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Scottish Natural Heritage Trends Scotland 2001

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Scottish Natural Heritage Trends Scotland 2001 Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage Natural Heritage Trends SCOTLAND 2001 Natural Heritage Trends Natural Heritage Trends Scottish Natural Heritage is a government body responsible to the Scottish Executive and Scottish Parliament. Our mission statement is: Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage. Our aim is: Scotland’s natural heritage is a local, national and global asset. We promote its care and improvement, its responsible enjoyment, its greater understanding and appreciation and its sustainable use now and for future generations. Our operating principles are: We work in partnership, by co-operation, negotiation and consensus, where possible, with Scotland 2001 all relevant interests in Scotland: public, private and voluntary organisations, and individuals. We operate in a devolved manner, delegating decision-mak- ing to the local level within the organisation to encourage and assist SNH to be accessible, sensitive and responsive to local needs and circumstances. We operate in an open and accountable manner in all our activities. Further information Further copies available from Scottish Natural Heritage Publications Section Battleby Redgorton Perth PH1 3EW T: 01738 444177 F: 01738 827411 E: [email protected] HERITAGE SCOTTISH W: www.snh.org.uk NATURAL © Scottish Natural Heritage 2001 • ISBN 1 85397 139 1 • Printed on environmentally friendly paper • NP1K1001 Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage Natural Heritage Trends SCOTLAND 2001 E.C. Mackey, P. Shaw, J. Holbrook, M.C. Shewry, G. Saunders, J. Hall, N.E. Ellis Scottish Natural Heritage Battleby, Perth 2001 Acknowledgements This report is the work of many hands. Grateful thanks go to the many individuals and organisations that contributed information, advice, comment and practical assistance and in particular to Bill Forbes and Jim Cairns, responsible for design and production. Photography credits are shown on page 200. Roger Crofts, Michael Usher, Colin Galbraith and Jane Clark of Scottish Natural Heritage provided advice, encouragement and editorial comment. Technical assistance was given by David Boyes, Eleanor Charman, Lorne Gill, Moira Munro and John Orr. Advisory Services colleagues assisted with quality assurance. Other key contributors, who are from SNH unless otherwise stated, are listed below. The ordering is strictly alphabetical. Prelude: a record in time John Gordon Species Phil Atkinson (BTO), Graham Austin (BTO), Stephen Baillie (BTO), Mairi Cole, Brian Coppins (RBGE), Peter Cranswick (WWT), Andy Douse, Vin Fleming (JNCC), Richard Fox (BC), Martin Gaywood, Richard Gregory (RSPB), Paul Harding (CEH), Stephen Harris (MS), Julia Harrison (RSPB), Susan Haysom, Paul Kirkland (BC), David Long (RBGE), Peter Maitland (FCC), David Noble (BTO), Malcolm Ogilvie (RBBP), Duncan Orr-Ewing (RSPB), Mark Pollitt (WWT), Rob Raynor, Helen Riley, Paul Rose (JNCC), David Roy (CEH), Chris Sydes, Mark Telfer (CEH), Des Thompson, Kate Thompson (JNCC), Stephen Ward, Chris Wernham (BTO). Broad Habitats: 1990 –1998 Geraldine McGowan (CEH), Steve Palmer (CEH). The UK Biodiversity Action Plan Phil Atkinson (BTO), David Baines (GCT), Nigel Burton, Peter Cranswick (WWT), Andy Douse, Richard Gregory (RSPB), Mark Hancock (RSPB), Susan Haysom, Baz Hughes (WWT), Julian Hughes (RSPB), Mick Marquiss (CEH), Jo Newman, David Noble (BTO), Mark O’Brien (RSPB), Malcolm Ogilvie (RBBP), Duncan Orr-Ewing (RSPB), Mark Pollitt (WWT), Paul Rose (JNCC), Ron Summers (RSPB), Andy Tharme (RSPB), Des Thompson, Michael B. Usher. Landscape Rebecca Hughes, John Mackay, Caroline Read Access and recreation Robert Aitken (independent consultant), Neil Clark (East Lothian Council), Malcolm Currie, Adrian Davis (Naiad Environmental Consultancy), Richard Davison, Alasdair Eckersall (NTS), Davy Gray, Debbie Greene, Alex Mackay, John Mackay, Colin Wells, Margaret Winter (Scottish Canoe Association), Scottish Orienteering Association, Marine Conservation Society. Green space in and around settlements Nick Atkinson (SE), Paul Bancks, Bill Band, Andrew Cannon (BTO), Nigel Clark (BTO), Ester Davies (SE), Olivia Lassiere (BWB), Karen Morrison, Jonathan Smith (SGCWG), Ashleigh Tooth. Farmland Ian Bailey (FPDSavills Ltd), Anne Cowan (SEERAD), Ken Davis (SAC), Chris Dawson (International Fertiliser Society), Katherine Falconer, Jane Falter (Fertiliser Manufacturers Association), Daniel Gotts, Richard Gregory (RSPB), Gill Hartley (SASA), David Heather (Fertiliser Manufacturers Association), Sarah Hocknell, Jane Mackintosh, Kate Munro, David Noble (BTO), Geeta Puri, Venetia Radmore (SEERAD), Jeremy Snowdon (SASA). Forest and woodland Roger Coppock (FE), Simon Gillam (FC), Helen Gray, Richard Gregory (RSPB), Kate Holl, Alister Jones (FC), David Noble (BTO), Mairie Simm (FC), Steve Smith (FC), Duncan Stone, Clare Young. The uplands Helen Armstrong (FE), Stephen Baillie (BTO), David Baines (GCT), Charles Connell (C. Connell & co. Ltd), Andy Douse, David Noble (BTO), Duncan Orr-Ewing (RSPB), Angus MacDonald, Keith Morton (RSPB), Stuart Rae (independent consultant), Des Thompson, Phil Whitfield, Julia Harrison (RSPB). Fresh waters Jeremy Biggs (PA), Phil Boon, Peter Cosgrove (independent consultant), Neasa Cotter, Willie Duncan, Martin Gaywood, Jim Green (independent consultant), Rosemary Green (independent consultant), Kath Leys, Peter Maitland (FCC), David Noble (BTO), Margaret Palmer (independent consultant), Chris Preston (CEH), Clare Young, Julian MacLean (FFL), Ian Sime. Marine environments John Baxter, Carolyn Clark, Matt Dalkin, Calan Duck (SMRU), FRS Marine Laboratory Aberdeen, Dan Harries (Heriot-Watt University), Andy Hill (SEPA), Paul Mayes, Kate Munro, Bob Reid (Scottish Agicultural College, Veterinary Science Division), Gavin Saville (MCS). Scottish marine fisheries John Baxter, David Donnan, FRS Marine Laboratory, John Gordon (Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory). Air pollution Mhairi Coyle (CEH), Ulrike Dragosits (CEH), David Fowler (CEH), Jane Hall (CEH), Peter Maitland (FCC), Mark Sutton (CEH), Jackie Ullyett (CEH). A changing climate John Harrison (University of Stirling). Climate change impacts on habitats and species Peter Cosgrove (independent consultant), Lee Hastie (University of Aberdeen), Barry Meatyard (University of Warwick). Contents Acknowledgements 2 Foreword 5 1. Introduction and summary 7 2. Prelude: a record in time 12 Biodiversity 3. Species 18 4. Land cover: 1947 – 1988 28 5. Broad Habitats: 1990 –1998 35 6. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan 46 The countryside 7. Landscape 59 8. Access and recreation 70 Distinctive natural heritage settings 9. Green space in and around settlements 76 10. Farmland 85 11. Forest and woodland 95 12. The uplands 101 13. Fresh waters 112 The sea 14. The marine environment 122 15. Scottish marine fisheries 144 Global pressures affecting future change 16. Air pollution 155 17. A changing climate 164 18. Climate change impacts on habitats and species 169 19. Synthesis 175 Abbreviations 182 Species mentioned in the text 184 Appendices 187 Front cover main photograph: Loch Lomond, looking northwards. Scotland’s first proposed National Park. Foreword n the latest Survey of Environmental Issues in Scotland (2000) on the web site of the Scottish Executive, three-quarters of respondents felt that damage to the countryside and loss of wildlife Iwere ‘fairly’ or ‘very’ serious matters. People are justifiably concerned about the natural heritage, but what do we really know about how it is changing? Newsworthy stories are capable of raising awareness and focusing on issues of concern. Through time they are influential in forming public perceptions. Yet, as isolated accounts they can only provide fragmentary, and not necessarily impartial, views. Tracking down published reports and scientific papers requires time and specialist knowledge. Clearly, the best available information needs to be brought together and presented in a more accessible way. For that reason Scottish Natural Heritage published a report, entitled The Natural Heritage of Scotland: an Overview, as a contribution to European Nature Conservation Year in 1995. It embraced the scope of the natural heritage defined in the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991, by including the plants and animals of Scotland, its earth science features, its natural beauty and amenity value. That was six years ago. The world around us has changed and so too have information needs. What we need now is to know how the natural heritage is changing and why, and where we should be most concerned. This new report provides the most comprehensive account of natural heritage trends to date. We have set out to present information as clearly and as systematically as possible so that it can be used by the widest possible readership, in Scotland and beyond. We see it as becoming a key reference for policy makers and planners, for teachers and researchers, for practitioners and environmentalists, and indeed for the wider interested public. We have tried to be balanced and comprehensive, but this is necessarily a summary view. We have focused for the most part on Scotland-wide trends, but feel that the approach could be adapted for use in more localised areas. We feel that this account, which we intend to sustain and expand upon through trend reporting on our web site (www.snh.org.uk), takes an important step forward in the dissemination of knowledge about the natural heritage of Scotland. I hope that you too will find it readable and informative. Roger Crofts Chief Executive Natural
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