The Origin and Distribution of Phytophthora Cinnamomi

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity KEY5 FACTS as hunting), as pasture grasses or as aquarium species Introduced (in the case of some marine species). They have also • Introduced species are been introduced accidentally, such as in shipments of recognised as a leading Species imported grain or in ballast water. cause of biodiversity loss Introduced plants, or weeds, can invade and world-wide. compete with native plant species for space, light, Trends water and nutrients and because of their rapid growth rates they can quickly smother native vegetation. • Rabbit numbers: a DECLINE since Similarly to weeds, many introduced animals compete introduction of Rabbit Haemorrhagic with and predate on native animals and impact on Disease (RHD, also known as calicivirus) native vegetation. They have high reproductive rates although the extent of the decline varies and can tolerate a wide range of habitats. As a result across the State. they often establish populations very quickly. •Fox numbers: DOWN in high priority Weeds can provide shelter for pest animals, conservation areas due to large-scale although they can provide food for or become habitat baiting programs; STILL A PROBLEM in for native animals. Blackberry, for example, is an ideal other parts of the State. habitat for the threatened Southern Brown Bandicoot. This illustrates the complexity of issues associated •Feral camel and deer numbers: UP. with pest control and highlights the need for control •Feral goat numbers: DECLINING across measures to have considered specific conservation Weed affected land – Mount Lofty Ranges the State. outcomes to be undertaken over time and to be Photo: Kym Nicolson •Feral pig numbers: UNKNOWN.
Resistance of Castanea Clones to Phytophthora Cinnamomi: Testing and Genetic Control

Miranda-Fontaina et. al.·Silvae Genetica (2007) 56-1, 11-21 Resistance of Castanea Clones to Phytophthora Cinnamomi: Testing and Genetic Control By M. E. MIRANDA-FONTAÍÑA1), J. FERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ1), A. M. VETTRAINO2) and A. VANNINI2) (Received 23th May 2005) Summary Chestnut hybrid clone forest reproduction material for The resistance of chestnut clones to Phytophthora cin- commercial use in Spain must be approved as belonging namomi was evaluated by a soil inoculation experiment to qualified or controlled categories, and its value must under controlled environmental conditions, as well as by be demonstrated according to the requirements outlined excised and intact stem tests. One-year-old plants of in Directive 1999/105/EC (EUROPEAN COUNCIL, 1999) and fifty different clones were inoculated with two isolates of RD 289/2003 (BOLETIN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO, 2003). For Phytophthora cinnamomi and evaluated fourteen weeks successful wood production in Atlantic areas, stem qual- after inoculation. There were significant differences ity and growth as well as a certain level of resistance to among clones for all root and collar rot variables. There Phytophthora sp. are used as selection criteria. While were significant differences for isolates of P. cinnamomi the first two traits can be assessed in field trials, evalu- but only for the collar rot variables. A total of 84% of ation of resistance in terms of survival is not straightfor- plants grown in infested soil showed symptoms of root rot but only 50% of the plants with root rot, showed also ward, as it is difficult to differentiate the different fac- had collar rot. The roots of resistant clones were able to tors related to survival in the field.
Taro Leaf Blight

Plant Disease July 2011 PD-71 Taro Leaf Blight in Hawai‘i Scot Nelson,1 Fred Brooks,1 and Glenn Teves2 1Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI 2 Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Moloka‘i Extension Office, Ho‘olehua, HI aro (Colocasia es- ha (2.8 US tons/acre) Tculenta (L.) Schott) (FAOSTAT 2010 esti- grows in Hawai‘i and mates; Ramanatha et throughout the tropical al. 2010). Pacific as an edible In 2009, approx- aroid of historical and imately 1814 tonnes contemporary signifi- (2,000 US tons) of C. cance (Figure 1). Farmers esculenta were har- cultivate kalo (Hawaiian vested in Hawai‘i from for taro) in wet lowland 100 farms on 180 ha (Figure 2) or dryland (445 acres). More than (Figure 3) taro patches 80% of Hawai‘i’s pres- for its starchy, nutritious ent-day taro production corms. The heart-shaped occurs on the island of leaves are edible and Kaua‘i. The farm value can also serve as food Figure 1. A taro (Colocasia esculenta) patch in Hawai‘i. of Hawai‘i’s taro crop wrappings. Historically, in 2009 exceeded $2.4 taro crops provided nutritious food that helped early million (United States Department of Agriculture Polynesians to successfully colonize the Hawaiian 2011). Processors use mature corms of Hawaiian Islands. cultivars to make poi by steaming and macerating “Taro” refers to plants in one of four genera the taro. Cultivars processed into poi commercially within the family Araceae: Colocasia, Xanthosoma, are predominantly ‘Lehua’ types, and to a lesser Alocasia, and Cyrtosperma.
Cultivar Resistance to Taro Leaf Blight Disease in American Samoa

Technical Report No. 34 Cultivar Resistance to Taro Leaf Blight Disease in American Samoa Fred E. Brooks, Plant Pathologist 49 grow poorly under severe blight conditions, their ABSTRACT reduced height and leaf surface should not raise the level of spores in the field enough to threaten A taro leaf blight (TLB) epidemic struck cultivar resistance. Further, American Samoans American Samoa and (Western) Samoa in 1993- are accepting the taste and texture of the new 1994, almost eliminating commercial and cultivars and planting local taro appears to have subsistence taro production (Colocasia declined. esculenta). In 1997, leaf blight-resistant cultivars from Micronesia were introduced into American Samoa. Some farmers, however, still try to raise INTRODUCTION severely diseased local cultivars among the resistant taro. This practice may increase the Taro has been a sustainable crop and dietary number of fungus spores in the field produced staple in the Pacific Islands for thousands of years by Phytophthora colocasiae and endanger plant (Ferentinos 1993). In American Samoa, it is resistance. The objective of this study was to grown on most family properties and is an determine the effect of interplanting resistant and important part of Fa’a Samoa traditional susceptible taro cultivars on TLB resistance and Samoan culture. Local production of taro, yield. Two resistant cultivars from the Republic Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, was devastated of Palau, P16 (Meltalt) and P20 (Dirratengadik), by an epidemic of taro leaf blight (TLB) in late were planted in separate plots and interplanted 1993-1994 (Trujillo et al. 1997). Taro production with Rota (Antiguo), a cultivar assumed to be fell from 357,000 kg (786,000 lb) per year before susceptible to TLB.
A Bibliography of Mycology and Plant Pathology in Ireland, 1976 to 2000

Glasra 4: 119 – 188 (2008) A bibliography of mycology and plant pathology in Ireland, 1976 to 2000 A. MANGAN 24 Treesdale, Blackrock, Co. Dublin ABSTRACT This bibliography includes medical and veterinary mycology, and plant pathology relating to bacteriology and virology. It is based on published work from Ireland, between 1976 and 2000 inclusive, and comprises 859 references. An index of topics is included. There is also a list of 193 theses for which Master or Doctorate degrees were awarded. INTRODUCTION In his publication, Mycology and Plant Pathology in Ireland, Muskett (1976) gave an account of the history and development of mycology and plant pathology in Ireland since the first traceable mention of Irish fungi in the scientific sense in 1726. His work included a bibliography containing 1,355 titles, in chronological order, covering the period from 1726 to 1975. The bibliography presented here covers the years 1976 to 2000. The basis of the present work was to search for work on mycology and plant pathology published by authors with an Irish address. Where work relating to Ireland, which was published from an address abroad, was noted, it is included but it was not possible to make a full search for such work. The principal sources for this work were: The Review of Plant Pathology and the Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, both published by CAB International. The following journals were also checked for relevant material: Irish Naturalists’ Journal Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Proceedings of meetings published by the Royal Irish Academy Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society Journal of Life Sciences of the Royal Dublin Society Irish Journal of Agricultural Research later named the Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research Mycologist Field Mycology Various reports of meetings, institutes and societies exist, but are not included as they are not readily available in libraries.
Syngenta's Citrus Soil Assay for Phytophthora

Photo Taken by: Kendra McCorkle Syngenta’s Citrus Soil Assay for Phytophthora Kendra McCorkle Last Updated: 10/02/16 Contents ● My Background ● Topic selection ● Module Contents ● Value of the learning module ● Acknowledgements ● Questions Photo Taken by: Kevin Langdon, Syngenta Background Information-Personal ● Florida Native - Reside on FL’s East coast ● Family in the citrus industry Photo Taken by: Kendra McCorkle Photo Taken by: Kathy Thomason http://indian-river.fl.us/citrus/district_map.gif Background Information-Personal Background Information- Professional ● Indian River State College (2008-2010) - A.A. Environmental Science ● Syngenta Internships - Summers of 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 ● University of Florida (2010-2012) - B.S. Environmental Management - Minor Soil and Water Science ● Syngenta Crop Protection - R&D Specialist (2012) ● Iowa State University (2014-2016) - M.S. Agronomy Topic selection ● Syngenta invested in my degree ● Current role entails fungicide efficacy trials - Another research project? ● Passionate about citrus ● Topic: Syngenta’s Citrus Soil Assay program - Important piece of my history Why a learning module? ● Create a training document for Syngenta - Basic introduction to the program - Used for internal and external customers Photos Taken by: Kendra McCorkle Module Contents ● Florida citrus ● Major diseases in Florida citrus ● Citrus Phytophthora ● Citrus greening ● Phytophthora and citrus greening interaction ● Syngenta’s citrus soil assay Photo Taken by: Kendra McCorkle Florida Citrus ● 500,000 total acres of citrus in FL - 453,000 acres of oranges (~90% of total) - 46,000 acres of grapefruit (~10% of total) ● Generates $9 billion for FL economy (Florida Citrus Mutual, 2012) Photo Taken by: Kendra McCorkle ● Florida provides 80% of the orange juice produced in the U.S.
Phytophthora of Roses

EPLP-020 4/16 Phytophthora of Roses Ashley Brake, Extension Assistant Kevin Ong, Associate Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist* Phytophthora root rot, also known as crown rot or basal stem rot is one of the most common and severe root-decaying diseases worldwide. It can occur in many types of host plants including trees, shrubs, and roses. A soilborne pathogen, Phytophthora survives in wet or moist soils, waiting for a living host to infect. There are several different species in the genus Phytophthora, and they all produce similar symptoms on diseased hosts. On rose plants, several species of Phytophthora, such as P. megasperma, P. cactorum, and P. citrophthora, are pathogenic and can cause the plant to wilt and die. Figure 2. The roots and crowns of plants infected with Phytophthora show poor structure and discoloration associated with rotting or dying tissue. Source: Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Symptoms Phytophthora root rot can result in leaf chlorosis, wilt- ing, and dieback of canes (Fig. 1). Below the soil, the crown tissue and roots become dark brown and necrotic (Fig. 2). Infected roots often appear water-soaked as they rot away. Larger roots, weakened by rot, can be easy to break off. Typical plant disease symptoms can be mistaken for other abiotic (non-living) ailments and lead to misdiagno- sis. For example, chlorosis of the leaves is often confused with nutrient deficiencies. The drought-like appearance on the foliage causes gardeners to compensate by overwatering, resulting in saturated soils—a favorable condition for this pathogen. Because roses that succumb to infection do not Figure 1.
158 Subpart X—Phytophthora Ramorum

§ 301.91–8 7 CFR Ch. III (1–1–20 Edition) to comply with the requirements of or any other nursery stock except in this subpart. accordance with this subpart. 1 (b) No person may move interstate [49 FR 18992, May 4, 1984, as amended at 59 from any regulated establishment any FR 67609, Dec. 30, 1994] regulated, restricted, or associated ar- ticles except in accordance with this § 301.91–8 Attachment and disposition of certificates and limited permits. subpart. (c) No person may move interstate (a) A certificate or limited permit re- from any quarantined area or regulated quired for the interstate movement of establishment any regulated restricted, a regulated article, at all times during or associated article or nursery stock such movement, shall be securely at- that has been tested with a test ap- tached to the outside of the containers proved by APHIS and found infected containing the regulated article, se- with Phytophthora ramorum, or that is curely attached to the article itself if part of a plant that was found infected not in a container, or securely at- with Phytophthora ramorum, unless tached to the consignee’s copy of the such movement is in accordance with accompanying waybill or other ship- part 330 of this chapter. ping document; Provided, however, That [72 FR 8597, Feb. 27, 2007, as amended at 84 the requirements of this section may FR 16192, Apr. 18, 2019] be met by attaching the certificate or limited permit to the consignee’s copy § 301.92–1 Definitions. of the waybill or other shipping docu- Administrator.
Rainfall and Temperatures Changes Have Confounding Impacts on Phytophthora Cinnamomi Occurrence Risk in the Southwestern USA Under Climate Change Scenarios

Global Change Biology Global Change Biology (2014), doi: 10.1111/gcb.12463 Rainfall and temperatures changes have confounding impacts on Phytophthora cinnamomi occurrence risk in the southwestern USA under climate change scenarios SALLY E. THOMPSON1 ,SIMONLEVIN2 andIGNACIO RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE3 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA, 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA, 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Abstract Global change will simultaneously impact many aspects of climate, with the potential to exacerbate the risks posed by plant pathogens to agriculture and the natural environment; yet, most studies that explore climate impacts on plant pathogen ranges consider individual climatic factors separately. In this study, we adopt a stochastic modeling approach to address multiple pathways by which climate can constrain the range of the generalist plant pathogen Phy- tophthora cinnamomi (Pc): through changing winter soil temperatures affecting pathogen survival; spring soil tempera- tures and thus pathogen metabolic rates; and changing spring soil moisture conditions and thus pathogen growth rates through host root systems. We apply this model to the southwestern USA for contemporary and plausible future cli- mate scenarios and evaluate the changes in the potential range of Pc. The results indicate that the plausible range of this pathogen in the southwestern USA extends over approximately 200 000 km2 under contemporary conditions. While warming temperatures as projected by the IPCC A2 and B1 emissions scenarios greatly expand the range over which the pathogen can survive winter, projected reductions in spring rainfall reduce its feasible habitat, leading to spatially complex patterns of changing risk.
Taro Leaf Blight—A Threat to Food Security

Agriculture 2012, 2, 182-203; doi:10.3390/agriculture2030182 OPEN ACCESS agriculture ISSN 2077-0472 www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Review Taro Leaf Blight—A Threat to Food Security Davinder Singh 1,*, Grahame Jackson 2, Danny Hunter 3, Robert Fullerton 4, Vincent Lebot 5, Mary Taylor 6, Tolo Iosefa 7, Tom Okpul 8 and Joy Tyson 4 1 Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia 2 24 Alt Street, Queens Park, NSW 2022, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Bioversity International, Rome 00057, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Mt Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; E-Mails: [email protected] (B.F.); [email protected] (J.T.) 5 CIRAD, Port Vila, Vanuatu; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Secretariat of Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji; E-Mail: [email protected] 7 Department of Crop Sciences, University of South Pacific, Apia, Samoa; E-Mail: [email protected] 8 Department of Agriculture, University of Technology, Lae, Morobe 411, Papua New Guinea; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-93518828; Fax: +61-2-93518875. Received: 23 May 2012; in revised form: 15 June 2012 / Accepted: 4 July 2012 / Published: 16 July 2012 Abstract: Taro leaf blight (caused by the Oomycete Phytophthora colocasiae) is a disease of major importance in many regions of the world where taro is grown. Serious outbreaks of taro leaf blight in Samoa in 1993 and in the last few years in Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria continue to demonstrate the devastating impact of this disease on the livelihoods and food security of small farmers and rural communities dependent on the crop.
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY of KANGAROO ISLAND SOUTH AUSTRALIA in NOVEMBER 1989 and 1990

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANGAROO ISLAND SOUTH AUSTRALIA IN NOVEMBER 1989 and 1990 Editors A. C. Robinson D. M. Armstrong Biological Survey and Research Section Heritage and Biodiversity Division Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs, South Australia 1999 i Kangaroo Island Biological Survey The Biological Survey of Kangaroo Island, South Australia was carried out with the assistance of funds made available by, the Commonwealth of Australia under the 1989-90 National Estate Grants Programs and the State Government of South Australia. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Australian Heritage Commission or the State Government of South Australia. The report may be cited as: Robinson, A. C. & Armstrong, D. M. (eds) (1999) A Biological Survey of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 1989 & 1990. (Heritage and Biodiversity Section, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs, South Australia). Copies of the report may be accessed in the library: Environment Australia Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs GPO Box 636 or 1st Floor, Roma Mitchell House CANBERRA ACT 2601 136 North Terrace, ADELAIDE SA 5000 EDITORS A.C. Robinson, D.M. Armstrong, Biological Survey and Research, Heritage &Biodiversity Section, Department for Environment Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs PO Box 1047 ADELAIDE 5001 AUTHORS D M Armstrong, P.J.Lang, A C Robinson, Biological Survey and Research, Heritage &Biodiversity Section, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs PO Box 1047 ADELAIDE 5001 N Draper, Australian Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd, 53 Hackney Rd. HACKNEY, SA 5069 G Carpenter, Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation, Heritage &Biodiversity Section, Department for Environment Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs.
Origin of Phytophthora Cinnamomi: Evidence That It Is Not an Indigenous Fungus in the Americas G

Ecology and Epidemiology Origin of Phytophthora cinnamomi: Evidence That It is Not an Indigenous Fungus in the Americas G. A. Zentmyer Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. It is with pleasure that I acknowledge the invaluable assistance in collecting Perseaspp. in Latin America of many individuals and many organizations including personnel in the Ministries of Agriculture, Experiment Stations, and Universities, in most of the countries listed and the Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico; also the technical assistance in California of W. A. Thorn. Research in recent years supported in part by grants from the California Avocado Advisory Board. Accepted for publication 16 May 1977. ABSTRACT ZENTMYER, G. A. 1977. Origin of Phytophthora cinnamomi: Evidence that it is not an indigenous fungus in the Americas. Phytopathology 67:1373-1377. Cultures were made from roots from 373 native Persea cinnamomi was not recovered from any trees in native, trees and cultivated avocado trees (Persea americana) in 18 undisturbed sites, or from undisturbed soils in southern countries including Mexico and countries in Central and California avocado areas, but was readily recovered from South America and the Caribbean. The root samples were roots of trees brought into cultivation and affected with root collected from 11 species and varieties of Perseaand from five rot. These data indicate that it is unlikely that P. cinnamomi other related genera in the Lauraceae. Phytophthora is an indigenous fungus in the Americas. Additional key words: avocado, Persea. There has been considerable speculation in recent years Mississippi, and South Carolina, noting that the fungus regarding the possible origin of the cosmopolitan plant occurred".., in places remote from any known connection pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands.