Atlas of Ferns of the British Isles

• Atlas of Ferns of the British Isles

Botanical Society of the British Isles British Pteridological Society ÷1978 ERRATA

11 .In a re-drafting of the Introduction an explan- ihtion of the significance of the wasopen circle inadvertently omitted. Unless explained, otherwise such open Circles are those in squares whichte .epecies has been recorded only PRIOR(nineteen TO 1950 hundred and fifty).

On page95the spelling of "DrToRteria xembrosiae" phnuld be "Dryopteris x:embroseae". is It *similarly miapelt in the Index, (p. 100)0

MM7i978. ATLAS OF FERNS OF THE BRITISH ISLES

edited by

A.C. Jermy British Museum (Natural History)

H.R. Arnold, Lynne Farrell & F.H.Perring Institute of Terrestrial Ecology

iNSTrTUTE (7;7 FCOLOGY

„

The Botanical Society of the British Isles + The British Pteridological Society London 1978 Botanical Society of the British Isles and British Pteridological Society c/o British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, London 5W7 5BD

Botanical Society of the British Isles and British Pteridological Society 1978

ISBN 0 901158 01 1

INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY LIBRARY SERVICE

5JU11978 REF osH I (40

Photoset in Times Series and printed and bound by Pendragon Press, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, England. Introduction

It is now 16 years since the publication of the Atlas of the determination of hybrids although it is appreciated the British Flora (Perring & Walters, 1962). Though it that the maps of these can only be regarded as has proved valuable it was inevitably an imperfect work. preliminary; for detailed information on the Conditions of the grants under which the work was distribution of hybrids the reader should consult carried out meant that the first maps had to go to C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and the Flora of the printers within six years of the start of the scheme and British Isles, London, 1975. As the data were marshalled the maps of the Pteridophyta were the first to be sent. the B.R.C. staff, under the direction of F.H.Perring, set Some of these maps e.g. Dryopteris carthusiana (as to work fo'produce the maps and it was Lynne Farrell on D.lanceolatocristata), D.oreades (as D.abbreviata), whom fell the major task of checking the maps against D.pseudomas (as D.borrer0, were very unsatisfactory the data cards. because of difficulties of identification and the map of the first mentioned species was accordingly marked P, Nomenclature and arrangement of the maps indicating it was only provisional. Furthermore, The nomenclature follows that used in Flora Europaea taxonomic revisions in Asplenium, Dryopteris and (ed. Tutin et al., Cambridge, 1964) with a few later Equisetum were producing data on the distribution of changes. These together with the arrangement are to be new taxa worthy of mapping. A recent reprint of the found in a List of British pteridophytes shortly to be Atlas (1976) gave the opportunity to revise maps of published (J.E.Dandy & A.C.Jermy, in prep.). The about 300 of our rarest species including only five ferns arrangement of the genera is based on that proposed by but production costs ruled out a complete revision, and J.A.Crabbe, A.C.Jermy & J.T.Mickel (Fern Gaz., 11; this is a situation likely to continue. 141-162; 1975). The British Pteridological Society had, from 1962, We have adopted the four genera in Lycopodiaceae as taken a considerable interest in collecting further data in Flora Europaea but we agree with Holub (Preslia, on ferns for the Map Scheme and these had over the Praha, 47: 97-110; 1975) that Diphasium should be years been passed to the Biological Records Centre to be restricted to a few South American species and that added to the mass of data coming in from the Botanical Diphasiastrum should be used for the European species. Society of the British Isles. The B.P.S. felt that an Within Dryopteris two major changes on purely interim publication showing the state of our knowledge nomenclatural grounds have been made. There has been of the distribution of British ferns, horsetails and club- confusion over the past 150 years with regard to the mosses, would, apart from removing the anomalies identity of Polystichum abbreviatum DC., the mentioned above, give a guide-line for further basionym of D.abbreviata (DC.) Newm.; D.oreades concentrated field work. Therefore when the B.P.S. Fomin should now be taken as the correct name (see investigated the possibility of B.R.C. revising the maps C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A . C. Jermy, Taxon, 25: 659-665; for publication it was very pleased to find the idea 1976). It is also inevitable that we have to change the already under consideration as part of a scheme to recent name D.assimilis S.Walker; the plant described revise the Atlas in parts. by Presl from British Columbia as Nephrodium Discussions were held to see how the two Societies expansum has been shown to be conspecific with the could best be involved in drawing together all available European plant and that epithet must be taken up. data that was not already in the data bank. A proforma Furthermore our British D.villarii is tetraploid and (the 'Green Book') containing the species to be mapped sufficiently distinct from the diploid alpine material was circulated to B.S.B.I. Recorders and to other described by Bellardi to warrant subspecific separation interested workers studying regional or vice-county (see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Fern Gaz., 11: Floras. This data was transcribed by A.J.Worland 338-340; 1977). Lastly,European Thelypteris palustris (B.P.S. Recorder) to single species cards to facilitate Schott has been shown to differ from American plants, their transfer to the data-bank and to manuscript maps originally called T. thelypteroides Michx, solely in the from which we could query any outstanding or absence of hairs on the lamina and rachis, a character anomalous record. A.C.Jermy arranged for the loan of which we agree warrants its separation at subspecific critical material from the following university or level only. Unfortunately Michaux's epithet has priority municipal herbaria: Aberdeen (ABD), Aberystwyth over that of Schott thus removing a well-known name (ABS), Bangor (UCNW), Belfast (BEL), Cambridge from the British list. (CGE), Cardiff (NMW), Carlisle (CLE), Dublin (DBN), Comments by A.C.Jermy on the distribution of Edinburgh (E), Glasgow (GL), Kew (K), Liverpool species are given beneath the maps. The (LIV), Maidstone (MNE), Manchester (MANCH), phytogeographical elements referred to relate to the Newcastle upon Tyne (HAMU), Oxford (OXF), Perth species distribution in Europe as a whole; the concepts (PTH) and the South London Botanical Institute as applied to the Atlantic seaboard are those of (SLBI), and, with the help of the following specialists, D.A.Ratcliffe (New Phytol., 67: 365-371; 1968). The many new records were added to the data bank: distribution of pteridophytes in Europe is to be found in H.V.Corley (Dryopteris), J .A.Crabbe (Polypodium), the Atlas Florae Europaeae 1, Pteridophyta (Psilotaceae C.R.Fraser-Jenkins (Dryopteris), M.Gibby to Azollaceae), ed. J.Jalas & J.Suominen; Helsinki, (Dryopteris), J.D.Lovis (Asplenium), C.N.Page 1972. For a discussion on the distribution of European (Equisetum), R.H.Roberts (Polypodium) and A.Sleep pteridophytes using numerical analyses of those data see (Polystichum). Particular attention has been given to H.J.B.Birks (New Phytol., 77: 257-287; 1976). Species omitted R.C.L.Howitt, t S.T.Jermyn, Q.O.N.Kay, D.L.Kelly, Only three aliens have been mapped: Azolla flliculoides A.G.Kenneth, D.H.Kent, M.P.H.Kertland, Lam. a species so well established that its status is often J.E.D.Lamb, P.J.Lambley, H.Lefevre, F.LeSueur, forgotten; Selaginella kraussiana A.Br., a native of A.G.Long, tJ.E.Lousley, J.D. Lovis, R.McBeath, southern Africa, introduced into conservatories from D.McClintock, D.J.McCosh, B.M. Mack, which it has spread considerably; and Equisetum R.Mackecknie, tV.J.Macnair, L.J.Margetts, ramosissimum Desf., a single population, of interest M.E.Martin, T.F.Medd, K.G.Messenger, tH.Milne- because it is the putative parent of E. moorei Newm. In Redhead, R.J.Murphy, A.Newton, A.M.O'Sullivan, addition to these there are four species grown as C.N.Page, R.C.Palmer, R.J.Pankhurst, C.P.Petch, ornamentals which have escaped and established E.G.Philp, M.Porter, A.C.Powell, A.L.Primavesi, themselves in our natural vegetation; none have spread M.C.F.Proctor, A.W.Punter, D.A.Ratcliffe, J.E. further other than by vegetative means. They are Raven, B.W.Ribbons, M.H.Rickard, R.H.Roberts, Onoclea sensibilis L., Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) C.A.Robinson, R.G.B.Roe, J.Rogerson, F.Rose, Tod., Blechnum chilense (Klf.) Mett. and B.penna- A.Rutherford, C.D.Sayers, M.J.P.Scannell, M.R.D. marina (Poir.) Kuhn; Dicksonia antarctica Labill. may Seaward, B.Seddon, S.Segal, B.Shepard,F.W.Simpson, also be included in this category. Three house ferns have A.A.Slack, W.A.Sledge, A.Sleep, J.E.Smith, spread to warm locations on walls in various parts of A.H.Sommerville, 0.M.Stewart, A .McG.Stirling, south and west Britain namely, Cyrtomium falcatum K.M.Stevens, R.Stokoe, G.A.Swan, E.L.Swann, D.M. (L.f.) C.Presl, Pteris cretica L. and P.vittata L. The Synnott, M.A.Turner, I.M.Vaughan, tW.E.Warren, latter is also established on a warm slag-heap in the M.McC.Webster, T.C.E.Wells, D.J.B.White, L.E. Forest of Dean, v.c. 34 (see S. Holland, Whitehead, A.J.Willis, A.Willmot, S.R.J.Woodell, R. N. Glouc. Nat. Soc., 19: 318; 1968).Although these P.Yule. produce spores their presence is usually ephemeral. A considerable amount of general but often difficult material, sent in by recorders, was identified by Acknowledgements J.A.Crabbe and J.M.Mullin, who also handled some We should like to thank all those, too numerous to thousands of specimens sent on loan from other British mention individually, who have over the years sent in Herbaria, filling in 'pink cards' and searching for grid records to B.R.C. Similarly we thank also those many references when new records were found; such routine people who will no doubt find gaps in our maps and work, so often boring, is gratefully acknowledged. rectify the situation by sending in further records. We We also thank those curators and staff of Herbaria are especially grateful to A.J.Worland, for transcribing who have cooperated by sending their material of critical all incoming data from the 'Green books' to single- groups to the British Museum (Natural History) or to species cards and to manuscript maps. J.W.Dyce, as Leeds University for checking. Of these we would like to Secretary of the B.P.S., was alone responsible for mention the following whose knowledge of their own collating the records made on the meetings of that region, both floristically and geographically was placed Society. Liaison with the vice-county Recorders of the continually at our disposal: S.G.Harrison, and B.S.B.I.. was initially through the Records Committee colleagues at the National Museum of Wales, and (secretary, F.H.Perring). The following botanists, M.J.P.Scannell and D.M.Synnott at the National either as B.S.B.I. Recorders or as members of B.S.B.I. Herbarium, Glasnevin, Ireland. Funds to enable or B.P.S., have made a special effort to cooperate with students to make out 'pink cards' of critical groups at this revision: D.E.Allen, G.H.Ballantyne, M.Barron, E.P.Beattie, Oxford University herbarium were provided by the P.M.Benoit, J.Bevan, J.H.Bevis, H.J.B.Birks, Druce Fund. T.L.Blockeel, I.R.Bonner, H.W.Boon, E.H.Booth, Last and by no means least, we thank the staff at R.P.Bowman, M.Briggs, A.B.M.Brewis, B.R.C. especially D.W.Scott, and R.A.Cooke, a J.M.Brummitt, K.E.Bull, E.R.Bullard, A.R.Busby, voluntary worker, who prepared the maps on which the J.K.Butler, M.S.Campbell, J.F.M.Cannon, J.M.Castle- final production of this Atlas was based. Smith, E.Chicken, E.R.T. Conacher, P.Copson, Further recording H.V.Corley, R.W.M.Corner, F.E.Crackles, The British Pteridological Society Recorder will continue G.Crompton, T.A.W.Davis, J.G.Dony, D.A.Doogue, to monitor additions or amendments to these maps. All U.K.Duncan, E.S.Edees, P.J. Edwards, T.Edmondson, such records will be passed to the Biological Records E.A.Ellis, G.Ellis, T.G.Evans, I.K.Ferguson, Centre at I.T.E., Monk's Wood Experimental Station, F.Fincher, B.E.M.Garratt, G.M.Gent, E.J.Gibbons, on the appropriate record card, and the relevant B.S.B.I. M.Gibby, V.Gordon, G.G.Graham, I.F.Gravestock, Recorder will be notified. New records may be sent to the E.F.Greenwood, J.M.Gunn, P.Hackney, P.C.Hall, B.P.S. Recorder, c/o Botany Department,British A.D.Hallam, G.Halliday, S.G.Harrison, C.C.Haworth, Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London J.G.Hodgson, S.C.Holland, K.M.Hollick, SW7 5BD. LYCOPODIACEAE 3

1 2 3 0 .. 1.1 tg2 LYCOPODIUM • ANNOTINUM 9 9 • Interrupted o 0 • • N1 Clubmoss r 8 8

100 4? 0 Kibmetres 0 100 °I•8 Md. 9 7 4 7 5 6

5 5

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.1 Lycopodium annotinum L. A northern montane species confmed now to one locality in v.c. 70, north-west Scotland and the Grampian Highlands, associated with dwarf shrub communities. Land-use changes and the ravages of collectors are probably the reason for its disappearance from the Moffat Hills (v.c. 72). The species was last recorded for v.c. 49 (Llynn y Cwm) by J.E.Griffith (FI . Anglesey and Caernarvonshire: 17) who (in 1895) had not seen it "for (some) years". The Yorkshire locality has long since changed in character; there is a specimem from Buttercombe Wood in LIV collected 1928. L.annotinum may still be on Orkney (last recorded 1883) and may yet be found on Shetland. LYCOPODIACEAE

HX HW N2

N1 0 8 I e 0 • 000 0 00 100 • i:•••••00000 00 • •••••••• • 11FIr a a .0 0000 00 • Kdometres 100 0 *0 0 :::::1::. Miles 00000 000 • • 000000 • • 7 4 • 5 6 • • 0: 2 • • • 0 NI

• 00:r Oir .• . 6 Io • • 6 0 0 00 °Ls • , • • :- 0 000 • :::• 0 : 5 • 5 „. o o • r •• ••• 0 ,,. 0 co 0 0 .9 • 0.0 8 4 • •: wg• •• •o • °8 r o so 3 o • • • • 0 0 0 1 000 o • 8' • 8 • •: 0 • 0 0 2 0 • oo 0 • o o • 11•WN10 9 0 • • • o • • li I • o • • so 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS - PLOT TED ON 0 08 8°:

1.2 Lywriodium clavatum A plant of acid grasslands and heaths on sandy soil where the slope allows drainage water to flush through; otherwise in areas with higher rainfall. Decreasing in eastern and central England because of intensification of agriculture and utilization of rough marginal ground. LYCOPODIACEAE 5

1 2 3 4 0 0 2.1 LYCOPODIELLA N2 INUNDATA 0 9 9

Marsh Clubmoss

8 8 .6

170 • *0 0 0 Kilometres 100 • 0 Miles • 7 9 7 5

6 6

0 00 5 5 8o o° oo

• 4 0 • • 00 8 0 L

1 •

2 oo o8 o oo o 9 0 • o 24, 8 • '

CHANNEL ISLANDS • PLOT TED ON wv UTM GRID GI" , 1:;) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

2.1 Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (Lycopodium inundatum L.; Lepidotis inundata (L.) C.BOrner) A sub-Atlantic species of lowland bogs of which the distribution has been fragmented considerably by the drainage of acid wetland sites. 6 LYCOPODIACEAE

2 3 4 0

HX 00 0•00000 HW N2 J AI:" 000 00 . • • 9 •0 • •0 000 00000 00 • • 00 • N1 00 • 0.40 00 00 • 0000 me • 00 8 • • 000110 00000 • 00000es •00•0• 0 100 • 0000000 1 .68 0000000 o kilornstm 00,000soo 0 100 •00000000 0 Miles •0000000 •0000 • • 7 • 5 • •• 0 • 2 I° 00 0 o • • 0 • • • • -0.. S. • • • • 0 • 6 • 6 • • • • • 00550 • • : • 0 • • 00 • 000 • logi •0 0:0 • 00 • • :00:0 I 5 • 5 • o • • 000 • 00 • • , • o ilo 00 00 0411 . 00• o • 8 0 0 • 0 • 0 40 4 o • • • 0 0 00 0 0 • • 000 00 • 0 • 00 • 0 50 • 0 8 0 0 00 • 0 0 0 0, 00 00 • 3 0 • • 0 0 • • • 0

oo 9 000 o 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS • PLOT TED ON 0 wv o8 oo UTM GRID r • ..

1 2 3 4 5 6

3.1 Huperzia selago (L.) Berrill. ex Schrank Mart. (Lycopodium selago L.) A northern sub-Atlantic/montane species spread over lowland areas where frost hollows probably give the required lower temperatures in areas of high rainfall. Land-use changes in lowland England have considerably reduced the sites where this species used to grow. The sites in v.cs 1 and 3 particularly need conservation. LYCOPODIACEAE 7

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 4.1 DIPHASIASTRUM N2 •• • ALPINUM .9 P 9 " 9 • • Alpine Clubmoss Ni 0 8 8 .(9

0 100 Kilometres 0 0 100 Mdes • e 9 7 4 5 6 • • o 2 tO i 0 • : 0 • • 3.= 0 0 6 6 • 0 • • 0 0 • • 0 0 5 5 0

0 4 0 0 • 0

0 1

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS 0

PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID LT' zf`' 0 0 2 3 4 5 6

4.1 Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub (Lycopodium alpinum L.; aphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm.) An arctic-alpine species of which the occurrence in lowland Britain has puzzled ecologists until those plants were redetermined as D. x issleri. Land-use changes in north England (e.g. Pennines) have considerably reduced the range of this species. The Devon records need confirmation. 8 LYCOPODIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 4 .1x c HX DIPHASIASTRUM HW N2 x ISSLERI 9 9

N1 0 : 8 8 O • 100 4457 Kilometres 100 0 Miles 9 0 7 7 4 5 6 1 2 0

3 6 6

5 5

0 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON wv UTM GRID

0 1 2 3 4 5

4.1 x c. Diphasiastrum x issleri (Rouy) Holub (D.alpinum x complanatum (L.) Holub; Lycopodium issleri (Rouy) Lawalrée; Lycopodium alpinum L. var. deelPiens Syme ex Druce) Following studies by Lawalrée (Bull. Soc. R. bot. Belg., 9: 109- Syme in the legend as Lycopodium alpinum var. decipiens, a 120; 1957) records of this taxon appeared in British literature name later validated with a description by Druce (Ann. Scot. but confusion and doubt has persisted as to its true identity. nat. Hist., 1892: 184; 1892). Subsequent botanists have used J.Wilce (Beih. Nov. Hedw. 19: 93; 1965) suggests it is a hybrid this name for a number of atypical D.alpinum gatherings from derivative of the species mentioned above. Work carried out by Scotland, some of which are most certainly growth forms from I.Kukkonen (Ann. Bot. Fenn., 4:441-470; 1967) and A.Pacyna dense vegetation of the latter species. Although of hybrid origin (Fragm. Fl. Geobot., 18: 255-297, 309-341; 1972) supports this the spores are only partly abortive and it can spread outside the and Pacyna has identified British material as being conspecific range of the parents. However, D.complanatum may yet be with Polish plants. The shape of the ventral median leaf and found in Britain in dwarf shrub communities in areas of ancient elongated leafy peduncles are diagnostic. Sowerby (Engl. Bot., woodland. ed 3.t. 1834*; 1886) illustrates plants from v.c. 37, named by SELAGINELLACEAE 9

2 3 4 0 0 ... 5.1 • 00 SELAGINELLA 000 N2 • 000000 • 00000000 SELAGINOIDES 00000000 9 000 •• 9 • • 00000 • Lesser Clubmoss • • :::: • •• • N1 • o$:6 • • 1 • • 00 00 • 8 • 00 • • 8 t 0 • •000 •• •0•0• s ::::28e 1r: • 100 •000000 •0000 ICionistres ••0••0••0 o 0 100 000000•0 Mdee 0000000 ., • 00000 9 •000 0• 7 4 • 5 6 • 2 o 0: 00i 00 • • 00• 5:::: • 00000 000 000 6 -e • 6 S • • °re • 6:: • 0 • 0000 • 01:2 • • 00 0 0• • oo 00 000 • • • 00 00 00 :00::00: • go 5 • • 5 So • • • • • 0• • 000 00 o 0 SS .. •oo • • • o 0° • o 000 • • oo • o g .i 00 • 0 4 • • 0 0 o 0 • • • 16 • 0 000 0 • 000 000 00 3

9 1 CHANNEL !SLAWS PLOTTED ON 0 AN UTM GRID

1 2 3 4 5 6

5.1. Selaginella selaginoides (I—) Link A northern and montane species with a distribution pattern in Britain and Ireland which is difficult to explain. Localities in Ireland are disappearing through changes in land-use but it is hoped that the southernmost sites will be conserved so that the ecological requirement of this species on the edge of its range can be studied. In England the south-eastern populations have disappeared, the species last being seen at Scotton, v.c. 54, in 1948 (J.E.Gibbons, FL Lincolnshire: 80; 1975). 10 SELAGINELLACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 O 0 5.2 x SELAGINELLA NW N2 t:S KRAUSSIANA et' 9 9

• •• 8 8 .o

O 100 Mamas's 100 0 M i Ms • • 7 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

• •

• 9 0

1 CHANNELISLANDS <7 PLOT TED ON 0 So UTM GRID ••

O 0 1 2 3 4 5

5.2 Selaginella kraussiana (G.Kunze) A.Br. A species native to the Azores and tropical and South Africa which was introduced for bedding or ground cover in conservatories and which has established itself in the more oceanic areas of S.W. Britain and Ireland where it can successfully overwinter. It produces spores abundantly and could spread naturally, although so far the species has shown no signs of dispersal from introduced areas. 8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv a• UTM GRID

t;6* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6.1 Isoetes lacustris L. A northern sub-Atlantic species probably more frequent in upland Scotland than records show. It can tolerate more mesotrophic waters than I.echinospora possibly through its ability to compete with other water plants. 12 ISOETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 6.2 HX HW ISOETES • • N2

ECHINOSPORA • 9 9 Spring Quillwort Ni

8 . 8 • 100 44 Kaornetres 0 100 0 Miles • .•••• 0 0 7 9 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

5 5

4 4

• • 0 3 • • •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON WV UTM GRID .6' A t;Z) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

6.2 Isoetes echinospora Durieu (Lsetacea auct.) A species with a northern sub-Atlantic distribution similar to Llacustris, preferring more oligotrophic waters than Llacustris and will probably prove to be equally common in Scotland at least. The ecology and distribution of the species in Wales is discussed by B.Seddon (Ecology 46: 747-748; 1965). ISOETACEAE 13

1 2 3

6.3 ISOETES N2 HISTRIX 9 Land Quillwort Ni

8 A 8 jo

0 100 101ornstres 0 100 Mi • e 7 4 5 6

6.3 Isoetes histrix Bory A Mediterranean-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost location in Britain (v.c. 1). It is terrestrial and the leaves die down and disappear in March or April. The absence of this species from S.W. Ireland is difficult to explain. 14 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

7.1 HX HW EQUISETUM • N2 0 HYEMALE 9 9

Rough Horsetail •0 N1 • •000 8 • • too • • :6 Kilometres o8o

Miles oo 7 9 7 4 5 6 00

0 6

:0 00 • 0 00 5 5 • 0

4 0 8 oo ioo o o• oip 0 3 00 00 • 00 SO 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID 11. 1;6 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.1 Equisetum hyemale L. A widespread species which requires its roots to be within reach of laterally moving water. The drainage of potential sites is taking its toll and the species is becoming local although in some places it still occurs in large stands. EQUISETACEAE 15

0 1 2 3 4 0 7.1x r N2 • EQUISETUM X MOORE! ckf 9

®EQUISETUM Ni RAMOSISSIMUM 8 8

0 Adorns/NA 100 Was • • 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

5 5

9 1

GUNNEL ISLANDS PLOTTED ON 0 UTM GRID tz) 0 0 1 2 4 5 6

7.1 x r. Equisetum x moorei Newm. (E.hyemale x ramosissimum Desf.) This sterile taxon has long been treated as a hybrid of the above J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page in C.A.Stace (ed.) Hybridization and species but, in view of its sterility, its distribution in Ireland and the Flora of the British Isles: 99; 1975). other areas in Europe where E.ramossissimum is absent, this E.ramosissimum, a southern European species, was ftrst is highly problematical. It was originally described from recorded for the British Isles in 1947 when collected on the bank Rockfield, v.c. H20, in 1856; a plant introduced into a garden in of the R.Witham, v.c. 53 (see A.H.G.Alston, Watsonia, 1: 149- Shere, v.c. 17, (J.E.Lousley, Flora of Surrey: 94; 1976) has 153; 1949). Whilst it has maintained itself it has not spread, and vigorously maintained itself. There are no specimens to it is believed to have been introduced with soil when the river substantiate previous Scottish records (v .c. 88 and 92); wall was being strengthened. It is therefore regarded as an alien E.hyemale is found in these localities, however (see in the British flora. 16 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 7.1x2 HX HW EQUISETUM N2 X TRACHYODON 9 9

8 8 .0

100 I? I AC0 Kipmene 100 0 Miles 7 4 5 6 2

6 0 6

8 5 5

0 4

1 CHANNEL GLANDS -(2 PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.1 x 2 Equisetum X trachyodon A.Braun (E.hyemale x variegatum) A hybrid with a distinct Atlantic distribution which however may be under-recorded on the European mainland. The E.variegatum parent is most likely the lowland (and often coastal) ecotype of that species and the hybrid is therefore more rare in Scotland where the mountain form predominates than the distribution of the parent species would suggest. Some previously reported records from Ireland have proved to be forms of E.variegatum. Small plants may be separated from that species by the long sheath and the long teeth with narrow membraneous margins; the cones have abortive spores (see J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 100). EQUISETACEAE 17

0 1 2 3 0 0 7.2 EQUISETUM N2 VAR I EGATUM 9 9

Variegated N1 Horsetail p 8

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID s.

0 0 2 3 4 5

7.2 Equisetum variegatum Schleicher ex Weber & Mohr A northern-montane species of wet alpine ledges yet also characteristic of coastal sand-dune slacks in the west. E.wilsonii Newm., Originally described from Muckross, v.c. H2, hitherto regarded as this species needs further investigation as do sand-dune populations in Britain (see J.A.Crabbe, A.C.Jermy & G.A.Matthews, Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles, 6: 40-42; 1965). 18 EQUISETACEAE

O 1 2 3 4 0 0 7.3 x o o • HW EQUISETUM • mom • so • N2 vil So So FLUNINIVTILE 00 000 So 000 9 9 • • ile • • VVater HorsetaH • • •00 • 00 • • 5555 • •N• ••• 000 N1 • ••o•og•• oo •000 • 00••01000 000 • 00 a 000000 •0 0• 41" 8 .. • • • • A • go, 4.1. O 100 ••• Se o • 1 i oemio 4141owilest 0 IQ.. 100 • Op •0 00 0 0 0000 ••0 maw 0000 • " .. • • • • 41 7 5 4 • 6 owl 000000 • •0 .2 000 • 1000 ! no a 00 • ol0000 00 0000 00000 4100,000 3 • Ofee 000• Of 00 6 00•0 • • 0000005 • 6 0 0 A • 000, 00, 00 00 ••••••• •• • 0••• 0, 10 00600000 0000 ow • e. .. .. •:I. • " Goo. .. 4 "i"::ig 4111 000,11__ 00 00000000 48 5 . • 0 40 : :45 41:iiiii • • :ib. 5 • 0: .. o 6. • 6 . • •00 ..I..::: " • • .... Soo So 0000 • MM.: • G....0 e0 ...me..00 • molls • • ...... •• ::::::: 000 0000 • • 000 * 0000 •• 00 00:844 0000 • • SOO • wee24414" • 04" • t • * 0 • 0000 0i: Y 4 w 00• 0 0 00 • o0000is0 goo 00*0 O go •• oe •rne • • 00000000 • BO • 00 • • ompogrove oil oil • So :•.• "0 oo • • • • sow, oo oil • • oti • og, 000 • oeolo gg0000 • • S. • 0'0A., 1014 00 00000000 ONO • • 000 00 ee , .o..-g • ,• ,„ . •.. • ...... • .. • se. so • • • .. 41:. 3 • .. • • .. .6 • • ..... o• r. • • aim :. • ems ,,• , 1 J._ • 5. .5 ...... • .. • :: .. , • .. • • moosm .8 ei 41 • an% ..... • 000 ee • * o. • 000 • • • 00000000 000 • • • • • 0000 0 0048100 00 1 00 0 • red :: • • 00: • 2 • 000 0000 • 1555 00 _ii • 0000000 00 • owe • • •000 00000010 000 000 • 000 00 mee°00 00 • 9 0 mug, oil oomoge 0004100000 •0 0 •0000 • 00060 • oo•opeo 000 SOO • • • 000 •0•0•0, MO• • 00 • • 1 0-IANNEL ISLANDS 080 • PLOT TED ON 0 wv :so: • UTM GRID 00 So

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.3 Equisetum fluviatile L. A widespread species of which the ecological requirements are little understood and need further investigation. Detailed distribution (e.g. on the tetrad basis) of selected areas or counties, might shed light onto this problem. EQUISETACEAE 19

0 1 2 3 0 0 7.3x7 ®EQUISETUM N2 FLUVIATILE X 9 9 PALUSTRE

se; 8 8

100 1 Kdometres 0 0 100 pnik. 7 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 5

9 0 /--

CHANNEL ISLANDS <7 PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

7.3 x 7 Equisetum fluviatileX palustre A single population found in 1962 in Harris, v.c. 110 (see of the first internode of the branches, number of stem ridges, C.N.Page, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 118-120; 1963 and J.G.Duckett & length and direction of the branches are all indicative of C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 100). It is E.palustre rather than E.arvense.However, as in all Equisetum morphologically intermediate between the parents but hybrids, confirmation by anatomical characters (e.g. size of superficially more like E.palustre than the other putative central hollow and vallecular canals) is often needed for correct parent. It may also be confused with E. x litorale but the length determination. 20 EQUISETACEAE

1 2 3 4 0 0 7.4 HX •00 0 0 EQUISETUM 0 0 00 00 N2 • 0 0 00 0 ARVENSE 00 0 9 • • • • Field Horsetail • •00 • 0000 00000 • 06 00000000 N1 See 01:00 60 0000000 • 60000 • ee •e • 00060 • 8 • • 00 00 8 v:9 • 0:8 099 0 000 • • • ••O • 6090000 0 100 •00 • •06800 1 • • •000 00090 Kianotres 100 • 00006 0600 0 Miles 0 • e •00 • • • 7 4 5 6 6::0: 000090 00• • 2 0000090 6•0 0000 0006000 006000000 600600 •00000•00 000066 000000000 •0000 0000000 • 6 • 6 • 0006 0000 SOO • 0 0 • 000 0 0 0 00 0 • 9090 0000 • 090 00 • 60000000 00900 00 • • • 00000000 •06009 • 000 00000,00 90 0000000 000 •000060 00 090000000 000 • 0600 000 900 •• •••••••• •• • 000 000 00 5 o o • see :41• •0••0•••0 06•600 • :474•11• 5 • • el••••e••41•0•• se...... " • 55555 sIsSIe s solim•• • es • see 0000 eseeesees essee ee es e 0 o•pe•••, •e• •000 e.e.see e • eillessoso mil dose*•o ll •0000 es ••••• • • eg• ales • ••• ••••• ••••••• • •se ole eels ego • 1140 5555 5. 000000 ego • 00000•s••ss•• • 0 se ese • se *se 600000 • 0000 s • •00 MI•S esee ese See 4 . oolloo oimpososo• • • 000 00000000 0000 000 • • • See eee00000 0000 • • 00000000e 000000•0 Sees • •e•• ••• • 000000000 •00000006 000 •••• oo 00 • • • W 00 • 06606600 •0000000 00 00000 • ••00•• 090 0000000 000000000 00 OS • • • •06990 • 000 09000,00 • • 00000600 06000006 690 06 06. 0060900000000 000 o • 000000006 0000000 0900000 000 0 1 •oremose • 000 •0090 06 000060606 9 09 00 • 3 :Mane eV:. 0 00000060 •6000000 • 600060 0060 • Ov •01:10006 600000660 •0•0•0006 OS • 00 0000 •0•00000 0000•000 000 • m•• ••• • 00 00 • 0006 •60000000 00006000 ••0 oo• so 60090009 99009009 000990000 609901109 ego 90 • 096 6600069411 06066600 09660606 • • o 000060 00090069 090$1006 0600000 so 00 •000 00 •01106 060 See 990 0000 • 600 60 000 2 • • •00 00000000 000000 9009 •00000060 0000 60000 00000600 •00060 60000 • •9600 0600•00 00 _Ipmwoo • • 00006 00096000 00 9 0 66 000600000 0000600 00660060 0•60 0000006 800•0000 00000660 00000011 Se • See 600000 1 CHANNELISLANDS 00606000 0•000 • PLOTTEDON 0 00006 00 UTM GRID 0111 00 •

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4 Diudsetuln arvense L. A widespread species of inorganic soils and therefore absent from squares which are covered predominantly by peat. An interesting high mountain flush ecotype would be worth mapping separately; it could be overlooked as E.palustre but has the lowermost internodes of the branches characteristically longer than the main stem sheath subtending those branches. EQUISETACEAE 21

0 2 3 4 0 7.4x3 EQUISETUM X LITORALE 9

8 ••• 8 0 100 0 1 1 0 1Gkenstres 100 Udell • e • 7 4 5 6 2 •

6 6 • • 0 • • • 0•0 0 0 5 5

S. 0 4

•

• 3

1 • • 2

9 0 1

OWNS: ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4x 3 Equisetum x litorale Kuhlew. ex Rupr. (E. arvense xfluviatile) Considering the dissimilarity of the habitat required by each parent this hybrid is surprisingly frequent. It is also extremely variable: in drier habitats specimens often approach E.arvense and in wet ones E.fluviatile (see J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 101; 1975). 22 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 7.7x8 HX • EQUISETUM HW N2 X FONT-QUERI 9 9 7.4x7

®EQUISETUM N1 X ROTHMALERI 8 eh 8

loo Kkmatres 0 100 Miles • e 7 4 5 6 1

6 6

5 5

9 0 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON wv UTM GRID tz) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4 x 7 Equisetum X rothmaleri C.N.Page 7.7 x 8 Equisetum font-queri Rothm. (E.arvense x palustre) (E.palustrex telmateia) A single small colony of this hybrid was found on the Similarly found on the Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104, but as an Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104. It resembles a yellow-green extensive colony. It has the overall appearance of a narrower E.palustre with a broader outline and more conspicuously E.telmateia with cones on the vegetative shoots (as in angled branches. E.palustre).

See C.N.Page, Watsonia 9: 229-237; '1973, and J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.)loc. cit.; 102; 1975 for notes on both these hybrids. EQUISETACEAE 23

0 1 2 3 4 0 7.5 EQUISETUM • N2 • PRATENSE 9 9 Shady Horsetail Ni • •

8 8

O 100 0 Kilometres 100 Mies • e 7 4 5 6 0 • 0 2 0 6 6 • •

5 5

Lt.

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS <2. PLOT TED ON 0 UTM GRO

0 0 1 2 3 —4 5 6

7.5 Equisetum pratense Ehrh. A northern-montane species which may be further recorded as regional studies are carried out in Scotland. This species can be confused with E.sylvaticum which has the teeth of the sheaths joined in groups of two or three; E.pratense has narrow single teeth equal in number to the stem ridges. 24 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 7.6 HX 00 HW EQUISETUM •0000 N2 000000 •0 000 • SYLVATICUM see.. •. Ot'* 9 9 • • • Wood Horsetail • 00 0000 •000• • 00 • • 000000 • Ni • 000• _ • 00000 • 0006 • •0000 .. • 00 • •00 8 8 04 • 00000_0 000 00 ::164A1,22 60 00 • o 100 000 0 1 1 • 00a1Ai Os Kdornetres 00000600 0 100 000••00 00 Miles • 00000 • e •0000 7 9 • 000 7 4 000 • 5 6 00•0 000 ••0 OS fi 2 • 0000 00001 • 0600 0•,0 00 ..., 00•0 0 000 • •0000 0 00000 00 • • • 6 000 • 00 • 6 00000 • o• 51 •. on:.::. 0000 00 • • • • 0000• • • 0000 • • 000 000 000 000 • 0000060 •0 00 0 0 o 0000 000 00 • 00• • sod • • • • • 5 • oo Go • 5 • 0 2 0 1 : • • 0 "' • • 41+4110"41 . ••0 00 • • 00 • s, 000 00 o :::: 4: o 000 00 • 4 O 0 I:: •••• • • oo •• •• fis •• 0 00 • 00 • 000 Oi • , • • AMO A 0 • e • oil (50 to • • 00 o • 3 00 • 00 • 9 8••' i • 1 o • • • 00 • 88 • • 00 1 •• 0 • ,188i•• i. : .. 00 • 2 • • Won •.• 00 9 0 :0 0 0 :: O 0 0 1 CHANNELISLANDS <4) PLOTTEDON 0 UTM GRID

0 0 2 3 4 5 6

7.6 Equisetum sylvaticum L. A widespread species of wet woodland or upland peat which was formerly wooded. Absent from a large part of the agricultural areas of central and southern Britain.

•

EQUISETACEAE 25

0 1 2 3 4 0 7.7 • • • • 00 N2 EQUISETUM • 00 • O•O 0• • 6•06•0 • PALUSTRE • 9 9 •00• Marsh Horsetail • 6 • 00000 • 0• 00 0006 N1 • 660;1:0 006 • u • • sosoos so so • soo 8 0066 •00•0 • 8 00 • • 0000 cs` • • • 100 so 0000• °Fr esso osoo 0 Kicenrnm 100 • •••• SOO •00• Nfts • • 0 0 9 e • 7 4 •so• 5 6 • • 600 • 0001 2 • • • 600 • 00 00000 00• • 00000 000 • •• • 0 0000 •000 00 • • • • 06 • • 6 6 • 00 60000 0• n •• 05 000 :0 :05 • 0 • • 000 000 • . 0006 00 00000 000 •0000• •00 00_00000 000 " ::0::0: .41. 0000000 ,-.000 OW. 46:: 19. 0 0 06: • 6:-- 0•:••••g 0000 0• 0hoe • • • 5 0 00 • • 66 4100:::::. : 411 5 so soompo p osooeso • • ammo • oss o • so i o • 000000 00 00 00 • 0000 0 0 000 00000 0000 00 • 0000 • . .0 o 00000 0000 • 00000 000 00000 • 00000 41 000000 00 0006 00 • sot) Spo :• 0000 • 00 5 o5 • oo • 40 :00 000 00 • • 000 • "' • • • • o• go • • oo 4 O. • • 00 • • 000000 • 000 • , •"0 0 0 0 0.... -- 0000 NO • • 0000 0 • 40C ille • 0006000 • • 60 • 00000 460 • 000000006 0••100000 elm • 006 • • • o• • 000000 606 00 • • 0•••100000 0:41: 00 00 • • 0 • : : 0:000 • • 000 • 6 61 0: :46: 40 46 • • 000 • oo 000 •00 • 0 o • • 3 0 0• • 00 0. o 0 5555555 0000000 0 00 0 00 • 00 • • o •0•0000 0000000 0 • 60•000 NO 00 0000 000600 00 •000006 • ::4646 00 I 0060 • 00000 00 0000000_ • 0 • 00600 • • 3:0 00 06000660 • • • • • 000000 00 060 010 000 44 55 • 0 mom, • • 5 5 • ••••• • ••••••••• moo • •• 2 • • 606 My • 000 • _ 955 00 0 0000 600 • NO00 se ONO 00 000 9 555 m• 5555 s000se. so. saw oil sos oo os se so o• • 5555555 5014555.0 ••••• 9 0 41•55 55 mmo m• oss• • • • 0• • • • 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS ..i: 55.. PLOTTED ON 000• • urmum • 55

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.7 Equisetum palustre L. A widespread species requiring moving ground water with a medium base-content (calcium/magnesium). The absence of records from peat and base-poor soils is probably realistic. 26 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 7.8 EQUISETUM • N2

TELMATEIA PP!' 9 Great Horsetail N1 • 8 8

O 100 1 Ki001 110011 100 0 PM. • of 7 • 5 6 2 0010 0 • 0• • •• 6 6 • • • I° :8 •• • .0 • 61:16 • • 00 0:800 00 • 0: • • 00 • 00 • • • o• 0 0i14100 5 • • 000 00 ° 00 • • • • • 0 0 os 00 • 00 • 00 • 00 00 .. 00000 000 • ilo • 0600 • • 00 • • • •00 • 0 • 4 e4q„,, • o • • 0 • • o e: s:: 000 14:0 • • • • 00 00000 mime • oo• n• 061 00 • • 44 • 41111.• • 00 de • • • -6 • • 041, 0:0 00000 • • • 00 0moo* 0 • oo • 000 • o 0 00 0 • 00 : 3 • oil • • 0• • 0 • 0 • I:2 MI • ••• 0 • • • • oo • • 2 5 000 • • • • • fife6° ::• • 0 2 .44 0 •A: 9 0 • oio ••• • Ss 1 CHANNELISLANDS • PLOTTED ON 0 • MMWM

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

7.8 Ikpaseturn telmateia arh. A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost station in Britain. It requires a high base-status and is recorded on siliceous or peaty soils only where there are base-rich flushes.

•

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 27

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 8.1 o • BOTRYCHIUM 00 • • N2 00 00 • • LUNARIA 00 co! 9 9 • Moonwort • • • • 00 N1 • o st • — • • 8 8 tev • oiloo 100 • 68 00 • 000 o Kikrnonne • 00000 0 100 0000000 • Mike 000 • e • 000 9 7 4 • 0 5 6 • o• so • oo 2 003 •• • 0 :66 0 • 41 0°0 • 00 00. 6 6 0 • 00 0 • • • o • 00 0 • .:r •• • •000::: • 0•• 00 • 0 0• , • 0 5 O. • 09 OS 5 0 • • 00 • • 00 • • 000 00 o o • so o ioo • a • • • • • 4 00 0 •0 • 0 • :V 058 • 0o :: 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 5 0• •0 • 00 0 o i • o • • • • 3 • • • 00 . 00 0 0 8:* 1 • 00 4 0 0 8 8 oo • • • 8 og 8o • 2 •0 oo oo so • 00 000 4141 • • 9 •• 00 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS • 00000 ‹§) PLOT TED ON 0 WV 00 0 UTM GRID 4/5

0 0 2 3 4 5 6

8.1 Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz A widespread northern-continental species requiring well- drained sites with a high base-content. It is decreasing in lowland sites due to intensive land management. The specimens that gave rise to the records of B.lanceolatum (S.G.Gmel.) Ångstr., B.matricariifolium A.Br. ex Koch and B.multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. (J.E.Dandy, List Brit. Vasc. Pl.: 7; 1958) are abnormal forms of iflunaria. •

28 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

1 2 3 4 0 0 9.1 HW OPHIOGLOSSUM N2 • VULGATUM 9 9

N1 Adder's - tongue

8 oft 8 r •

too 1610metres 0 100 Mika oo 7 7 4 00 5 6 2 0 0 •• .00 30 • 6 6 o • 00 0 •• o 0 090 0 :1?) e. • • • 404, 0 • 9P • 5 0 ewe 0 l 0 5 • • 0•0 11100 • •000 I 000 000 • 00 • •0 • • • • 411 • 00 0001,0Q00 og • • • • 00 0 00 00 • 00 0 000 • 0410 00 0 • 0 4 0 0 0 0.0000 • 0 a 410111: • 00 • 00 041 •0 0 000 I AP • 555 0 004,0 410 00 000 • 0 0 0 040 • o • 0 0 f of MS • 0 • • • o 0 3 ri? 0 • • • • 00411 • 00 • ::::00 411 00• 0 1 0:1:1 NO •0 • • • 0 8 SOO 4141 • Oi:141 • J.." I! " ::.: •erroos r o .0 Woo 44- :$41 orir 2 :: 411.• Ise• es 64141e •rorpo • 4.41•41 41ii: .41 • so • 9 0 • 0.0 :r i .•0 P.0• • • • CHANNEL ISLANDS os PLOT TEDON 0 wv • UTM GRID r

•0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9.1 Ophioglossum vulgatum L. A plant of wet meadows and fens and in similar deep loam soils; also in coastal sand-dune slacks and in Scotland in flushed areas on machair. Land reclamation is reducing the known sites. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 29

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 9.2 OPHIOGLOSSUM N2 AZORICUM 4 9

Ni • 8 8 .•o

O 100 Kilornatres 0 100 Mdes 9 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

5 5

• 9 1 GHANNEL ISLANDS

PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID 614 • fir 0 0 2 3 4 5

9.2 Ophioglossum azoricum C.Pres1 (0.vulgatum L.subsp. ambiguum (Coss. & Germ.) E.F.Warb.) This is a taxon that requires further investigation and its relationship to 0.vulgatum is not clear. As in the Critical Suppl. this map is based on specimens having 14 or fewer sporangia, a sterile blade less than 3.5cm and occurring in short turf near the sea. 30 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

9.3 HX HW OPHIOGLOSSUM N2 LUSITANICUM 9 9

8 8

0 100 I 0 Kilometres 100 Mks 9 7 4 5 6

1 2

fl fifi 6 6

5 5

9 1

CHANNEL GLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 Wv UTM GRID t;Z:r 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9.3 Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost station in Britain (Isles of Scilly). As the plant is evident between November and February only, dying down completely during the rest of the year, it may have been overlooked in S.W. Ireland. OSMUNDACEAE 31

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 10.1 N2 OSMUNDA • • • REGALIS 9 9

Royal Fern • N1

8 8 S. 0 100 1 d8 Kilometres 0 0 100 Meets • 0 9 7 4 5 6

6 6 • • so S. • ::• r 0 • • • .. •....• .0 • 5 • ••••••••••• •..:• • .. 0 • • .... • 0 8 • • ••...... • • • 0 • *8°• 0 01 0 _ 10 055 0 •g•" .0 0 • i. • 4 g S •‘-' °,4, I. 4110 • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 0 • 0•041100 ••411 oe • • • • • 414* 0 • 8.0 0 • • • • 0. 8 • • 0 00 • 00 • • • ii0 3 • •• 0 • • 0 • • s• moos• • o ••• ow 04 0000o • *co • *00 • o • 2 0• 0 • 0 0 .0 0. • 8 .0 1 • •• • 4 • 9 O 0 : :WS • • 1 000000 0 • SOO G-IANNEL GLANDS 000 ••00 PLOTTED ON 0 wv 00 • • 0411 UTM GRID .6* • - ••

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10.1 Osmunda regalis L. A sub-Atlantic species reaching the northern limit of its natural distribution in Zetland (v.c. 112). It is a species often removed from the wild and introduced into gardens, from which spores spread naturally, thus its native occurrence in some parts of Britain is difficult to assess. Its distribution shows that it prefers a high rainfall. It is a feature of western bogs which receive considerable base cations from salt-laden winds. Further inland it is characteristic of valley mires. 32 ADIANTACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 11.1 HX HW CRYPTOGRAMMA N2 CRISPA • • 9 9 rT. Parsley Fern • • N1 • • • • 0 8 8 • • • •600 100 r • 0 KIlometres 100 0 r, 05i 0 Mites 0 op 9 7 7 4 • 5 6 1 •• 2 • 00 :• • 3 6 n • 500 • • • •• 0 • 0 • 05 i•or:

5 J 0 5 • §38.

0 , 0 4

8 9 0 •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv • UTM GRID r '66 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

11.1 Cryptogramma crispa (L.) Hook. An arctic-alpine species restricted to calcium-free siliceous soils and rock screes. Absent from such habitats in the west where these are enriched with base-rich cations from salt-laden winds. A very local plant in Ireland. A.P.Conolly & E.Dahl (in D.Walker & R.West (eds.), Studies in the vegetational history of the British Isles: 196; 1970) _correlate the present-day distribution of this species with the 24°C maximum summer temperature summit (i.e. for the highest places in the landscape) isotherm for Ireland and Highland Scotland and the 26°C isotherm for Wales, England and Lowland Scotland. ADIANTACEAE 33

0 1 2 3 0 0 12 .1 ANOGRAMMA m2 LEPTOPHYLL A 9 9 Jersey Fern N1

8 .01 .o 8

100 Kilometres 4a 100 0 Miles 9 • • 7 4 5 6 2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 w, UTM GRID

0 1

12.1 Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost limits in Guernsey (Sarnia). It is an annual plant and any catastrophe which prevented the maturation of fertile fronds could seriously deplete a population. 34 ADIANTACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 13.1 HX HW ADIANTUM N2

CAPILLUS - 01:* 9 9 VENERIS

.41 Maidenhair Fern

8 8

100 Kilometres 100 0 MiI 9 •, 7 7 4 5 6 1 2

6 6

5 5

8 9 0

1 CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID 41"' 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 0

13.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost limits as a native plant on the coast of v.c. H.35. It is a species frequently grown in gardens or as a house plant and spores from this source will establish themselves on calcareous substrates (e.g. mortar or calcareous stone walls) in warm situations; such records are not mapped. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 35

0 1 2 3 0 0 14.1

HYMENOPHYLLUM N2 TUNBRIGENSE 9 9 Tunbridge N1 Filmy - fern

8 •

100

Kilometres 0 100 Nu. 9 7 5 •

3 6 6 • 0 00 0 •

5 • 0 5

• 0

So •0

3 • io o oo 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 w, UTM GRID tf?' r

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

14.1 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. A species of restricted occurrence in Europe not recorded north of its British localities in v.c. 104. Its distribution in Britain and Ireland is mainly determined by the occurrence of suitable microclimates and substrata (see P.W.Richards & G.B.Evans, Biological Flora of the British Isles: Hymenophyllum, J.Ecol. 60: 245-258; 1972). 36 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

14.2 HX HW HYMENOPHYLLUM N2 WILSON!! • af" 9 9 • Wilson's • N1 Filmy - fern r Q 8 8

co. • • 0 ::4455 00 • • •D • • 7 4 5 6 •• • • • 8 6 •) •• • se.

*IL 4it• 5

•

• • I 0 3 • • 1 oo • • •• • 2

• 9 0 1 • o CHANNEL ISLANDS :5 055 PLOTTED ON 0 wv co• UTM GRID r t;Z) 0 0 • 1 2 3 4 5 6

14.2 Hymenophyllum wilsonii Hook. A species of very restricted range (Madeira; Azores; Brittany; Faeroes; and Norway) generally widespread in W.Britain and Ireland. Its distribution depends on factors affecting atmospheric humidity but is more tolerant of exposure and desiccation than H.tunbrigense. (See P.W.Richards & G.B.Evans, Biological Flora of the British Isles: Hymenophyllum, J. Ecol. 60: 258-268; 1972). HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 37

1 3 4 0 0 15.1 TRICHOMANES SPECIOSUM tr? 9 9

Killarney Fern N1

8 8

100 0 Kilometres 0 100 Pities • • 9 7 4 5 6

• 5 •

• •

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 w, UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

15.1 Trichomanes speciosum Willd. A species confined in Europe to the western seaboard although on Arran, v.c. 100, and on the northernmost locality so far the distribution is controlled within that climatic zone by recorded, Ardlamont Point, v.c. 98 (see W.Stewart, Trans. suitable substrate (preferably a coarse sandstone interbedded Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 6: 18-21; 1899). The map shows as a with some impervious layer which can produce lateral solid dot all squares where the species has been at any time movement of ground water). Many old sites have been made recorded. Trichomanes speciosum is protected by the extinct by the depredation of collectors; it may yet be refound Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. 38 POLYPODIACEAE

1 2 3 4 0 16.1 -3 00 • NW POLYPODIUM • ihoo • N2 • :: VULGARE agg . vow.* • 4 okp 9 'mu • 9 • oe • • ••• Polypody • • 0000 aloe • ompo m• moo •eos0000 N1 • • •omp oolloo ol0000 moo oemp oomeo foomp000 • eoomp•ome •oo moo I 8 osemo••• 000mpoo 8 • eo •oloom p•o oul000eo oo mimeo • •memo 0 100 oloommoo • o• 1 Kamotras el000mmoo moo 100 osom•oopeo oo 0 omp000 • •o Mika • o•••••• • , • oemp000 mime • oo • 7 4 •oes* 5 6 •wee 0 oo Goo empoompo 2 • o• •imeo • •mmo ompoompoo . 000000 000•000 • oso •• mimeo •m••• • m•o • 6 • •eovel000 •4400000 • 6 omm00000 olleo 000 • 116::: : o ::. :::: :::::: o o• _ooeil000 • • • 1 01: o 5.oo •0: ... • oir so 4.• ::::::::: : 0 . 1 :PH o•••• ••• oo • 5 • Illooioo:: I* 000 o oill • 5 411:":: : • mil oe oopooto " 0 moo moo • • os ooems •oo wo A.° 80 e • •• •••lo• •• oo . -41 6 • • 000• moo • oo • • " •411 oo - 414 0 no • go o oils* • • 0 00o .0 6 110 04, : Al oe • 0000000 • • • n • • • ofo oo • • 4 • • oo 000e • • • 000 o4oleo oil • ol000e 04 • • oo odlooroo orloe ooe• 0000000 • um • • • • • ooe • • ism "'moo 000 00 • • 00 000 0000 000 00 • 000 00000000 • • • 00 000 000000 0:::O : • •0 000 000 00 000 • 4041 ill • 41• 00 0 00 0000 • • ." 4' :III 3 104:1in • 11 ! 000 000 000 I i 0000 0000000 • • 000 0 oo oo 0000 0000 000000000 • • • oo so moo • 000 0000 1 0000 00000000 .00 000 • ouloo vim o• • 000000 00000000 0000000 000 000 oo • Mr " ommoompo moose • • moo 000 00•0 • • •ooloompo ••••••• • oilooeo • • • • ::5 • • oooos000• e•••••• 0000loo • oolloo . • • eelreo ••• • • 0•0 •0000 • 0 • 00 000 • 0000 00 • • 2 • e 000 00 00000 0 • :: ::::::: 02i•0 00 •0000 00000000 •.00000 • • •0000 0000000 0000 000 •00000•0 • 9 ::: :::::::: :::: ::: Utts::: 000•000 •00 • • 00000 •0 000 0000000 00 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 00000000 • 00000000 • PLOTTED ON 0 ••••• 00 UTM GRID 0 .6r o •• • • 0 0 2 3 4 5 6

16.1-3 Pokypoldiurn vulgare aggregate As many previous records and those for the Atlas were made on an aggregate basis, treating the complex as a single species, a map of such general distribution is given here. For taxonomy and notes on identification see M.G.Shivas, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 58: 27-38; 1961; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 65-70; 1962; P.M.Benoit, Br. Fern Gaz. 7: 277-282; 1966; R.H.Roberts & D.M.Synnott, Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972. •

POLYPODIACEAE 39

0 1 2 3 0 0 16.1 N2 POLYPODIUM •0 • • VULGARE 9 9 • Is Polypody • N1 000. • ugo o * *goo 8 8 • • 100 oo 1 • •o::• o 0 Kimmins 100 er • o Mice • • • 9 7 4 • • • 5 6 2 •• .. • • 3 • 6 6 0 ' • • • • •5 • obi 4 • • oo • • oo 5 5

• •

4 8 _• 0 • • , e. • 6 0 • • • • • • 0 3 • 0 • o • So •• • • fio o • • • o • oo • • • • : • • o 2 00 0.• • • imp• • • 0. • • • 9 •••• • • • - 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

16.1 Polypodium vulgare L. A widespread species absent from parts of central and N.E. England through lack of suitable habitat. It is absent from industrial areas possibly because, not having an annual flush of new fronds, its leaves become soot covered and non-functional. 40 POLYPODIACEAE

1 2 3 4 0 16.2 lix POLYPODIUM N2 • INTERJECTUM • 9 9 Intermediate Ni Polypody • • 8 8 .o • .J71 100 • t? 1 Kdometres 100 0 • 9 7 7 4 5 6 2 Oa: •, • • 00 • 6 6 • • • • • • 5 5 SI •

• • o • 4 • I. :68 o • • • •• • 0 • • ••• •• • • 0: • • 3 • • • • *I II • • • • • 1 • .8 • •o8Is • • • 8 8• • (Poo 0 • our •0 o • •.• t• •:•• • • 2 0 •0 0 • 0 000 • 0 r :: • .04) • 9 • • o 1 CNANNEL ISLANDS 0 00 PLOT TED ON WV UTM GRID 1:5? • \

1 2 3 4 5 6 0

16.2 Polypodium interjectum Shivas (P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare L. subsp. prionodes Rothm.) A sub-Atlantic alloploid species derived from hybridization of 16.1 and 16.3 having intermediate characters, both morphological and ecological. Its weak lime requirements are satisfied in coastal habitats by salt-laden winds and it is often a common component of mature sand-dune systems. It may also require a generally higher humidity than P.vulgare. POLYPODIACEAE 41

0 0 0 16.2 x1 N2 POLYPODIUM X MANTONIAE 9 9

Ni • Q 8 8

100 0 Xdornetres 0 100 Miles • • 9 7 7 5

6 6

5 5 8

4 • ss • • • 3

• 8 • 2 • • 00 • 8 9 0 8 0 • •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 0 • 1 2 3 4 5 6

16.2 x 1 Polypodium X mantoniae Rothm. (P.interjectum x vulgare) This hybrid can be recognized by its vigour, often forming large clones; morphologically it is intermediate between the parents. Frequent throughout Britain but less so in Ireland. The density of records for this hybrid in north and south-west Wales reflects concentrated field-work and its apparent scarcity elsewhere may not be a biological reality. 42 POLYPODIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 16.3 HX HW POLYPODIUM N2 AUSTRALE 9 9 Southern N1 Polypody

8 o 8

0 100 Kilometres 100 Mi 9 7 7 4 5 6 1 2

3 6

5 • • 0 0 • • •

• • o • • • •

•

I. 9 • 0 • •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON owv ei UTM GRID

• • t;) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16.3 Polypodium australe Fée (P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare subsp. serrulatum /Arcangeli) A Mediterranean/south Atlantic species reaching its northern limit on Lismore, v.c. 98. For the most part requiring limestone or similar high-calcium bearing rock substrate (e.g. mortared walls); usually on the warmer south-facing aspect when in its colder locations. Many records under the name P.vulgare var. serratum Willd. have been shown to be this taxon or a hybrid of it . (See R.H.Roberts & D.M.Synnott , Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972; A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia, 9: 357-361; 1973). POLYPODIACEAE 43

0 1 2 3 0 0

16.3x1 HX POLYPODIUM N2 X FONT-QUERI 9 9

N1 Q 8 8

100 0 Kilometres 100 Miles 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 5 •

en,

• 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv

UT M GRID r

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16.3 x 1 Polypodium X font-queri Rothm. (P.austrate x vulgare) Recognized by the large thin-textured lamina, often with twisted pinnae; plants often show hybrid vigour. For the most part it is intermediate between the parents, preferring base-rich rocks or as an epiphyte within reach of salt-laden winds. (See A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 233-235; 1972). 44 POLYPODIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 16.3x 2 • HX HW POLYPODIUM N2 X SHIVASIAE 9 9

8 40.

0 100

Kdornetres 100 Mks

7 7 4 5 6 1

5 5

2 •

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 w, UTM GRID C3. 1;;) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

16.3 x 2 Polypodium x shivasiae Rothm. (P.australex interjectum) Occasionally found with parents but an uncommon hybrid and absolutely sterile. Possibly mistaken for sterile and depauperate P.interjectum. •

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 45

0 1 2 3 4 0 17.1 • • 000 00 000800 00 N2 PTERIDI UM 00800 • 08000000 06000000 ote AQU ILI NUM 0060000 9 9 • • 00004100 • 00088 Brac ken • 00080 60080 08 • 00008 • 800000068 N1 •000004100 000•80000 • •0800006• •00000000 •00000000 808 00000 • • • 080000600 8 8 • 0•00000 08868000 00 •000 80000000 100 •000000 oomm000 oemp000po **Soo* 0 Kiarriftm I imool000s moo* soviloompo oso oolosome so • emu. • 9 7 4 00000 5 6 0006 000000 0880 0•0 moor •es•mmeeo see oo so•mm000s so oo •os•ompo wpm mos000se so s•ws •ompoosso oo oo oomp000• go 6 moo oil • sumo • eom peems soos0000s • soomiloos •sse so* • • *m• olio spooseso moos soosooso ••oo oommoomos ofoomp••s soe So •we* see 'moo 5 • • es • • oomp000 0000 •esompe•o owes •s000mpoo sows •isemil•oo moos omm0000mil Somme osoommilee soso essesoo • os000 •esoompoo • 4 • moo oessompoo elm • sou •s000ssoo cl000s ommo ools0000s oompoompo *emu goo* soommoo sompoomee ro oo oo •mpool00000 moose* • Soo oesoes000 ammo • so so oos oompooso osooloomo • se see moo so • oommeo Goo •sue oil • moo • es • • 3 moo mmoommo oossommo • emi mu..mm oose. • Ur mg"4" • ammo osso woo • some. oo moo osoos soos ern • mm ooo on: owl *sows ossoossoo muses 000 moo • • • 00000000 000000000 0•000000 00000 1000 • • il5o55osoo •000mp000 •arn so moo moo • 00 00000 ••0000 00 • 0000 00 08000 008 2 • 06 00 000 00000 0060 • • 000 0800•8600 0000 • 0•4100 80006000 0000 0• 080000 000000000 008000600 000 • •0•00 •0410000 •00008000 000 06 000 00000 • 000000 000060000 9 0 0000 00000000 008808000 000800000 0000008 000060 808 0000 •0008008 •0410008 000 8 • 1 00000000 • CHANNEL GLANDS 000000000 PLOTTED ON 0 80008000 000 OM GRID 8• • LZ) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17.1 Flerfidium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn A widespread and cosmopolitan species absent only from in- tensely used agricultural areas. Normally a calcifuge (and hitherto tetraploid) in Britain; material on limestone in Spain has been counted as 2n = 52 (diploid). It is impossible to distinguish this cytotype on morphology but calcicole ecotypes in S.W. Britain and Ireland should be studied further. 46 THELYPTERIDACEAE

1 2 3 4 0 18.1 HX THELYPTERIS HW N2 THELYPTEROIDES subsp. 9 GLABRA N1 Marsh Fern 8 Oft 8

100 O• Kdometres 0 100 Miles 9 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

• 5 5 • 0 8 • 0 • 0 4 0 • 0 • • 0 0 00 0 • • 3 04) • .5 • • • • o 2 o • • • o o 9 ss oo ofooo imp

CHANNEL ISLANDS lq) PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 1 2 3 4 5 0

18.1 Thelypteris thelypteroides Michx subsp. glabra Holub (T.palustris Schott) A widespread northern continental species absent from the Atlantic seaboard where the annual temperature range is smaller and winters are relatively warmer. It is becoming rare in many vice-counties through drainage of mires. THELYPTERIDACEAE 47

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 19.1 se N2 PHEGOPTERIS Wie• S. SS CONNECTILIS •• • 9 9 • ••••.43. Beech Fern • see • so • • Ni • mil el o • J• OH S • • se 8 8 • ...,..0•• • ••*MS 4 • •411 IN• t 100 ::::::: • 0 Kdootern 00000000 • 100 00•00•00 • Mdes 410000000 , 0114100 9 541 • 7 4 vim mill 5 6 0.0 o MD 09• • 2 • 90 80 • • • ine • e ft 09 00 • mil 000 0 -, milimil • • 6 • 55 6 o , so•e* .9.5. • ö 0 0 • "::::: • See 411•414, 00 o woo • 4• • •• 0114, ii 0 0 Sou. • •immil 4141 5 , • • 5 • o • • wil • SU e , • 4941 • 411 ..- • • 9 0 • .1410• 8 •• o 4 o 041 cqq, • • o 41410 441. • • o mil • 0 *ID • • mile • 441 3 00 oil •• • • o • o 00 o •.8 • .. •OSS o • • 2 •

• 0* 9 0 0

COWINELISLMW PLOTMD01.4 Om UTMWO tZ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19.1 Phegopteris connectilis (Michx) Watt (Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson) A northern continental species in the west and north of Britain with outliers in the Weald and East Anglia; rare in Ireland. It prefers humid banks where moving water can flush through its root system. 48 THELYPTERIDACEAE

O 1 2 3 4 0 0 20 .1 HX 00 OREOPTERIS miss. HW N2 • Gem 411 V: LIMBOSPERMA MM.: oil • otP 9 9 .° @W eomn. • Lennon - scented • um* • moo ••4,0• • •••• • N1 Fern • mim•o•me ore •e• o • Gorn•o. s0000000 • •oo 8 — owl• m•os • 0 • ••il• •••• 8 ILA: • ammo. •ee* 100 •••• il•• moo ? 1 4 Kdomatros 100 o::::::: " •i 0 •••••••• • Mika •000004/0 •:::: •• 7 75 4 6 *Mg: • 2 • • • 4111:841: • • o t:it°8 3, • 94 6 *ea:: :::e geo: :: 6 . • o g o::::::: g41::: • • ••••••• •••• :re 8 •• 0 • • os 0 s 0•• o • Q o o :Ur w : 5 00 me. 41,6 too 5 goo • ., solo Gov o 411 • • .. :::* •Lo Os olime ow, • • es • ::g: es. so • • : .., o • o .02 . : o • o .. • • • • -1 :141 • 8 • 0 0 •••• ••• •• !lit •• •• 8 ••••• ••••• 0 •i. 0 0 08: •• • • oo •o• oo so two 0 3 ow, •• • 1110 0 e •o mlo • • • sm. so. o • oils Imo o o • • Q 000 • • 00000 0 °. S 0000 • 0 • • • • • 2 00 0 oo o o g • • mo olopeo • 2 • 'moo •• 9 0 •• • 5 milesso • • oi so00000 0 • o • • • Soo 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS • oso PLOT TED ON 0 wv • 414, UTM GRID ol

0 0 •; 1 2 3 4 5 6

20.1 Chreopterbilimbospermaa (AL11.) Holub (Thelypteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson; Tdimbosperma (All.) H.P.Fuchs) A northern sub-Atlantic species which prefers ground water flowing (at least seasonally) through its root system. In the drier areas of Britain and Ireland it is therefore often associated with streamsides and changing land-use with drainage is diminishing the available sites. ASPLENIACEAE 49

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.1 ASPLENIUM 142 SCOLOPENDRIUM cr! 9

Hart's - tongue N1 • • 8 • 8 oo A • 1C0 r$9 o 0 Xiamen,* o• 0 100 0 00 Miss • • . • 9 • • 7 4 • 5 6 • 00 000: 2 • • • . ; " 0:0 ii0141 • • 0' • 0 • • 6 • 6 • • • 00 80 • 80 • • 0000:1:0 • 00 800 • 80 • • 00 •0000• 08 00 08 0800 ••0 000 • • 000 00 • 00000 • 0•••• • •••••00 • :::1:10 • •• •000 0000 •000 5 r 00 00000 • •000••••• •• 5 •00 •0•0• 000000000 • • 40000 •••00000 :100 00 • •00•00 410 4,110 01: • • C 008•••••0 ••• •• 00 • • • 00 • .. .0 •0000• • 00080•000•0000000 00 • 00 00: : 0 000000000 000080000 • •00 00 •00 000 • 80 • • • • 000 80 • 0000000 00 • 00 • • 0•00000 0000000 00 4 00000 •00088 •• • •00•• • 000 •0• •• t. 2 2001 1 •0•• •0 000 :00:041 • VW O WOO :i: ooe so ••o ofoolo GO odo •oo*, oompoosoooomoempo •o• 410 2:W 4110 : 64 e • sou/ 0000mm000 • • 80 00 O figfoir twos moooo ofroosoo00• oiloolo • • • :: • : 41141:0 . U. oompoommo Goo oo oil • 446 eipeoo • • ooloompoo moo • • • so es 3 000880008 • • 00 000 0 es • : n o:::. .644:111: : tir 00 00• 1 • 0000000 00.0 • 0:: Am : 41:: • • 0 : : 0 0000000 0;141100 0 oommehoso si 0000000 00000000 000 00 ii :fi000 • dmomoo oeiros000 ompoomp, • • • LI goo oo *mom 000 so o00 Mr.: : so • 2 • 00 000 00 • 000 • • • 0:::: 00:0011::000 ::00000::0000 08 000000 • • 00 0000 • 000 • 08000. 0000 000 •00000•0 00 00000 000 000 9 0 0000 000080000 • 000000 . 0 00000 0000000 • •000 00 • 00 • 00008

CHANNEL ISLANDS 000000 • C • PLOT TED ON 0 wv 41::::::: • • • VW GRID • 0. I LI!) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.1 Asplemiuln scolopendrium (Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.) A southern sub-Atlantic calcicole species which becomes rare in central and northern Scotland partly through lack of calcareous substrate and partly because of the lower winter temperatures. 50 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.1x7b HX HW • ASPLENIUM N2 CZ, X CONFLUENS 9 9 21.5 x1

OASPLENIUM Ni X MICRODON 8 .61 .// 100 SI

7 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

5 5

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

21.1 x 7b Asplenium X confluens 21.5 x 1 Asplenium X microdon (T.Moore ex Lowe) Lawalr& (T.Moore) Lovis & Vida (A .scolopendrium x trichomanes subsp. quadri- (A .billotii x scolopendrium; x Asplenophyllitis valens; x Asplenophyllitis confluens (T.Moore & microdon (T.Moore) Alston) Lowe) This hybrid, intermediate between parents, is likely to This hybrid was found at Levens Park, v.c. 69, in 1865 and at be confused only with A. x jacksonii: the latter has a triangular Whitby, v.c. 62, and Killarney, v.c. H2, around 1875; it has not frond-shape instead of a tapered one as in A. x microdon. been found since. The plants are more like (See A .trichomanes with P .J.Girard & J .D.Lovis , Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 1-8 (1968); stouter rachides and thicker leaf tissue, the upper pinnae being J.D.Lovis & G . Vida, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 53-67 (1969); J. D.Lovis confluent. (See A.G.H.Alston, Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., 152: in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 104; and A.G.H.Alston, 139; 1940 and J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: Hybridisation 140). and the Flora of the British Isles: 105; 1975). ASPLENIACEAE 51

1 2 3 4 0 0 21.2 • 00• N2 ASPLENIUM 000 • • • ADIANTUM — :000 9 9 NIGRUM • • 0, • • Black u • • N1 • 00 • • 00 Spleenwort • •88° • 8 • 8

1 0 ICAornetres 100 Mika •, 9 75 4 6

6 6 • • o0 •0 • •co • • • oil • • • • • 01: • • o 4141 oe• • oo gotr000° • oim • oo • • o • :44. • • mil • • . olio illo le • • 5 5 • 0 io o • • • ! • o co •• we • o' 00 • • • 0 • •• 0 00 ::0 • 0 SO • • • • o • 0 1. • • o 41:o 0 o o • • • VD • 4 • • oo o • oil • 0 • • • • oo . • 00 oso 4° 000 • • 0 000 00000 0• OS • 0 00 • 18! • • 00• • 00 • • 041 : 41 • • •• 4,4••••• 1'u:el° • : •• ..•• •• ni: •• ••• • • • .• :•:: :°:: • %In : 3 • ems • • • •• ::: •:o •::. ein•eo o 4,18 1 00000 • s looto 11::: •46:411• 000 SO o o o •• • ••••• 00 00 o 00 0a0 • • 000000 000 • 00000 •°A:: Mule • • • goo 000 0:. 0:0 00020 ow l• • • 2 • • 1:• • of 800 OS • • • 000 01 : •• 900 00 oo moo mil • • • • iso:: 9 0 •ooloom•o •oo 000 • ammo • o 1 0000 • 0000000O • CHANNEL ISLANDS 00440004 PLOT TED ON wv • OM UTM GRID 00 4,* •S • • 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.2 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. A southern sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout Britain and Ireland. A rock plant with some base (possibly calcium and/or magnesium) requirement, tolerating medium exposure; it is frequently found in man-made habitats (e.g. mortared walls) in lowland Britain. This is a species which can tolerate considerable shade and it will remain as a terrestrial plant in climax woodland established over calcium-bearing rock scree. 52 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.2 x 1 HX HW • ASPLENIUM N2 X JACKSON!! 9 9 21.2 x 10

OASPLENIUM N1 X CONTREI 8 8

0 100 Kibrnetres 0 100 Miles 9 7 7 4 5 6 1 2

6 6

5 fr 5

2 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.2 x lAsplenium X jacksonii(Alston)Lawalrée 21.2 x 10 Asplenium x contrei (A.adiantum-nigrum x scolopendrium; Callé, Lovis & Reichstein x Asplenophyllitis jacksonii Alston) (A.adiantum-nigrum x septentrionale; A hybrid, with simply pinnate fronds and a lamina the texture of A. x souchei auct. non Litard.) A.scolopendrium, which could be confused only with A distinct, hybrid likely to be confused only with A. x microdon. The latter however has a decrescent frond A. x alternifolium from which it differs in having longer whereas A. x jacksonii has the triangular frond-shape of lowermost pinnae giving the fronds a triangular outline. It has A.adiantum-nigrum. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc. been found once in 1870 on Craig Dhu, Llanberis Pass, v.c. 49 cit.: 104; J.D.Lovis & Vida, loc.cit.; A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.: (specimen in herb. K). (See J.D.Lovis in C .A .St ace (ed.), 142.) loc.cit.: 107). ASPLENIACEAE 53

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.3 N2 ASPLENIUM

ONOPTERIS 9 9 21.2x3 0A.X TICINENSE N1

8 8 o

0 100 0 Kdornetres 100 ma. 4 9 7 7 5 6

6 6

5 5

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 w, ( UTM GRID cf?' • t;Z) 0 5 6 0 1 2 3 4

D.E.Meyer 21.3 Asplenium onopteris L. 21.2 x 3 Asplenium x ticinense x onopteris) (A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (L.) Luerss. (A.adiantum-nigrum A.adiantum-nigrum var. acutum (Bory ex Willd.) This triploid hybrid has been verified for one locality in Newm.) S. Ireland and is probably elsewhere where the parents occur together (see R.H.Roberts&M.J.P.Scannell, Irish Nat. J., 19: A Mediterranean diploid species difficult to separate from 21.2 75-77; 1977). except in its extreme form where the segments, pinnules and pinnae are elongate, the latter caudate. R.L.Praeger (Irish Nat. 28: 13-20; 1919) discussed variations and distribution; further investigation is needed of the N. Irish material which is omitted from this map. Records for the taxon at the Lizard, v.c. 1, where the species could be expected, need confirming; all specimens seen in herbaria could be either 21.2, 3, or 4. Plants with -narrow a-cute segments from Breiddon Hill, v.c. 47, have proved to be tetraploid and are omitted from this map. 54 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.4 HX ASPLENIUM HW N2 CUNEIFOLIUM 9 9 Serpentine Black

Spleenwort N1 •

0,1 8 8

100 7(i Kilometres 0 100 • Mdes 9 7 7 4 • 5 6 1 2 • 6 6

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 Wv UT M GRID

0 2 3 4 5 0

21.4 Asplenium cuneifolium L. (A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. serpentini (Tausch) Heuffl.) This species is another diploid cytotype of the A.adiantum- plotted, although not all populations have been cytologically nigrum complex, scattered across central Europe and recently verified. In some of the populations previously studied, plants recorded for Scotland; (see R.H.Roberts & A.McG.Stirling of similar morphology have been found to be tetraploid (Fern Gaz., I: 7-14; 1974) where morphology is fully (A.Sleep & A.McG.Stirling, pers. comm.) and it may be that a discussed). It is a plant of serpentine rocks best separated from serpentine ecotype of A.adiantum-nigrum is involved, or that 21.2 by the straight or concave margins at the base of the the plants are autotetraploids having originated from diploid cuneate segment of the frond; in 21.2 this margin is convex. A.cuneifolium. The above authors have identified all material of those records ASPLENIACEAE 55

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.5 • ASPLENIUM N2

BILLOTII ckP Lanceolate 9 9 Spleenwort Ni 21.2 x5 0 OASPLENIUM 8 8 sale, X SARNIENSE Z1 0 100 1 4a Kiometres 0 100

• e 9 7 4 5 6

2 4

6 6

5 5

3 • •

9 0 00 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 00 • 2--

21.5 Asplenium billotii F.W.Schultz 21.2 x 5 Asplenium X sarniense Sleep .obovatum auct. angl. non Viv.) (A .adiantum-nigrum X billotiO A southern sub-Atlantic species whose distribution is mainly This hybrid was discovered in Guernsey, v.c. 0, (see A.Sleep, coastal in Britain and Ireland. It reaches its most northern Br. Fern Gaz., 10:209 -211; 1971) growing with both parents on location in v.c. 108. Outliers in the Weald are authentic and a sheltered hedgebank. It is similar to 2 but shows the influence reflect the oceanic climate of the area; the species is now extinct of A .billotii in having oval pinnules on the middle pinnae (see there. The Agden Reservoir, v.c. 63, record is also verified by a also J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.) loc.cit.: 106). Sterile specimen in BM but the Goat land, v.c. 62, record of Druce specimens of similar morphology have also been collected on (Comital Fl.: 381; 1932) is not mapped. We can trace no the adjacent Brittany coast (Jermy, unpublished). specimen and as it was growing on a mortared bridge we suspect A .adiantum-nigrum. 56 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

21.6 HX HW ASPLENIUM N2 MARINUM 9 9 • Sea Spleenwort Ni • • 8 8

0 100 0 Kilometres 100 MiI 9 7 4 7 5 6

1 2

• 6 6

0 5 5

•

• 9 0 •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOTTED ON 0 vw • UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.6 Asplenium marinum L. An Atlantic species absent from the colder shores of E. England, south of Yorkshire (v.c. 62). It requires salt-spray and is absent from sheltered shores and those without the necessary rocky substrate. •

ASPLENIACEAE 57

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.7 • ASPLENIUM SS 00 • 000 00 00 TRICHOMANES c•.' 9 e. • 9 • agg . e gb • • • • • N1 Maidenhair 00800 •• 000000 000 • Spleenwort 8 • 8 .00 • • • • 00410 100 000 • • • 1 11_000006 0000 ICipmetres •000000 00 SO 0 100 000000• • Mdes 000008 9 00800 7 5 4 m 5 6 000 • 0000 0000 2 • 000 00000000 00 • 0000000 8000 00000000 00 • • 0000 • • 00 • • • • • 6 : 6 C • • •. •• :•0:1 • 00000 • • • 00 00 00000 • • ••• 00 • 0000000 • *000000:: 0000000 . .• . 0808000 • ...ogse• ...g . 00000000 .. 00 • 0000 00 5 . 00 •Sr • • 000 •6° 5 •• • : • • 000 000 op 0000 1110 a 0000 :: • .- • 0000•080 • ., •000000 00000000 0000 00 00000 •00•• • ••••• • • 0 • 00 • 0000 • • 07000 0000 • • • • • •000 000 0000 • • 00 • • 0•00 • •00 • . 00 • •••000 •055 •.... • • I... • 4 ...... • • • 6 55555 • • ...•• • ... •.•. •00 0000 • SO •...... •.6 00000000 :•0 • • ...... • 00 00 41:11! • 00 • ..• ••••.•••...... 00 000000 • • • ...... 00.... • 000 00800 0120 • • •0 mm.o...•• •...... 00 0080 • • 0 • • • SO • ...• ... •• 00 •000 00 #00 3 ...... •.. .••• 00000099 00000 00 0 :: •• •• S...• 00000000 045410* So •. ... •..• • OF 00000000 00 ..... • 0 •• .....••...... 00000 080•00•00 :: • • 0000•• • 00000 00000000 O.:::• to 1.6 • 080•• 0000000 00::000 00 000 • • 00000800 00 00 0001,0 • 00 • 0000 • 000 • •00 00 :0 • • • • • 00 80 • :8 40: 2 00 000 • 0000 ::::0111 0000 000800 • Son 5:114mil SO • Sumo* ii • 01:00 00 • 9 0 00 000000000 001/ 000 09 0000• 00000000 08:0 000008 000000 0•::." 000000 • 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 0 e 2- - 88,1:: • PLOTTEDON wv 00 • • UTM GRID • 000 40.4 • 66. ' • 2 3 4 5 6

21.7 Aspleniurn trichomanes L. aggregate Two subspecies are now recognised in Britain (see J.D.Lovis, Flora Europaea, I: 15; 1964; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 147-160;1964; and this Atlas, p.60. The above map is that of the two taxa combined based on that in the Atlas of the British Flora; it is followed by maps of the two subspecies based on identifications by J.D.Lovis. The notes on page 60 have been provided by Dr Lovis with a view to encouraging British and Irish botanists to add further records. A hybrid between the two subspecies (A .trichomanes subsp. x lusaticum D.E.Meyer) is recorded in several places in v.c. 48 (P.Benoit, pers. comm.) and is possibly elsewhere where the parents grow together. 58 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.7a HX HW N2 ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES 9 9 subsp. N1 TRICHOMANES I. • • • 8 8 fb• 100 .41 0 Kilometres 100 Miles • 9 7 4 7 5 6 1 2 •

5 fr

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID '

tZ) 0 1

21.7a Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes Apart from isolated localities in Northumberland, v.c. 68, The following symbols have been used on this map: subsp. trichomanes is confined to north and central Wales, the • All records of any date identified by J.D.Lovis. Lake District and Scotland, although in montane levels rather o Other reliable records. than at high altitudes. The taxon avoids calcareous rocks of any ® Squares from which populations have been cytologically kind. No specimens have so far been confirmed for Ireland studied. although the number of specimens seen from there has been comparatively smaller. The subspecies could turn up in v.c. 4 where a hybrid (A. x alternifolium) involving this subspecies has been found and this parent may yet be found extant. •

ASPLENIACEAE 59

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.7b N2 ASPLENIUM o G TRICHOMANES 9 9 subsp. QUADRIVALENS • •. • N1

8 8 es .0 o 0 100 o • sus • • Kilometres 0 100 *e•V MiI • 9 7 4 • 5 6 2 • • • • es •

• • 5 • • • •• 0 SiOI 0 • • sus es • el • • •

o • • • 0 • • • • • • I • § • • • • • • • 68 •• • 0008 : :411 OS • • 0 : o S • • • ••. somo • •• r 9 0 1•41• • • i

CHANNEL ISLANDS 0 • PLOT TED ON 0 WV • • UTM GRID S• !,7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.7b Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer emend. Lovis In contrast to subsp. trichomanes,subsp. quadrivalensprefers calcareous sites and becomes widespread on mortared walls in the wetter parts of the country. It is clear from the number of specimens of this subspecies determined in herbaria that it is the conimonest taxon. There would be a tendency, however, for collectors to take more specimens from walls near roads than from natural rock faces in the hills. 60

Identification of the subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes L. in Britain

Three subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes are subsp. quadrivalens will have a stout rachis, with oblong, recognised in Flora Europaea: subsp. trichomanes, thick, convex pinnae, and crowded, more numerous sori. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer and subsp. inexpectans The following micro-characters may also be used: trichomanes Lovis. Only the two first named subspecies are found in 1. Rhizome scales The scales of subsp. the British Isles; the last is a south-eastern European possess a central red-brown stripe; those of subsp. taxon of limestone rocks. The absence of subsp. quadrivalens have a dark-brown stripe, although this inexpectans from Britain makes the separation of the difference is only readily observed in a liquid medium. other two often possible on ecological characters alone as There is also a difference in the maximum size of the 5mm in subsp. subsp. trichomanes is a calcifuge and subsp. scales (3.5mm in subsp. trichomanes, quadrivalens predominantly a calcicole. The following quadrivalens). This character must be observed with notes on identification of these subspecies have been some care since both bear scales with a wide range in size, provided by Dr .J.D.Lovis. and only the largest provide usable characters. A fair The distinctions between the two subspecies are sample of scales must be examined from each specimen, particularly apparent in the upper half of the frond; the and in practice ,the scales do not provide a convenient most evident field character lies in the aspect of the upper character for the determination of a large number of pinnae, in which the lamina is conspicuously concave specimens. (i.e. the margins turning upwards) in subsp. trichomanes 2. Spores These provide the most suitable micro- but convex with inrolled margins, or less commonly, flat, character, , where confirmation is necessary. The in subsp. quadrivalens. Both subspecies are very plastic sculpture of the perispore is highly variable in both and present a very different appearence when growing in species, and of no value as a criterion, but the spores of quadrivalens. exposed as opposed to sheltered conditions. subsp. trichomanes are paler than those of Plants of subsp. trichomanes from sheltered sites may Spore size is often diagnostic and it is usual to measure be distinguished by the following combination of only the exospore*. For reasons which are not yet characters: stipe thin, wiry, red-brown; pinnae distant, satisfactorily explained, different workers have reported arrangement mostly alternate, obliquely inserted, with a different size ranges. Ranges of exospore length distinct stalk, asymmetric (oval to rhombic) up to 8mm measurements (in gum chloral) recorded by J.D.Lovis trichomanes 23-29- long, often with a perceptible basiscopic auricle; lamina are as follows (mean values in bold): quadrivalens 27 -34 -43 -50pm. delicate, that of upper pinnae distinctly concave with 36-42pim; subsp. (Nature in Wales 9: 75-79; 1964) has found upturned margin; soli small, short (up to 2mm), P.M.Benoit the .smean size ranges (measured in air) of spores of relatively few in number (4-6 (-9)); indusia narrow and trichomanes delicate. Merioneth plants to be quite discrete: subsp. It is necessary to In contrast, plants of subsp. quadrivalens from similar 27-34gm, subsp. quadrivalens 38-48pm. sites have: stipe thick, often dark brown or blackish bear in mind that different mounting media have brown, pinnae more crowded, mostly opposite, with different effects on spore size. It would be prudent for approximately transverse (square) insertion, almost new workers each to establish his or her own standards sessile, symmetrical in shape, usually oblong, rarely from material of confirmed identity. 3. Stomata The length of the guard cells can provide a auriculate, larger (up to llmm long); lamina thicker, flat trichomanes 31- or convex, margin ± inrolled, with often crowded, more valuable confirmatory character: subsp. quadrivalens 35-41-49-571.un. numerous sori (4-9 (-12)), longer (up to 3mm long); 38-43-52pm; subsp. 4. Chromosome number The two British subspecies also indusia conspicuous. trichomanes is In very shaded situations, the lamina of subsp. differ in chromosome number: subsp. quadrivalens is tetraploid, quadrivalens is delicate and the pinnae are distinct, as in diploid, with n = 36, whereas subsp. trichomanes. Moreover the lamina of the upper with n = 72 chromosomes. pinnae is flat, not convex but the main pinnae are large, An excellent photograph displaying the general with long sofi and broad indusia, unless the shade is too morphology of characteristic examples of fronds of the Welsh Ferns (ed. 5); pl. 10 .extreme to permit normal growth, when only a few two subspecies is given in scattered sori of variable size are produced. (Hyde, Wade & Harrison, 1969). The frond of subsp. sites both subspecies are much reduced in trichomanes is very typical of a luxuriant specimen from In exposed Br. Fern size. Subsp. trichomanes may still be distinguished by a a rock-cleft in deep shade. See also J.D.Lovis, delicate rachis and orbicular, flat or concave pinnae with Gaz. 9: 147-160; 1964. small sori, which are relatively few in number; in contrast *the outer wall beneath the perispore ASPLENIACEAE 61

1 0 0 21.8 ASPLENIUM VIRIDE 9 Green Spleenwort

8 6 • O 100 1 I .,:=9. Kilometres 100 Mies 7 9 00 2. • • • • o • 6 6 •0 0 0 • • o 0 • t: • • Simi • 5 0 5 • • •

0 4 • •

ff-c" 3

0 00 00 u g 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TEDON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

21.8 Asplenium viride Huds. A northern-montane diploid species found on rocks with trichomanes and A.viride occasionally grow near each other a moderate base content. This species has given rise, by neither the diploid 'hybrid (A.xproloadulterinum Lovis & hybridising with A.trichomanes subsp. trichomanes and Reichstein) nor A.adulterinum has yet been found in the British subsequent doubling of chromosomes, to a tetraploid taxon Isles. A plant found in Levens Park, v.c. 69, described as A.adulterinum Milde found on serpentine rock in central intermediate between A.trichomanes and A.viride was Europe and Norway. Although A.trichomanes subsp. doubtfully that hybrid but more likely A.xclermontiae.

62 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

21.9 HX NW N2 ASP LENIUM • • • RUTA- MURARIA 9 9

Wall - rue 0 : • 046 Ni : ND • :: • • 8 • • • • 8 e • 00 • • 0 100 OS : 4111.4• 1 DI Kilometres • 0 100 • fl WW 00 4,0 0: • 411 7 9 7 4 .:8 5 6 I. • • 2 • • 11141rn4111 • WI 1:7•4* • *414110 • • • 0 • 3 • • • • • • woe • 6 6 0 • 0 of • • 0 00 • 000 • • 00 000 • es mil ilmom moi 00 000 • MOO • • 00000 i' 000000" 00000000 I 00000 :0411 • 00 0000 • ::: • 004400• ••• • • 0000 • 0000O 00 000 000000 0000 5 r • • • 00000000 • 0 00000 00 0 5 • 04100 0000000 • • • • • • 00000000 • SO • • • ,. 00 00 000 00000 1100 011:0 • essommilli seemmilOS se olp 0 • 46604141eoir eem 0:1 04100004,041 : 000000000 000000000ommoalem, 000 0000* 000 lim • • 0•000 0000 000 • mireemo • 0 00000000 0000 00po • 4 :4141:41 00 000 000 : : 0 : S00 : • •• • 000 00 • • • 00000:: 00000• 000 • eril ::::::• : •.. .46...... 00 • 00 ...me emo Some. • fig: I..e .. ... • mi. .:::1::: ...... :411.:::* ::•::::::...O.... . • ...... • • :.• 41. ' 3 ...... 4. : 4 :...... :. 1 ...mu ..:i. • • ...... ••••••...... :::f ...•..•44...... :00. • ...... • ...... • ... : 00.0 ... • •:. . 00 • 00 • • • 000 • • • 0 00 2 O ••0 •00•0000 • S 0000 000000000 • • 00000 00000110 00,11: 00 0 0 ISSISI 0::::SIO 0000 • 8 9 0 • 000000000 000000.00 00010 • 1:::::555 415:641:::1 6*::::: • 1 000• 00 CHANNEL ISLANDS W 0 PLOT TED ON WV Mr:: 00 UTM GRID 04

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.9 Asplenium ruta-muraria L. A sub-Atlantic species widespread in Britain and Ireland. In lowland Britain restricted to man-made habitats (e.g. walls, especially of churches); lack of such habitats and of natural calcareous rock in central and north Scotland is reflected in its distribution. Two subspecies are recognised: subsp. ruta- muraria, a tetraploid and subsp. dolomiticum Lovis & Reichstein, a diploid described from N. Italy. Only the former is recorded from the British Isles (see J.D.Lovis & T.Reichstein, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 141-146; 1964). 63 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 0 0 21.9 x 10 N2 • ASPLENIUM X MURBECKII 9 21.9 x 7b ASPLENIUM X CLERMONTIAE 8

0 100

Kdornetres 100

Mdes 9 7 4 7 5 6

6 6

• 5 5

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT (ED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID r t;;) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

X clermontiae Syme 21.9 x 10 Asplenium x murbeckii DOrfl. 21.9 x 7b Asplenium subsp. quadrivalens) (A .ruta-muraria x septentrionale) (A.ruta-muraria x trichomanes This rare hybrid, seen in recent years only in v.c. 70, can be In view of the abundance of both parents on mortared walls this confused with A. xalternifolium and from which it can be is an exceedingly rare hybrid. It was found in 1863 at Newry, distinguished by the narrower teeth on the pinna segments and v.c. H38, and has not been recorded since. A plant found in the irregular edge of the indusium. (See A.H.G.Alston, loc. Levens Park, v.c. 69, tentatively attributed to appears to be this hybrid. (See cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 110-113; 1963; J.D.Lovis A.trichomanesx viride, loc.cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: I 1 1; 1975). A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.: 109; 1975). 64 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.10 HX HW ASPLENIUM N2 SEPTENTRIONALE •.,

Forked Spleenwort N1

8 O.& .61 8

0 100 Kdornetres 100 0

7 9 7 4 5 6 1 2

6 6

• • 5 5

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS 1 PLOT TED ON 0 on, UTM GRID d r ti 0 0 2 3 4 5 6

21.10 Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. A northern continental species confined to ancient siliceous rocks. Although in the mountains of North Wales and the Lake District it is also found at low altitudes in the clement climate of West Scotland (v.c. 97) and Ireland (v.c. H16). ASPLENIACEAE 65

0 1 2 3 o o 21.10x 7a N2 ASPLENIUM a X ALTERNIFOLIUM 9

N.1

8 8

0 100 1 1 0 Klionleffes 100 Miles 9 7 4 5 6 2

6 6

5 5

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON W V UTM GRID

7,7 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.10 x 7a Asplenium x alternifolium Wulfen (A .septentrionale x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes) A hybrid recorded in lime-free rocks from several localities in Britain where the parents grow together. In the past it has been over-collected for herbaria. Both the parents are rare in Britain but, where they are common and growing together on the European mainland, the hybrid forms freely. It is sterile and could only be confused with A. x contrei, which has a distinctly triangular frond. The records for v.c. 69 have not been confirmed this century. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), Ioc.cit.: 110;1975; and A.H.G.Alston, loc.cit.: 132). •

66 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 21.11 HX HW N2 ASPLENIUM C), CETERACH 9 Rustyback N1 • 8 aft 8

100 • Kdonieres 100 • Miles 7 9 4 • • 6 0 2 e s • 6 6 •• • • 8.4 • • 40 • • o •f•••• 82°• • 5 o 5 • • io • 0 • •5 copoo • o • 4 • 00INDO41 • • 00 0000 0 • S. 0 • • • • Iit i411 0 00 • 00 •• • • • a° • o • • mil:8 0 • • 3 • • 00 • 00 • so • so 00 • SO s • •000 00 00 o o 0 0•• • 0000 000 • • MI •00000 0000000 lap: • • •00 001:000 so • •0 000000 00 00 • • • 000 • owe • 00 • 2 • 000 •0000 • • 011:711 • • • 00 00000 ::0:i0 s••• ••• •• • •00•00 60 8 9 0 00• 00 •00000 •0000:0, • 000• 0000,0000 • • w • 00 00 00 • 00 00 • • 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 0,000 00 fr •w00 00 PLOTTED ON 0 wv 00000 UTM GRID 00 •

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

21.11 Asplenium ceterach (Ceterach officinarum DC.) A southern sub-Atlantic species reaching possibly its most northern locality in v.c. 96 (it is also recorded for Gotland, Sweden). Although a calcicole the lack of suitable substrate is only partly responsible for its restricted distribution which is most likely controlled by a complex of interrelated climatic factors. ATHYRIACEAE 67

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 22.1 • ATHYRIUM • 0:" 0 ta • •0 00000000 FILIX - FEMINA 060600006 o.! 000600 9 • 69090 Lady - fern 00 60000 6000 00000 00 41006 00 •00000 • N1 • 00•04: 00000 •0• 00000 60 • • • 0• 00 • •0 •0000 • 8 000 00 00 8 4 • 60000 • •00• • •0 •00 •60• •••0000 100 411••41 il • smomm ? 1 a miloomil miles Kiernan* 100 4,410•4•11•• • ern 0 • 0060000 •• was 000000000 • , • 0000 00 • 7 4 00000 5 6 00000 • 000600• •00000 0060000 •0000000 0000006 •6•000•0 00•09 •900• 00 •00606 •000•0000 • • •69000 000 •000 0 000600 •066••000 • 6 0000000• •0•000•• • 900000000 • •00•000 06 66060006 000000 •0 • • •0•0000 000 000906•09 000 00000000• 000 00000•000 •0•0 000000 06 •00 • • 0000 5 • 06 060•60 0•0 •000000 co, 0000 000 •00 el :::•41:41)1:::. 000• 00•00•06 •il•oos • •0•00 006 •000 • n o • • • 10 • •0000 00 009•6 6 •• ilib • 09000 00 0060 • •• n • • ••• o 00000 •00 • 414 oll • 4 so o 0g• 00 1:000060 000 • • • 006 •6000006 0000 60 0000 00000 00 1:0060 000 to 0000 00000 • 00 000600I: 00 • o 4114,54" 06 00 0000004,00 00 000 0 ii:Oi :: •00 0•00600• • •• 000 • • 00 • 000 ••000990 6 000 • • ••0 • • - • • oe•:2 • ••• o• •00 000006• • 00000 • • • (pm, 4141••••••• eofie O 06 •0•00 0000 09 3 ••• 00 ••0000 00 0000 • 00 R 411 4141 •60 90001:0 9000000 • • 00 00 00000000• 000 • 0000 0000 00 •000 0 • • 00 00000 00 000000 •000 • •00000 • :: 0 • 000000 411' 00000000 0000 • • 000000060 •0•6090 i000 : 00000 0000 • • ill 06 00 00 • 06 • • • 2 0• • • 00 . 000 • 00000 000 • •0•6 00000000 00 0009 0090 00 • 000 • 00 0 0••00 60 • • 010000 0• 9 0 00 • ••000 • 00 00000 0000 II 0000 00110 0: 06000 000000 • 0400 • • • •000

CHANNEL GLANDS •000000 •0000•00 PLOT TED ON 00000000 LITMGRID 0 00 411. 41 00 •

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22.1 Athyrium hlix-fernina (L.) Roth A widespread species but mainly a deciduous woodland plant and most abundant in flushes and spring lines. The drainage of wet habitats combined with the decrease of small deciduous copses in lowland Britain may reduce the abundance of this species in the future. •

68 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

22.2 HX HW ATHYRIUM N2 • DISTENTIFOLIUM 9

Alpine N1 Lady-fern

8 8 • 00 100

Kdornetres 00 00 0 0 100 Mk. 7 9 a 4 6 1 2 4

6 6

5 5

2 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS 0 PLOT TED ON WV UTM GRID 0 ./f- 0 o 0 1 2 3 4 5

22.2 Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz (A.alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands) An arctic-alpine species characteristic of gullies where snow lies late in the spring. Whilst such habitats can give a good lead as to the identification of the species, confirmation can come only from the checking of mature fertile fronds, which lack indusia. ATHYRIACEAE 69

1 3 4 0 0 22.3 ATHYRIUM N2 FLEXILE 9 9

8 8 .6 oo SO 100 1 Kdometres 0 100 nad. • 8 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 5

9 0 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS

PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID

0 ' 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22.3 Athyrium flexile (Newm.) Druce (A.distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz var. flexile (Newm.) Jermy) A distinct taxon similar to A . distentifolium in frond texture and cutting although the pinnae are smaller and have fewer pinnules or lobes. The fronds are characteristically reflexed and appear adpressed to the ground—a character retained in cultivation. A.fdix-femina produces, especially in mountain habitats, an ecotype with a similar habit which may be confused with this species; the presence of indusia will distinguish it. 70 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 23.1 HX • HW OPIUM N2 GYM NOCARPIUM \ s ip v, , • •• • DRYOPTERIS •00 .. ,., um • 9 04410 04.411. Oak Fern • OM, • ogee •4 • 44400 Ni ••••• • *V* AL o 4114100.41 00 4400 • 0•41141*OS • 8 • • oil • • • 8 .• • *•(woo • Sem• • 444104541 4 :04141 • 100 •00 4•00•40 4041 8 Kilometres •••• •408 • 4141 100 0.0404 • 04 Miles • .044•4 • 'MO 7 9 • GO 7 4 O. 5 6 • 1 00 • 2 06 0 • 0* • •• ••• .12I" • 6 mom. • •• 6 o ' • • • • ••• • 04 • 44141000 • • •W, • 444144 64404 • • Q • • • o 04 4144 • Ts." 0000.0 MI SIMON 4 5 0 ••• • 5 --Y • SOO • i ais "• 7.-S- . 0.• • • • • 4 o o • o 411* 0 00 110 • • • 44111. • • o • ---LA._ I: 3 • oo 0 • 00 g • 00: 0 • i 60 • • • 2 • 0 8 • 9 0 •

CHANNEL ISLANDS 0 0 0 o ,.. 0 0 PLOT TED ON WV 0 UTM GRID el'. N,...,

Le..! 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

23.1 Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. (Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson) A northern-montane species with only isolated populations in east and south-central and south -west England. Decrease in the south-west and in the Welsh Marches is probably due to the cutting down of deciduous woodland. ATHYRIACEAE 71

0 1 2 3 0 0 23.2 N2 GYMNOCARPIUM • ROBERTIANUM 9 9

Limestone Fern N1

••• 8 8

100 • 0 Kilometres 100 Mies 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 5 0 • • 4 0

3 • So • • • 05 • • o 2 ••

9 0 1 .6) CHANNEL ISLANDS ° PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID 1;Z:1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

23.2 Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm. (Thelypteris robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson) A continental species restricted by substrate (limestone) rather than climate although obviously requiring the shelter of scree or grykes for establishment. It is a species that has become naturally established in artificial habitats in urban areas and on disused railway platforms or sidings in the east of England. There are outliers on karst limestone in v.cs 88, 108, and H26. 72 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 24.1 HX 00 FPN CYSTOPTERIS 0••••• • N2 000 • • tp, 00 • FRAGILIS 000 • ce ' 9 9 00 • 00 Brittle • ••• 00 • • 00 0 Bladder- fern :I. or i ICIO• 0 to 0 - • 00 • 00 8 • • 8 I e 00 00 00000 • •00001 00 00000 • a O 100 a os go 1 1 ,G7 O00 •0005 Kdornetres 100 00000.00• 0 maw • •0410•00 00 ., Mrer • 7 • • 000 7 4 0000 5 6 00 • 1 1 2 000 ii• o 9 • 0000 IIS ! il ...00 49 00 • 00 • 6 6 0 o 0.0 • • • 0 0 • 00 • 0004100 0 • 00 0 • 6:::: • 00 0000 oe• • 000000000 • • 000dloolle • osic) • • • 00000000 • 5 , 000 • • o• • o 00 000 • 5 o • • 000 • • o ni:o I.. 8. • 0 oso • ge.8 ••• 0 410 0 00 O 0 000• • oo o o 4 • 000 • • • o 00 0 o• • 00• o 00,00 i o o • • o :..• o • • 0041 • o o oo 00 000 • •• • • • 3 • o 0 S. • • 0 Os 1 AL• o • • o o 000 2.00 • O o • oe GOD 0 0:0 00 OS 000 2. 0 o viso • • O 00 o 4.40 • 9 0 O ., r • 0 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID Z:3 • UZI 7; 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24.1 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) &mill. A widespread species preferring base-rich rock substrate in the wetter areas of the country. It is occasionally found in man- made habitats (shady moist walls) in the south and east . Both tetraploid and hexaploid (and sterile pentaploid) forms are recorded in Britain; the frond of the former is less dissected but no distribution patterns have so far emerged in the relatively small sample studied. ATHYRIACEAE 73

0 1 2 3 0 0 .. 24.2 N2 CYSTOPTERIS DICKIEANA 9 9

Dickie 's N1 Bladder - fern

••• 8 8 .o

100 0 100 maw • •• 9 74 5 6

3 •=v 6 6 a

5 5

2 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24.2 Cystopteris dickieana Sim This species is best distinguished by its rugose mammillate spores and may well prove to be more widespread especially on northern mountains. This species was described from material collected in deep shade in an east-facing sea-cave on the Kincardine (v.c. 91) coast; it has broad pinnae which give it an attractive appearance hence it is sought after by horticulturists. Material from elsewhere in Scotland is identical to C.fragilis except for the non-spiny spores. 74 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 24.3 HX HW N2 CYSTOPTERIS vs MONTANA 9 9 Mountain N1 Bladder - fern

8 8 • go 0 100 .47 Kilometres oeo•• • 0 100 woo. whk. • • 9 •, • 7 7 4 5 6 1 2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOTTED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID r

0 1 2 3 4 5

24.3 Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv. An arctic-alpine species requiring base-rich rocks or gullies flushed with calcium-rich water. One of our rarer ferns, occasionally in some quantity locally; restricted to the Grampian Mountains, with an outlier in the Lake District now extinct. ATHYRIACEAE 75

0 1 2 3 0 0 25.1 142 WOODSIA 4P, ILVENSIS 9 9

Oblong Woodsia N1 a

aft Are; 8 8 • Zs 100 0 Klornetres 100 Mde. • 9 7 4 5 6

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID 1;Z:1 0

25.1 Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. A northern-montane species which has become very rare through over-collecting and is now protected by the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. The history and distribution of this species is discussed in detail by M.H.Rickard in Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 269-275; 1972. Small plants of W.ilvensis can look very similar to young plants of Cystopteris fragilis grown in exposed situations. All squares from which the species has at some time been verified are indicated by solid dots. 76 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 25 . 2 . HX WOODSIA HVV N2

ALPINA a. f 9 9

Alpine Woodsia ri1

8 8 0 10. 0 0 Kilometres 100 Miles 9 • • 7 7 4 5 6 1 2

3.9 6 6

5 fr 5

• •

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 yyv

UTM GRID r

tZ) 0 0 2 3 4 5 6

25.2 Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F.Gray An arctic-alpine species also depredated by Victorian botanists. As with W.ilvensis this species is similarly protected by the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. As also with the last species it can be mistaken for a small depauperate Cystopteris fragilis. Its history and distribution is fully documented by M.H. Rickard (Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 275-280; 1972). All squares from which the species has at some time been verified are indicated by solid dots. ASPIDIACEAE 77

0 1 2 0 3 4 26.1

• POLYSTICHUM • 0 N2 • LONCH IT IS co.° Holly Fern 9 9 26.1x 3 OPOLYSTICHUM N1 X LONCHITIFORME 8

100 Kilometres • 100 0 Mies 9 • 7 4 5 6 2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON wv UTM GRID

t;Z) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

26.1 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth 26.1 x 3 Polystichum X lonchitiforme An arctic-alpine species requiring a base-rich substrate. Some (Halacsy) Becherer more southerly sites in limestone grykes are liable to be (P.Ionchit is x setiferum) destroyed through quarrying. An outstanding adventive record from a railway bridge in Wellingborough, v.c. 32, has been This hybrid was found in Glenade, v.c. H29, with the parents verified by Dr Anne Sleep, but is not plotted here. and has been confirmed by observing meiosis in the spore mother cells (A.Sleep, pers. comm.). Without the cytological confirmation it is virtually impossible to separate from P. x illyricum (see M .J.P . Scannell , Irish Nat. J., 19: 79; 1977).

78 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 26.2 HX HW 00 • N2 POLYSTICHUM 00 • • • ACULEATUM • 9 9 • • Hard Shield - fern • • • • •:• • • • • • • •

of. se • 8 8 bil_ A61 e Yi 4). o • :: il vo 100 o es st 1 1 44 ••• • es 0 Kilometres 100 • •••• • Miles ••• ems •• , • ••• • 9 • 000 • • 7 4 7 00000 5 6 0• SO 900 • • 1 • 000 000 OO 2 o • 00 00 •000 00 004100 • 00 00 folo op 3 •• elm • • • .• • a* •• 6 6 • 900 0 000 00 • NO • 00 •O OO • • • • 00 • 00 00000 • 0800 .0000 O0000 • • 0000• • 40 • O • • • s 5 5 • • *00 0000 0410 0000 • 00 • 09 S• • PP • • ni • •• 6 • 0 0 • •o 0 • • 4 o• Ott • 1 0090 • • O 90, • 00 00 0 0 00 • 00 0000 • 00 • 0000 ti 0000 • lit.000 50 - 0 00 • 000 GOtn• 0 o • 555 • • • • . 0 • • 3 0o • So o l: •• •• • • 00 "4"1016o 518 • 5 o • • • • ill • 00 • • • 00 45 • 00 • • 00060 • 000 0 0 00 0 000 100 00 • SO • •• • t • • • • • 2 0041 • 00 • • 00 00 0 ,ip: 9 00 • 0000 • I • set:9 • 010 • 04100 00 •0o500 • • 00 0000 • 00.0 • •04 9 0 • • 00 00O0O 00 0 ON 00•0000 • • 000, • o • 00000 0• • 00000 o • • 1

CHANNEL ISLANDS <2 PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID ' 6P,

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26.2 Polystichum aculeaturn (L.) Roth A sub-Atlantic species which is widespread throughout the British Isles. Its distribution pattern reflects its ecological requirements for a base-rich substrate, in places provided by man (e.g. canal-sides, locks and bridges) which in turn have been polluted by industrialisation. The basal pinnae are distinctly smaller than those in the middle of the frond and are only pinnatifid (cf. P.setiferum). The spores are larger than P.setiferum (ay. 41.31.4m) and papillate (A.Sleep, pers. comm.). ASPIDIACEAE 79

0 2 3 0 0 26.2 x3 N2 • POLYSTICHUM Css • X BICKNELLII 9 9 26.2 x 1

®POLYSTICHUM Ni X ILLYRICUM 8 8 .6

0 100 1 0 Kamen* 0 100 Mies • e 9 7 4 5 6

6 6 /5 •

• 5 5

4 • • • • • 3

1 • • 2 • • • • •

9 0 • 1

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 Wv

UTM GRID a t:;) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26.2 x 1 Polystichum x illyricum 26.2 x 3 Polystichum x bicknellii (Borbas) Hayek (Christ) Hahne (P.aculeatum x lonchitis) (P.aculeatum x setiferum) This hybrid was first detected in herbarium material collected in A hybrid which appears frequently in habitats where the parents 1932 from Glenade, v.c. H29 (A.Sleep & D.M.Synnott, Br. grow close together. It can appear very similar to P.aculeatum Fern Gaz., 10: 281; 1972); it has since been collected alive and and is therefore very difficult to recognise. It is best confirmed awaits cytological confirmation. It is intermediate between the by abortive spores. (See A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: parents although most similar, superficially, to P.aculeatum; 118). the spores are abortive. This hybrid is very difficult to separate from P. x lonchitiforme if all three putative parents are in the vicinity. The record from Inchnadamph, v.c. 108, is outside the known range of P.setiferum however, and therefore is undoubtedly P. x illyricum. (See A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia, 10: 231; 1974, and A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles: 119; 1975). 80 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 26.3 HX POLYSTICHUM HW N2 SETIFERUM 9 9 Soft Shield-fern N1 0 8 8 A_wt e

Kilometres 100 0

7 74 5 6 • • • • 6 6 o • 06 • 40 00 • 0 • • : 41 Os 0441.:ty:• • :0 45a 41. • • • Os 060 5 • : • 0 • 5 ...... • 044 n• . • '' • 6 • .. 01118 4$41e • • * 00 0 • • • 0440 • 0 0 0 Of • 041 • • 0000 • • • 00 ts° ell • •• • o • o 000 4 O 0 0 • • • • • 6* • oli o ° i SO o41 0 410 • • 00 r •• ...... ii.. • • o• •• ....:::. 0 • • • . **k)il • • • 411 r :. 0 • 014,00004,00. o 3 se oe • • OiOito 00 • .:ko.' : o • • • 00 0041 006 • OS 0 • 15 • 4 i I 00 MI iF" t i0 • • 6 00 00 0000 • • : 4111 • 2 • • 000 0 • 0 41:: at:m8 *1,: . , :i • e -1; .:;:i::::4, 9 0 ....is 000 000 • • 00000_ 000 00•00 :::rr : .: :. s• :.:::::.• • 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID •

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

26.3 Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost location in Britain (v.c. 95). Its distribution, whilst to some extent locally governed by an edaphic requirement of base-poor soils, indicates an optimum in areas with a warm wet winter. It is often a hedgerow plant in the south. It may be distinguished by the basal pinnae which are long, spreading and pinnate. The spores are smaller than P.aculeatum(ay. 30.5m) with a winged perispore (A.Sleep, pers. comm.). •

ASPIDIACEAE 81

3 0 0 27.1 N2 DRYOPTERIS .8° ORE ADES 9 • 9

Mountain Ni

Male - fern • 8 8 • • • o:• i o• O 100 • 1 0 Kilometres • v000 0 100 Miles 'w 9 • 7 7 5

2 0:o0* 3 00 • 6 6 •

5 5 • ot

4 4

• •

• • • 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOTTED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID tfl r

0 0 1 2 3 4 6 .

27.1 Dryopteris oreades Fomin (D.abbreviata auct., non Polystichum abbreviatum DC.; D.fia-mas var. abbreviataNewm.) A species with a northern Atlantic-montane distribution, often misidentified and confused with D.fdix-mas; some of the earlier lowland records have proved to be the latter species. D.oreades is frequently a scree plant and is found also on mountain ledges and in gullies. It is replaced by D.pseudomas on cliffs and gullies facing the sea suggesting that it may be a plant of nutrient-poor situations. All records have been seen by H.V.Corley or C.R.Fraser-Jenkins. 82

Identification of the species in the Dryopteris fdix-mas complex

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, D.pseudomas (Woll.) usually concave, inclined to apex; pinnules with an Holub & Pouzar and D.oreades Fomin have, since their obtuse or rounded apex with blunt teeth arranged inception, been confused by botanists both in England palmately or like a fan, basal pair adnate or slightly and abroad (see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, stipitate, longer than the pair above; basal lobes forming Taxon, 25: 659-665; 1976). The following descriptions of auricles. Indusia 0.5-1mm, highly convex, thick, these three species have been drawn up with the help of glandular, green when young, fitting closely round C. R .Fraser-Jenkins . sporangia, scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming D.filix-mas Rhizome little branched. Fronds grey-brown when old. A plant of open screes, rocky spreading, semi-persistent (although in very clement banks and open hillside. western areas they may be persistent) petiole about + D.pseudomas Rhizome little branched. Fronds ± length of the frond, ± densely clothed with pale coloured upright, persistently green throughout winter; petiole scales; lamina ovate-lanceolate, truncate at base, ± variable in length, densely clothed with gingery scales, herbaceous, mid-green. Pinnae flat, ± horizontal; many of which are narrow and with a dark base which pinnules toothed, teeth ± acute, curved towards the acute remains as a blackish speck when the scale drops; lamina apex, basal pair of each pinna ± stalked, usually longer variable in shape ovate to lanceolate, leathery, yellow- than those above, lobes at base of pinnules usually green when young becoming blue-green when old. forming auricles. Indusia 0.5-2mm, convex, thin Pinnae flat, ± horizontal; pinnules with few or no teeth sometimes glandular, white or translucent when young, on parallel side, teeth at apex acute; basal segments not at least part of the margin adpressed to lamina surface, obvious; junctions of pinna rhachis with main rhachis amply covering sporangia but shrinking at maturity, darkly coloured. Indusia 1-2mm, highly convex, thick, becoming brown when old. A plant of forest, hedgerow margins inrolled, often glandular, brown when young, and open places on rocks usually on lighter soils. scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming grey when old. D.oreades Rhizome much branched. Fronds upright, A plant of woodland, hedgerows, especially on clay soil frost sensitive; petiole about length of frond, densely and on open hillsides, often replacing D.oreades in clothed with pale scales; lamina lanceolate tapering to maritime situations. base, very slightly coriaceous, pale grey-green. Pinnae

Key to the Dryopteris filix-mas complex

1. Frond texture thick, somewhat glossy and dark 2. Frond mid-green; teeth of pinnules with acute green on top (yellow-green when young); stipe and tips, converging towards the apex; immature rhachis bearing long narrow scales with a dark base indusium thin, margins not involute and and usually a dark centre, junction of rhachis and usually extended over the lamina. pinna axis darkly coloured; lower margins of D. fdix-mas pinnules (pinna-segments) parallel, with few teeth. D. pseudomas NB: Hybrids between these species are intermediate in their morphology but it is likely that D. x tavelii 1. Frond texture thin, mid- or grey-green on top; stipe will key out as D. pseudomas and D. x mantoniae and rhachis bearing both narrow and wide con- as D. fdix-mas. colorous scales, junction of rhachis and pinna-axis not darkly coloured; pinnule-shape tapering, lower margins usually bearing teeth or lobes.

2. Frond grey-green; teeth of pinnules with obtuse tips spread out in a fan-like arrangement at the pinnule (or segment) apex; immature indusum thick, margins involute (tucked under sporangia) D. oreades •

ASPIDIACEAE 83

0 3 0 0 27.2 0 41 00 • • • 50 N2 DRYOPTERIS • 5 55 • •0 • • FILIX-MAS 0 0 00 041 9 9 • • hlale - fern 'moo al0000 N1 mumseem. • • 000ls000 swum• 8 8 05 5 00 0 0 00000 00 fir 00 60 00 0 000 0 000 0 0 55 0 0 00 0 00 10 a 0 55 05 * 55 55 0 Kilometres 4141 • • 0000 00 100 5 50 00 0 0•0 0 000 55555 55 • • 0 0 • • 9 7 60 • 5 6••0 • ammo • oo• •ino• 2 • so* •••••••• mmoo oomp000me um. •mmo* • Soo ••• 00000 3 • e000 • So 6 6 • • • 4105 0 0000 555 . • • oo oto 00 0 000 5 541 00•• • moo •• 0 5 5415 0 0 55 555 5 00 • • 000• 0 0 0 Soo00050 oo •• oomososo•••••oloo ••so • ompoommo • •oos.. •• • moo. • •soosso oes000mpo so •s000spoo Soso • ••• •••s• •mo• 5 5 • • 'wornso •s000mmeo soo 0 00 0000 • • •oso•• •oo• o•••• • •oomp•o• Ss moo •floo• osos000s 0:41. opossum moosoomoo • s00 0soos mime stomp soss000so • oo Z ile • sos • looses•s•mposo so so• • 0 0 • Soo •• • •olo • •imeo too 4 • moo • s oomo • Sul•• •• • • •rn • 000 • •• • • oo•moosooms •• 000 •• 'moo • o• me • oo • •• soomp0000••ss••s• • • "moo oo000 •• •os• •• sosoosso •000• S. foss • soossoeso •••oo • •s•s• 3 • 'mom 00 • • •o• S. • • •50•• •50• •• • 55 •00 •5•••000 60 600006 • 000066 ils::::!:. 54,5•41 •86 I: 60 2 00 4105 40060000 • 5.541 041000•5100 • 555 •60000000 •041000 4100•00•6 • moos • • oodo i:o oe some ••••••• 8 9 0 •••••• um moos *•::n. S. • • • "moo ouloo • • • 0000500 • CHMNELISLANDS 000mmoo • 0 PLOT TED ON WV eimp0000• UTM GRID goo • 0 0 2 3 4 5 6

27.2 Dryopteris filix-nias (L.) Schott This species, probably the most widespread in the British Isles is by no means common in many parts of its range. Basically it is a woodland species, common in hedgerows and along road-sides; it is also one of the first fern species to become established on shady walls of all kinds. A species of wide ecological tolerance it is frequently planted in gardens, a factor which has possibly affected its ubiquitous distribution. For notes on identification see page 82. 84 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 27.2x1 HX • DRYOPTERIS HW N2

X MANTONIAE CAP 9 9 27.5x 1 ®DRYOPTERIS X N1 PSEUDOABBREVIATA 8 %Pa 8

Kdornetres 100 0 Miles 7 7 4 5 6 1 2 E.?

6 6

00 5 5

• 3

9 0

1 CHANNEL ISLANDS .<2 PLOTTED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID tfi

0 1 2 3 4 5 0

27.2 x 1 Dryopteris X mantoniae Fraser- 27.5 x 1 Dryopteris X pseudoabbreviata Jermy Jenkins & Corley (D.aemula x oreades) (D.filix-masx oreades) A single population of this hybrid was found in 1967 on the Isle All records have been determined by C.R.Fraser-Jenkins or of Mull, v.c. 103. Cytological investigation (2n = 82, H.V.Corley. This is a sterile triploid hybrid likely to be found M.Gibby, pers. comm.) has confirmed that D.oreades and not •when its parents grow together. (See C.R.Fraser- D.pseudomas (as has been suggested) is involved in the Jenkins & H.V.Corley, Br. Fern- Gaz., 10: 230; 1972; and parentage. (See A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 10-12;1968; and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 116;1975.) the Flora of the British Isles: 113; 1975.) ASPIDIACEAE 85

1 2 3 4 .. 0 27.2x 3 DRYOPTERIS tA, XTAVELII 9 9

von Tavel's N1 Male -fern

8 8

100

Kiometres 0 0 100 Mdes 9 7 7 4 5 6

6 6 •

• 5 5

4 4

• •

3 • •

2 4,41 • • 8 9 0 • •

CHANNEL ISLANDS

PLOT TED ON WV UT M GRID tz). 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.2 x 3 Dryopteris x tavelii Rothm. (D.fdix-mas x pseudomas) This hybrid is intermediate in its morphology between its the pinna axes with the main rhachis is darkly coloured as in parent species. Two cytotypes are known, depending on the D.ps.eudomas. The lamina is a light green but retains the gloss ploidy of the D.pseudomas parent; both have been recorded of the latter species from the British Isles. Following the discovery by W. Dopp The pinnules have parallel sides which are toothed or in (Planta, 46: 70-91; 1955) that, in culture, it is capable of a low some cases, especially on the lowest basiscopic pinnule (i.e. level of self reproduction, being apogamous, several authors those at the base of the pinna pointing to the frond base), have reported it widely on the Continent. Forms of deeply lobed; the pinnule apex is pointed. The indusium often D.pseudomas that tend towards the morphology of D.fdix- shows the characteristics of both parent species, the margin mas are also often mistaken for it and have contributed to its being tucked on one side and extended over the lamina on the over-recording. opposite side. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.) The fronds have scales with dark bases and the junction of loc. cit.: 113; 1975). 86 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 273 HX • • HW DRYOPTERIS •• t:22 • 00 PSEUDOMAS 00 9 • • 9 00 : Scaly Male -fern • • 000 :::: • !I: : I: NI 000000 • • • • * 000000 • — 0:000 • • O000: 8 • 00 8 • • 00 S. •00000 • 00000 555555 V loo 0800 00 0000 • b 00 • • • 00 0 Kdometre s I 100 •0000000 • SO 0 5555 00 nim. 00000005 • 9 - •000 V • 7 • 74 • • 5 6 000 • 1 00 • • 2 o • 00 • • • • 000000 0000 000 •000 • SOO • 000 • 00 3 • 00 • ii0 • 00 6 • Of 0000 00 VO Oil 00 6 41 'di6 - : 0 58 : • 00 :err 5115u55546080 • 'geese se 541 .... • • es ps • lg. se. s • 555 s e Goes. oe.000 i-E0 sm. 000 00 • 5 ... ,P4: • • ilil : . :Ulf 6. : 55 0 6 : • • * • 10, • • • • 5 • 85 4.6 :0 • • • s: .080 • Gs 4110 5 9 : • • •e ::: NI: ° • • •S. e • , • • :. :' 05 ., g • . - 8 • .• o o•o • 5. . 4 ° 00 6 o °U. ill woe, • 1 .. • • • 8 • • • 00 09 .4.8 ::. 0 • • • • • o : 8* .:: 4110411 O 0 Ste's doe • 600 • 4;0:041 • • 9 6:: 000 • • • ' : • see 00 9 s 411 • • 0 00 3 • 414" 6.00005 0.04, • 9 5 0 00 • • • xi es g ow me' • ' 4° •:: :::4:::: : 1 es mo se oeele • • 00000 4 u • • • • o • •00 • 00 00i0 fa: •11; 0:0 00 • 00 99 Jr • ell ::6"::: SO 806°S *WO o o :0000 • 00 • 2 2 or 9,•88 o • So•e o 4: • oil ob•oi • erne • 9 0 tr Gee 48° 0 • • 110000 es. .6 05is OS• 000 004104, • • 55 • • w • • 415 .5 80414, 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS '956808 • 0 viiv 5558511188 PLOT TED ON 585 84 UTM GRID •• 00 se tD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

27.3 fh.p)pfimispseudomas (Wollaston) Holub 6i Pouzar (D.borreri auct.; D.filix-mas (L.) Schott var. borreri Newm.) An Atlantic species very common in northwest Scotland and the oceanic areas of the British Isles. In lowland and south and eastern England confined to woodlands or shady situations on heavy soils and clays. A combination of clay soils and higher rainfall increases its occurrence in the Weald. The map of this species (21/2) on p. 11 of the Atlas of the British Flora does not show a true picture as many records were registered as D.filix-mas agg. and are shown on Map 21/1-2 only. ASPIDIACEAE 87

0 1 2 3 4 0 27.4 N2 DRYOPTERIS REMOTA 9

4505; 8 8 Zs soo 0 Kkenstres 100 mass • 9 7 4 5 6

•

CHANNEL GLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID 41'

0 1 2

27.4 Dryopteris remota (A.Br.) Druce An apogamous species probably originating from the hybrid A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 115). It is between D.expansa and D.pseudomas could be expected where known however, that in Europe D.remota occurs in the absence these species grow together. It is, however, rare. Plants brought of either of the above species and probably does not now arise into cultivation as Lastrea 'boydii' from Loch Lomond appear de novo from hybridisation. to be this species but it has not been seen in the wild this century. The hybrid D.austriaca x pseudo mas recorded as D. x woynarii The two Irish specimens are even more perplexing as D.expansa Rothm. from Lochinver, v.c. 108, in A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in is so far not recorded from Ireland; both records (Glen Flesk , C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 115; 1975, is now considered to be v.c. H2 and Dalystown, v.c. H15) need refinding (see doubtfully of that parentage and more likely D. x ambrosiae. 88 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

27. 5 HX DRYOPTERIS HW N2 • AEMULA ow!' 9 9 • Hay-scented N1 Buckler - fern

8 8 4:9 • 0 100 7 Kilometres 0 100 • Mike • • 7 • 9 7 4 5 6 1 2

6 6 •

No* • • • • 5 • • • • 5 • •

• 4

00 • 0 • 00 o 0• oo ••• 3 • • ip 0 0 • • so * • 0.0. • • * oo • • • o o 2 • • 9 • "moos e•e • • • 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS Ofill0 • PLOT TED ON 0 wv : .10°6 UTM GRID •

0 0 2 3 4 5

27.5 Dryopteris aemula (Ait.) Kuntze A northern Atlantic species found on the higher mountains of immature plants which morphologically appear intermediate Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands and restricted in Europe to between D.aemula and D.austriaca have been found on Mull, N. Spain, W. France and the British Isles where it has a distinct v.c. 103, and Soay, v.c. 104, and need further investigation. oceanic distribution. Its yellow-green frond and purplish stipe Such hybrids could only be distinguished from the similarly are diagnostic. Hybrids involving this species are very rare (see triploid D.austriaca x expansa by the lack of chromosome 27.5 x 1, D. x pseudoabbreviata, p. 84) but juvenile or pairing at meiosis. ASPIDIACEAE 89

3 4 0 ... 0 27.6 DRYOPTERIS HW N2 VILLARII 9 9 subsp.

SUBMONTANA NI Rigid

011 Buckler -fern 8 8

0 100 Kilometres 0 0 100 Md 9 • • 7 7 4 5 6

6 6

0 • 5 5

2 2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS

PLOT TED ON 0 WV UTM GRID •ffi r • . 1:z) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.6 Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. subsp. submontana Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy (Dryopteris rigida (Swartz) A.Gray) A member of an alpine and southern European complex restricted in Britain to limestone pavement. All British material counted has proved to be tetraploid, a cytotype which is rare further south in Europe, most of the alpine material being diploid. (See 0.L.Gilbert, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 263-268; 1966, and Biological Flora of the British Isles: Dryopteris villarii. J. Ecol., 58:301-313; 1970.Also C. R .Fraser -Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., I I: 338; 1977). 90 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

27.7 HX HW DRYOPTERIS N2 Ct,

CRISTATA tr•P 9 9

Crested N1 Buckler - fern

8 co% 8

0 100 ./7 kdometrm 0 100 MiIe 7 9 7 4 5 6 1 2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID •. 1;1) 0 1 2

27.7 Dryopteris cristata (L.) A.Gray A northern continental species at one time frequent in the east decrease of such mowing may be encouraging this species to of England and N.W. Midlands. Now, because of changes in regain its status. There has been recently a widespread increase land-use and increasing drainage of acid mires, it is almost of acid (base-poor) plant communities (including Sphagnum restricted to East Anglia where it is locally frequent in the Jimbriatum, S.magellanicum, S.palustre, S.squarrosum and Norfolk Broads area, v.c. 27. Lack of regular fen cutting allows S.subnitens) in the fens of the Norfolk Broads, the ecological tussock growth of Molinia, Carex elata and Sphagnum spp. reason for which is not fully understood. It is in these upon which establishment of D.cristata depends and the communities that D.cristata becomes well established. ASPIDIACEAE 91

1 2 3 4

27.8 DRYOPTERIS N2 CARTHUSIANA 0.' 9 9

Narrow MI • N1 Buckler - fern — ILA; 8 8 .- • 00 0 • Th O 100 o 0 0 I 0• 0 i .. • Kilometres 100 • •• 4,0 Mica •O o -. • 9 74 GO 5 6 • • •• • 2 o • : • S . • : 10°8 • -, Moo 6 • • 6 * • • ••• • 4 ..8.•6 • • • • • se se • IINI : • se e i 0:4141 • 080 • • GO • • •• • • o * 5 5 0 0 • 41. 411 4908 o 0• •5 •••• S. 0 •0 ne 0000 ..> O1 411 • • • 00 • • • • • 0440 f_ • ••• • 04041 • 410 • • • n o • • • 6 • o • • • 40 • 4 • of • _• o•• 00 99 0 4141 • l..0 • tiii : 41000841:4, • f o • • V• 0001 4,1110.44 • • 00_4141 *ON 41, o • • •• olIND •• is• • • • o s • • i ei0 ..0 " ... • •• • .• Goo • • • • • • • 0 y0 • ••••• • 8 •• NM • 0 MD • • lo3 * • • 0410041 :00 1 00 • • • :e0S0 • • al: %et • r • e• o O•il 0 •0 • • • 0•••81* :0 : * 46 16114 411 • • • •• *sumo 41mo 00 41414 • • 2 • Ten: • 012:41 0: lia. • • MU • ' •• 041 'II • • 9 0 80 ell gm • • • O: 411:4114::0gee" • • 0451 41410 1

CHANNEL l'ED ISLANDSON 0 PLOT — • roe : wv • • UTM GRID • •

L.) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.8 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) FI.P.Fuchs (D.lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston; D.spinulosa Watt) A northern continental species widespread in the British Isles and a common fern in some wet woods of N.W. Scotland, where it often grows with D.expansa.The hybrid with the latter species has not so far been found in Britain and should be searched for in such mixed populations; it has the upright rhizome of D.expansa but with an intermediate frond (shape, cutting and marginal teeth): It is however extremely difficult to distinguish from D. x deweveri without cytological con firmation. 92 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

27.8x7 HX HW • DRYOPTERIS N2 X ULIGINOSA 9 9 27.8 x2 (DDRYOPTERIS N1 X BRATHAICA 8

too

Kilometres 100 Miles 7 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 • 5

( 3

( 2

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON Om UTM GRID • t;Z) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.8 x 2 Dryopteris x brathaica Fraser- 27.8 x 7 Dryopteris x uliginosa (A.Br. ex Jenkins & Reichstein DM) Druce (D.carthusiana x jihx-mas; D. x remota sensu (D.carthusiana x cristata) Druce) A rare hybrid now confined to Norfolk; when established, This hybrid has been found only once in woods on the N.W. side plants show distinct hybrid vigour. Although many former sites of Lake Windermere, v.c. 69; an offset, passed down through have been lost through drainage it could easily appear wherever generations of gardeners, is still alive in Oxford University D.cristata grows with D.carthusiana. (See A.C.Jermy & Botanic Garden and has been cyiologically investigated. It is S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 116). intermediate between the parents in the degree of pinnation and toothing of leaf segments but has the habit of D.ftlix-mas. (See C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & T.Reichstein, Br. Fern Gaz., 11: 342; 1977, and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 114.) •

ASPIDIACEAE 93

O 1 2 3 0 27.9 mi. • •••••• m2 DRYOPTERIS • •••••• ••••••• • • AUSTRIACA oo •••• 9 9 600 0.000 Broad • 0 006. um. ••••• •• • ••u• • .••••••• NI •••••••••mu•s. Io•*mmu*,m. Buckler- fern • •••••••• •• •in, P a wimp timil vow, c 8 p • 00••0••• 0000000• • •0••• • •00000. 0 100 • ••••••• •••••• I o 1 0000000 00600 a.wm 00000000 000000 0 100 4 000000es 680 ma. 000••6•• •• 0•00111 • • • • 9 ' *•oo • 75 4 ••o• 6 ma:: ••• • 2 • •••000 ••0000•0 006606 0000066•0 •0000 04000000• •000• •00000000 •0 054000 00 • •00 00 • • 0•••00 000000•• 00 0 6 • 6 80•0000 •000000 00 ompummoll• omimpo•loo •lp .. 411 :0:0::11. if 411,41 oupoil moil mimp wo • (mom moo • oommoiloo0 • 00•0••00 0060 oompoompoo loo • 60•00000 WO • opoomimpoil 000 000000000 000 • osoom0000 000000000 08000 • 00 000000000 00 0000 ello•ommo I "moo 5 , 00 • 006 000000 00 000000000 000.0 60 5 • 0 oil* • so e•mmo • oloo0oo • "moo oo •••••• so 00 imompoo •o mum • 0000 000 00000 • o, oimp0000 • of0000mso 0•00 se0000000 • 44 oommoo • •00 •00•0.000 • • • •• 66000 0060 0000 06 0000 000000 0 410 ii:0:11.4%. 0:0:0i: 00000 0006 • • • 0 • i00 io 00060 4' ° 006000 008 • 00 4 • • i • 60 000006006 00 • • s • Os o 411 • • 0000 060 ii60,8 •0•00 0•• 00 0•0•00 000 000 00600 • •0 000000000 000e •0600 •6• 06 zw: 00000 001000000 000000000 • • :00 00 : 00 00 00 000 0000.060• • 00 00 i 00 ss 0 o : 0•0 55555 • ••80,0000 • 00 000 410 000 . 00 • 00006 6 000600000 • • 00 • • • 806 •• 0006•000 •0•••600• ••• • 600 • 00 000 3 0411 00 ss o • 000 000806.00 0000000 • 04,04,0 4,04 • 0 : 06 :: :64' . :: 0::.0 000 000000000 •000• 00 00000600 6 1 0000 00•• 0000 000.0 0.0 0.0 060 • 0000 000000••08• 0 00000 00000060 000000000 0-608 0 vo • 00 e00000 00000 60 00006000 06.00 • 000 00 Oso 00000600 •00•00000 0•00 0000 :::42:.2: 41•050530 • 000000 00000000 600000000 00000 000 • 00600 •060 0800 0..0:1 • • 000 •00 •0 • 60000 • • • 0000 2 •0 • 0000 •0000000 •0 005 060•00006 •0 •0•86 00600 000660600 0000000 •••600 ••••••••• 000000600 GO • 0000• •00600 000000080 •0 5m5 iio Sumo • moose •0000esom • 8 9 0 Ms 0•0000000 000 •0000 000000000 0000000 •0•0000 0 000 •00•0 0000:00 •0000•0 0•0 06 1 00000000 CHANNEL ISLANDS mom. • oms PLOT TED ON 0 WV • w•e UTM GRID 5 0 • • 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar (D.ddatata (Ho ffm .) A.Gray) A sub-Atlantic taxon widespread throughout Britain and Ireland. A variable species occasionally confused with D.carthusiana because one common form produces stolons, from the bases of the stipes, which are mistaken for the creeping rhizome of the latter species. Leaves on such stoloniferous shoots have pale almost concolorous scales which add to the confusion; they eventually form a shuttlecock and the stem continues growth as an erect rhizome. 94 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0

27.9x8 HX HW DRYOPTERIS N2 X DEWEVERI 9 9

N1 • 8

0 100 1 Kilometres 0 100 Miles 9 7 7 4 5 6

2 e •

• 0 0 6 6

5 5

•

• 4 4

• 3 • 0 •

2 • 00 • • o o 8 9 0 • o Ise

• CHANNEL ISLANDS • • PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

1:Z3f 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 x 8 Dryopteris X deweveri (Jansen) Jansen & Wachter (D.austriaca x carthusiana) A common hybrid wherever the parents grow together. Easily recognized as being intermediate in all its characters, the scales concolorous but pale red-brown and the spores abortive. Such plants are often very glandular on the young lamina, veins and rachides and have been described in early literature as Lastrea glandulosa Newm. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 117). ASPIDIACEAE 95

0 2 3 0 0

27. 9 x 10 HX DRYOPTERIS N2

X AMBROSIAE OT! 9 9

8 8 7 7 Kilometres 0 100 Mdes 7 9 7 5

• 5 5

4 4 c4q,

1.)

8 9 0 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS <) 0 PLOT TED ON WV UT M GRID

t;Z) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 x 10 Dryopteris x ambrosiae Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy (D.austriaca x expansa) This hybrid, which is likely to be recorded wherever the parents grow together, is difficult to distinguish from D.austriaca; any forms of the latter with abortive spores should be investigated. (See C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., 11: 337; 1977, and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 117). 96 ASPIDIACEAE

1 2 3 4

HX HW N2

8 o • 100 •• • 4/1 0 1(tIornetre1 • 0. o 100 400: Miles 9 7 4 7 5 6

1 2

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID

0 0 2 3 4 5

27.10 Dryopteris expansa (C.Pres1) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy (D.assimilis S.Walker) Most of the populations recorded show the distribution pattern of an arctic-alpine species. The taxon was first recognized by Thomas Moore as Lastrea dilatata var. alpina from Ben Lawers. It also grows, however, at sea-level in oak woodlands on the west coast of Scotland and this form (morphologically in- separable from the alpine form) may represent a more southern genotype which may yet be found in Ireland. (See J.A.Crabbe, A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, Watsonia, 8: 3-15; 1970). BLECHNACEAE 97

0 1 2 3 4 0 28.1 00 00 • 000000 • N2 BLECHNUM 0000000 00000000 SPICANT 0000•00• 0000000 9 0000 O 00000 • 0000 Hard Fern 5055 •5000 00 5550 455505 N1 • 50000•00 0505 •5 • Some •0000005 00000000 00 555 8 8 .6 • 000000• •0•000• 0000000 •••0000 • 0 100 •000000 0004100 1 • 0000000 0000 0 IGIonwstres 00000000 00000 100 0•000000 OS •411•5•••0 • • •000000 9 • e 4 • 7 000•00 5 6 •515 • 000 00 11,41000000 •4500•0 •0000000 00040 000004000 0•000 •rn • • 55555 erne 580 55 • 05000• 0000 5550 05 6 6 5000 9000 • •00000 00 411 : 00000000 • 505505 • :8000• 447 555 0000 00000 505 011- 000000 50, • 0000000 0000 :0:::::0 • 000 5550 5* • •0000. 5841505004 00 .41 soos0000sum 0055505 • •o* :8:sooe 00• 411600 5 5 r S • • • 041101: • • oR .00so • :10::iii soooso omoos moos. • 0> oss 55555 • ••000000 •• 0090 00000 00 • •••0•• 0 •0 :": 0 00 110000 • • • • • •• 00 0000n ° 0 0 000 500 • 0 • 000 000 00 0 •• 00 0 • 4 •,-.4— " o 00 o • • 0 $ e• g es • • • . •• • •00 005 :$111: Mr • 00 sip •s••:• .. 00 •0•••0 • • 09 00 • 00 soilio •soo.--,, 0 • see 00 00 000•0 • 0000 so • •04141 0•0 00000 00 0 0 00 soo • up :: ows so• • 0 9 so so • 000 44", soo " 000 so im• o 0 see el 00 00 3 • • • 990so• ill ... • • oso00 •6 moos• see S••.. so • •• 005 •00000000 OS • • 0000 01080_000 • 000 0:00000000 0000 • •0000 • 00000 • • 00 0•00000 4 is** 8 • :On: 6 0000000 000 • 0000 o 0000 550555550 555.5 • • • • • • 04000 0055 • 0 • • GO 00 • • QO 50 • • •lso 0 0000•000 00 : 10* • 00 :::0 00 • 50:0 • 0005 • ii00 •0• • 9 0 0555 50 • 0641 4141:: ei: 1110:::: 00000 00 •0• 0411 00 • 1

CHANNEL GLANDS 00000000 2-. -- 00000000 PLOTTED ON 0 NN 00000900 • 000 UTM GRID 00 • 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

28.1 Blechman spdcant (L.) Roth A sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout wetter parts of the British Isles. It is restricted by lack of suitable acid sandy substrate in much of lowland agricultural England. Similarly absent from the limestone areas of both Britain and Ireland. 98 MARSILEACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 29.1 HX HW N2 PILULARIA • t;$ GLOBULIFERA 9 9

Pillwort

8 8

0 100 1 1 • Kilometres 100 •e Mikm • 7 9 75 4 6 1 00 2

6 6

0 0 88 0 5 • -V \ 5 C. 60 00 • 0 0 4 00 00 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 • 80 0 3 0 1 • 0 vm,

2 • • • • 00 o o o •o o lio 8 9 0 • o o •

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON wv UTM GRID 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

29.1 Pilularia globulifera L. A sub-Atlantic species spread throughout Britain and Ireland but generally decreasing because of drainage of marginal lands and ponds which formerly contained the species. Similarly declining in Europe where it is regarded as an endangered species. Unless sporocarps ("pills") and circinnately coiled leaves are present P.globulifera may be overlooked as a young Juncus plant. AZOLLACEAE 99

3 0 0 30.1 N2 AZOLLA FILICULOIDES 9 9

Water Fern N1 0

8 8

0 100 ,47 0 Kilometres 0 100 Mdes 9 7 4 5 6

6 6

5 5

•

4 •

3 •• • •o• • o • • • 0 : 2 0 •• 00 0 •_.gee • 8 9 0 • 8 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS PLOT TED ON 0 wv UTM GRID i3 •

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30.1 Azolla filiculoides Lam. Regarded by most botanists as having been introduced into Europe from tropical America. It is certainly well-established here and shows signs of increasing in Britain (cf. map 27/1, p.15, in the 1962 edition of the Atlas of the British Flora, with the above). With the present trend in eutrophication of ponds and inland waters it is difficult to explain this increase. Possibly the increased drainage operations have created more ditches and similar open water in drainage channels which have in turn become colonised. It suddenly, and inexplicably, disappears, often to return some five or ten years later. 100 Index

Synonyms are given in italics, map pages in roman

Adiantum capillus-veneris 34 Blechnum chilense 2 Anogramma leptophylla 33 penna-marina 2 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 51, 55 spicant 97 var. acutum 53 Botrychium lunaria 27 subsp. onopteris 53 subsp. serpentini 54 Ceterach officinarum 66 x billotii 55 Cryptogramma crispa 32 x onopteris 53 Cyrtomium falcatum 2 x scolopendrium 52 Cystopteris dickieana 73 x septentrionale 52 fragilis 72, 73, 75, 76 adulterinum 61 montana 74 x alternifolium 58, 65 billotii 55 Dicksonia antarctica 2 x scolopendrium 50 Diphasiastrum alpinum 7 ceterach 66 x complanatum 8 x clermontiae 61, 63 x issleri 7, 8 x confluens 50 Diphasium alpinum 7 x contrei 52 x issleri 8 cuneifolium 54 Dryopteris abbreviata I, 81 x jacksonii 50, 52 aemula 88 x lusaticum 57 x oreades 84 marinum 56 x ambrosiae 87, 95 x microdon 50, 52 assimilis 1, 96 x murbeckii 63 austriaca 93 obovatum 55 x carthusiana 94 onopteris 53 x expansa 88, 95 x pseudoadulterinum 61 borreri 1, 86 ruta-muraria 62 x brathaica 92 subsp. dolomiticum 62 carthusiana 1, 91 subsp. ruta-muraria 62 x cristata 92 x septentrionale 63 x filix-mas 92 x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 63 cristata 90 x sarniense 55 x deweveri 91, 94 scolopendrium 49 dilatata 93 x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 50 expansa 87, 91, 96 septentrionale 64 filix-mas 82, 83 x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes 65 var. abbreviata 81 x souchei 52 var. borreri 86 x ticinense 53 x oreades 84 trichomanes 57 x pseudomas 85 subsp. x lusaticum 57 lanceolatocristata 1, 91 subsp. quadrivalens 57, 59, 60 x mantoniae 82, 84 subsp. trichomanes 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 oreades 1, 81, 82 viride 61 x pseudoabbreviata 84, 88 x Asplenophyllitis confluens 50 pseudomas 1, 82, 86, 87 jacksonii 52 remota 87 microdon 50 x remota 92 Athyrium alpestre 68 rigida 89 distentifolium 68 spinulosa 91 var. flexile 69 x tavelii 82, 85 filix-femina 67 x uliginosa 92 flexile 69 villarii subsp. submontana I, 89 Azolla filiculoides 2, 99 x woynarii 87 101

Equisetum arvense 19, 20 vulgatum 28 x fluviatile 21 subsp. ambiguum 29 x palustre 22 Oreopteris limbosperma 48 fluviatile 18 Osmunda regalis 31 x palustre 19, 20 x font-queri 22 Phegopteris connectilis 47 hyemale 14 Phyllitis scolopendrium 49 x ramosissimum 15 Pilularia globulifera 98 x variegatum 16 Polypodium australe 42 x litorale 19, 21 x interjectum 44 x moorei 2, 15 x vulgare 43 palustre 25 x font-queri 43 x telmateia 22 interjectum 40 pratense 23 x vulgare 41 ramosissimum 2, 15 x mantoniae 41 x rothmaleri 22 x shivasiae 44 sylvaticum 23, 24 vulgare 38, 39 telmateia 26 subsp. prionodes 40 x trachyodon 16 subsp. serrulatum 42 variegatum 17 Polystichum aculeatum 78, 80 wilsonii 17 x lonchitis 79 x setiferum 79 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 70 x bicknellii 79 robertianum 71 x illyricum 77, 79 x lonchitiforme 77, 79 Huperzia selago 6 lonchitis 77 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 35, 36 x setiferum 77 wilsonii 36 setiferum 78, 80 Pteridium aquilinum 45 Isoetes echinospora 11, 12 Pteris cretica 2 histrix 13 vittata 2 lacustris 11, 12 setacea 12 Selaginella kraussiana 2, 10 Lepidotis inundata 5 selaginoides 9 Lycopodiella inundata 5 Lycopodium alpinum 7, 8 Thelypteris dryopteris 70 annotinum 3 limbosperma 48 clavatum 4 oreopteris 48 inundatum 5 palustris 1, 46 issleri 8 phegopteris 46 selago 6 robertiana 71 thelypteroides subsp. glabra 1, 46 Matteuccia struthiopteris 2 Trichomanes speciosum 37 Onoclea sensibilis 2 Ophioglossum azoricum 29 Woodsia alpina 75, 76 lusitanicum 30 ilvensis 75 á á á