316, 337–348; anamorphs coronatus, Cordyceps, Entomophthora Laetiporus 564 316, 338, 339; lichens 455; muscae, Erynia neoaphidis, Harpella Laetiporus sulphureus 504, 505, 519, taxonomy 339 melusinae, Metarhizium anisopliae;of 562, 564, Pl. 10 hypogeous fruit bodies 313, 414, mosquito and black fly larva Lagenidium giganteum 79 423 see Coelomomyces, Erynia conica, Lalaria 252, 658 hypothallus, of Myxomycetes 49, 52 Lagenidium giganteum lamellae 522–523; attachment to stipe hypovirulence 368, 376–377 integrin 9, 615 523; see aequi-hymenial, inaequi- Hypoxylon 335–336, 607 inter-costal veins 27, 327 hymenial Hypoxylon fragiforme 333, 335–336, interference competition; see hyphal Langermannia; see Calvatia 337; eclosion of ascospores 338 interference latent infections 375, 388, 628 Hypoxylon mammatum 333 internal proliferation 83, 99, 144 latex 551 Hypoxylon multiforme 337 invasive growth 8 Lecanora 455 Hypoxylon rubiginosum 335 investing hyphae 416 Lecanora conizaeoides 450, 454–455 Hypovirus 376–377; CHV-1 genome involutin 555, 557 Lecanora (Sphaerothallia) esculenta 455 376; transmission 377 g-irradiation resistance 417 Lecanora muralis 455, Pl. 8 hysterothecium 459 isidium 448 Lecanorales 446–458; rostrate ascus isozyme analysis 34 dehiscence 455; see lichens ibotenic acid 539, 541 isthmus 300 lecanoric acid 453 idiomorphs 267; see mating-type Itersonilia perplexans 493; ballistospore Leccinum 558 imidazole-type fungicides 479 discharge 494–495 Leccinum scabrum 558 imperfect state; see anamorph ITS (internal transcribed spacer) 35 Leccinum versipelle 558 inaequi-hymenial gills 522 itraconazole 306–307 lectins 175, 683 incertae sedis 289 legislation (in plant diseases) 138, 649 incompatibility, homogenic versus jelly fungi 593, Pl. 11 legumes, Ascochyta diseases 464; leaf- heterogenic 325 spot; see also individual legumes 466 indole 630 keratinolytic fungi 102, 293 Lemonniera aquatica 685, 687 infection bulb 684 Kickxellales 166, 225 Lemonniera terrestris 685 infection hypha; bulbous or killer toxins 273–274, 646–647 Lentinula 546 primary 378, 381, 388; secondary killer yeasts 273 Lentinula edodes; cultivation 525 388 kinetosome 68, 130, 162; dormant Lentinus tigrinus 521; secotioid form 578 infection mechanisms; see Blumeria kinetosome 71, 129, 162 Leotia lubrica 444, Pl. 7 graminis, Haptoglossa, Magnaporthe kresoxim methyl 410, 412 Leotiales; see Helotiales grisea, nematophagous fungi, Kretzschmaria deusta 333 Lepista 552 Plasmodiophora brassicae, Uredinales Lepista nuda 552 infection plaque 440, 441 Laboulbeniales 226 Lepista saeva 552 Ingoldiella hamata (teleom. Labyrinthula 72, 73 leprose lichens 447 Sistotrema hamatum) 243, 689, 691 Labyrinthulomycota 71–72, 73, 74 Leptographium 366 inhabitant (of lichens) 446 Laccaria 552; ectomycorrhiza 552; Leptosphaeria 460–464, 472; anamorphs ink-caps 537; see Coprinus related to gasteromycetes 578 461; versus Phaeosphaeria 462–464 Inonotus 573 Laccaria amethystina 552 Leptosphaeria acuta (anam. Phoma acuta) inoperculate discomycetes 429; Laccaria bicolor 552 231, 461, 462, 463; endophytic stage see Helotiales, Lecanorales Laccaria laccata 552 462 insect associations; see Amylostereum, laccase 439, 530 Leptosphaeria biglobosa 463 Epichloe, Ganoderma, Laboulbeniales, Lactarius 566 Leptosphaeria coniothyrium 461 Trichomycetes Lactarius deliciosus 566, Pl. 10 Leptosphaeria maculans (anam. Phoma insect dispersal and fertilization 290, Lactarius deterrimus 566 lingam) 461, 463–464 293, 538, 571, 580, 654; in Claviceps Lactarius lignyotellus 491 lethal reactions, in Physarum 349; in Epichloe 356; in Ophiostoma Lactarius pyrogalus 566 polycephalum 48, 52 365; Phallus 590–591; in Uredinales Lactarius quietus 566 Letharia vulpina 452 621, 630 Lactarius rufus 519, 566 lettuce, big-vein virus (LBVV) 148; insect diseases; muscardine disease Lactarius torminosus 566 downy mildew 120 362–363 Lactarius turpis 566 Leveillula 407

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INDEX 829

Leveillula taurica 407 macrocysts 42 mating-type, Ascomycota: idiomorphs Lewia (anam. Alternaria) 460, 469 Macrolepiota 536; related to 277, 320, 330, 436, 464, 469, 477; Lewia infectoria 469, 470 gasteromycetes 579, 581 loci 268; multiple alleles 387; Liceales (Myxomycota) 51 Macrolepiota procera 533, 536; and switch 268, 269, 270, 277 lichen acids 453 mercury accumulation 536 mating-type, Basidiomycota: A and B lichen desert 454 Macrolepiota rhacodes 536 loci 508, 509–510, 662; heterodimer lichenicolous fungi 451 macronematous 230 formation 509, 645; multiple alleles lichenicolous lichens 451 macrophages 291 507; structure 508–510 lichenometry 447 macrophore (in Phycomyces) 168 medicinal fungi 361, 562, 565, 608 lichens 446–458, Pl. 8; air pollution Magnaporthaceae 316, 377–386 Megacollybia platyphylla 500, 502, 511 454; chimaera 457; haustorium 450, Magnaporthe grisea 378, 379–382, 383, meiosporangium, meiospore 156, 176 452; nutrition 451–452; phylogeny 384–385, 388, 396; appressorium Melampsora 635, Pl. 12 226, 454; pigments 452, 453, 454; formation 378–381; appressorium Melampsora epitea 635 pure-culture studies 446; maturation 381; conidium Melampsora euphorbiae, telium 635 reproduction 448; secondary germination 378; gene-for-gene Melampsora lini var. lini 635; metabolism 453; stratification 447, relationship 383; penetration 381; gene-for-gene concept 619 448; taxonomy 448, 449, 454–455; signalling 384, 385 Melampsoridium betulinum 635 thallus establishment 448–449, 450, Magnusiomyces 282 melanin 16, 177, 298, 381, 664, Pl. 4; 451; thallus morphology (crustose, maize, anthracnose 388; cms-T DHN melanin biosynthesis 381; foliose, fruticose) 447–448 mutation 477; grey leaf spot 481; DOPA melanin 664 lignin 528; degradation 530–532 Northern leaf spot 477; root and Melzer’s iodine 28, 241–242, 566 lignin peroxidase 530, 531 stalk rot 95; rust 630; smut 643; membrane channels (stretch- Limnoperdon 577 Southern leaf blight 477 activated); see Ca2þ linoleic acid, nematicidal properties major gene resistance; see host membrane cycling 12, 272 683 resistance memnospore 22,29 lipid (storage reserves) 28–29, 71, 78, Malassezia 671–672; dandruff 672; meningoencephalitis 663 86, 350, 381, Pl. 12; in oospore ultrastructure 671, 672 Meripilus giganteus 501 arrangement (Oomycota) 86 Malassezia furfur 671 meristem arthroconidium 390, 391 lipid sac 154 Malassezia globosa 672 meristospore 205, 206 locule 315, 459 Malassezia pachydermatis 671, 672 merosporangium 166, 195, 201 Loculoascomycetes 315, 459–486 Malasseziales 671–672 mesospore 629 loline 359, 360 Malbranchea 289, 290, 292, 295 metabasidium 490, 611, 637 lolitrem 359, 360 maneb 113, 631, 651 metalaxyl 113, 119, 126 long-distance dispersal 400, 586, 610, manganese peroxidase 530 Metarhizium anisopliae 361, 363, 364; 624, 633, 639 manna lichen 455 penetration 364 Lophodermiella 441 mantle (of ectomycorrhiza) 21, 526, 527 methylhydrazine 415 Lophodermium 441 MAP kinase 384, 385, 645 metula 298, 310, 311 LSD 554 Marasmius 18, 546–548 Microascales 316, 368–373 Lunulospora curvula 691, 692 Marasmius androsaceus 548 Microascus 368–369; perithecium lupinosis 375 Marasmius oreades 511, 546, 547 formation 369 Lycogala epidendron 51, Pl. 1 Marasmius ramealis 548 microbodies 71, 684 Lycoperdon 581 Marasmius rotula 548 microbody-lipid complex (MLC) 130, Lycoperdon perlatum 582 Margaritispora aquatica 685, 691, 693 131 Lycoperdon pyriforme 581, 583 Massarina 688, 690 Microbotryales 609, 636, 652–655; Lyophyllum 552 Massarina aquatica 693 intercellular growth 652; life cycle lysergic acid 354 Massospora 203 652; phylogeny 652 lysigenous perithecial development mastigoneme; see tripartite tubular Microbotryum 639; dicot Ustilago 652 315, 459 hair Microbotryum violaceum 652–655; lysine biosynthesis, DAP and AAA mating behaviour, Ascomycota 229, conjugation 653; ecology 655; pathways 67, 71, 75, 165 266–270, 278, 322–324, 330–331; fimbriae 653, 654; host-pathogen Basidiomycota 506–510; interactions 654–655; life cycle 652; macroconidia; see Botrytis cinerea, Chytridiomycota 131–133; sex chromosomes 638, 653; somatic Fusarium, Neurospora, Sclerotinia Oomycota 101–102; Zygomycota diploids; systemic infection 655; macrocyclic (rusts) 613 173–181 teliospore germination 653

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830 INDEX

microconidium 291, 329, 343, Morchella 427–428; cultivation 428; Mucorales 165–200; homothallism 346, 435 ectomycorrhiza 427–428; 173; mating behaviour 178–179; sex microcyclic (rusts) 614 endobacteria 428; saprotrophic hormones 174; sexual reproduction microcyst 41–42 populations 427; sclerotia 428 173–178; sporangium development microfilaments; see actin Morchella angusticeps 427 171–173 Micromucor 197 Morchella conica 427 mucormycosis 181, 183 micronematous 230 Morchella crassipes 427 muscimol 539, 541 microphore (in Phycomyces) 168 Morchella deliciosa 427 mushroom poisoning 415, 540, Microsphaera 401–403 Morchella elata 427 555–556; Emperor Claudius 540 Microsphaera (Erysiphe) alphitoides 390, Morchella esculenta 427, Pl. 6 Mutinus caninus 589, 591–592 402, 403 Morchella semilibera 427 mycelial cords 15, 500, 502, 559; in Microsporum 235, 293, 294 morpholine-type fungicides 410 mycorrhiza 526, 585 microtubules 9–10, 79, 106, 158, 258, morphological heterothallism 200 Myceliophthora roreri; see Crinipellis 270, 615, 646; arrangement in Mortierella 197–200; zygospores 198, roreri flagella 68; ascospore formation 200 mycelium 2; dikaryotic 3, 492, 497, 323; nuclear migration 499 Mortierella alpina 197 501; heterokaryotic 3, 227, 497; millet, ergot 349 Mortierella capitata 200 homokaryotic 2, 227, 496; Minimedusa polyspora 505 Mortierella chlamydospora 197 monokaryotic 3, 492, 496; mycelial mint rust 613 Mortierella ericetorum 200 strands 15; rhizomorphs 16, 17–18 mirror yeast 666 Mortierella humilis 197 Mycena 166, 551–552; latex 551; orchid mites, dispersal of fungi 448 Mortierella hyalina 198 mycorrhiza 598 mitochondria 4, 155, 264; cristae of Mortierella indohi 199 Mycena galericulata 551 inner membrane 67, 68, 71, 165 Mortierella isabellina 197 Mycena galopus 551, 570 mitogen 385 Mortierella polycephala 197 Mycena pura Pl. 3 mitosporangium, mitospore 159 Mortierella ramanniana 197 Mycena sanguinolenta 551 mitosporic fungi 32 Mortierella rostafinskii 199 Mycena stylobates 551 mlo allele (barley) 397, 408, 475 Mortierella stylospora 197 myclobutanil 479 Moesziomyces penicillariae 652 Mortierella umbellata 198, 200 mycobiont (of lichens) 446 molecular clock 35 Mortierella (Umbelopsis) vinacea 25, Mycocentrospora filiformis 694 Mollisia 439 197 mycoheterotrophy 526 Mollisia cinerea 439, Pl. 7 Mortierella wolfii 197 mycolaminarin 76, 83, 87, 107 Mollisia uda 691 Mortierella zonata 197, 199 mycoparasitism 97, 127, 191, 546, Monilia 432 mucilage, in yeasts 659, 661; (in 556, 605 Monilinia fructicola 432 attachment) see adhesives mycophagous insects 565, 591 Monilinia fructigena 31, 430, 432, 433; Mucor 180–181 mycorrhiza 218; see ectomycorrhiza, sclerotium 432 Mucor azygospora 179, 181 ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid Monilinia laxa 432 Mucor bainieri 179 mycorrhiza, VAM Monilinia polystroma 432 Mucor circinelloides 181 mycoses, Basidiobolus 207; Fusarium Moniliopsis (teleom. Thanatephorus) 594 Mucor fragilis 181 343; Mucorales 181, 183; Pythium Monoblepharidales 162–164; zoospore Mucor genevensis 175, 179 insidiosum 102; Scopulariopsis 369; 162, 163 Mucor hiemalis 172–173, 176, 179, 181; see human pathogens Monoblepharella 162 azygospore 179 Mycosphaerella 464, 480–481, 484; Monoblepharis 162–164; sexual Mucor indicus 181 anamorphs 481; diseases 480, 481; reproduction 163 Mucor lusitanicus 181 pseudothecium 481, 482 Monoblepharis macrandra 163, 164 Mucor miehei 181 Mycosphaerella dianthicola Monoblepharis polymorpha 163 Mucor mucedo 167, 172, 179 (anam. Cladosporium Monoblepharis sphaerica 164 Mucor piriformis 173, 179 echinulatum) 482 monoclinous antheridium 85 Mucor plasmaticus 173 Mycosphaerella graminicola (anam. monomitic basidiocarp construction Mucor plumbeus 30, 173, 182, 189 Septoria tritici) 481, 483; genetic 519 Mucor pusillus 178, 181 diversity 481 Monosporascus cannonballus 237 Mucor racemosus 181, 182 Mycosphaerella macrospora monoverticillate; see Penicillium Mucor rouxii, yeast stage 167, 168, (anam. Cladosporium humile) 482 conidiophores 181 Mycosphaerella tassiana (anam. Montagnea 578 Mucor spinosus 181 Cladosporium herbarum) 482

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INDEX 831

mycosporine-alanine 387 Neotyphodium (teleom. Epichloe) 355, oilseed rape, leaf spot 439; blackleg mycotoxins 302, 304, 305–306, 347, 358; alkaloids 358–359, 360; 461, 463 348, 470 mutualistic symbiosis 359; origin oleaginous fungi 167 Mycotypha microspora 202 359 Olpidium 145–148; fossil 133; Mycovellosiella 483 Neotyphodium coenophialum 342 transmission of viruses 147–148; Mycovellosiella fulva; see Cladosporium Neotyphodium lolii 358, 359 zoospores 146 fulvum Neotyphodium typhinum 358 Olpidium bornovanus 146–148 mycoviruses 329, 375–376; Neozygites 203 Olpidium brassicae 127, 146–147, 148 transmission 377; see Hypovirus Neurospora 326–331; as a genetic tool Omphalotus 546 Myriosclerotinia curreyana 430; 327; life cycle 327–330 Omphalotus olearius 501 see Myrioconium, Sclerotinia curreyana Neurospora africana 327 one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis 327 myxamoeba 49 Neurospora crassa 11, 229, 237, 320, onions, leaf blight 468; white rot 434 Myxomycetes 47–53, Pl. 1 327, 329; biological clock 331; life Onygena 290, 293 Myxotrichum chartarum 296, 297; cycle 327, 328, 329–330; mating Onygena corvina 290, 293 taxonomic position 297, 444 behaviour 330–331 Onygena equina 290, 293 Myzocytium 681 Neurospora dodgei 327 Onygenales 289–297 Neurospora intermedia 326 oogamous fertilization 28, 77, 162 nasse apicale 241 Neurospora sitophila 327 oogoniol 90 necrotrophy 388, 432, 434, 438 Neurospora terricola 327 oogonium 29, 77, 86, 89, 101 Nectria 341–343, 689 Neurospora tetrasperma, ascospore 26, Oomycota 24, 38, 64, 75–126, P. 2; Nectria cinnabarina 341–342, 344, 600, 228, 237; pseudohomothallism hypha 75–76; sexual reproduction Pl. 5 323–324, 506 77, 78; taxonomy 80; zoospore 76, Nectria coccinea 341 neurosporoxanthin 329 77 Nectria galligena (anam. Cylindrocarpon Nia vibrissa 577, 579, 693 ooplast 78, 86, 102, 110 heteronema) 341, 343, 344, 348 Nigrospora 30 oosphere 29, 102, 109 Nectria haematococca 344 Nodulisporium 333, 334, 335 oospore 28, 29, 77, 102, 109–110, Nectria (anam. Heliscus) lugdunensis 687 Nodulisporium tulasnei 335 164; centric, subcentric, Nectria mammoidea 345 Nostoc 221, 446, 456 subeccentric, eccentric types 86 Nectria radicicola (anam. Cylindrocarpon Nowakowskiella 144–145 oosporein 363 destructans) 348 Nowakowskiella elegans 144, 145 operculate discomycetes 414; Nematoctonus (teleom. Hohenbuehelia) Nowakowskiella profusa 129, 144 see Pezizales 679, 681 nuclei 4, 5, 79, 228, 497, 501, Pl. 12; operculum 241, 414, 417, 418; nematodes 673 conjugate division 499; nuclear see ascus apical apparatus nematophagous fungi 63, 64, 349, migration 498 Ophiostoma 364–366; perithecium 364, 542, 673–685; adhesion 683; numbers of species of fungi 1, 226 365, 366; versus Ceratocystis 364, 373 adhesive knobs 675, 676, 679; numbers of spores 497 Ophiostoma himal-ulmi 366–367 adhesive nets 675, 676; biological nutrient uptake 12–13, 14 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 366; control of control 684; constricting rings nystatin 279 Dutch elm disease 368 676–679; egg and cyst parasites 674, Ophiostoma piceae 365 684; endoparasitic fungi 674, oak, powdery mildew 402, 403; wilt Ophiostoma ulmi 366, 367 680–682; infection process 683; 369 Ophiostomatales 316, 364 non-constricting rings 676; oats, covered smut 643; crown rust opisthokont zoospore 24 predatory fungi 673, 675–680; 628; leaf necrosis 476; loose smut -opsis form (of Uredinales) 613 taxonomy 674; toxins 683; trap 642, 643; Victoria cultivar 476, 619 Orbilia 675 induction 682–683; trophic hyphae ocellus 186 Orbiliaceae 675 673, 684 ochratoxin A 304, 305 orchid mycorrhiza 550, 596, 597, 598 Neobulgaria 444 odours 371, 373, 424, 591, 630 orellanine 539, 555 Neocallimastigales 150–153 Oedocephalum 419, 420, 504 organohalogens, fungal origin 530 Neocallimastix 151 Oedogoniomyces 162 Orpinomyces 151 Neocallimastix frontalis 151 Oidiodendron 295, 444 Oudemansiella canarii 489 Neocallimastix hurleyensis 151, 152 Oidiopsis 408 Oudemansiella mucida 548 Neocallimastix patriciarum 151 oidium 421, 502, 503, 538 Oudemansiella radicata 547, 548; Neoerysiphe galeopsidis 404 Oidium 390 basidium 488 Neonectria 348 Oidium tuckeri 403 Ovulariopsis 406

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832 INDEX

oxalate crystals 173, 529 pea truffle; see Endogone perithecial hairs 331, 332 oxalic acid 433, 438, 447, 529 pear trellis rust 631, Pl. 12 perithecial stroma 246, 335, oxidative burst 291, 397, 438, 475, 540 pectin 528 336–337, 348, 352–353, 360, 362, oxidative stress 434, 664; and pectinolytic enzymes 433–434, 373, Pl. 5 carotenoid production 434, 665, 438, 529 perithecium 245, 246, 317; 670, 671 peloton 597 development 315; in Microascus 369; oyster mushroom; see Pleurotus Peltigera 456 in Nectria 337; in Ophiostoma Ozonium 537 Peltigera canina 456, Pl. 8 364–366; in Sordaria 318–319; in Peltigera polydactyla 456, 457 Xylaria 333 Pachysolen tamophilus 262 penetration peg 381, 396 Peronosclerospora 125 Paecilomyces 299, 360 penicillin 303, 304 Peronosclerospora sorghi 125–126 Paecilomyces lilacinus, as nematode egg Penicillium 297–299, 310–313; Peronospora 116–119; control 119; parasite 684; biological control 685 conidiophore 298, 299; mono-, haustorium 117–118; oospores 118; Paecilomyces militaris (teleom. Cordyceps bi-, ter-, quaterverticillate 298, 310, sporangiophore 117 militaris) 361 311; sclerotium 313 Peronospora destructor 116, 119 Palmella stage of Basidiobolus ranarum Penicillium aurantiogriseum 312 Peronospora farinosa 116 206 Penicillium camemberti 303, 311 Peronospora manshurica 118 Panaeolus 546 Penicillium chrysogenum 303 Peronospora parasitica 116, 117, Panaeolus semi-ovatus 546 Penicillium citrinum 311 118–119, 122, Pl. 2 Panaeolus sphinctrinus 543, 546 Penicillium claviforme 230 Peronospora tabacina 116, 119 Pandora 203 Penicillium cyclopium 301 Peronospora trifoliorum 119 Panellus stypticus 489, 491 Penicillium digitatum 311–312, Pl. 4 Peronospora viciae 119 papilla; see host defence mechanisms Penicillium expansum 306, 311, 312 Peronosporales (downy mildews) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 289, Penicillium griseofulvum 293, 304, 311 115–125; biotrophy 116; life cycle 290–292 Penicillium italicum 311–312 116; origin 116; relationships with paracrystalline bodies 141 Penicillium janczewskii 304 Pythiales 115 paragynous fertilization 109 Penicillium marneffei 307; dimorphism peroxisome 684 paraphysis 241, 315, 414, 461; apical 301 Pertusaria pertusa 25 paraphysis 337, 343, 461; in Penicillium notatum 303 Pesotum 366 Basidiomycota 522, 525 Penicillium roqueforti 303, 311 Petriella 368 parasexual cycle 115, 230, 345 Penicillium spinulosum 311 Peziza 419 parasitic fungi; see individual host Penicillium verrucosum 305 Peziza succosa 419 plants; algae, insects, Penicillium verruculosum 311 Peziza vesiculosa Pl. 6 mycoparasitism, mycoses, Peniophora 605 Pezizales (operculate discomycetes) nematodes, rotifers Peniophora gigantea; see Phlebiopsis 414–428, Pl. 6; classification 415; Parasola 537 gigantea phylogeny 415 Parauncinula septata 393 Peniophora quercina 515 Pezoloma 690 parenthesome 497, 498–499, 573, 593, pentachloronitrobenzene 651 pH sensing 433 606 peramine 359, 360 Phaeolus 576 parietin 453, 456 percurrent conidiogenesis 469 Phaeosphaeria 460, 462–464; parisin 156 perfect state; see teleomorph anamorphs 461 parthenogenesis 85, 179 periclinal thickening 232 Phaeosphaeria avenaria (anam. partial veil 520 Peridermium 634; see Cronartium Stagonospora avenae) 462 pathogenesis-related proteins; Peridermium pini 635 Phaeosphaeria (anam. Stagonospora) see PR proteins peridiole 577, 583, 584, 586, 589, 590 nodorum 231, 462–463, 481 patulin 304, 306–307 peridium 314, 424, 577, 587, 622 Phaffia rhodozyma 665–666; pavement cracking 538 perifungal membrane 597 see Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Paxillus 555 Pe´rigord truffle 426 phagocytosis 40, 45, 55 Paxillus atrotomentosus 555 periphysis 243, 315, 621 phalloidin 539, 540 Paxillus involutus 501, 555, 556; periplasm (in oosphere formation) 86, Phallus duplicatus 591 post-meiotic mitosis 490 109 Phallus impudicus 15, 500, 591, 592, pea, blight 464; leaf and pod spot 464; periplasmic space 270 Pl. 11; mycelial cord 15, 591; odours powdery mildew 402 perispore, perisporium (of spore 591 peach, leaf curl 251; brown-rot 432 walls) 26, 237, 417, 420 Phallus indusiatus 589, 591–592

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INDEX 833

Phallus ravenelii 591 Phragmidium violaceum 631, Pl. 12; Phytophthora nicotianae 103 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 565; biocontrol of bramble 631 Phytophthora palmivora 103 white-rot 530–532 phragmobasidium 488, 489, 593, Phytophthora ramorum 103 Phanerochaete velutina 570 637 phytotoxins 375, 388, 470, 476, 478, phaneroplasmodium 48, 51, Pl. 1 phragmospore 23 482, 568; see cercosporin, HC-toxin, Phellinus 573 Phycomyces blakesleeanus 168, 169, 184; prehelminthosporol, T-toxin, Phellinus igniarius 573, Pl. 10 heterothallism 174; life cycle 180; victorin C Phellinus noxius 573 phototropism 168, 169–170; Pichia 281 Phellinus pomaceus 573; chloromethane sporangiophore development Pichia guilliermondii 263 emission 532, 574 168–170, 171; sporangium Pichia jadinii 281 Phellinus robustus 574 development 171–173; zygospore Pichia pastoris 263, 281 Phellinus weirii 573 development 176, 186; zygospore Pichia stipitis 262 phenylacetaldehyde 591, 630 germination 178 Piedmont truffle 426 phenylamides 112 Phycomyces nitens 179, 184 pigments; see carotenoids, lichens, phenylethanol 591, 630 Phycomycetes 33 melanin, pulvinic acids pheromones; see sex hormones Phyllactinia 405 Pilaira 189–190 phialide 31, 232, 233–234, 300 Phyllactinia guttata 237, 390, 406, 407; Pilaira anomala 190 phialoconidium 300, 465; dry and chasmothecium 407, 409 pileocystidium 525 slimy 233 phylloplane yeasts 668 pileus 517 Phialophora 386, 439 phylogeny 33, 36–37, 69, 166, 248, Pilobolus 185–189; sporangium Phlebiopsis gigantea 569 512, 516 discharge 189; vector for phoenicoid fungi 417 Physarales (Myxomycota) 51 nematodes 188 Pholiota 554 Physarum polycephalum 48, 50, 51–53, Pilobolus crystallinus 185, Pl. 3 Pholiota nameko 555 Pl. 1; life cycle 49; smart network 52 Pilobolus kleinii 185, 188 Pholiota squarrosa 554, Pl. 9 physiological heterothallism 435 Pilobolus umbonatus 185 Phoma 462, 464–465, 466; versus physiological races; see races pine, needlecast 441; rusts 634 Phomopsis 465 Physoderma alfalfae 153 pionnote 345 Phoma acuta 462–463 Physoderma maydis 153 Piptocephalis 201; appressorium 202; Phoma betae 466 phytoalexins 115, 383, 438, 464 haustorium 202 Phoma epicoccina 466; see Epicoccum Phytophthora 95, 102–115; asexual Piptocephalis freseniana 201 nigrum reproduction 103–106; Piptocephalis fimbriata 202 Phoma lingam 463; Plenodomus 464; chlamydospore 105, 106; oospore Piptocephalis unispora 201 see Leptosphaeria maculans 109–110; sexual reproduction Piptocephalis virginiana 201, 202 Phoma medicaginis 464, 465 109–111; sporangium germination Piptocephalis xenophila 201 phomopsins 375 104; zoospore 106, 107–108; Piptoporus betulinus 339, 560, 561, Phomopsis 373–375; a-conidium 373, zoospore encystment 106; zoospore 562–563; mating system 506 374; b-conidium 373, 374, 464; release 105 Piromyces 151 ecology 375; versus Phoma 465; Phytophthora alni 103 Pisolithus 12, 527, 586; boletoid clade taxonomy 374 Phytophthora cactorum 102, 106, 579; ectomycorrhiza 586 Phomopsis helianthi 375 109–110 Pisolithus marmoratus 586 Phomopsis phaseoli 373; see Diaporthe Phytophthora cinnamomi 102, 107, Pisolithus tinctorius (¼ P. arhizus) 586, phaseolorum 108 Pl. 11 Phomopsis viticola 375 Phytophthora drechsleri 103 Placopsis gelida 451 phomozin 375 Phytophthora erythroseptica 29, 68, 103, plant growth hormones; see auxins, phosphonate fungicides 113 109, 116, Pl. 2 cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins photobiont (of lichens) 446 Phytophthora fragariae 103 plant resistance; see host resistance, photoreceptors 169 Phytophthora infestans 78, 95, 111–115; breeding for resistance photosensitizers 482, 665 disease forecast 113; epidemiology plasmodiocarp (of Myxomycetes) 50 phototropism, ascus tip 420, 427; 111–112; fungicides 112–113; Plasmodiophora brassicae 54–57, 58, sporangiophore 168, 169, 170, 185, haustorium 103, 105; life cycle 59–61; club root symptoms 55–56, 188 95–96, 101, 102; origin and spread 57; club root control 62–63; Phragmidium 631 111; physiological races 114; potato cruciform mitosis 55, 59; life cycle Phragmidium mucronatum 631; late blight 111–115, Pl. 2; tomato 56; infection process 57, 58–59, 65; teliospore 629 late blight 115 plant hormones 60–61, 253

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834 INDEX

Plasmodiophoromycota 24, 38, 54–66; Podosphaera xanthii, resistance prosorus 134 amoebae 55; phagocytosis 55; breeding 408 proteases 683 taxonomy 54 Podospora 320–326; versus Schizothecium protein glycosylation 11, 654 plasmodium 3, 40, 47, 55; 320; mating systems 322–324 protenchyma 519 see amoeboid, aphano-, phanero-, Podospora anserina 320–326; ascospore proto-aecium 611, 622 proto- development 321, 322; mating type protocorm 596 Plasmopara nivea 119 idiomorphs 325; post-meiotic Protomyces 250–251, 261 Plasmopara pusilla 120 mitosis 323–324; senescence 326; proton pumps; see Hþ ATPases Plasmopara pygmaea 120 vegetative incompatibility 325–326, protoperithecium 318, 329 Plasmopara viticola 78, 116, 119, 410 377 protoplasmodium 48 plectenchyma 520 Podospora curvicolla 320 Protosteliomycetes (protostelid Plectomycetes 285–314, Pl. 4; Podospora curvula 320 plasmodial slime moulds) lichenized ancestors? 454; Podospora decipiens 320, 322 45–47 taxonomy 286 Podospora pleiospora 320, 322 Protostelium 46, 47 Plenodomus 464 pollen (as substrate) 73, 74, 140 prototunicate; see ascus wall pleomorphism 32 polyketides 304 Protozoa 37, 40, 54, 67 Pleospora 460, 466–469, 472 Polymyxa betae 54, 57, 59, 62 Psathyrella 537 Pleospora bjoerlingii (¼ P. betae) 466 Polymyxa graminis 54, 62 Pseudeurotium, sectoring 229 Pleospora herbarum 31, 466, 468; polyplanetism 81, 85 Pseudoaegerita 701 ascospore perisporium 237, 468; polyploidy 159 pseudoaethalium 50 pseudothecium development polyporoid clade 560–566; phylogeny Pseudoallescheria 368 461 516–517, 560 Pseudocercospora 481 Pleospora scirpicola 466; ascospore Polyporus brumalis 561 Pseudocercospora herpotrichoides 439 appendage 239, 460; bitunicate Polyporus mylittae 18, 20, 501, 502 Pseudogymnoascus 444 ascus 460 Polyporus squamosus 561, 562, 564 pseudohomothallism 322, 323, 330, Pleosporales 460–480; pseudothecium Polyporus tuberaster 501 506, 570; see secondary development 460–461 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 74, homothallism pleurocystidium 525 167, 197 Pseudohydnum gelatinosum 604 Pleurotus 541–542; cultivation 525, poplar, leaf blister 251 pseudohypha 2, 3, 227, 272 542; nematode-trapping 679, 681; poroconidium 232, 468, 469, 470, Pseudoidium 401, 402 nematotoxic substances 683 472, 473 Pseudomonas, in biological control 347, Pleurotus cystidiosus 542 post-harvest diseases 388, 432 386, 596; induction of fruiting in Pleurotus ostreatus 533, 542 post-meiotic mitosis, in Ascomycota Agaricus 534 Pleurotus tuberregium 542 323–324; in Basidiomycota 490 pseudoparaphysis 242, 460 plum, pocket plum 251; silver leaf potato, black dot disease 388; black pseudoparenchyma 285, 520 571; witches’ broom 251 scurf 595; late blight 111, Pl. 2; pseudoplasmodium 3, 42, 44 Pluteus 541 mop-top virus 62–63; pink rot 103, pseudorhiza 547, 548 Pluteus cervinus 541; trama 524 Pl. 2; powdery scab 61, 63; wart pseudosclerotium 550 Pneumocystis 250, 259–261 disease 134, Pl. 3 pseudothecium 245, 246; Pleospora Pneumocystis carinii 259 powdery mildews 390; control by type 460–461 Pneumocystis jirovecii 259 breeding, fungicides, biological Pseudotulostoma 314 pneumonia 259 control 408–413; see Erysiphales Pseudozyma 412 Pochonia chlamydosporia, as nematode PR proteins 119, 410 psilocin 539, 554 egg parasite 684; biological control predacious yeasts 282, 283 Psilocybe 554 685 prehelminthosporol 475, 476 Psilocybe cubense 554 Podaxis 578 pre-thallus (lichens) 450 Psilocybe merdaria, secotioid form Podaxis pistillaris 578 primary mycelium 492, 496 578 podetium 457 principal host 610 Psilocybe mexicana 554 Podocrella (anam. Harposporium) 349, principal zoospore 76 Psilocybe semilanceata 553, 554 681 prion-like proteins 326 psilocybin 539, 546, 554 Podosordaria tulasnei 15, 18 probasidium 490, 610, 637 psoromic acid 453 Podosphaera 404–405 proconidium 327 Puccinia, pathway 624; versus Uromyces Podosphaera clandestina 404, 405 progametangium 174, 176 629 Podosphaera leucotricha 390, 405 promycelium 488, 489, 611, 612, 637 Puccinia caricina 630, Pl. 12

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INDEX 835

Puccinia coronata 476, 612, 619, 628; investing hyphae 416; trichogyne regulated secretion (in zoospore homothallism 628; host resistance 416 encystment) 77, 106 genes 628; teliospore 629; Pyronema domesticum 229, 415, 416, reindeer lichen 458 Tranzschel’s Law 614 417, 418, Pl. 6; sclerotium 415 relative sexuality 77, 91, 95 Puccinia distincta Pl. 12 Pyronema omphalodes 415, 417 replacement disease 350 Puccinia graminis 620, 621–627; on Pythiales 95–115; asexual resistance; see breeding, fungicide barberry 621–622; basidiospores reproduction 95; hormones 96; resistance, host resistance 621; basidium 489; crop losses 620; sexual reproduction 95, 100 respiratory allergens; see asthma cultivation on simple media 618; Pythiogeton zeae 95 resting sporangium 56, 144, 147, 149, host Sr resistance genes 626; Pythiopsis cymosa 92, 93 157, 159, 161 life cycle 610, 611, 612–613, 621–622; Pythium 95–96, 97, 98–102, Pl. 2; Reticularia lycoperdon 50, 51, Pl. 1 formae speciales 621; f. sp. secalis 622; asexual reproduction 97–100; reticuloperidium 285, 289, 296–297 f. sp. tritici 622, 624–627; biological control 340; ecology retraction septum 203, 602 physiological races 621, 625, 626, 102; sexual reproduction RFLP analysis 34 627; somatic hybridization 625 100–102 rhexolytic secession 235, 285, 289, 505 Puccinia hordei 628 Pythium acanthicum 97 Rhizina undulata 414 Puccinia lagenophorae 612, 613 Pythium aphanidermatum 97–98 rhizinae 447, 456, 457, Pl. 8 Puccinia melanocephala 633 Pythium debaryanum 97, 98, 100, 101 Rhizocarpon geographicum 447, 451, Pl. 8 Puccinia menthae 613, 630 Pythium gracile 97 Rhizoctonia 594–598; anastomosis Puccinia mesnieriana 614 Pythium heterothallicum 101 groups 594; biological control 340, Puccinia monoica 630; floral mimicry Pythium insidiosum 79, 102 596; hyphae 594, 597; sclerotia 18, 630 Pythium mamillatum 100, 101 19, 501 Puccinia obscura 612 Pythium middletonii 99 Rhizoctonia cerealis (teleom. Puccinia poarum 630 Pythium monospermum 69 Ceratobasidium cornigerum) 596; Puccinia punctiformis 630 Pythium multisporum 95 orchid mycorrhiza 596, 597 Puccinia recondita 627 Pythium nunn 97 Rhizoctonia goodyerae-repentis 596 Puccinia sorghi 629 Pythium oligandrum 97 Rhizoctonia repens 596 Puccinia striiformis 408, 627–628 Pythium splendens 101 Rhizoctonia solani (teleom. Puccinia triticina 627; host Lr resistance Pythium sylvaticum 95, 101 Thanatephorus cucumeris) 594–595; genes 627 Pythium ultimum 97, 100, 101 anastomosis groups 594; orchid PUFA; see polyunsaturated fatty acids Pythium undulatum 30, 99, Pl. 2 mycorrhiza 596; sclerotium 595 puff balls 581, 582, Pl. 11 rhizoids 3, 128, 141, 149–150, 155 puffing; see ascospore puffing quaterverticillate; see Penicillium rhizomorph 16, 17–18, 500, 502, 550 pullulan 485 conidiophores rhizomycelium 128, 142, 143, 144, 145 pulvinic acids 453, 455, 555, 557, 585 quinoxyfen 410, 412 Rhizophlyctis 148 pycnidiospore 465 Quorn 339 Rhizophlyctis harderi 131 pycnidium 231, 374, 462, 464, Rhizophlyctis oceanis 150 465–466 races 114, 138, 395, 619, 621, 643 Rhizophlyctis rosea 129, 147–148, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 531 radioactive pollution 454 149–150, 153; cellulose degradation pyramiding (of resistance alleles) 408, Ramaria 576 148 619, 627 Ramaria botrytis 576, Pl. 10 Rhizophydium 133, 139, 140, 141–142; Pyrenomycetes 315, 316–366, Ramaria stricta 576 fossil 133 367–389, Pl. 5; taxonomy 316 Ramichloridium 486 Rhizophydium planktonicum 140–142; Pyrenopeziza brassicae 436, 439, 440 ramoconidium 483 parasitizing Asterionella 141 Pyrenophora (anam. Drechslera) 460, ramus 310, 311 Rhizophydium pollinis-pini 139 472, 477–478; phytotoxins 478 RAPD analysis 34 Rhizophydium sphaerocarpon 139 Pyrenophora teres 478 raspberry, cane blight 461 Rhizopogon 558, 587, Pl. 11; boletoid Pyrenophora tritici-repentis 476, 478 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 326, clade 579 Pyricularia grisea 378 482, 665 Rhizopogon luteolus 588 Pyricularia oryzae (teleom. Magnaporthe receptacle 591, 592 Rhizopogon roseolus 588 grisea) 378 receptive hypha 612 Rhizopogon vinicolor 588 Pyronema 415–417; antheridium 416; recombinant proteins, production Rhizopus 182–183 ascogenous hypha 416; ascogonium 263, 281 Rhizopus arrhizus 182 416; crozier 416; ecology 417; red yeasts; see basidiomycete yeasts Rhizopus azygosporus 179

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836 INDEX

Rhizopus microsporus 182 267; bread-making 274; cell cycle Schizosaccharomyces octosporus 253, Rhizopus oryzae 182 270, 271, 272, 301; cell wall 270; 254, 255 Rhizopus rhizopodiformis 182 cytology 264; killer toxins 273–274, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 51, 253–259; Rhizopus sexualis 29, 173, 177, 183; 646; life cycle 265–266; mating cell cycle 256, 257, 301; cell walls zygospore development 176, 178 266–270; membrane cycling 272; 255; life cycle 255; morphogenesis Rhizopus stolonifer 166, 172–173, 176, morphogenesis 270–272; 258, 259; pheromones 255 179, 182, 184, Pl. 3 pheromones 267; pseudohyphae Schizosaccharomycetales 253–259 rhizoxin 183 272; vacuole 273 Schizothecium 320 Rhodocollybia 546 Saccharomyces pastorianus 263 Schizothecium tetrasporum 321, 322 Rhodosporidium toruloides 667 Saccharomycopsis 282–284 Schizothecium vesticola 320 Rhodotorula 667; carotenoid Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 282, 283 Scleroderma 557, 585–586; boletoid production 671; ecology 668 Saccobolus 420 clade 579, 585 Rhodotorula glutinis (teleom. sagenogen 68, 73 Scleroderma bovista 586 Rhodosporidium) 659, 667 Saitoella 250 Scleroderma citrinum 515, 586, 587 Rhynchosporium secalis 439 Sakaguchia dacryoidea 659 Scleroderma verrucosum 586, 587 Rhynie chert 35, 133, 246, 454 sake´ 276 Sclerosporaceae 125–126 Rhytisma acerinum 441, 442–443 salicylic acid 412 Sclerospora 125 Rhytismataceae 440 sanguinolentous hypha; see lactifer Sclerospora graminicola 126 riboflavin production 284 Saprochaete 282 sclerotial stroma 430 rice, foolish seedling disease 339; Saprolegnia 9, 24, 30, 79, 81–86, Sclerotinia, macroconidium 430; rice blast 378 Pl. 2; asexual reproduction 82, microconidium 430, 432; ring wall building 232 83–85; cyst 84; hypha 80; life cycle sclerotium (sclerotial stroma) 20, ringworm 293 78; ooplast arrangement 86; 430 Robigalia 610 sexual reproduction 85, 86; Sclerotinia (Myriosclerotinia) curreyana roestelioid aecium 632, Pl. 12 zoospore 76 430, 431, Pl. 7; Myrioconium-type Rogation Sunday 610 Saprolegnia litoralis 85 microconidium 430, 431; root exudates 434, 435 Saprolegnia parasitica 81, 85 sclerotium 431 root rot, Phytophthora and Pythium 102, Saprolegnia polymorpha 81 Sclerotinia fructigena; see Monilinia Pl. 2 Saprolegniales 79–95; hypha 79; fructigena rose, powdery mildew 404; rust 631 nutrition 81 Sclerotinia fuckeliana; see Botryotinia Rosellinia necatrix 333 sap-stain (of wood) 364, 371, 373 fuckeliana rostrate; see ascus wall sarco-hypha 518 Sclerotinia laxa; see Monilinia laxa rotifers 64 sarcomitic basidiocarp construction Sclerotinia (Stromatinia) narcissi, mating rRNA (ribosomal RNA) analysis 35, 36 519 behaviour 435 rumen fungi; see Neocallimastigales sarcotrimitic basidiocarp Sclerotinia porri; see Botryotinia porri rumposome 130 construction 519 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 431–434; Russula 566; ectomycorrhiza 566; Sarcoscypha 419 biological control 433; infection orchid mycorrhiza 598 Sarcoscypha australis Pl. 6 biology 432; mating behaviour 436; Russula atropurpurea 567 Sauternes wine 438 oxalic acid 433; pH sensing 433; Russula cyanoxantha, trama 524 Sawadaea 403 sclerotium 432, 434 Russula emetica 566 Sawadaea bicornis 404, 405 Sclerotinia trifoliorum, mating Russula fellea 566 Schizochytrium 74 behaviour 436 Russula ochroleuca 566 schizogenous perithecial Sclerotinia (Dumontinia) tuberosa 431, russuloid clade 566–572; phylogeny development 315, 318, 338 432 516–517 schizolytic secession 235 sclerotium 18, 19, 20–21;in rust fungi 610; cereal rusts 627–629; Schizophyllum 542 Myxomycetes 49; see Aspergillus, see Uredinales Schizophyllum commune 7–8, 489, 499, Botrytis, Claviceps, Cordyceps, Rutstroemia echinophila Pl. 7 542, 543–544, 545; dikaryotization Morchella, Penicillium, Polyporus rye, ergot 350; eyespot 439 (Buller phenomenon) 510; fruiting mylittae, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, in the laboratory 544; Sclerotium Saccharomyces 263 hydrophobins 545; mating type Sclerotium cepivorum 431, 434; sclerotia Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10–11, 229, factors 508, 543 and root exudates 434, 435 232, 256; alcoholic fermentation Schizosaccharomyces 250, 261 Sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotium 20, 501 262, 274–275; ascospore cleavage Schizosaccharomyces japonicus 253 scolecospore 23

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INDEX 837

scolytid beetles 366 Simulium, as hosts for Erynia conica Sphaerobolus 588; gomphoid-phalloid Scopulariopsis 368 213; and trichomycetes 223–224 clade 579 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 234, 369 single-cell protein (SCP) 263 Sphaerobolus stellatus 588, 589–590; Scytalidium thermophilum 534 sinuate gills 523 peridiole 589–590; peridiole secondary metabolism 453 sirenin 158 discharge 589 secondary mycelium 492, 497 Sistotrema hamatum (anam. Ingoldiella sphaerocyst 519 secondary resource capture 554 hamata) 504, 689 Sphaeronaemella fimicola 371, 372 secondary sporidium 648, 649 skeletal hypha 518 Sphaeronaemella helvellae 371 secotioid fruit-bodies 578 skeleto-ligative hypha 518 Sphaerotheca 404–405; fibrosin bodies secretion of proteins 10–11, 13 slime moulds 38, 40, Pl. 1 404 sectoring (of mycelium) 228, 229 slime moulds (cellular); see Acrasio- Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) fuliginea 404 seed-borne fungi 433, 463, 466, 470, mycetes, Dictyosteliomycetes Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) macularis 478, 643 slime moulds (plasmodial); see 404; resistance breeding 408 seed certification 651 Protosteliomycetes, Myxomycetes Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) mors-uvae seed dressing 651 slime net 71, 72, 73, 74 390, 404; resistance breeding 408 segregation, first-division versus Smittium culisetae 222, 224 Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) pannosa 404, second-division in meiosis 319 smut fungi 636; covered smut 643; 405–406 senescence 326 loose smut 642, 643; spherule, of Myxomycetes 49; in separating cell 235 see Microbotryales, ustilagino- Coccidioides 291–292 Sepedonium chrysospermum (teleom. mycetous smuts Spinellus fusiger 166, 551, Pl. 3 Apiocrea chrysosperma) 556, 585, Pl. 9 soft-rot (of wood) 331 Spiniger 504, 568; see Heterobasidion septins 271, 301 somatic diploids annosum Septoria 462, 481 somatic hybridization 625 spiral growth 171 Septoria tritici 481, 483 somatogamy 132, 229 Spirosphaera 697, 700 septum, Ascomycota 227, 228; soralium 448 Spirosphaera carici-graminis 701 distoseptate versus euseptate 472; Sordaria 317, 318–320; ascospore Spirosphaera floriformis 701 formation 258, 259; in hypha 2; discharge 244; mating systems Spirosphaera minuta 701 pores 261; see distoseptate, 318–319 Spitzenko¨rper; see hypha dolipore, parenthesome Sordaria brevicollis 320 Spizellomyces 145 Serpula lacrymans 556, 558–560; Sordaria fimicola 68, 229; ascospore Spizellomycetales 145–150 control 560; mycelial cord 16, 559; perisporium 237; ascus apical splash cup 580, 582, 584–585 reproduction 559; var. domesticus apparatus 241 Spongospora nasturtii 54, 59, 61 559–560 Sordaria heterothallis 320 Spongospora subterranea 54–55, 59, sex chromosomes 638, 653, 663 Sordaria humana, ascospore wall 237, 61–62; vector for plant viruses 62 sex hormones (pheromones); 239 sporabola 495 see Achlya, Allomyces, Ascobolus Sordaria macrospora 320 sporangiolum 166, 191, 193, 194, furfuraceus, Blakeslea trispora, Sordariales 315, 316, 317–332 196, 197 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, soredium 448, 450 sporangiophore, development Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Tremella sorghum, ergot 349; anthracnose 388 168–170, 171; microphores and mesenterica, Ustilago maydis sorocarps 41, 45 macrophores 168; in Mucorales 165 sexual agglutination; sorus 60, 636, 639 sporangiospore 24, 165, 168 see agglutination sour rot 282 sporangium 25; one-spored 32; sexual dimorphism 436 soy sauce 302 see sporangiolum; of Mucorales shiitake mushroom; see Lentinula Sparassis 564 171–173; of Myxomycetes 50; of edodes Sparassis crispa 561 Phytophthora 104, 106; of Pythium shuttle-streaming 51 spectrin 9 98–99; of Saprolegnia 82 side body complex 155 spermatium 231, 329, 376, 431, 435, spore print 532 signalling 10, 277, 384, 645; in 442, 611, 622 spores, different kinds 22–23; see also appressorium formation 384–385, spermatozoid 162, 164 conidium, numbers of amero-, 396; calcineurin 664; cross-talk 385, spermodochidium 431 aplano-, asco-, ballisto-, basidio-, 646; heterodimer formation 509, spermogonium 442, 611, 612, 622, chlamydo-, dictyo-, didymo-, helico-, 645; hydrophobicity 384; Pl. 12 memno-, oo-, phragmo-, scoleco-, mycoviruses 376; ring constriction Sphacelia segetum (teleom. Claviceps sporangio-, statismo-, stauro-, xeno-, in Drechslerella 678 purpurea) 349 zoo-, zygo-

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838 INDEX

Sporidiales 609, 666–670; sterigma 489, 494 Synchytrium lagenariae 138 see urediniomycete yeasts sterigmatocystin 305 Synchytrium endobioticum 127, 134–138, Sporidiobolus 659; see Sporobolomyces sterols 89, 96, 424; biosynthesis 411 Pl. 3; control 138; hypertrophy 136; Sporidiobolus ruineniae 659 stichobasidium 490 life-cycle 135 Sporidiobolus salmonicolor 667, 669; stinkhorns 589, 590 Synchytrium fulgens 138 life cycle 670 stipe 517 Synchytrium macrosporum 134 sporidium, in Haptoglossa 64, 65, 66; storage rots; see post-harvest diseases Synchytrium mercurialis 139, 140 in smut fungi 637, 648 Straminipila 37, 67, 75; phylogeny 69 Synchytrium taraxaci 139, Pl. 3 Sporisorium 640 straminipilous flagellum; see flagella Synchytrium trichosanthidis 138 Sporisorium scitamineum 639 strobilurins 410, 546, 551 synnema 230 Sporobolomyces 658–659; ecology 668 strobilurin-type fungicides 113, 410, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) Sporobolomyces roseus (teleom. 412, 479, 481, 627, 631; resistance 119, 412 Sporidiobolus) 659, 666–667, 668; air 412 Syzygites megalocarpus 172–173, pollution 669; carotenoid Strobilurus 546 175–176, 179, 184, 187 production 671; ecology 668 Strobilurus tenacellus 412 Sporobolomyces salmonicolor (teleom. stroma 231, 430; see sclerotial stroma, T-2 toxin 348 Sporidiobolus) 667, 670 substratal stroma Taeniomyces gracilis (teleom. sporocarp 46, 47, Pl. 1 Stropharia 554 Fibulomyces) 689, 690 sporocyst 288 Stropharia aeruginosa 554 take-all 385–386; take-all decline 386, sporodochium 231, 342–343, 466, Pl. 5 Stropharia aurantiaca 554 596 sporophores, of Myxomycetes 50 Stropharia semiglobata 521, 553, 554 Talaromyces 312, 313 sporopollenin 177 Stu¨ben bodies 155 Tapesia acuformis 439–440, 441 Sporormiella 460–461, 479 stylospore 197 Tapesia yallundae (anam. Sporormiella intermedia 479, 480 sub-gleba 581, 583 Pseudocercospora herpotrichoides) Sporoschisma 234 substomatal vesicle 615, 616 439–440, 441, 596 Sporothrix 366 substratal stroma 430 Taphrina 250–253, 261 Sporothrix schenckii 364 Subulicystidium longisporum 697 Taphrina amentorum 251, Pl. 4 Sporotrichum 505, 564 sudden infant death syndrome 259 Taphrina betulina 251, Pl. 4 Sporotrichum pulverulentum 566 sugar beet, blackleg 466; leaf spot Taphrina epiphylla 253 sprinkle-plate technique 675 481; powdery mildew 402; Taphrina deformans 251–252, 253, Pl. 4; squamule 448 yellow-vein virus 62 plant hormones 253; control 253 squamulose lichens 447 sugarcane, rust 633; smut 639 Taphrina insititiae 251 Stagonospora 462, 464 Suillus 558; related to gasteromycetes Taphrina populina 251 Stagonospora avenae; see Phaeosphaeria 578–579 Taphrina pruni 251 avenaria Suillus bovinus 558 Taphrina tosquinetii 251 Stagonospora nodorum; see Phaeosphaeria Suillus granulatus 558, Pl. 9 Taphrina wiesneri 251 nodorum Suillus grevillei 526, 556, 558; related to Taphrinales 251–253 St. Anthony’s fire; see ergotism gasteromycetes 578 taxonomy 32–35, 38 statismospore 28, 577 Suillus luteus 558 teleomorph 32 statolith 548 sulphur dioxide 454 teliospore 488, 489; pedicel 629, 631; staurospore 23 sulphur dust and lime 403, 410 in rust fungi 610, 612, 623; in smut steliogen 46 suprahilar plage 493 fungi 637, 639, 660; in yeasts 667, Stemonitis axifera 51, Pl. 1 surface tension catapult 493, 494, 496, 670 Stemphylium (teleom. Pleospora) 467, 611, 648, 655, 660 telium 610, 612, 623, Pl. 12 468, 472 survival of propagules 23, 51, 73, 111, terbinafine 279, 293 Stemphylium vesicarium 468 155, 613, 643, 648 Terfezia (desert truffle) 427 stereothecium 423 suspensor 176, 177; appendages 177 Termitomyces 552 Stereum 569–572, 605; mating 569 swarmer 46, 49, 137, 156, 160 terverticillate; see Penicillium Stereum gausapatum 569 sympodula 332, 337, 472, 475 conidiophores Stereum hirsutum 567, 569–570; bow-tie synanamorph 32, 341–342, 366, 466 Tetrachaetum elegans 688, 689 reaction 571; mating 569 Syncephalastrum racemosum 195 tetrapolar; see heterothallism Stereum rugosum 568, 569 Syncephalis 201 tetraradiate propagules 214, 687–688, Stereum sanguinolentum 569; mating Synchytrium 134–139 693 570 Synchytrium aecidioides 139 textura angularis 464

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INDEX 839

thallic conidiogenesis 30, 235; Tremella encephala 605, 607 Tricladium splendens (teleom. see holothallic, thallic-arthric Tremella foliacea 607 Hymenoscyphus splendens) 232, thallic-arthric conidiogenesis 235 Tremella frondosa 607, 608 685, 688 thallus 3, 64, 73; epibiotic and Tremella fuciformis 607; tridemorph 410, 411 endobiotic 128; holocarpic and exopolysaccharides 608 trimethylamine 647, 649 eucarpic 71, 128; lichens 447–448, Tremella globospora 605, 606 trimitic basidiocarp construction 518, Pl. 8; monocentric and polycentric Tremella mesenterica 605, Pl. 11; 519 71, 128; variability 134; life cycle 607; mating 605; sex Trimorphomyces papilionaceus 594 trichomycetes 223 hormones 605 tripartite tubular hair (TTH) 24, Thamnidium elegans 191, 192 Tremellales 604–608; parenthesome 68–69, 70 Thanatephorus 594, 595; see Rhizoctonia 604, 606; yeast stage 604 Triphragmium ulmariae 629 Thaxterogaster 578 tremelloid basidium 604, 606, 608 trisporic acid 174, 175 Thelephora terrestris 572, Pl. 10; orchid tremerogen 605 trophocyst 185, 187 mycorrhiza 598 Trentepohlia (lichen photobiont) 446, truffles 414; see Elaphomyces, Endogone, thelephoroid clade 572; phylogeny 452, 455 Rhizopogon, Tuber, Terfezia 516–517 tretic conidial development 31, truffle flies 424 thermotolerance 306–307, 331 232, 472 TTH; see tripartite tubular hair Thielaviopsis 371 triadimefon 410, 411 T-toxin 476, 477 Thielaviopsis basicola 232, 234, 372 triazole-type fungicides 293, 306, 410, Tuber 423–427; ascospore 425; boar Thielaviopsis thielavioides 371 411, 627; resistance 411 hormone 5a-androst-16-en-3a-ol thigmotropism 174–175, 615 Trichia floriforme 51, 52 424; dimethyl sulphide 424; Thraustochytriales 73–74 Trichiales (Myxomycota) 51 ectomycorrhiza 424, 426; life cycle Thraustochytrium 73–74 Trichoderma 340; biological control 424–426; saprotrophic phase 426; Thraustotheca clavata 91, 92 342, 434, 551, 569, 596 yields 427 thrush 279 ‘Trichoderma effect’ (on sexual Tuber aestivum 426 Tilletia 647; secondary sporidium 648, reproduction in Phytophthora) 96, Tuber albidum 426 649; systemic infection 648 124 Tuber magnatum (Piedmont truffle) 426 Tilletia caries 647–648; teliospores 647; Trichoderma harzianum 340, 342, 569 Tuber melanosporum (Pe´rigord truffle) teliospore germination 648; Trichoderma reesii (teleom. Hypocrea 424–425, 426, 427; bruˆle´ 426; trimethylamine 647 jecorina) 339; cellulases 340 inoculation of trees 427 Tilletia controversa 648 Trichoderma stromaticum 551 Tuber puberulum 425 Tilletia indica 649 Trichoderma virens (teleom. Hypocrea Tuber rufum 425 Tilletiopsis 412 virens) 340, 342 Tubercularia state of Nectria cinnabarina tobacco, blue mould 116, 119; Trichoderma viride (teleom. Hypocrea 231, 342, 344 necrosis virus (TNV) 148 rufa) 340, 341 Tulasnellales 594; basidium 595 Tolypocladium inflatum 349, 363, 364; Trichoglossum 443 Tulasnella 574 see cyclosporin Trichoglossum hirsutum 443, 444 Tumularia aquatica (teleom. Massarina tomato, anthracnose 388; Fusarium trichogyne 330, 416 aquatica) 685, 691, 693 wilt 347; late blight 115; leaf mould Tricholoma 552 turbinate cells 142, 143 483 Tricholoma gambosum 552 turf-grass blight 72 Totivirus 273 Tricholoma matsutake 552; cultivation turgor pressure 7–8, 80, 83, 208; in trama 524 527 ascospore discharge 242; in Trametes hirsuta 529 Tricholoma sulphureum 552 appressorium 381 Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor 499, Trichomycetes 166, 222–225 Typhula 501 560–562, 563, Pl. 10; vegetative Trichophyton 293, 294–295 incompatibility 510, 511, 518 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 294 ubiquitin 272 transgenic plants 433 Trichophyton rubrum 294 Umbelopsis 197 transposable elements 345, 439, 653 Trichophyton schoenleinii 294 Uncinocarpus 292 Tranzschel’s Law 614 Trichophyton verrucosum 294, 295 Uncinula 401, 403 Trebouxia (lichen photobiont) 446, trichospore 223, 224 Uncinula (Erysiphe) necator 390, 403, 448, 450, 452, 455 Trichosporon 660 410 Tremella 605–608; basidiospore trichothecenes; see T-2 toxin uniseriate; see Aspergillus germination patterns 605, 608; Trichurus 371 unitunicate; see ascus wall haustorial branches 605, 606 Tricladiomyces malaysianum 689 universal veil 520

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840 INDEX

Uredinales 609–635, Pl. 12; biotrophy Ustilago filiformis 639; teliospore vitamin C 434 616–618; control 627; cultivation germination 641, 642 Volucrispora 685 on simple media 618; life cycle 610, Ustilago hordei 639, 643; sheath 642; volva 520 611, 612–614; haustorium 615–616, systemic growth 643 Volvariella 545; life cycle 545 617–618; host resistance 618–620; Ustilago maydis 643–647, Pl. 12; Volvariella bombycina 545; cystidia 525; infection process 614–616; cytoskeleton 646; dikaryon fruiting in the laboratory 545; monokaryotic versus dikaryotic establishment 644, 645, 646; life secotioid form 578 penetration and haustoria 614, 616; cycle 638; mating system 605, Volvariella speciosa 543 phylogeny 610; spore types 644; mating type factors 508; Volvariella surrecta 543, 546 611–613; systemic infections 630 killer toxins 646–647; pheromones Volvariella volvacea 545–546; urediniomycete yeasts 659, 666–670; 644 cultivation 525 life cycle 667–668, 670; Ustilago nuda 643; teliospore vomitoxin 348 phylogeny 661, 666 germination 641 vulpinic acid 452, 453 Urediniomycetes 609, Pl. 12; Ustilago segetum 639 see Uredinales Ustilago tritici 642, 643 watercress, crook-root disease 61, 63 urediniospore 610, 612, 615, 623; water-moulds 79 adhesion pad 615; attachment 615 vaccines against fungi 291 weathering of rocks 447 uredinium 610, 612, 623, Pl. 12 vacuoles 4, 5, 11, 12–13, 66, 76, weight-lifting by Coprinus basidiocarps Urocystis 649–651 273, 585; in basidium 538 Urocystis agropyri 649, 650 development 488, 489–490; in wheat, black stem rust 620; brown Urocystis anemones 651; teliospore zoospore cleaveage 87 leaf rust 627; common bunt 647; germination 650 valley fever 293 dwarf bunt 649; eyespot 439; glume Urocystis tritici 649 VAM (vesicular-arbuscular blotch 462; Karnal bunt 649; Uromyces 628, 630–631; infection mycorrhiza) 218–221; physiology leaf blotch 462, 481, 483; leaf processes monokaryotic versus 221–222 stripe-smut 649; loose smut 642, dikaryotic 616 Varicosporium elodeae 688, 689 643; stripe rust 627; tan-spot 478 Uromyces appendiculatus 614–615, 631; variegatic acid 557, 585 whiplash flagellum; see flagella adhesion pad 615; teliospore 629; Vascellum 581 white-rot (of wood) 333, 529, 530–532, thigmotropism 615, 616 vegetative incompatibility 53, 227, 541, 560, 573, 601, Pl. 10 Uromyces dactylidis 630 365; in Basidiomycota 510, 511; in wilts 345, 346, 366, 369 Uromyces dianthi 630 Daldinia concentrica 334; in Physarum wind dispersal 399 Uromyces ficariae 630 polycephalum 48, 53;inPodospora wine production 275–276 Uromyces pisi 631 anserina 325–326; in Trametes witches’ brooms 251 Uromyces viciae-fabae 615–616, 631; versicolor 511, 562 wood 528; degradation 527–532 haustorium 617 Venturia 478, 481 Woronin bodies 227, 228, 261, 287 Usnea florida Pl. 8 Venturia inaequalis 478, 479; control of usnic acid 452, 453, 455, 458 ascospore inoculum 478–479; Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous ustilaginomycete smuts 636–652; fungicides 479, 632 665–666, 667; astaxanthin control 651–652; intracellular veratryl alcohol 530, 531, 532 production 665; basidium 667; hyphae 637; life-cycle 637, 638; vertical resistance; see host resistance life cycle 666 mating system 637; mating-type vertical transmission of inoculum Xanthoria 455 loci 637; sheath 637, 642; systemic 357 Xanthoria parietina 455, 456, Pl. 8; mite growth 643; teliospore 637, 639 Verticillium balanoides, nematode dispersal 448 ustilaginomycete yeasts 670–672; infection process 684 xenospore 22 see Malassezia Verticillium lecanii 412 xerocomic acid 585 Ustilaginomycetes 636; subclasses vesicle, conidiophore 298, 302; Xerocomus 557 636; see Exobasidiales, sporangium 95, 98; sub-stomatal xerophilic fungi 286, 298, 305 Malasseziales, ustilaginomycetous 616; VAM 218, 220 Xylaria 335 smuts viability of propagules; see survival Xylaria carpophila 333, 335 Ustilago 639–647; phylogeny 639; victorin C 476 Xylaria hypoxylon 231, 334, 335, 336 teliospore germination 640–641; vines; see grape-vines Xylaria longipes 335, Pl. 5; apical teliospore surface 639, 640 viridin 339 apparatus 241, 242 Ustilago avenae 637; basidium 489; viruses, fungi as vectors 62, 147–148; Xylaria polymorpha 335 teliospore germination 636 see mycoviruses Xylariales 316, 332–336

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INDEX 841

yeasts 3; see Archiascomycetes, black Oomycota 76, 77, 95; in Phytophthora Zygorhynchus heterogamus 172, 182 yeasts, Hemiascomycetes, Mucor 107–108; in Pythium 100; as vectors Zygorhynchus moelleri 173, 175, 182, rouxii, Tremellales for viruses; see viruses, fungi as 183 vectors Zygorhynchus psychrophilus 182 zearalenone 348 Zostera; see eelgrass (Zostera) wasting zygosporangium 173 Zoopagales 200–202, 675 Zygomycota 165–215, 216–225, Pl. 3; zygospore 28, 29, 165, 174, 177, 183, Zoophthora 203 phylogeny 166 186, 200, 209; formation 176–177; zoospore 23, 24, 57; auxiliary and zygophore 174 investment 177; germination principal 76, 81, 83; Chytridio- Zygorhizidium affluens 142 178–179 mycota 129–130, 131, 146, 153, 154, Zygorhizidium planktonicum 132, 133, 155, 163; cyst 84, 87, 94; Hyphochy- 142 trium 70; Labyrinthulomycota 73; Zygorhynchus 182

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