FIAT BR.20M CICOGNA

GUIDE BY 1CHUCK (Unit) SPITFIRE HURRICANE BLENHEIM TIGER MOTH BF.109 BF.110 JU-87B-2 JU-88 HE-111 G.50 BR.20M Mk Ia 100 oct Mk IA Rotol 100oct Mk IV DH.82 E-4 C-7 STUKA A-1 H-2 SERIE II TEMPERATURES Water Rad Min Deg C 60 60 - - 40 60 38 40 38 - - Max 115 115 100 90 95 90 95 Oil Rad (OUTBOUND) Min Deg C 40 40 40 - 40 40 30 40 35 50 50 Max 95 95 85 105 85 95 80 95 90 90 Cylinder Head Temp Min Deg C - - 100 ------140 140 Max 235 240 240 ENGINE SETTINGS Takeoff RPM RPM 3000 3000 2600 FINE 2350 2400 2400 2300 2400 2400 2520 2200 Takeoff Manifold Pressure UK: PSI +6 +6 +9 BCO ON See 1.3 1.3 1.35 1.35 1.35 890 820 BCO ON GER: ATA ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge • BLABLALBLABClimb RPM RPM 2700 2700 2400 COARSE 2100 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2400 2100 30 min MAX 30 min MAX 30 min MAX 30 min MAX 30 min MAX 30 min MAX 30 min MAX Climb Manifold Pressure UK: PSI +6 +6 +5 See 1.23 1.2 1.15 1.15 1.15 700 740 GER: ATA ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge Normal Operation/Cruise RPM 2700 2600 2400 COARSE 2000 2200 2200 2200 2100 2200 2100 2100 RPM Normal Operation/Cruise UK: PSI +3 +4 +3.5 See 1.15 1.15 1.1 1.1 1.10 590 670 GER: ATA Manifold Pressure ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge Combat RPM RPM 2800 2800 2400 COARSE 2100 2400 2400 2300 2300 2300 2400 2100 Combat Manifold Pressure UK: PSI +6 +6 +5 See 1.3 1.3 1.15 1.15 1.15 700 740 GER: ATA ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge 5 min MAX 5 min MAX Emergency Power/ Boost RPM 2850 2850 2600 COARSE 2350 2500 2400 2300 2400 2400 2520 2200 RPM @ km 5 min MAX 5 min MAX 5 min MAX 1 min MAX 5 min MAX 1 min MAX 1 min MAX 1 min MAX 3 min MAX 5 min MAX

Emergency Power / Boost Manifold UK: PSI +12 BCO ON +12 BCO ON +9 BCO ON See 1.40 1.3 1.35 1.35 1.35 890 820 BCO ON GER: ATA Pressure @ Sea Level ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge 1 min MAX 5 min MAX 1 min max 1 min max 1 min max 3 min max 5 min MAX Supercharger Stage 1 UK: ft ------0 0 0 - - Operation Altitude GER: M 1500 1220 1220 Supercharger Stage 2 UK: ft ------1500+ 1220+ 1220+ - - GER: M (AUTO/MAN MODES) Operation Altitude ITA: M Landing Approach RPM RPM 3000 3000 2400 As required 2300 2300 2000 2100 2300 2400 2200 Landing Approach Manifold UK: PSI As required As required As required See As required As required As required As required As required As required As required GER: ATA Pressure ITA: mm HG RPM Gauge Notes Use “Rich” mixture for normal Boost Cut-Out Min Oil Press: No Abrupt Eng. very Eng. very Boost Cut-Out operation. Use “Lean” mixture for fuel Override (BCO) 35 psi Throttling sensitive to sensitive to Override (BCO) conservation for RPM under 2600 & during takeoff Max Oil Press: ata/rpm during takeoff boost @ +1 or lower. often required 45 psi ata/rpm often required

PERFORMANCE SHEET PERFORMANCE AIRSPEEDS Takeoff – Rotation 120 120 110 55 180 190 170 185 150 170 175 Max Dive Speed UK: mph 420 390 260 160 750 620 720 675 600 410 600 Optimal Climb Speed 165 175 135 66 240 270 215 250 240 240 210 Landing – Approach GER/ITA: 160 160 140 55 200 220 170 200 200 175 2 175 km/h Landing – Touchdown 90 90 85 50 160 180 150 180 140 160 160 TABLE OF CONTENT – BR.20M

• PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY • PART 2: AIRCRAFT VARIANTS • PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION • PART 4: THE CONTROLS • PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT • PART 6: TAKEOFF • PART 7: LANDING • PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT • PART 9: AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE • PART 10: COMPASS NAVIGATION TUTORIAL

• PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL 3 PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY successfully Nationalist with modern in from t D he esigned 1936 Fiat Aviazione the it BR mid medium by was . bombing - 20 by 1930 Celestino Legionaria the the Cicogna s bomber Japanese first until operations Rosatelli all the ("stork") , - metal during of end during the , of Italian thus the along was world World the Spanish gaining a bomber Second . with low War It - had wing II the Civil the Sino by and its twin prefix the Heinkel War, - it Japanese baptism - was Turin engine when BR regarded He firm for medium of it War . 111 " formed Bombardiere When fire . . as It in bomber it was the one entered summer backbone of then Rosatelli produced the service 1937 most used of “, , 4 PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY dorsal featured The “M” turret in a strengthened “BR with . 20 same M” stands gun center (more for fuselage, Modificato aerodynamic), protective , or modified and other armor . This aerodynamic for version the crew, was improvements longer an improved nose, . revised version tailwheel, of the BR 5 another . 20 . It PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY the superior enough even a than its performance a a winner submit In non reserve reputation 1934 flying Cicogna the rolls - competitor proposals of , power two characteristics . Regia agility the of Its was power of in engines bomber that to the air Aeronautica never which enabled return for - racing BR and overshadowed a competition, were . new even 20 . was to was The . . base The The it more medium developed considered capable Sparviero requested to reasons Sparviero even reliable perform the the bomber of with Savoia at ’s performing for for Cicogna Italian , than practically three one weighing that as the . Despite those Marchetti shut Sparviero engines a role aviation , torpedo partly acrobatic . down around the of the the same gave SM manufacturers . '​s BR because The - BR bomber, success the . 79 . 6 manoeuvers, 20 time, more . 20 Sparviero same, Sparviero being and gained power of lay while had had the its to in '​s , When Italy entered war in 1940, the BR.20 was the standard medium bomber of Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) but it was already showing

its age. By 1942, it was mostly used for maritime patrol and operational PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY AIRCRAFT 1: PART training for bomber crews. More than 500 were produced by the end of the 7 war. It was against the British on the Channel that for the very first time the BR.20 showed its limitations. On 10 September 1940, was formed the Corpo Aereo Italiano, with 13° and 43° Stormi equipped with 80 brand-new BR.20Ms, to fight in the Battle of Britain. During the ferry operation from Italy to their bases in Belgium, five aircraft crash-landed for technical

failures and a further 17 were forced to land en route due to poor visibility. On 10 January PART 1: AIRCRAFT HISTORY AIRCRAFT 1: PART 1941, the 43° Stormo flew back to Italy, followed by the 13° before the end of8 the month. During 12 days of bombing missions, the “Cicognas” dropped 54,320 kg of bombs. PART 2: AIRCRAFT VARIANTS Notes & Peculiarities Landing Approach Manifold Pressure Landing Approach RPM Pressure @ Sea Level Emergency Power / Boost Manifold RPM @ km Emergency Power/ Boost CombatManifold Pressure CombatRPM Manifold Pressure Normal Operation/Cruise RPM Normal Operation/Cruise ManifoldClimb Pressure RPM Climb Takeoff Manifold Pressure Takeoff RPM Engine & Fuel grade Cylinder Head Temp Min RadOil (OUTBOUND) Min Max Max ENGINE SETTINGS & PROPERTIESENGINESETTINGS TEMPERATURES ITA: mm ITA: HG GER: ATA UK: RPM mm ITA: HG GER: ATA UK: RPM mm ITA: HG GER: ATA UK: RPM mm ITA: HG GER: ATA UK: RPM mm ITA: HG GER: ATA UK: RPM mm ITA: HG GER: ATA PSI UK: RPM Deg Deg (Unit) PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI C C during takeoff often required Boost Cut BR.20M - FIAT A.80 / R.C.41 A.80FIAT Out Out Override (BCO) ON 87 octane fuel octane 87 820 820 BCO 820 BCO ON 30 min min 30 MAX As required 5 min min 5 MAX 5 min MAX 2200 2200 2100 2100 2100 2200 740 670 740 240 140 90 50 ON 9 PART 2: AIRCRAFT VARIANTS 10 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION CREW CREW MEMBERS 12.7 mmMG DORSAL GUNNER 7.7 mmMG VENTRAL GUNNER OPERATOR OBSERVERRADIO / CO PILOT(LEFT SEAT) - PILOT – 7.7 mm MG mm 7.7 BOMBARDIER / GUNNER NOSE AI (RIGHT SEAT)AI (RIGHT 11 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M 12 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION USED PNEUMATIC PILOT BR.20M WHEN AIR BRAKING PRESSURE (KM/H AIRSPEED REALLYKNOWS WHY…) INDICATOR… NOBODY (ROTATESAIRSPEED THE ADJUSTANEMOMETER KNOB KNOB (KG/CM x CONTAINER PNEUMATIC (KG/CM 10 INDICATOR 2 ) ) 2 ENDURANCE (RANGE) FOR MAXIMAL CRUISE SPEED 350 KM/H IS THE ) PRESSURE AIR QFE) (BOTTOM ALTIMETER ARTIFICIAL KNOB HORIZON SETS GYRO SETTER GYRO DIRECTIONAL INDICATOR SIDESLIP M/S (VERTICAL VARIOMETER VELOCITY) CLOCK 13 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOTH ENGINES (x 100 DEG C) TEMPERATURE ENGINE CYLINDER HEAD NAVIGATION) (USEDFOR RADIO COMPASS RADIO LEFT ENGINE LEFT ENGINE (DEGC) TEMPERATURE ENGINE CARBURETTOR LEFT ENGINE ENGINE LEFT (DEGC) OILTEMPERATURE (MM HG X 10) HG (MM MANIFOLD PRESSURE LOOP LEFTENGINE (KG/CM2) FUEL PRESSURE RPM x 100 LEFT ENGINE (KG/CM2) OIL PRESSURE SECTION) MANAGEMENT (SEE ENGINE DISPLAY SELECTOR TEMPERATURE CYLINDER RIGHT ENGINE RIGHT (KG/CM2) FUEL PRESSURE (FOR CO SYMMETRICAL COCKPITLAYOUT IS NOTE:THIS OF SIDE THE - PILOT). PILOT BR.20M 14 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M SECONDARY COCKPIT LIGHTS PRIMARY SWITCH COCKPIT LIGHTS SWITCH 15 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M ADJUSTMENT KNOB COURSE SETTER COURSE SETTER COMPASS MAGNETIC CANOPY JETTISON HANDLE SECTION NAVIGATION SEECOMPASS SLAVED COMPASS RED = UP GREEN = DOWN INDICATOR LIGHTS LANDING GEAR MAGNETOS 16 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M FIRE EXTINGUISHER (NOT FUNCTIONAL) CARBURETTOR HEAT FWD FWD = FULL LEAN AFT = FULL RICH MIXTURE FLIPPED AFT = ON FLIPPEDFWD = OFF BOOST CUT AFT = 100% THROTTLE FWD = 0 % THROTTLE THROTTLE - OUT OVERRIDE 17 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M AFT AFT = OPEN FWD = CLOSED CONTROL OIL RADIATOR WHEEL(ALETTONI) AILERON TRIM WHEEL(PROFONDITA) ELEVATOR TRIM INDICATOR ELEVATOR TRIM INDICATOR AILERON TRIM (DIREZIONE) RUDDER TRIM WHEEL INDICATOR RUDDER TRIM THROTTLE QUADRANT. TIP: CHECK NUMBERS ON FWD = FINE (HIGHER RPM) AFT = COARSE (LOWER RPM) PROP PITCH AFT AFT = OPEN FWD = CLOSED COWLING FLAPS 18 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M BOOST COWLING OIL PROP THROTTLE CONVENTION OUT FULL QUADRANT THIS BACK FORWARD WOULD THROTTLING PITCH) GERMAN CONVENTIONS ODDLY RAD OVERRIDE FINE, TOWARDS PITCH . EXAMPLE CUT : ENOUGH, FWD AND : FLAPS BE . OPEN FWD - IN : OUT LOOKS FWD : UP ITALIAN = DONE BRITISH ON ARE : 0 YOU = OVERRIDE FWD OIL % = 0 IN . SHOWS 100 % / LIKE REVERSED ITALIAN TO & AFT A / PLANES, = BY AFT WATER STANDARDS % 0 THROTTLE BRITISH WITH = % / : 100 AFT = FWD / MOVING YOU 100 AFT YOU RADS, THROTTLE % = FULL WHEN = 0 % = OR UP OFF % 100 PULL (EXCEPT WHAT . THROTTLE, AND GERMAN THE / % COMPARED AFT THE BOOST QUADRANT = FOR THROTTLE THROTTLE THROTTLE ON PLANE PITCH 19 PROP CUT TO - PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION PILOT BR.20M BRAKE BRAKE LEVER 20 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION FWD LANDING = PILOT BR.20M RAISED GEAR / AFT (KG/CM HYDRAULIC LEVER = LOWERED 2 ) RIGHT RIGHT WING TANKS (DESTRO): 545540L + = L 1085 AFT CENTER FUSELAGE (POSTERIORE): 725 L FORWARD CENTER FUSELAGE (ANTERIORE): 725 L GAUGESFUEL (TOTAL: L) 3620 PRESSURE FUEL FUEL EACH PUMPS QUANTITY WING TANK TAKE IN FUEL EACH FUEL FROM WING GAUGE ALL (WHICH MEASURES TANKS HAS SIMULTANEOUSLY 2 THE TANKS COMBINED EACH) . . TUTORIAL” elaborated Fuel 1810 can kg), With and fuselage fuel The carry 4 the BR L) a tanks planning fuel . . full 20 maximum (which is tanks M : section bomb about in 2 has will the in in are load . 6 the 50 fuel the “BOMBING be self % filled wings 21 load ( (approx 2 - further sealing center X first) . 800 you . PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION LEFT WING TANKS (SINISTRO):+ 540 545 L = L 1085 GAUGESFUEL (TOTAL: L) 3620 PILOT BR.20M 22 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION DOWN = DEPLOYED UP = RETRACTED FLAPS INDICATOR UP / NEUTRAL / DOWN FLAPS LEVER (HIDDEN) CO - PILOT (AI) BR.20M 23 BR.20M

IMPELLER THE IMPELLER IS A SLIPSTREAM-DRIVEN GENERATOR FOR EMERGENCY

ELECTRICAL POWER. FAMILIARIZATION

24 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT & COCKPIT AIRCRAFT 3: PART PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOMBARDIER NOSE GUN BR.20M ------NOSE GUNNER CONTROLS TAKE CONTROL CONTROL TAKE OF GUN (TOGGLE INDEPENDENT MODE): GIVEGUNNER CONTROL AI: TO MANNEDCHANGE POSITION: SWITCH GUNNER/BOMBARDIER POSITION: FIRE WEAPON: LEAN TO GUNSIGHT: LEFT LEFT MOUSEBUTTON CUSTOM KEY L_SHIFT_C L_ALT+F2 C 25 F10 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOMBARDIER BR.20M DIRECTIONAL GYRO ALTIMETER (KM) (KM/H X10) AIRSPEEDINDICATOR 26 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOMBARDIER BR.20M BOMB BOMB JETTISON 27 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOMBARDIER BR.20M CLICKABLE) (ANIMATED,BUT NOT BOMB DOOR WINCH 28 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION BOMBARDIER BR.20M BOMBSIGHT 29 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION RADIO RADIO OPERATOR OBSERVER BR.20M 30 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION “CRUISE” POSITION “FIRING” “FIRING” POSITION TURRET IN TURRET IN “CRUISE” POSITION “FIRING” “FIRING” POSITION TURRET IN TURRET IN 31 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION • • • NOTES double Any fuselage and consume position Your “L_ALT+F your position Your rotate turret gunners ventral gunner - click . . and 2 In Your less ” your . or this on and switched will can power other gunner mode, the turret dorsal call not available . air “FIRING” out will fire to back the crew turrets get fighters only unless gunner to a position slot position, your better fire have in if the cannot when you pilot multiplayer 2 view (like AI positions on have the seat, takes fire angle the the turret your his it other bombardier) control . : once is gun It CRUISE in possible is is - hand, game in nor useful they “FIRING” of move and it clicked chat is that . can to powered To FIRING track his info the be give position on turret manned AI window targets . the back During by gunner . . “flag” the This the or by enabled left aircraft mode . examine will AI other engine control not is . cold players However, primarily take damage . This start, of control your in mode on used multiplayer you if you turret, the of allows start to the switcher wings generate in gun you you . “CRUISE/PARKED” They or . to should In to upper less other use just your your drag need forward use gunner words, and gun the 32 to PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION GUNNER DORSAL BR.20M ------DORSALGUNNER CONTROLS TAKE CONTROL CONTROL TAKE OF GUN (TOGGLE INDEPENDENT MODE): GIVEGUNNER CONTROL AI: TO MANNEDCHANGE POSITION: SWITCH GUNNER/BOMBARDIER POSITION: FIRE WEAPON: LEAN TO GUNSIGHT: FIRING POSITION: CRUISE POSITION: MOVE MOUNT RIGHT: MOVE MOUNT LEFT: LEFT LEFT MOUSEBUTTON CUSTOM KEY CUSTOM O CUSTOM KEY LEFT LEFT KEYBD ARROW RIGHT KEYBD RIGHT ARROW L_SHIFT_C L_ALT+F2 C 33 F10 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION VENTRAL GUNNER BR.20M ------GUNNER CONTROLSVENTRAL TAKE CONTROL CONTROL TAKE OF GUN (TOGGLE INDEPENDENT MODE): GIVEGUNNER CONTROL AI: TO MANNEDCHANGE POSITION: SWITCH GUNNER/BOMBARDIER POSITION: FIRE WEAPON: LEAN TO GUNSIGHT: FIRING POSITION: CRUISE POSITION: LEFT LEFT MOUSEBUTTON CUSTOM KEY CUSTOM O CUSTOM KEY L_SHIFT_C L_ALT+F2 C 34 F10 ENGINE COWLING FLAPS (ALSO CALLED “LOUVRES”) NOT ANIMATED IN GAME (BUG)

FAMILIARIZATION WHEN FLAPS ARE OPEN: GOOD = LESS DRAG, MORE SPEED BAD = LESS AIRFLOW TO COOL THE ENGINE, HIGH RISK OF ENGINE OVERHEAT WHEN FLAPS ARE CLOSED: GOOD = MORE AIRFLOW TO COOL THE ENGINE BAD = MORE DRAG, LESS SPEED

35 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT & COCKPIT AIRCRAFT 3: PART PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION CRITICAL COMPONENTS FUEL TANKS WING SPARS CABLES CONTROL 36 PART 3: AIRCRAFT & COCKPIT FAMILIARIZATION A TAILA NUMBER HOWTO RECOGNIZE 37 PART 4: CONTROLS coursesetter coursesetter Course autopilot Courseautopilot Next Manned Position (Cyclesthrough air View cockpit secondary illumination toggle cockpit primary illuminationtoggle ChocksWheel DESCRIPTION Impeller Temperature Head Cylinder Next/Previous View of Field (allows+ Viewyou of toField zoomout) Trim controls(elevator and rudder) directional controls(ailerons, elevators, rudder)and selectedengine (ignition) toggle directional gyro directional gyro - Position2, #3, # #1, (EmergencyPowerGenerator) Toggle – - - decrease increase (allowsyouto zoomin) - - – – decrease increase Next Mode PreviousMode #4, # 5, #6 5, # #4, crew) Sender BR.20M Custom Key Joystickhat switch Joystick & Rudder Pedal axes bydefault“I” NUMPAD(CUSTOM)* NUMPAD/ (CUSTOM) NUMPAD NUMPAD(CUSTOM)+ S A C L_ALT+1,L_ALT+2… MAPPEDTO - (CUSTOM) NON CLICKABLE ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL CLICKABLE CLICKABLE ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL CLICKABLE CLICKABLE ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL / NON - ESSENTIAL IN COCKPITIN COCKPITIN COCKPITIN COCKPITIN COCKPITIN - ESSENTIAL 38 PART 4: CONTROLS take control of your gun Toggle Independent Mode (allows you to cursormouse use/hide and bail out brakesWheel Toggle undercarriage (landing gear) decreasepropellerpitch increasepropeller pitch radiatoroil close radiatoroil open radiatorclose cowlings)(engine radiatoropen cowlings)(engine decreasemixture increasemixture canopy/hatchtoggle boostcut throttle dropordnance(bomb) lean to DESCRIPTION gunsight - off cut (boost ) - out override)out BR.20M F10 keyboardotherwise. secondthrottle. Usually setto Left Arrowkeyboard Right Arrowkeyboard ArrowkeyboardDown Up Arrowkeyboard - + Throttleaxis B MAPPEDTO Axis Axis for Setto ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL NON NON ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL / NON - - ESSENTIAL (NOTESSENTIALFUNCTIONAL) (NOTFUNCTIONAL) ESSENTIAL - ESSENTIAL 39 PART 4: CONTROLS Turret Turret Turret Turret all enginesselect engine#2select engine#1select Adjust Bombsight left / right Bombsightvelocity + / Bombsight+ / altitude DESCRIPTION Autopilotright (aircraft turnsright while in autopilot) Autopilotleft (aircraftturnsleft while in autopilot) togglebombs armed nextbomb distributor mode (Salvo/Single) previousbomb distributormode (Salvo/Single) Increase/decreasebomb distributor salvo quantity bomb mode selector Close Bomb Bay Doors OpenBomb Bay Doors ViewExternal(Give TurretGunnerControl to AI) – – – – Firing Position CruisePosition Move MountRight Move Mount Left – - - next/ previous (salvo/series/single) (adjusts bombsight for crosswind) BR.20M MAPPEDTO L_CTRL L_CTRL + S (CUSTOM) L_CTRL + A (CUSTOM) SEE BOMBER NUMPAD SEE BOMBER NUMPAD SEE BOMBER NUMPAD SEE BOMBER NUMPAD SEE BOMBER NUMPAD L_CTRL+N (CUSTOM) N (CUSTOM) L_ALT+F2 L_SHIFT+O (CUSTOM) O RightArrow keyboard Left Arrow keyboard L_SHIFT+3 (CUSTOM) L_SHIFT+2 L_SHIFT+1 ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL NON CLICKABLE CLICKABLE ESSENTIAL / NON - ESSENTIAL IN COCKPIT IN COCKPIT - ESSENTIAL 40 PART 4: CONTROLS • • “Left/Right key), in have lever In Unlike order mind adequate while on the that to your German brake, Wheel for that control mixture, the you for Brakes” bombers, German British column) need RPM axes to aircraft and the and hold while in FOR= BRAKING IS UP BRAKE PNEUMATIC PRESSURE BR Italian your Manifold your CONTAINER PRESSURE PNEUMATIC AIR . 20 you you (WILL TURN LEFT)TURN(WILL RUDDERLEFT PUSHED controls) M BRAKE LEVERBRAKE “Full aircraft, use give uses Pressure toe Wheel rudder differential . you brakes Brakes” settings use input (“Full this braking to key or braking steer Left/Right your (which instead your turn system is aircraft of Wheel physically radius toe (Full brakes . will Brakes” Make Wheel mapped suffer . sure keys Brakes 41 . Keep as you or a PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT 4. 3. 2. 1. Mitragliatrice Recommended 12 12 12 12 . . . . 7 7 7 7 x x x x 81 81 81 81 SR, SR, SR, SR, Incendiary Armour High Armour Breda Gunner Explosive Avio Piercing Piercing/Tracer Machine model Incendiary/Tracer - S Gun . A (Red) . F Belt . A . T . Loadouts ( (Red) 7 . 7 mm) – FOR NOSE & VENTRAL GUNNERS 42 PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT 43 PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT 4. 3. 2. 1. Mitragliatrice Recommended 12 12 12 12 . . . . 7 7 7 7 x x x x 81 81 81 81 SR, SR, SR, SR, Incendiary Armour High Armour Breda Explosive Gunner Piercing Piercing/Tracer Avio Incendiary/Tracer Machine model (Red) - S Gun . (Red) A . F Belt . A . T . Loadouts ( 12 . 7 mm / 0 . 50 in) – FOR DORSAL GUNNER 44 PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT • • Recommended bombing. 12x GP kg100 bombs overweight. Make sure you docarry not 100 % fuel, as you bewill bombing(more explosive tonnagethanevery other 2 x Semi AP kg800 bombs are bestforused area bombing skip and Bomb are best forused highaltitude Loadout loadout ). in don’t value before to Delay” NOTE 12 ORDIVE SKIP: bombs kg AP 800 x 2 ALTITUDE:HIGH your x allow 100 : want your (see face! you Press kg a GP drop bomb bomber them virtual 45 bombs “Short them to fuse life numpad explode … if Bomb delay you you ) PART 5: WEAPONS AND ARMAMENT 46 PART 6: TAKEOFF 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. NOTE : • This Boost Raise Rotation aircraft Gradually Set pitch, Perform lock Deploy on Taxi C Wait Click Open Select Repeat Select Engine Make Turn Engine Crack Set Select Ensure Make sure you have the proper fuel load by checking the fuel gauges. . stop and Note the Boost your them to on both procedure for cowling throttle landing good sure Cut BOTH Engine Engine runway Down the ignition! cowling that moving : steps flaps straight the With prop oil is last - Cut throttle into Out magnetos your at runway oil temperature mixture Cylinder engines are to - 3 takeoff 175 the # # pitch Out . flaps gear about . Override & position to This flap . 2 1 This approx (press propeller Slightly straightforward, cylinder BR ( ( 9 km/h L_Shift L_Shift Override up . is way, 100 and to but and 20 You means is 10 for Head (I . checks NOT M, full Compensate set “I” have . . . for % % OFF you oil flaps can push engine 10 you head to + . + , is to by fine Temperature oil radiator engine 2 1 you degrees ON . can clear the : reach taxi it ) ) fully default) need . . the UP radiator Canopy custom ( . temperatures 100 # are have but with real and 1 (“Clear rich yoke to # at ON facing % for flaps 2 since (first your cycle least ) . low (by - adjust . Closed, mapped flaps . forward life engine Gauge prop!”) fully flaps default the oil notch the through 50 start 50 temps . engine flaps deg closed right deployed Flaps torque % to Selector to on and it - L_Shift C 3 lift up in is) direction without flaps modes and at . settings the prop the . and procedure, to 10 (Sender) the BR + indicator) tail the wind deg for pitch 3 20 any ) cylinder . for . angle to flaps have , cowlings using 2100 takeoff problem is and fully you and . a When variable it head set right RPM desire landing FINE . has . fully to Make temperature flaps aileron . any ( and been setting 100 gear open, cylinder sure are 740 % . and ) . “Up”, simplified . set, “Neutral” oil you mm rudder . to rad set “Neutral” are HG reach 50 flaps facing means max pedals % in at , to and Full for yellow least the that “Neutral” to “Down” climb Fine keep sim the 140 panels prop . flaps . . deg the Set Up to 47 PART 7: LANDING 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. aircraft to over nose intoprop a strike. careful not to overheatyour brakes or force your Tap your brakes until you come to afull stop. Be Yoke fully back. Touchdown at 160 km/h in a 3 the end of the runway. Cut throttle try to and keep your nose pointed to Deploy flaps (fully down) and landing gear. setprop pitch to full fine (100 %). Cowling flapsand oil m (1500 Startyour approach at 175 km/h @ approx. 800 ft AGL). rads fully open fully open (100 %) and - point landing. 48 PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT underpowered obsolete, of supercharger, The the Fiat Fiat A and A . 80 . 74 FiatR.C.41 / A.80 Engine rated / and . the At R . the C lacking altitude lack . 41 time is of in a 4 it improved defensive , 18 100 was - cylinder, m designed, . Rated firepower versions twin at the - 1 row, , 000 . BR condemned . 20 air hp - was cooled ( 745 Pratt &Whitney R a kW), good (A.80 design design (A.80 derived fromit) it radial to it overall was be engine a only design, more - 1690 Hornet Hornet 1690 Engine with a powerful second but reduction it rapidly - line development gear machine, became and PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT during On A reliability fuel reduced 150 The intended intended were but the Fiat The . 80 the . implemented engine engine A consecutive A a The made . . 74 80 bad the other due . for for and issues A Both second reputation was . was by 80 fighter bombers to hand, R the - were was designed a 1830 approved despite hours number numerous Sino need aircraft it far conceptually Twin among and is - . Japanese The less interesting attempts to in on of civilian . Wasp simplify 1935 sad design popular factors Italian November reality War) with by transport in derived . differences to pilots production Tranquillo production For than 14 did note was 10 instance, cylinders . not from , its aircraft, that that 1937 complain Zerbi little such and US to the the , for Italy after fix models and to brother while as Japanese A the these . use 80 about only engine passing Antonio ’s A the the . (Pratt operational 74 had issues the such ) A (which bore . materials . the Fiat 74 Fessia access A & . . engine 74 with These usual and Whitney acquired also , as to simultaneously capability a stroke at reliability it test smaller problems poor used hand ran R a run . - 1690 building qualify These licensed into . The diameter was for issues earned Hornet important a decisions A seriously with wartime . cycle license, 80 BR . . was was 20 the the for of s PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT • • • Cylinder Cylinder Head Temp RadOil from You settings ENGINES” Always use once During • • • • • • • . can an in Oilradiator settings: flapsCowlingsettings: pitch The do Boost Mixture head ( cowling rad The pressure The 100 a . remember read info a mission, not • • • • lever oil while resulting in RPM ( temperatures % 6 50 % during normal operation during normal % 50 during % 0engine warm operation normal during % 100 warmduring engine % 0 window Cut exceed your radiators ) order flaps = lever ( or 2 - Max Min Out for fully indicator ) the Max Min engine reads read that is TEMPERATURES RPM is to . the safety override flight the present open) ( Deg Deg (Unit) 3 throttle this from 700 ) pilots . is same settings can ( C C 4 manifold lead ( affected . 1 is ) mm the ) Cowling be in ( a to 7 shows as usually up ) twin cockpit approximated HG info can from know the and . by pressure - engine window one be flaps 2100 the manifold calls - - ( what up up change 5 turned ) used gauges but BR.20M : influence out . RPM 240 140 you 90 50 settings in by not for his your % pressure on . must looking . in water functional engine The as The the cowling the they long select control cockpit radiators at manifold ( 2 cylinder settings ), should as the . prop “ALL flap you for oil or . 6 4 3 5 2 1 7 3 51 PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT • • • • • • CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURES falling they running cylinder engine a using If do parameters sure check A whole good selector, why approximately In on of Sender” Click radial The you In good your order cylinders diligent that the only Fiat theory, in all on will the idea each engine apart! engine temperature - engine way are … in game to selector A does have the cylinders monitor Cylinder . CloD That’s keep 80 monitor how . still pair pilot to will Fortunately, . “Cylinder . R one know you is not … the . all C functioning of the have damaged running . to the (or 41 a gauge cylinders Head mean are can same choose cylinder gauge how single is temperature cylinders beauty co its a Head operating only - Temp 18 to pilot) we many temperature temperature, that even . by . cylinder, - which do periodically cylinder head The don’t click flak Temperature of so Selector the cylinders would when loss . radial should or temperatures, individual really state within once engine and enemy air of displayed they probably switch which engines to - a of have of cooled on have safety single make stops each have Next your fire, pair the are to is is a : 52 PART 8: ENGINE MANAGEMENT more the could unofficial is Although control, supercharger giving link malfunction, disabling to an The Boost easy be emergency rated Boost the power pull so him to . pilot cut boost it In 740 it see the emergency control is the original without and - thus hard handle out mm was power how would boost ability try override making to HG, override the capable form, damaging for to find setting, power change controller and to BCO a the references bit it the did set hopefully throttle was could of more but switch the not with system any (BCO) (but just was in engine originate become boost boost valve . altitude) on a get case adapted without A directly way this, . a than pilot and the bit an as of of it . OVERRIDE BOOST CUT - OUT 53 PART 9: AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE • • • Touchdown Landing Approach Landing Speed OptimalClimb MaxDive Speed Rotation Takeoff performance of Unfortunately, rough too Cylinder and close When recommended A climb – – – information much Oil their running diving, Heads km/h GER/ITA: mph UK: Radiators speed Air AIRSPEEDS otherwise . . may there Louvres pilots and result of on is to oil should not 210 (cowling misfiring . the from prevent 160 175 210 600 175 a whole km/h partially BR cooling flaps) . 20 and the lot is ’s Max Diving Speed Diving Max Take Empty weight Empty Stall Speed Stall ENGINE CREW - off weightoff SPECIFICATIONS SPEED SPEED LIMITS WEIGHTS 2 x FIATx 2 R.C.41, 735kW A.80 410 km/h 410 km/h 150 10100 kg 10100 6400 kg 6400 4 - 5 54 PART 9: AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 55 COURSE SETTER YOUR MAGNETIC HEADING COURSE SETTER

COURSE SETTER (LOWER BAND) DIRECTIONAL GYRO MAGNETIC COMPASS (UPPER BAND) THE COURSE SETTER ALLOWS YOU TO DIRECTIONAL GYRO (DG) CAN BE SET TO GIVES YOU YOUR MAGNETIC HEADING. THE CREATE A REFERENCE MARK ON THE ANY HEADING YOU WANT. IT IS WHITE INDICATOR IS YOUR COURSE SETTER AND COMPASS TO A HEADING OF YOUR CHOICE. RECOMMENDED FOR THE DG TO BE SET TO THE WHITE NEEDLE IS YOUR ACTUAL HEADING. THIS WAY, YOU JUST NEED TO STEER THE YOUR CURRENT HEADING SHOWN BY THE AIRCRAFT TOWARDS THE “COURSE” SET ON MAGNETIC COMPASS. THIS WAY, YOUR WHEN YOU SET A COURSE WITH THE COURSE THE COURSE SETTER. MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTIONAL SETTER AND THE RED TRIANGLE AND THE WHITE GYRO ALL SHOW THE SAME MAGNETIC INDICATOR ARE ALIGNED, IT MEANS THAT YOU HEADING. ARE ON COURSE.

AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE PICTURE ABOVE, WE ARE

ABOUT 8 DEGREES OFF-COURSE. 56 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART MAGNETIC COMPASS (UPPER BAND) COURSE SETTER (LOWER BAND) DIRECTIONAL GYRO

There is no mechanical/electrical relationship between the directional gyro and the compasses. The autopilot could be set without any reference to the magnetic compass. However, it is good practice to align the compasses with the directional gyro. In practice, only the lead aircraft has the option of engaging the autopilot. The other planes in the formation fly manually due to the demands of formation flying. Having the magnetic compass setup gives the pilot a visual reference to the current course. In some cases the leader may prefer to fly using the magnetic compass rather than setting up the auto-pilot. The complexity of the mission plan (course), length of leg (etc.) will usually dictate the

practicality of employing the auto-pilot. 57 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART COURSE SETTER SLAVED COMPASS (MIDDLE BAND) YOUR HEADING • Historically, the function of the slaved compass was to be a gyroscopically stabilized compass that would read correctly in turns while a magnetic compass would only read true when you are flying straight and level for a while. The magnetic compass has a much slower response than gyroscopes. • In the earlier versions of the game, the slaved compass was powered by a separate “motor compressor”, which would require to be started too. However, in the latest versions of the game the slaved compass is simply powered by the left engine (# 1). Therefore, you don’t need to start anything. • When you spawn, your slaved compass will not work. It’s normal: your # 1 engine is not running yet. Your slaved compass will only work once your engine reaches RPM high enough to get the gyros fired up. • However: the slaved compass is often off by a couple of degrees. It is not very reliable since you always need to check your magnetic compass to make sure it is align. Therefore, I recommend to just disregard the slaved compass. It’s a nice, expensive toy… but not much else.

58 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART HOW TO SET UP YOUR GYRO & COMPASS 1 1. Check your magnetic compass and read your current heading. Our heading of 024. This heading is in reference to the magnetic north, NOT the geographic north. 2. Set your directional directional gyro compass by clicking on the rotary knob to reflect the magnetic heading obtained on your magnetic COURSE SETTER compass. In our case, set the gyro to 024. This way, the directional gyro (HEADING 0) will give us a magnetic heading that is correct. You will see the blue NOT ALIGNED WITH CURRENT numbers pop again. You can use them as a way to fine tune your gyro. MAGNETIC 3. And that’s it! You will now be able to use your directional gyro to orient HEADING (024) yourself. If your gyro accumulates error after high-G manoeuvers, you can try to re-set it using steps 1 to 2. 4. You could also set your directional gyro to 014 (024 minus 10 deg of magnetic declination) instead if you wanted to, which would give you your geographical heading instead of your magnetic one. But for simplicity’s sake, we will use the DG and MC all synchronized. NOTE: To navigate from point A to point B, open the map, find a geographical heading to follow, add 10 degrees to this heading and it will give you the magnetic heading to follow on your MG and DG (if they are all synchronized, of course).

Directional Gyro set to approx. 024 Course setter and current(magneticl headingheading) aligned. We onare now havigating in relationship to the magnetic magnetic compass asnorth, well!not the geographic north! 2

59 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART COMPASS NAVIGATION TUTORIAL

• Using the magnetic compass and the directional gyro is quite useful to know where you are going. • The directional gyro indicator itself does not indicate your heading. You need to set it manually in order to translate what the magnetic compass compass is telling you. • Typically, you set your compass and gyro on the ground. It is not the kind of stuff you want to do when you are flying 2,700 m over England. • High-G manoeuvers can decalibrate your gyro and give you a wrong reading. Be aware that once you start a dogfight, your gyro can give you readings that don’t make sense. It’s normal: it is one of the real-life drawbacks of this navigation system. The same issue is also recurrent in today’s civilian acrobatic prop planes. • There is a difference between a magnetic heading and a geographical heading. If you follow a magnetic heading of 0 (which is what you read on your magnetic and repeater compasses), you will be following the magnetic North Pole, not the geographical one. Keep that in mind when you are navigating. • If you consult your in-game map and want to go North, in fact you will have to take into account magnetic declination, which means that you will have to navigate to a magnetic heading of 0 + 10 deg = 010 deg. • In other words, if you want to follow a specific heading, take that heading and add 10 degrees. This value is what you will have to follow on your magnetic compass. • You can also look at it the other way: if you want to go North and you decide to follow your compass to “0” (magnetic North), you will in fact be 10 degrees off course. The next slide will explain why.

60 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART About Magnetic Declination The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth's surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass. This is the reason why in Cliffs of Dover, the magnetic compass needs to be “adjusted” to take into account this magnetic declination of the magnetic North pole (which is actually modelled in the sim, which is pretty neat). In 1940, the magnetic declination required an adjustment of 10 degrees and 8 minutes. We round that to 10 deg.

The movement of Earth's north magnetic pole

across the Canadian arctic, 1831–2007.61 PART 10: COMPASS TUTORIAL COMPASS 10: PART BOMBING TUTORIAL - INTRO

• Bombing is one of the most complex and rewarding features of flight simulators. The bomber pilot has a thankless job, yet bombing is an art form in itself. • This tutorial will be for high-altitude bombing as it encompasses all aspects of bombing and navigation. • Bombers should work as a team. Not only with other bombers, but with fighter escorts as well to keep them alive.

TUTORIAL • The mind of a bomber pilot is a patient and organized one. If you fail to plan your mission properly, you certainly plan to fail and end up

in a smoldering pile of ashes. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

62 BOMBING TUTORIAL - INTRO

• A bombing operation can be separated in 6 phases: 1. Planning the mission 2. Takeoff and assembly of bomber force 3. Rendezvous with fighter escorts 4. Fly to target 5. Bombing run 6. Return to Base

• We will explore phases 1, 4 and 5 together.

TUTORIAL PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

63 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION

• Before you even take off, you need to make sure you know the following: 1. Where am I? 2. Where am I going? 3. How much fuel do I need? 4. What am I doing? 5. How am I doing it? 6. What can help me?

7. What can kill me? TUTORIAL 8. How do I get home? • Once you have all that stuff figured out, THEN you can takeoff. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART • The following example will show you a typical mission planning.

64 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL • • • WHERE AM I? WHERE AM I GOING? BOMBING TUTORIAL today. Hawkinge “Briefing”). and choosing rightthe map, by rightor menu aircraft(canvia accessed be selection mission in briefing the objectives Youat can bombing lookthe target. always helps to find a high Readingobjectives bomber the will will targetbe our for - clicking the map on - clicking, clicking, opening - priority priority – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION However, upper designated . it For Readbomber objectivesand pick your targets. 6 is is instance located the right, location Hawkinge grid : etc in the the … square ) in Faversham middle the seems like ajuiciertarget. We’ll choose one instead.this square ( 1 - right is Railyard lower based corner left, is on of located the 5 the is referential Alpha center, in grid - Uniform 6 AU is of 25 middle a . numpad 6 25 , which grid right, square for means 65 9 the is . PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL correct use your While • • • WHERE AM I? WHERE AM I GOING? BOMBING TUTORIAL your “Tools” obtainyourto target. heading yourclick) Protractor tool to (leftyour select and Open map a distance.and heading cabbage crates. Wea need we getdrop there and them Now,timeitto is how figure out Calais that weatdecided wouldspawn ( We Good! have now target a Hawkinge map heading protractor is menu - . selected, Marck (right to airfield), and weand airfield), click) open . find and the up Left protractor icon. - Click on the – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION Target Home Base Home 66 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL WHERE AM I? WHERE AM I GOING? BOMBING TUTORIAL 2) 1) Once Click line Click is and and line parallel is hold hold crossing with left left the mouse mouse Step2 the North, center button button release of the on on mouse airfield Calais Calais - and Marck button icon, – drag release PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION and . Step1 a line drag mouse to a Hawkinge vertical button (074)? Heading line . Airfield . Once . 4) 3) 6) 5) In not In get A Hawkinge Obtain in compass This magnetic Since heading our case previous 074 be is case, your the your degrees the distance . . number We course heading the In heading heading compass target 58.1 km 58.1 DISTANCE: our added proper . to case, we is should . target we we West The navigation 10 will heading we obtained will degrees proper need pop by (to get follow clicking the a next will to tutorial distance heading to on left) follow be on take to the on 360 our to Calais . into the will map your of on – compass, approx 74 AIRFIELDS DISTANCE HAWKINGE BETWEEN RULER STEP . ruler account be our home is Remember = 360 286 geographic compasses and . AND 58 course minus 6 base, Geographic magnetic . : CALAIS dragging km BETWEEN TO LEFT DRAG this . the the setter, - OBTAIN is and MARCK number number declination number 286 CLICK a line not A (map) DG + BOTH AND LINE THE 10 magnetic, from ON 67 . and that that Heading In = as our 296 repeater Calais pops popped shown case, deg . the up to . will up we . BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION WHERE AM I? WHERE AM I GOING?

• We now know our target: Hawkinge. We must know how high it is to take into account target elevation when we will be bombing. • You can use the LOFTE tool available on ATAG: theairtacticalassaultgroup.com/utils/lotfe7.html • A tutorial on how to use this tool is available in Chuck’s Blenheim High Altitude Bomber Guide 2.0 available here: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B-uSpZROuEd3MDEwaDZXdmNSdnM&authuser=0 • One quicker way to do it is to get the airfield’s altitude directly from the list on the next page made by Ivank. • LOFTE’s values tend to vary from point to point: values you get from this tool are an approximation that must sometimes be taken with a grain of salt.

TUTORIAL • Hawkinge’s altitude in the table is 158 m (518 ft). PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

68

TUTORIAL PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

69 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION HOW MUCH FUEL DO I NEED?

• The heavier you are, the slower you are and the more vulnerable you are. • Calculating your required fuel is easy. • With a full bomb load (2 X 800 kg), the maximum fuel load you can carry is about 50% (approx. 1810 L). DISTANCE: 58.1 km • Based on in-game tests I performed, the BR.20M consumes approximately 680 Liters of fuel per hour if we stay at engine settings for a max climb rate. Left click and drag • If we fly at 300 km/h, based on fuel capacity, we can deduce that @ 50 % fuel we can fly around for 2.6 hours of flight time, which gives from point A to point us a max flying distance of 780 km (which is 2 times the max range). B to get a distance. • Use the “Map Tool Ruler” to get our target’s range. Hawkinge is about 60 km away from Calais. Since we plan to return to base, we add another 60 km. We can add about 40 km for loitering time, assembly and rendezvous with fighters and another 40 km for reserve fuel in case we need to find a secondary airfield. We have a TUTORIAL grand total of 200 km. • To fly for 200 km at 2100 RPM at 300 km/h, we simply multiply our max takeoff fuel load (50 %) by the ratio of the distance we need to fly on the maximum distance @ max takeoff weight (780 km): • 50 % * 200 km / 780 km = 13 % fuel approx. That is what we need. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART • We can round that up to 20 % to be very conservative. So there we go, we need roughly 20 % fuel. • Note: you could also takeoff with a full fuel load and full bomb load if you wanted to. The BR.20M can still fly. This practice is simply to teach you how to plan your fuel for a real mission intelligently. 70 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION WHAT AM I DOING?

• Now that we know where we are and where we are going and how much fuel we need, we need to know what we will be doing. • We will load up 2 X 800 kg Semi-AP bombs with a Type A Mechanical Detonator (high altitude). See the Weapons and Armament section to know more. • Our bombing altitude will be 2,700 m. We could go as high as 7,000 m if we wanted to… but with our bombsight’s max altitude setting of 2,700, our precision will greatly suffer. • Why do we ask ourselves this question? Simply because the challenge of a bomber pilot is the sheer workload behind it. You are doing by yourself the task that took two dedicated guys or more to do. Therefore, our goal is to reduce the workload as much as possible by doing as much as we can on the ground so we can concentrate on what’s going on during the flight rather than prepare our instruments in a hurry. • In a bomber flight, generally half the guys do not know how to use a bomb sight: they simply drop their bombs on the bomber lead’s command. Keep in mind that having a bomber lead is not enough to have a proper mission: fighter interceptors always go for the bomber lead because odds are that he is the most experienced bomber pilot. Good bomber operations generally have

TUTORIAL a second or a third leader to take No. 1’s place in case he gets shot down or runs into engine trouble. • If you have 9 guys flying for an hour to get to a target that are waiting on your command to drop their bombs, you better make sure that you know where you’re aiming… • Therefore, it is important to know at what speed and what altitude you plan to do your bomb run

PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART so you can set up your bombsight in advance. I usually set my bombsight when I am on the ground. This way, you just need to make small adjustments when you get to target rather than set everything up in a hurry. • You will need your target elevation to set up your bombsight properly. 71 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION HOW AM I DOING?

• Here is why you need to take into account target elevation in your bombsight: • Pressure altitude and Height are related to one another, but keep in mind that they are two completely different things. • Height is the vertical physical distance between your aircraft and the ground. Pilots often refer to height as “AGL” (Above Ground Level). • Pressure altitude is the altitude measured using a pressure datum reference. Pilots often refer to altitude as “AMSL” (Above Mean Sea Level). Pressure Altitude reading can vary based on meteorological conditions. • Bombsight height setting can be determined by simply reading the altimeter and substracting the target elevation (assuming the altimeter pressure altitude was set correctly for the pressure conditions in Home Base). • TUTORIAL The bombsight height, in our case will be our altimeter altitude (2,700 m) minus the target elevation (158 m). The bombsight height will have to be set at more or less 2,542 m. Keep in mind that the altitude can change due to many factors and that your bombsight height is AGL,

and will always require you to substract target elevation to be accurate. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

72 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION HOW AM I DOING IT?

ALTITUDE: 2,700 M AMSL ABOVE SEA LEVEL

The bombsight height, in our case will be our altimeter altitude (2,700 m) BOMBSIGHT HEIGHT minus the target elevation (150 m). The bombsight height will have to be set 2,542 m AGL at more or less 2,700 m. Keep in mind that the altitude can change due to many factors and that your bombsight height is AGL (above ground level),

TUTORIAL and will always require you to substract target elevation to be accurate.

NOTE: the max bombsight altitude for the BR.20M is 2,700 m. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART TARGET ELEVATION: 158 m HAWKINGE ENGLISH CHANNEL CALAIS MARCK ALTITUDE: 158 m AMSL ALTITUDE: 0 m AMSL ALTITUDE: 2 m AMSL 73 BOMBING TUTORIAL – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION HOW AM I DOING?

• Caution: our altitude and speed set on the bombsight will not be the values read on the altimeter and airspeed indicators. • We have already seen why the bombsight height must be the altitude value read on the altimeter minus the target elevation. • Indicated Airspeed (IAS) is the speed you read on your airspeed indicator. It is driven by your Pitot tube and a barometric static port. Air pressure varies with altitude (the higher you go, the less air there is). IAS is corrected for the surrounding air pressure but not for air density. • True Airspeed (TAS) is indicated airspeed corrected to take into account air density (which, like we said, depends on your current altitude). • The bombsight requires a True Airspeed input, not an indicated airspeed. TUTORIAL • Fortunately, there is an interpolation table available in the Cliffs of Dover manual to help you

get an approximation of TAS. We will see how to use this table in the next page. PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART

74 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL 4. 3. 2. 1. We will aim for an indicated airspeed (IAS) (read300 km/h of the airspeedon gauge) at an altitude 5,840 m. of HOW AM I DOING? BOMBING TUTORIAL enough. manually, it should beprecise interpolation the and do arelazytoo taketo a calculator value,case, we since in but our of value to approx. average an value approximate resulting the TAS incrementscanwe of 10, airspeed goesonly into and that enough bombsight TASthe Because values areclose table TakeTAS noteof the values in the m) 3,000 nearest and altitudes (2,000 appropriatePick the columnsfor ( appropriatePick the rowfor IAS 300 340 km/h km/h). 331 km/h and km/hand . It is not the exactthe . is It not 348 km/h) – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION 75 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL 2. 1. IS WHATWHICH YOU READON YOUR INSTRUMENTS. NOTDO CONFUSE TAS IAS WITH BOMBSIGHTS ALL IN SIM USETRUETHE AIRSPEED (TAS). AFFECTED. AND THEOTHER INCORRECT. BOMB TRAJECTORYBE WILL PRESUME ONEFACTOR, ALTITUDEOR TAS, ISCORRECT HIGHER HIGHER THAN INPUTALTITUDE INPUT ALTITUDE TOO LOW, PLANEISFLYING THAN INPUT AIRSPEED INPUT TAS TOO LOW, PLANEIF FLYING FASTER – INDICATED AIRSPEED, TARGET 2. 1. FLYING LOWER THAN INPUT ALTITUDE INPUT ALTITUDE TOO HIGH, PLANE IS SLOWER THAN INPUTAIRSPEED INPUT TAS TOO HIGH, PLANEIF FLYING 76 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL INSTEAD TOBOMBS.DROP “DROP ORDNANCE” KEY NOT WORKUSE(BUG). WEAPON DOESFIRE HANDLE HOW AM I DOING? BOMBING TUTORIAL 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. INPUT (AGL) BOMBSIGHT ALTITUDE INPUT (TAS) BOMBSIGHT AIRSPEED ADJUSTMENT BOMBSIGHT DRIFT WIND DIRECTIONAL GYRO ALTIMETER (AMSL) AIRSPEEDINDICATOR (IAS) 5 – PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION 2 340 enter and ground bomb) altitude in Be , 542 smart advance trouble km/h m a . while . This : at bombsight set . and which you (set In will up our your an are save airspeed you case, airspeed altitude still 3 2 bombsight 1 you want we on time and will the to of of 4 6 77 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL WHAT CAN HELP ME OR KILL ME? HOW DO I GET HOME? BOMBING TUTORIAL • • HOW WHAT • • • In Give places Know our DO CAN fighter where case, when I GET HELP we escorts you your HOME? will ME are enemy simply a OR doing – rendezvous PHASE 1: PLANNING THE MISSION KILL patrol do your a ME? 180 routes flight point once plan are, so we . they where dropped can battles link our up bombs usually with you and take and head place protect back and you home avoid . 78 . these PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 4: FLYING TO TARGET BOMBING TUTORIAL • • • • • engage Mode 22. intendon bombing the target from 2,700 m, make sure you are 500 500 to 800 m afterMode 22 engaged.is The climb ratewilleventually stabilizeto “0”. If you one minute. It isnormal:aircraft the to willtry gain speed inthe process. You should fromlose Note: Mode 22 willoften make your aircraft go intodive a ( mode willwant to makeyou staylevel ata given heading. any of your control surfaces.Mode 22 is used when cruising or when level controls to make your aircraft travelfollowing a given heading. You willhave no control over through elevatortrimrather than pure elevatorinput. generally used when climbing or descending. In this mode, rateclimb better is controlled following a given heading. You stillhave control overailerons and elevator. Course mode is Course Mode section magnetic In You Once Mode Mode 22 (Straight n’ Level) order can we . use to have compass the use is a modeis where auto taken compass the and off, auto we directional traditionally - pilot will is a mode iswhere auto and follow - know pilot takesover rudder control to make your aircraft travel gyro to a magnetic fly differently where there manually, you - heading pilot takesover rudder, elevator and aileron than are of going, - but shown 5 m/s 296 you to you approx - in can 800 m higher before you Hawkinge will the also ) for approximately - bombingas this need compass use . the to set auto navigation up - 79 pilot your . BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 4: FLYING TO TARGET MAGNETIC COMPASS

BR.20M AUTOPILOT OPERATION TABLE STEP ACTION COURSE SETTER 1 SET A COURSE TO DESIRED HEADING USING THE COURSE SETTER

ALIGN AIRCRAFT WITH COURSE SETTER BY CONSULTING THE 2 MAGNETIC COMPASS.

WHEN AIRCRAFT IS ALIGNED WITH COURSE SETTER, SET

3 DIRECTIONAL GYRO TO “0” USING THE BOTTOM KNOB. TUTORIAL 4 ENGAGE DESIRED AUTOPILOT MODE (COURSE MODE OR MODE 22)

WHEN AUTOPILOT IS ENGAGED, STEER AIRCRAFT USING THE

PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART 5 “AUTOPILOT RIGHT” OR “AUTOPILOT LEFT” CONTROLS FOR BIG CORRECTIONS. STEER AIRCRAFT USING THE “DIRECTIONAL GYRO INCREASE/DECREASE” CONTROLS FOR SMALL COURSE CORRECTIONS. DIRECTIONAL USING THE DIRECTIONAL GYRO IS USUALLY A BETTER WAY TO USE GYRO THE AUTOPILOT AS THE PILOT HAS BETTER CONTROL OVER HIS SHIP. 80 BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 5: BOMBING RUN BR.20M BOMBSIGHT OPERATION TABLE HIGH ALTITUDE LEVEL BOMBING STEP ACTION 1 ENGAGE AUTO-PILOT IN MODE 22 WHEN YOU HAVE SIGHT ON TARGET AND YOU ARE ALIGNED WITH IT. (SEE AUTOPILOT TABLE) 2 TIP: SWITCH BACK AND FORTH TO NOSE GUNNER SEAT TO GET BETTER FRONTAL VIEW IF YOU WANT TO HAVE AN EASIER TIME SPOTTING YOUR TARGET. 3 OPEN BOMB BAY DOORS AND ARM YOUR BOMBS IF NOT DONE ALREADY ON THE GROUND.

4 SELECT BOMB DISTRIBUTION MODE (SINGLE/SERIES/SALVO). FOR HIGH ALTITUDE, SALVO IS RECOMMENDED. 5 SELECT BOMB DISTRIBUTOR DELAY (“0” IS RECOMMENDED FOR HIGH ALTITUDE PRECISION BOMBING) 6 SELECT BOMB SALVO QTY (“MAX” IS RECOMMENDED IF YOU WANT TO DROP ALL YOUR PAYLOAD). 7 CHECK AIRSPEED AND ALTITUDE IN THE BOMBARDIER SEAT. CONVERT READ INDICATED AIRSPEED INTO TRUE AIRSPEED AND USE THIS VALUE FOR BOMBSIGHT

TUTORIAL 8 AIRSPEED INPUT. BOMBSIGHT 9 CONVERT ALTITUDE INTO HEIGHT (READ ALTITUDE MINUS TARGET ELEVATION) AND USE THIS VALUE FOR BOMBSIGHT ALTITUDE INPUT. 10 STEER THE AIRCRAFT USING THE “AUTOPILOT RIGHT” OR “AUTOPILOT LEFT” CONTROLS (SEE

PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART AUTOPILOT TABLE) AND LINE UP BOMBSIGHT RETICLE ON THE TARGET. YOU CAN FINE-TUNE COURSE CORRECTIONS WITH THE DIRECTIONAL GYRO INCREASE/DECREASE CONTROLS (RECOMMENDED). 11 DROP ORDNANCE (USE YOUR KEYBOARD SHORTCUT, NOT THE BOMB LEVER… IT DOES NOT WORK).

81 BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 5: BOMBING RUN CHUCK’S BOMBER NUMPAD (APPLICABLE TO BR.20M) OTHER USEFUL COMMANDS NUM / * - (APPLICABLE TO BR.20M) INCREASE DECREASE DECREASE DROP BOMBS B DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL COURSE GYRO GYRO SETTER OPEN BOMB BAY DOOR N

CLOSE BOMB BAY DOOR L_CTRL+N 7 8 9 + BOMB BOMB TOGGLE BOMB INCREASE ARM BOMBS (AXIS BOMBERS ONLY) L_CTRL+W DISTRIBUTOR DISTRIBUTOR DISTRIBUTOR COURSE

SWITCH CREW POSITION C MODE PREVIOUS MODE NEXT SHORT DELAY SETTER (BOMBARDIER/PILOT) 4 5 6 LEAN TO GUNSIGHT JOYSTICK BTN (CUSTOM KEY) DECREASE BOMB INCREASE INCREASE DISTRIBUTOR BOMB SIGHT COURSE AUTO-PILOT MODE - PREVIOUS A DELAY DISTRIBUTOR DISTANCE DELAY TUTORIAL COURSE AUTO-PILOT MODE – NEXT S COURSE AUTO-PILOT L_CTRL+A 1 2 3 ENTER ADJUST COURSE LEFT DECREASE INCREASE DECREASE TOGGLE COURSE AUTO-PILOT L_CTRL+S BOMB SALVO BOMB SALVO SIGHT BOMBSIGHT ADJUST COURSE RIGHT AUTOMATION

PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART QUANTITY QUANTITY DISTANCE This layout is created with ease of access in mind. Bombsight altitude, velocity and wind correction are already clickable on the sight itself. This layout should allow the user to go through everything he needs set up instinctively following the numpad from 0 to 9. 0 . CAUTION: MAKE SURE THERE ARE NO CONFLICTS BETWEEN THESE SELECT BOMB BAY PREVIOUS SELECT BOMB BAY NEXT KEYS AND OTHER CONTROLS. YOU WILL HEAR A “PING” WHEN 82 YOU MAP A CONTROL IF THERE IS SUCH A CONFLICT. BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 5: BOMBING RUN

So here is a quick reminder:

• ON THE GROUND 1. Set your predicted bomb run altitude and airspeed in your bombsight while on the ground. 2. Select desired salvo quantity, release delay (only applicable if you are skip bombing or dive bombing), distributor release mode (Salvo? Single?). 3. ARM bombs and fly to target.

• IN THE AIR 5. Find target and reach targeted altitude and airspeed 6. Open bomb bay doors 7. Follow steps detailed in the BOMBSIGHT OPERATION TABLE.

TUTORIAL 8. Thanks to all the work you did on the ground, you will see that there is not a whole lot to do in previous step apart from putting your bombsight cursor on the target, adjust slightly bombsight airspeed & altitude and drop your bombs when your bombsight reticle is on target!. 9. Jump into your ventral gunner to see hits on target (don’t forget to put him in “Firing Position” or you

PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART will not see anything because the ventral door will be shut). 10. Close bomb bay doors. 11. Go home for cookies and spaghetti.

83 PART 11: BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 5: BOMBING RUN BOMBING TUTORIAL BOMBS DOOR OPEN! DOOR BOMBS 84 BOMBING TUTORIAL PHASE 5: BOMBING RUN BOMBS WILL FALL AT THIS POINT. HAWKINGE

KABOOM! TUTORIAL

• You can switch between your bombardier and nose gunner seats to get a better PART 11: BOMBING BOMBING 11: PART frontal view to spot the target.

• Switch to ventral gunner position to get a view of the damage! 85 86