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1. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

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1. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Appendix B 1. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation 1.1 Introduction The overview of plans and programmes and baseline information contained in this section provides the context for the assessment of potential effects of the National Policy Statement for Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste (hereafter referred to as the Geological Disposal NPS) on biodiversity and nature conservation. Information is presented for the UK as a whole as well as for England, Scotland and Wales. Biodiversity in this context is defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity1 as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” Biodiversity is integral to the functioning of ecosystems and these, in turn, provide ‘ecosystem services’ which include food, flood management, pollination and the provision of clean air and water. There are links between the biodiversity and nature conservation topic and other topics in the Appraisal of Sustainability (AoS), including water quality, land use, geology and soils, climate change and landscape and townscape. 1.2 Review of Plans and Programmes International/European The UK is a signatory (along with another 189 parties) to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya, Japan, 2010 which sets out a conservation plan to protect global biodiversity, and an international treaty to establish a fair and equitable system to enable nations to co-operate in accessing and sharing the benefits of genetic resources. The new global vision is: “By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.” The parties also agreed a shorter-term ambition to “Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity, [so] that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication”. In March 2010, the European Union (EU) agreed to an EU vision and 2020 mission for biodiversity: By 2050, EU biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides - its natural capital - are protected, valued and appropriately restored for biodiversity’s intrinsic value and for their essential contribution to human wellbeing and economic prosperity, and so that catastrophic changes caused by the loss of biodiversity are avoided; and 1 The convention uses this definition to describe ‘biological diversity’ commonly taken to mean the same as biodiversity. 1 Appendix B Halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them insofar as is feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. The European Commission adopted the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 – towards implementation in 2011 to help deliver its vision. The Strategy provides a framework for action over the next decade and covers the following key areas: conserving and restoring nature; maintaining and enhancing ecosystems and their services; ensuring the sustainability of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; combating invasive alien species; and addressing the global biodiversity crisis. There are a number of EU Directives focusing on various types of wildlife and habitat that provide a framework for national action and international co-operation for conservation on land and in the sea. In particular the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) include measures to maintain or restore important natural habitats and species including through the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs). These Directives are transposed into British law through a number of regulations and planning policy documents. The Freshwater Fish Directive (2006/44/EC) includes measure on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) requires Member States to develop a marine strategy, including determining Good Environmental Status (GES) for their marine waters, and designing and implementing programmes of measures aimed at achieving it by 2020, using an ecosystem approach to marine management. It takes account both of socio- economic factors and the cost of taking action in relation to the scale of the risk to the marine environment. The Directive was transposed into UK law by the Marine Strategy Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/1627) and sets out a requirement for Member States to: provide an assessment of the current state of their seas by July 2012; provide a set of detailed characteristics of what GES means for their waters, and associated targets and indicators, by July 2012; establish a monitoring programme to measure progress by July 2014; and establish a programme of measures for achieving GES by 2016. The UK has set targets for a healthy marine environment by 2020 under this directive. The first part of this strategy to do this in 2012 has been published. The second part of the strategy was published in 2014. Under the Ramsar Convention, wetlands of international importance are designated as Ramsar sites. As a matter of policy, Ramsar sites in the UK are protected as European sites. The vast majority are also classified as SPAs and all terrestrial Ramsar sites in England are notified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). 2 Appendix B UK The Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) is the main UK legislation relating to the protection of named animal and plant species and includes legislation relating to the UK network of nationally protected wildlife areas: Site of SSSIs2. Under this Act, Natural England now has responsibility for identifying and protecting the SSSIs in England. The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW Act) strengthens the powers of Natural England to protect and manage SSSIs. The CROW Act improves the legislation for protecting and managing SSSIs so that: Natural England can change existing SSSIs to take account of natural changes or new information; all public bodies have a duty to further the conservation and enhancement of SSSIs; neglected or mismanaged sites can be brought into favourable management; and offences and heavier penalties apply to people who illegally damage SSSIs. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1994) was the UK Government’s response to signing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. The CBD called for the development and enforcement of national strategies and associated action plans to identify, conserve and protect existing biological diversity, and to enhance it wherever possible. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan was then established to conserve and enhance biodiversity in the UK through the use of Habitats and Species Action Plans to help the most threatened species and habitats to recover and to contribute to the conservation of global biodiversity. In 2002, world leaders agreed in Johannesburg on the urgent need to reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010, and in 2007, they recognised the need to take action to mitigate the impacts of climate change following the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Since the publication in 2007 of Conserving Biodiversity - the UK approach by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the context in which the CBD is implemented in the UK has changed. Strategic thinking in all the four countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) has pursued a direction away from a piecemeal approach dealing with different aspects of biodiversity and the environment separately, towards a new focus on managing the environment as a whole, with the true economic and societal value of nature properly acknowledged and taken into account in decision-making in all relevant sectors. In October 2010, 192 governments and the EU agreed the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. With its five strategic goals and 20 new global ‘Aichi’ targets, the Plan sets a new global vision and direction for biodiversity. The resulting UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (2012) published by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Defra is designed to identify the activities needed to galvanise and complement country strategies, in pursuit of the Aichi targets. As such, it is an important framework that is owned, governed and implemented by the four countries, assisted by Defra and JNCC in their UK co-ordination capacities. Although differing in details and approach, the four UK countries have published strategies which promote the same principles and address the same global targets: joining-up 2 As amended by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 3 Appendix B our approach to biodiversity across sectors; and identifying, valuing and protecting our ‘Natural Capital’ to protect national well-being now and in the future. More specifically, the purpose of this UK Biodiversity Framework3 is to set a broad enabling structure for action across the UK between now and 2020: i. To set out a shared vision and priorities for UK-scale activities, in a framework jointly owned by the four countries, and to which their own strategies will contribute; ii. To identify priority work at a UK level which will
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