CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

The Changing Distribution of the Flora of the United Kingdom: Technical Report

C. D. Preston, M. G. Telfer, D.B. Roy, P. D. Carey, M. O. Hill, W. R. Meek, P. Rothery, S.M. Smart, G.M. Smith, K. J. Walker (CEH)

D A Pearman (BSBI)

July 2003

CEH PROJECT No: C01093

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology CEH Monks Wood Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs. UK

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1

INTRODUCTION...... 3

MODULE 1 – CHARACTERISING HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIES ...... 5 1.1 Frequency of occurrence of plant species in Broad Habitat categories...... 5 1.2 Calculation of species’ preference indices to Broad Habitat categories...... 5 1.3 Validation and extension of characteristic species lists ...... 6

MODULE 2 - MODELS OF EXPECTED SPECIES DIVERSITY...... 7 2.1 Definition of local species pool ...... 7 2.2 Categorization of taxa by likely completeness of recording...... 7 2.3 Attributes of 10-km squares...... 7 2.4 Basic analysis of well-recorded native species in squares with >30% land ...... 8 2.5 Basic analysis for native species ...... 10 2.6 Variation in coverage attributable to difficult species...... 12 2.7 Variation in coverage attributable to neophytes ...... 13 2.8 Coastal, aquatic and urban species...... 13 2.9 Estimating coverage in boundary squares...... 13 2.10 Estimating coverage in squares with little land...... 14 2.11 Synthesis of coverage by date class and vice-county...... 14

MODULE 3 - ANALYSING CHANGE IN THE UK AND ITS COMPONENT COUNTRIES AND REGIONS...... 17 3.1 Introduction ...... 17 3.2 Analysis of change in Britain in relation to habitat (Stage 1) ...... 17 3.3 Analysis of change in countries and regions (Stage 2)...... 23 3.4 Quantitative analysis of the dynamism of species (Stage 3) ...... 36 3.5 Analysis of change in relation to frequency and conservation status (Stage 4) ...... 41 3.6 Spatial analysis of change (Stage 5)...... 47

MODULE 4 - COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES...... 49 4.1 Comparison with the results of the countryside survey ...... 49 4.2 Comparison with results in county Floras...... 55

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 59

REFERENCES...... 59

ANNEX 1 Notes on the definitions of broad habitats ANNEX 2 Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species ANNEX 3 Maps of broad habitat types ANNEX 4 Regional change index values ANNEX 5 Extinction proportion, colonisation proportion, dynamism index and dynamism score ANNEX 6 Species reported by the New Atlas and the Countryside Survey ANNEX 7 Comparison of trends revealed by New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets ANNEX 8 Suggested reasons for differences between results obtained by New Atlas and Countryside Survey analyses

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Report presents the results of analyses of data collected for the New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, a survey of the distribution of vascular plant species in Britain and Ireland carried out between 1987 and 1999. It includes comparisons with the only previous such survey, published in 1962 in the Atlas of the British Flora. The analyses are carried out for the U.K., on a regional basis and at a 10-km square scale.

Analyses of floristic change have hitherto been handicapped by the absence of a classification of species into habitat categories. We have therefore allocated native and archaeophyte species to the Broad Habitat (BH) categories devised for the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. To do this, we calculated preference indices using the quadrat data collected for the National Vegetation Classification and for the Countryside Survey 2000 project. Additional information, including the species accounts published in the New Atlas, were used to extend the classification to the rarer species which are not adequately covered in the quadrat databases.

The next section of the report analyses the geographical variation in the number of species recorded per 10-km square. The total of non-critical native and archaeophyte species expected in a 10-km square has been modelled using combinations of geological, climatic, topographic and habitat variables. In the UK, 65% of the variation found in the species richness of these squares can be attributed to climatic factors. Including the full range of variables improved the model fit to 76%. Models that adjusted for the richness of the local species pool (biogeographic zones) were generally little better than those obtained using a single species pool for the whole of the UK. Separate models of species richness developed for each Broad Habitat, varied in their prediction success from 34% to 88%. Linear and boundary features, Built-up areas and Montane habitats were best predicted. The worst-predicted Broad Habitats were Acid grassland, Inland rock, and Fen marsh and swamp.

Models have also been applied to provide an expected estimate of those native species which are difficult to record, and to neophytes. The variation in recording intensity in the three recording periods mapped in the New Atlas (pre-1970, 1970-1986, 1987 onwards) is summarised in a series of vice-county maps which shows that most counties were at least moderately well recorded in the pre-1970 and post-1986 periods. The exceptions are identified.

The relative success of vascular plants characteristic of different Broad Habitat categories is analysed using a change index developed in an earlier paper. In Britain as a whole, native and archaeophyte species in the Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland, Bog, Montane and Acid grassland categories have been the least successful, whereas those of Improved grassland and Built-up areas and gardens have done relatively well. When the results are analysed for individual countries and regions of the UK there is considerable geographical variation: species of Arable and horticultural habitats have done less well in the three regions of Scotland examined than elsewhere, for example, whereas those of Acidic grassland show little change in the Scottish regions but a marked decrease elsewhere. Changes in plants of aquatic habitats (Rivers and streams, Standing water and canals) are difficult to interpret because as a group they were under-recorded in 1930-69 but covered by intensive, targeted recording in Scotland and N. Ireland in the later period.

1

There is also marked geographical variation in the patterns of change analysed for species with different ecological attributes.

• The relative success of neophytes, decline of archaeophytes and stability of native species is shown in almost all regions, but in Scotland archaeophytes have declined to an even greater extent than elsewhere, and neophytes have been less successful. • Species characteristic of habitats with high nutrient levels have been relatively successful in almost all areas except the Scottish Highlands, but in England the success of these species has been particularly marked. • Species characteristic of sites with very acidic or very basic soils have been less successful than those of circum-neutral conditions in all areas except the Scottish Highlands. • In many areas species of shaded conditions have been more successful than those of unshaded sites, but there is no significant trend in S.E. England, N. and N.W. England and Highland Scotland, and the trend is in the opposite direction in S.W. Scotland. • Tall plants (which tend to be more competitive) have been more successful than short plants in all areas except Highland Scotland. • Northern species have declined in all regions except Highland Scotland.

A ‘dynamism index’ has been devised to summarise the stability of the range of species. Native species tend to have much less dynamic ranges than neophytes. Annuals have more dynamic ranges than other terrestrial vascular plants.

When trends demonstrated by the change and dynamism indices are analysed for species of differing conservation status, the more threatened plants show a greater tendency to decline (decreasing mean change index) and perhaps for this reason, more dynamic distributions (increasing mean dynamism index).

The results of the comparison of the two atlas surveys can be compared with those for the Countryside Survey, which is based on sample 1-km squares surveyed between 1978 and 1998. The trends in both surveys are compared for 371 species with sufficient records in the Countryside Survey to allow a statistical comparison.

Our results have also been compared, although in a less quantitative manner, with those reported by recent studies of change at the vice-county scale. These local studies have often been based on analyses of species’ extinctions. The loss of species of Arable and horticultural habitats, Dwarf shrub heath and Acid grassland has been reported from several lowland counties in England, as has the relative stability of the flora of Broadleaved woodland and Neutral grassland flora. All these are in agreement with the results of the atlas surveys, although the local surveys offer less support for the decline of Calcareous grassland species. They also suggest a decrease in species of aquatic habitats, a group which has not been satisfactorily analysed by the methods adopted in this report. The county studies also provide corroborative evidence for the decline in southern England of species of habitats which are open rather than shaded, nutrient-poor rather than nutrient-rich and acidic rather than basic. There is also some support for the conclusion that Northern species have decreased and that more competitive species have been more successful than less competitive plants.

2

INTRODUCTION

The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston, Pearman & Dines, 2002) presented the results of a survey of the vascular plant flora of Britain and Ireland carried out from 1987 onwards. This was in essence a repeat of the only previous comprehensive survey of the area, published in 1962 in the Atlas of the British Flora (Perring & Walters, 1962). Some analyses of the data collected by the New Atlas project, including comparisons with the earlier survey, were included in the introductory chapters of the New Atlas. However, the extent of this analysis was necessarily limited by the need to publish the results of the project as soon as possible after the completion of the fieldwork.

This Technical Report sets out the results of further analysis of the Vascular Plant Database for the United Kingdom. Some of the headline results have already been presented in the booklet The changing flora of the UK (Preston, Telfer et al., 2002), which was published alongside the New Atlas. Other aspects of the analysis are presented here for the first time.

Module 1 of the Technical Report deals with the allocation of native and archaeophyte species to the Broad Habitat Classification developed as part of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The results for all species are tabulated in Annex 2.

As much of the recording for the New Atlas was undertaken by botanists resident in the areas where they were recording, the extent of the geographical variation in recording needs to be assessed. In Module 2 the expected species diversity for 10-km squares is modelled, and the diversity actually recorded compared with it. The results of this comparison are summarised as vice-county maps.

Module 3 extends the preliminary analysis of change presented in the New Atlas. The habitat classification developed in Module 1 is used to analyse the relative performance in Britain of suites of species characteristic of the different Broad Habitat categories. The analysis of change is then extended from the British scale to the individual countries of the UK, and to regions within England and Scotland. Change indices have been calculated separately for species in the countries and regions, and used to investigate regional differences in performance with respect to habitat and ecological characteristics. A quantitative index of the dynamism of species has also been developed to measure the extent to which the range of species is static or variable. The change and dynamism indices for species of differing conservation status, frequency and BAP priority listing are then analysed.

Finally, the results of these analyses are compared with those of similar studies (Module 4). The main comparison is with the Countryside Survey, which also presents a quantitative analysis of change but over a different time-scale and at a very much smaller scale. Our results are also compared to those reported by recent studies of floristic change in individual vice-counties.

3

4 MODULE 1 - CHARACTERISING HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIES

1.1 Frequency of occurrence of plant species in Broad Habitat categories

The Broad Habitat Classification, developed as part of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (Jackson, 2000; UK Biodiversity Group, 1998; UK Biodiversity Steering Group, 1995), provides a comprehensive framework for surveillance of the UK countryside. We categorized the habitats of plant species in terms of Broad Habitats.

Habitat associations of vascular plants were based on quadrat data, from which the frequency of plant species within BAP Broad Habitat types was calculated. Two major sources of quadrat data were used: the original data used to derive the National Vegetation Classification (NVC; Rodwell, 1991-2000) and quadrat samples collected by Countryside Survey 2000 (CS2000; Haines-Young et al., 2000).

The quadrat data used to create the NVC categories were supplied by JNCC as an MS Access database. This had been created from files in the format of the VESPAN package (Malloch, 1985). There was no information on the NVC community to which each quadrat had been assigned. Therefore, the computer program TABLEFIT (Hill, 1989) was used to assign 31216 quadrats to NVC communities using species’ Domin scores. The median goodness-of-fit was 67% and only four samples had no fit; these were manually assigned to a community. NVC plant communities were attributed to Broad Habitat types using published tables (Jackson, 2000), with some modifications to produce vegetationally more homogeneous Broad Habitats (Annex 1). All CS2000 samples were allocated to BAP Broad Habitat types in the field.

1.2 Calculation of species’ preference indices to Broad Habitat categories

The table of frequencies created by stage 1 was used to calculate preference indices for species to broad habitat categories. We calculated an odds-ratio index as:

Qsh = observed odds for species s in habitat h / expected odds

 nsh   ()n − n + 0.5  =  s+ sh  e  sh ()−   ns+ esh  where nsh is number of occurrences of species s in BH h, ns+ is the total number of occurrences of species s. esh = ns+ * Nh / N+ w where Nh is the number of samples of BH h and N+ is the total number of samples.

Species s was assigned an indicator value Q of habitat h as follows: Q = 1 1≤ Qsh<2 Q = 2 2≤ Qsh<4 Q = 3 4≤ Qsh<8 Q = 4 8≤ Qsh

5 Qsh greater than 3 was deemed to represent a major habitat. Only these major habitats were used in module 2; species with 2≤ Q were used in module 3 to extend the list of characteristic species for each broad habitat. Minor habitats (Q = 1 or 2) were considered at the validation stage and in a few cases were upgraded to major habitats. They are not reported explicitly here.

1.3 Validation and extension of characteristic species lists

Many rare, scarce or uncommon native species are not represented in the NVC and CS2000 samples, and there was the possibility that uneven sampling of Broad Habitat types could have resulted in the misclassification of others.

We refined the habitat associations of coastal and aquatic species using additional information. Species fulfilling both the following criteria were identified as being coastal: 1. More than 80% of range in the UK within the coastal squares (Fig. 1). 2. Tolerance to salt, defined by an Ellenberg salt (S) indicator score greater than zero (Hill et al., 1999).

Species with an Ellenberg moisture (M) value less than eight were excluded from the list of characteristic species of aquatic broad habitats (BH13 Standing water and canals, BH14 Rivers and streams).

We further extended the broad habitat characterisations for species not adequately sampled by the NVC or CS2000 using the text prepared for the New Atlas and other literature sources (e.g. Stewart, Pearman & Preston, 1994; Wigginton, 1999). The botanical expertise of CEH staff and David Pearman (BSBI) was used to validate the attribution of native and archaeophyte species to broad habitats. The full list of broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species is given in Annex 2 to this report.

6 Fig. 1. Coastal zonation for the UK. Red - coastal zone; Blue - Fig. 2. Biogeographic zones of the UK (Carey & Hill, 1997) subcoastal zone; Green - inland zone Models of expected species diversity

MODULE 2 - MODELS OF EXPECTED SPECIES DIVERSITY

2.1 Definition of local species pool

Species diversity in a 10-km square may be defined simply as the number of species that are present in the square. We shall assume that Type 1 errors (taxa erroneously recorded as present) are so much less frequent than Type 2 errors (taxa erroneously recorded as absent) that only Type 2 error need be considered. Therefore

Expected diversity = Σ P(species present) * P(recorded, if present) where the summation is taken over all species in the local species pool and P denotes the probability. The probability of recording depends on (a) the recording intensity for the square, (b) the general likelihood that a species will be found and (c) the idiosyncrasies of local recorders.

The local species pool may be defined as those species that are present in an area and from which the flora of a 10-km square may be assembled. We use biogeographic zones to define the local species pool; Northern Ireland is taken to be a single zone (Fig. 2; Carey et al., 1994; Carey & Hill, 1997). The list of species recorded for each zone since 1930 was derived from the New Atlas database. Initial analysis using vice- counties as zones proved unsuccessful as marked differences in recording intensity between vice-counties confounded models.

2.2 Categorization of taxa by likely completeness of recording

Some taxa such as the daisy Bellis perennis are easy to recognise; others such as black bent Agrostis gigantea are relatively difficult and often overlooked. However, if species are very rare, they are normally well recorded, even if like Iceland purslane Koenigia islandica they are exceedingly inconspicuous. Many of the taxa that are thought to be poorly recorded have already been noted as such in the species accounts that accompany each map in the New Atlas. Others are known to be poorly recorded because they are somewhat critical. Species noted in the New Atlas species accounts as likely to be under-recorded are given in Annex 2 and excluded from the main analyses.

2.3 Attributes of 10-km squares

The following attributes of 10-km squares were assembled: ƒ Percentage of square in each Broad Habitat (BH) type derived from CEH Land cover map 2000 (Haines-Young et al., 2000). A satellite-derived land cover map is not suitable for linear habitats (BH3) and rivers and streams (BH14) broad habitats. Broadleaved woodland (BH1) Coniferous woodland (BH2) Arable and horticulture (BH4) Neutral/calcareous grassland (BH6 + BH7) Acid grassland/bracken (BH8 + BH9) Dwarf shrub heath (BH10) Fen, marsh and swamp (BH11)

7 Models of expected species diversity

Bogs (BH12) Standing water/canals (BH13) Montane habitats (BH15) Inland rock (BH16) Built up areas, gardens (BH17) Sublittoral rock and sediment (BH18 + BH19) Littoral rock and sediment (BH20 + BH21) ƒ Coastal habitats (JNCC Coastal Habitats Directory), presence/absence Sand dune Shingle ƒ Climate (Climate Impacts baseline climatology; Hulme & Jenkins, 1998), average value at mean altitude January temperature July temperature Annual precipitation Annual potential evapotranspiration ƒ Topography (Ball, Radford & Williams, 1983; Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland), average value Mean altitude Altitudinal range ƒ Geology (Ball et al., 1983; Hill et al., 1991), presence/absence Peat, >50cm depth, in more than 1 km2 of a 10-km square Calcareous rocks ƒ Other Amount of land, percent of square

2.4 Basic analysis of well-recorded native species in squares with >30% land

2.4.1 Models of species richness A number of approaches were taken to model the number of native and archaeophyte plant species per 10-km square recorded since 1930.

Model 1. Total plant richness was estimated by a log-linear model (McCullagh & Nelder 1989) of the form:

 k  Expected(NTOT ) = expα + β x  (Model 1) i  ∑ j ij   j=1  where xij is the value of the jth explanatory variable for the ith 10-km square, and the number of plant species (NTOT) follows a Poisson distribution with variance proportional to mean.

Using this structure, the following models with different combinations of explanatory variables were fitted. Model 1a. Climatic variables Model 1b. Climatic and topographic variables Model 1c. All explanatory variables = climate, topography, habitat and geology

8 Models of expected species diversity

Model 2. Richness was estimated as a proportion of the local (biogeographic zone) species pool. Total plant richness was estimated by a logistic regression, of the form:

 k  expα + β x   ∑ j ij   NTOT  j =1 Expected i  =   (Model 2)  NZONE   k   i  1+ expα + β x   ∑ j ij   j =1  where xij is the value of the jth explanatory variable for the ith 10-km square, and the ratio of plant richness per square (NTOT) compared to the richness of the biogeographic zone (NZONE) follows a binomial distribution. The combinations of explanatory variables fitted using model 1 above were also fitted for model 2.

Model 3. Total plant richness was predicted by combining separate models of estimated plant richness for each broad habitat category. Species were categorized according to their BAP Broad Habitat type (Module 1, Annex 2) and the number of species characteristic of each type recorded per 10-km square was calculated (see Annex 3, Figs A1-A20). The plant richness of each Broad Habitat type h was estimated by a log-linear model of the form:

 k  Expected()NBH = expα + β x  hi  h ∑ hj ji   j =1  where xij is the value of the jth explanatory variable for the ith 10-km square, and the number of plant species for BH type h (NBHh) follows a Poisson distribution with variance proportional to mean.

The expected total number of species was then derived by summing across BAP Broad Habitat categories. Because many species have preference values for two or more Broad Habitats we used the following model to derive an empirical formula for combining estimates of individual BH richness to derive an estimate of total richness.

20 ()= α + β Expected NTOTi ∑ h NBH hi h=1 where NBHhi is the observed species richness of Broad Habitat category h for the ith 10-km square. α is a constant and βh is a coefficient estimated for Broad Habitat category h. These coefficients were used to combine estimates of Broad Habitat richness together using a similar model of the form,

20 ()= α + β ( Estimated NTOTi ∑ h NBHhi (Model 3) h=1 where ŇBHhi is the estimated species richness of Broad Habitat category h for the ith 10-km square. The coefficients βh are those calculated from model 3 above.

9 Models of expected species diversity

Model 4. The same approach as model 3, except richness of each Broad habitat types was estimated as a proportion of the local (biogeographic zone) species pool.

2.4.2 Local species pools Results using local species pools were generally little better than those obtained using a single species pool for the whole area (Table 1). There was a small advantage of model 2a over 1a, but there was no advantage of model 2b over 1b or 2c over 1c. Model 4 was less successful than model 3. For this reason, the idea of using the local species pool was abandoned and will not be considered further.

Table 1. Models of native and archaeophyte richness in 10-km squares.

Local Broad Explanatory variables R2 Model species habitat Climate Topography Habitat/geology (%) pool division 1a 9 65 1b 9 9 72 1c 9 9 9 76 2a 9 9 67 2b 9 9 9 72 2c 9 9 9 9 76 3 9 9 9 9 76 4 9 9 9 9 9 75

A 9 indicates a variable used in the specified model. R2 indicates the predictive success of the model.

2.5 Basic analysis for native species

2.5.1 Comparison of actual and predicted species richness in 10-km squares It is well known that for most taxonomic groups, regional biodiversity is determined primarily by climate (Whittaker & Field, 2000; Whittaker, Willis & Field, 2001). For bryophytes the north and west of Britain are more species-rich than the southeast (Hill & Domínguez Lozano, 1994). The reverse is true of vascular plants (Fig. 3a). Indeed, 65% of the variation found in Britain can be attributed to climatic factors (Table 1; Fig. 3c). Relative to the local climate, high diversity is apparent especially in Cumbria and southeast Scotland.

Apart from the relatively great richness of the middle of Britain, the pattern is clearly due to local factors. The Cairngorms, Breadalbanes, North Wales coast, Peak District and Dorset coast are relatively rich. The Thames estuary, East Anglian fens, lowland south Lancashire, Outer Hebrides, Wester Ross and Shetland are relatively poor.

It is generally recognized that areas with strong relief are more species-rich than flat areas. For example, the logarithm of topographic relief (difference between maximum and minimum elevation) is a valuable explanatory variable for the richness of woody plants in southern Africa (O'Brien, Field & Whittaker, 2000). When this variable was included as an explanatory variable for Britain, 72% of the variation was explained, i.e. an extra 7% of the total variation, amounting to 19% of the residual

10 Fig. 3a. Richness of native and archaeophyte species per 10-km square Fig. 3b. Error in prediction, model 1c. Red squares had more species than predicted by the model, blue squares fewer. The model used includes climatic, topographic and habitat/geology explanatory variables. R2 = 76%

Fig. 3c. Error in prediction, model 1a. Model Fig. 3d. Error in prediction, model 1b. Model Fig. 3e. Error in prediction, model 3. Model is includes climatic explanatory variables. R2 = includes climatic and topographic explanatory derived by combining separate models of 65% variables. R2 = 72% Broad Habitat Type species richness. R2 = 76%

Models of expected species diversity variation. Fenland and south Lancashire appears as less markedly poorer than predicted (but still poorer; Fig. 3d). In exchange, the flat area then appears to be richer than predicted. Nevertheless, the overall pattern of high and low predictions remains similar to the purely climatic prediction.

Including land cover and geological variables (Fig. 3b) increased the accuracy of the prediction by 4% of the total variation, i.e. an extra 14% of the residual variation. Again, many of the same patterns persist, though they are progressively less extreme. Skye and Mull are added to the relatively rich areas.

Finally, when species richness is estimated separately for each Broad Habitat and the estimates subsequently combined, 76% of the total variation was explained (Fig. 3e), ie this model contributes no extra explanation. Cumbria and southeast Scotland remain relatively rich, as do Lough Neagh, Skye, Mull and Morvern. Individual hotspots such as Wareham, Snowdon, Arnside, Inchnadamph and the Antrim coast are apparent. South Lancashire, Buchan, Lewis, Northamptonshire and the Thames estuary remain obstinately low in species. It is also clear that the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic was relatively low in species. Botanists were undoubtedly put off because, in the late 20th century, the border remained an area where visitors were unwelcome.

2.5.2 Prediction of numbers of species characteristic of Broad Habitats Repetition of analyses 1c and 2c for each Broad Habitat showed markedly differing success in predicting how many species are present (Table 2; maps in Annex3).

Table 2. Models of native and archaeophyte richness for Broad Habitat types.

R2 (%) Broad habitat type UK species pool Local species pool (model 3) (model 4) 1 Broadleaved wood 74 73 2 Coniferous woodland 53 49 3 Linear habitats 88 89 4 Arable 87 88 5 Improved grassland 80 80 6 Neutral grassland 81 81 7 Calcareous grassland 65 64 8 Acid grassland 34 34 9 Bracken 41 41 10 Dwarf shrub heath 47 47 11 Fen, marsh and swamp 52 48 12 Bogs 73 73 13 Standing water/canals 65 63 14 Rivers and streams 73 71 15 Montane habitats 87 84 16 Inland rock 48 45 17 Built-up areas and gardens 87 88 18 Supra-littoral rocks 78 78 19 Supra-littoral sediment 76 77 21 Littoral sediment 81 81

11 Models of expected species diversity

Perhaps surprisingly, the best prediction was for BH4, linear and boundary features. It is apparent from the maps that species characteristic of BH4 had a general distribution very similar to those of BH3, arable and horticultural. The highest concentration was south of the Humber-Severn line, with only Worcestershire showing a marked concentration to the north of this. BH17, built-up areas and gardens was also well predicted, and its species have a similar composite distribution map. At the other climatic extreme, species of BH15, montane habitats, were also well predicted, with the main concentration in the Scottish Highlands.

The worst-predicted Broad Habitats were BH8 acid grassland, BH9 bracken, BH10 dwarf shrub heath, BH16 inland rock, BH11 fen marsh and swamp, and BH2 coniferous woodland. In fact, the actual distribution of acid-grassland species has unexpected concentrations in southern England. The group consists of a mixture of common moorland plants and southern plants of dry acid soils. The species characteristic of bracken habitats were few and also rather heterogeneous. Heathland species, characteristic of BH10, on the other hand, are a less disparate group, but the areas with a high proportion of dwarf shrub heath species were also a rather heterogeneous mixture, with big concentrations in southern England, north Wales, Cumbria and north central Scotland. It was not to be expected that BH16, including cliffs, screes and quarries would be well predicted; the flora of quarries in southern England has little in common with that of screes in Scotland. Likewise, BH11, including moorland flushes, lowland swamps and tall-herb fens, has a disparate flora. The species characteristic of BH2, coniferous woodland, are few, and the great majority occur in other habitats.

2.6 Variation in coverage attributable to difficult species

2.6.1 Models of coverage The ratio of number of less-well-recorded to well-recorded native and archaeophyte species was compared to totals of broad habitat totals of well-recorded species. Specifically the following model was applied,

20 ()= + β Expected NUNDi / NTOTi VC ∑ h NBH hi (Model 5) h=1 where NBHhi is the observed species richness of Broad Habitat category h for the ith 10km square. βh is a coefficient estimated for Broad Habitat category h. The vice- county effect, VC, is included because some vice-counties will have had recorders who take good account of even the less-well-recorded species and others will have been less well recorded for these. In most regions there will be some vice-counties that are well recorded for most of the less-well-recorded species. The vice-county effects can be used to estimate the loss of coverage in other vice-counties whose recorders may not have been so thorough. The VC effect allows vice-counties to be ranked by how well they have recorded less-well-recorded species and are coloured accordingly in Figure 4b with red representing relatively well-recorded and blue poorly-recorded vice-counties.

12 Fig. 4a. Mean ratio of under-recorded to well-recorded native Fig. 4b. Vice-county effect for under-recorded species and archaeophyte species per 10-km square by vice-county according to model 5 Fig. 5a. Mean number of neophyte species per 10-km square by Fig. 5b. Mean neophyte/native and archaeophyte ratio per 10-km vice-county square per vice-county.

Fig. 6a. Total number of species in relation to land area Fig. 6b. Number of non-coastal species in relation to land area

2.0 1.5

1.5 1.0 1.0

0.5

/ predicted total 0.5

/ predicted non-coastal 0.0 0.0 0 255075100 0 255075100

Land Land

Fig 6c. Number of coastal species in relation to land area Fig 6d. The contribution of coastal and non-coastal species to total richness in relation to land area 0.15 1.00

coastal + non-coastal species 0.75 0.10

0.50

0.05 0.25 total / predicted total coastal / predicted coastal species 0.00 0.00

0 255075100 0 25 50 75 100 Land Land

Mean number of native and archaeophyte species per 10-km square by vice counties, recorded during three periods Fig. 7a. 1930 - 1969 Fig. 7b. 1970 - 1986 Fig. 7c. 1987 - 1999

Mean number of native and archaeophyte species in these periods as a proportion of the total over all years since 1930 Fig. 7d. 1930-69 / 1930 onwards Fig. 7e. 1970-86 / 1930 onwards Fig. 7f. 1987 onwards / 1930 onwards

Models of expected species diversity

2.6.2 Results The differential pattern of recording (Fig. 4a,b) giving the ratio of under-recorded to well-recorded vice-counties, is not easy to interpret. It is clear that there are relatively more under-recorded species in the north and west of Britain. It is also clear that some vice-counties such as Dorset, Anglesey, Westmorland, Fife and Moray have had relatively high attention to difficult species. Likewise, North Devon, Northamptonshire, Denbighshire, Ayrshire, North Aberdeenshire and Northern Ireland had apparently lower attention to this group. But the detailed picture is hard to interpret, especially such contradictory results as those for West Sussex, which appears to have a low proportion of difficult species on one map, but a high vice- county effect on the other.

2.7 Variation in coverage attributable to neophytes

2.7.1 Models of neophyte recording The ratio of neophyte to well-recorded native and archaeophyte species was compared to totals of broad habitat totals of well-recorded species. Specifically the following model was applied,

20 ()= + β Expected NNEOi / NTOTi VC ∑ h NBH hi Model 6 h=1 where NBHhi is the observed species richness of Broad Habitat category h for the ith 10km square. βh is a coefficient estimated for Broad Habitat category h, VC is a coefficient of the vice-county effect.

2.7.2 Results The model applied to predict neophyte richness and assess a vice-county effect proved difficult to interpret. A more direct assessment of neophyte recording related to vice- counties is shown in Fig. 5. Broadly speaking, the size of the alien flora depends on climate, especially summer warmth, and possibly on the amount of urban land. This can be seen clearly enough in Fig. 5a, where the south has more neophytes than the north. Any effect of urbanization is less obvious. Indeed, when the values are plotted as a ratio (Fig. 5b), the relatively rural areas of Somerset, Dorset and the Isle of Man show high proportions of neophytes, as well as the more predictable Home Counties and Midlothian. In the case of Dorset and Wiltshire, this result is clearly one of recording, with great attention having been paid to garden escapes by the late Humphry Bowen (Bowen, 2000) and Paul and Ian Green (Green et al., 1997).

2.8 Coastal, aquatic and urban species

Broad results for these groups are given in Section 5. All three groups are concentrated in the lowlands. Coastal species are considered further in Section 2.10.

2.9 Estimating coverage in boundary squares

There were no boundary squares, as species pools were selected for biogeographic zones, not vice-counties. The biogeographic zones were defined as sets of 10-km squares. Moreover, analysis using local species pools proved not to be any better than that using the national pool and was therefore not pursued.

13 Models of expected species diversity

2.10 Estimating coverage in squares with little land

To examine the relation between species number and proportion of land, we applied the results of Model 1c to all coastal squares, treating them as if they were entirely land. Specifically, the cover of sea was ignored and that of terrestrial landcover classes was multiplied up by 1/(1- proportion of sea) to make up 100% of the square. Observed numbers could then be expressed as a proportion of expected and related to the proportion of land in the square.

For this purpose, species were divided into inland and coastal plants. Let NTOTi = total number of species in square i NCOASTi = number of coastal species in square i NLANDi = number of non-coastal species in square By definition NTOTi = NCOASTi + NLANDi Let Ei = predicted value of NTOTi using Model 1c Define, the proportions of coastal and inland plants PTOTi = NTOTi / Ei PCOASTi = NCOASTi / Ei PLANDi = NLANDi / Ei

The proportions PTOTi, PCOASTi and PLANDi vary rather little in relation to land area (Fig. 6). In squares with very little land, PTOTi is about 0.75, compared to 1.00 in squares with nearly 100% land. In squares with nearly 100% land, coastal species make up about 5% of the total species complement. As the amount of sea increases, this rises to 7%, only falling again when there is less than 30% land. By contrast, PLANDi, the proportion of inland species, falls continuously from 95% in squares with little sea to 70% in squares with little land. If we interpret this fall as an Arrhenius (species-area) relation

z PLANDi = constant x (proportion of land) then z=0.103.

2.11 Synthesis of coverage by date class and vice-county

Recording of vice-counties has been uneven over time. In two of the time periods used to map records in the New Atlas, 1930-69 and 1987-99, there were Atlas surveys which attempted to obtain comprehensive coverage of the UK. By contrast, in the 1970-86 period there was no such survey. However, in some counties there were individual Flora projects during this period, and these will have been very well- covered in the 1970-86 period. Although in theory there was no need for vice-county recorders to submit records of species recorded in 1970-86 if there was a later record from the square, in practice some counties submitted all their records and others began their contribution to the project by sending all their 1970-86 records. Furthermore, it was agreed at the start of the project that it might be impossible to obtain comprehensive coverage of some counties in northern Scotland from 1987 onwards, and these would have to settle for good coverage from 1970 onwards.

14 Models of expected species diversity

In view of this recording history, it is interesting to examine the mean number of species recorded per 10-km square in each of the three date classes (Fig. 7a-7c) and the proportion of species recorded in the square since 1930 which have been recorded in each time period (Fig. 7d-7f).

In the period up to 1969, all vice-counties were moderately well recorded (Fig. 7), achieving on average at least 50% of the total post-1930 flora. In the second period, 1970-1986, there was relatively little extensive recording in most vice-counties, the main exceptions being Bedfordshire, Radnorshire, Denbighshire, Durham and Caithness. There were Flora projects in Bedfordshire, Radnorshire and Durham during this period, much recording in Denbighshire and Caithness was one of the few Scottish counties where it proved impractical to attempt a comprehensive survey from 1987 onwards. The third period, that of the New Atlas, had generally better recording than that for the first Atlas. The main exceptions are Caithness and Easterness, and in lesser degree West Kent, East Sussex, Suffolk and Northumberland. The number of species recorded per 10-km square in Middlesex was also lower during the New Atlas period, but this may well be because of progressive habitat deterioration (Preston, 2000) rather than less intensive recording. This may, of course, be at least partly responsible for the failure to record species in many other vice-counties.

15 Models of expected species diversity

16 Analysing change in the UK

MODULE 3 - ANALYSING CHANGE IN THE UK AND ITS COMPONENT COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

3.1 Introduction

The New Atlas dataset has been used to analyse change in the British flora between 1930-69 and 1987-99 (Preston, Pearman & Dines (2002), Chapter 7). A ‘change index’ was derived for each species recorded in five or more 10-km squares in the 1962 Atlas, estimating the extent to which its range had changed relative to the average change in the group as a whole (Telfer, Preston & Rothery, 2002). The change index was used to identify the most and least successful species, and to examine change in suites of species with different histories in Britain (natives, archaeophytes and neophytes), different phytogeographical affinities (as measured by floristic elements) and different ecological attributes (plant height and requirements for light, moisture, pH and nutrients). Ecological attributes can be used as surrogates to help identify important drivers in the countryside: Ellenberg N values for the effects of eutrophication, Ellenberg R values for the effects of acidification, the height of species for grazing pressure etc.

The New Atlas did not include an analysis of change for species of different habitats. We used the habitat classification developed in Module 1 to analyse the change experienced by suites of species characteristic of different habitats (Stage 1).

The analysis of change in the range of species was then applied individually to the component countries and regions of the UK (Stage 2).

Species’ mobility has received remarkably little study, but is a significant attribute to consider when developing a conservation strategy. A species might show little change in range size if it has remained in the same 10-km squares in both survey periods, or if it has been lost from all the squares in which it was recorded in 1930-69 but colonised a similar number of new squares. We therefore used the database to obtain a quantitative measure of the persistence of species in their existing squares and the extent to which they have colonised new squares (Stage 3).

Decline is now an important criteria in the designation of conservation status. Stage 4 analyses change of species in relation to their commonness/rarity and their conservation status. Both the Change Index and the Dynamism Index developed in Stage 3 have been applied. Data on the UK BAP Priority Species are tabulated.

The spatial patterns of change in the British flora have been analysed in Stage 5 using information at 10-km square resolution on extinctions and colonisations of plants.

The analyses were conducted for the species analysed by Preston, Pearman & Dines (2002, Chapter 7), viz. native species, archaeophytes and neophytes recorded from 5 or more 10-km squares in the 1930-69 period and mapped in the 1962 Atlas. The results for these three categories will be analysed and discussed separately.

3.2 Analysis of change in Britain in relation to habitat (Stage 1)

17 Analysing change in the UK

The habitat preference data generated by Module 1 was used to examine patterns of change in suites of species characteristic of different BAP Broad Habitat types. In the final stages of this project (as reported in Module 1), the use of preference scores in the habitat data was dropped. However, their use has been retained in this module. Only native and archaeophyte species were included. For the purposes of this analysis only habitat associations for which a species had a preference score of 2, 3 or 4 were considered. By this definition, the species richness of each Broad Habitat varied from 0 (Littoral Rock) to 357 (Linear and boundary features) (Fig. 8).

400 350 300 250 200 150 100

Number of species 50 0

n g s ls d d nd ath a ms res ke la Bo ock en lan c d - a ss odlan atu 12 diment al R b he diment o -Br oo e rassland gard habitats e strea d swamp tor d e ru rticulturalgra 9 s w g t h and cano l nd ral S d s r ral S an ary fe o ci ali itt -A utra itto 16-Inland Rockund roved grassland 8 eas an and h e l d yew w p niferou r e N a ivers a o l R an marsh 21-L 8-Supr 15-Montan0-Dwarf b 6- upr d bo 5-Im -C 1 1 ra n, 2 S 14- xed nding wateA 7-Calcareous grasslandi -Fe an ta 4- 19- S 11 ear 3- in 1 ved, m -L 17-Built-up a 3 adlea ro B 1-

Fig. 8: Species richness of each of the 21 BAP Broad Habitat types. A species is defined as occurring in the habitat if it has a preference score of 2 or greater.

To estimate change in the suite of plants associated with each Broad Habitat, three statistics were calculated:

(1) mean Change Index. (2) mean weighted Change Index. The change index (CI) of each plant was weighted by multiplying it by its preference score. Thus for each habitat: n × ∑(CIi preference_ scorei ) mean weighted Change Index = i=1 n where n plants occur in the habitat. (3) mean weighted Change Index normalised for preference score (see Table 3 for further explanation).

The mean weighted Change Index would provide a more accurate estimate of change in a habitat if the preference scores were ratio values. Thus a species with a score of 4 is treated here as being twice as strongly associated with that habitat than a species

18 Analysing change in the UK with a score of 2, but this may not accurately reflect reality. To address that problem, we also calculated a mean unweighted Change Index for each habitat.

Habitats vary in the degree to which they contain specialist plants and thus habitats with a higher average preference score are likely to have more extreme values of mean weighted Change Index. It was to address this problem that the mean weighted Change Indices for each habitat were normalised for preference score.

19 Analysing change in the UK

Table 3: The number of species with a preference score of 2, 3 or 4 in each BAP Broad Habitat, with their mean unweighted and weighted Change Indices. The mean preference score x for each habitat has been used to derive the normalising factor as x / x. The normalised mean weighted Change Index is then the product of the mean weighted Change Index and the normalising factor.

BAP Broad Habitat No. of species Mean Mean Mean Normalising Normalised unweighted weighted preference factor mean Change Index Change Index score (x) weighted Change Index 1-Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland 254 0.06 0.31 3.41 0.90 0.28 2-Coniferous woodland 44 -0.10 -0.20 2.66 1.15 -0.23 3-Linear and boundary features 357 -0.05 -0.10 3.33 0.92 -0.09 4-Arable and horticultural 163 -0.50 -1.96 3.48 0.88 -1.73 5-Improved grassland 36 0.14 0.58 2.72 1.12 0.65 6-Neutral grassland 209 -0.04 -0.02 2.98 1.03 -0.02 7-Calcareous grassland 231 -0.34 -1.13 3.27 0.94 -1.06 8-Acid grassland 92 -0.30 -0.96 3.13 0.98 -0.94 9-Bracken 35 -0.05 -0.15 2.34 1.31 -0.19 10-Dwarf shrub heath 121 -0.43 -1.32 2.85 1.07 -1.42 11-Fen, marsh and swamp 274 0.00 -0.03 3.42 0.89 -0.03 12-Bog 56 -0.32 -0.99 3.09 0.99 -0.98 13-Standing water and canals 139 0.18 0.67 3.57 0.86 0.58 14-Rivers and streams 249 0.11 0.33 2.70 1.13 0.37 15-Montane habitats 112 -0.31 -1.07 3.50 0.87 -0.94 16-Inland Rock 273 -0.09 -0.25 3.29 0.93 -0.23 17-Built-up areas and gardens 99 0.21 0.74 3.24 0.94 0.69 18-Supralittoral Rock 98 -0.02 0.03 2.53 1.21 0.04 19-Supralittoral Sediment 217 -0.14 -0.43 2.50 1.22 -0.52 20-Littoral Rock 0 - - - - - 21-Littoral Sediment 74 0.15 0.19 3.18 0.96 0.18 Mean ( x ): 3.06

20 Analysing change in the UK

For comparison, all three statistics have been plotted together (Fig. 9). This comparison illustrates that the method used has relatively little effect on the relative results.

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 Unweighted Weighted

mean Change Index -2.0 Normalised weighted -2.5

t al th d nt p d k d s s r nd e nd n tu a lan en am nals a l ea lan im dland tures am Roc m e u ss o a ss l i odlan ic b h 12-Bog a ed d Rock sw a d o ca t u n -Bracken d ra str or r gr a wo 9 y fe g tor h h s grassl nl r l nd and s u id ral S -I an ra r rf c ous nda t s a te nd a eo A itto 16 r u sh pralit yew wr a a w r 8- l ar u d e e ra iv w reas and garde l lca bo m -Neu -S an R mproveda grassl 0-D a 15-Montane habitats d , 6 8 21-Littoral Se- I 1 C 1 4 5- Arab 2-Conife xed 1 nding - 7- 9-Sup Fen a 4 1 1- ear an1 St in d, mi - -Built-up -L ve 13 3 17 adlea o 1-Br

Fig. 9: Mean Change Index of each Broad Habitat (excluding Littoral Rock which has no associated plants) calculated by three different methods. The habitats are arranged from the greatest declines on the left to the greatest increases on the right, calculated by the normalised weighted method.

The normalised weighted approach was preferred and this statistic has been used in subsequent analyses.

Species which survive in a wide range of habitats should tend to show more positive Change Indices as they are buffered against losses associated with any one habitat, and are able to respond to positive changes across a broad range of habitats. We defined habitat breadth as the number of BAP Broad Habitat types for which a species has a preference score of 2 or more. The relationship between habitat breadth and Change Index (Fig. 10) is actually quite flat, although it dips slightly for species occurring in only one or two habitat types. It would be unwise to read too much into this rather surprising result, as the number of Broad Habitats types in which a species occurs may not be an adequate measure of habitat breadth. The Broad Habitats are themselves broad, so that some species confined to a single Broad Habitat may nevertheless have a broad habitat range. Secondly, the attribution of species to Broad Habitat types in Annex 2 probably under-estimates the habitat breadth of species which occur in numerous Broad Habitats but do not show marked preferences for particular Broad Habitat types.

21 Analysing change in the UK

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Change Index -2

-3

-4

-5

-6 012345678 Habitat breadth

Fig. 10: Plot of Change Index against habitat breadth, with a 6th order polynomial curve fitted to show the trend in the mean.

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 Natives -2.5 Archaeophytes -3

s k p d t en ltural land land oc land am lan land heath s s w s dens icu eaturess as ss t ub 12-Bog ras nd R f ediment gar g a wood -Brack toral RockS woodland gra hor 9 and and canals nd shr ane habita ral gr and streams d f h ew ter e a ont ous rs y a s Normalised mean weighted Change Index and 16-Inl eut M 8-Acid er a Littoral Dwar boundarym -N 6 and mprov area rable 15- nd 18-Supralit21- p 10- Calcareous gras Conif ed 5-I -u 7- 2- a Fen, ix 14-Rivers lt 4-A 19-Supralittoral Sediment m 11- , Linear 13-Standing w 3- 17-Bui

roadleaved B 1-

Fig. 11: Normalised mean weighted Change Indices calculated separately for the Natives and Archaeophytes occurring in each habitat. The sequence of habitats from left to right is the same as in Fig. 9.

The responses of native and archaeophyte plants from each habitat were examined separately. Natives and archaeophytes from the same habitat have sometimes shown

22 Analysing change in the UK very different responses (Fig. 11; Table 4). In interpreting Fig. 11, it is important to note that there are often very few archaeophytes in a habitat category.

Table 4: Normalised mean weighted Change Indices for native and archaeophyte species from each habitat, and number of species from each status category associated with each habitat.

BAP Broad Habitat Number of Number of Normalised Normalised native species archaeophyte mean mean species weighted weighted Change Index: Change Index: Natives Archaeophytes

1-Broadleaved, mixed and yew 243 11 0.23 1.41 woodland 2-Coniferous woodland 43 1 -0.20 -1.46 3-Linear and boundary features 251 106 0.08 -0.49 4-Arable and horticultural 66 97 -0.54 -2.54 5-Improved grassland 26 10 1.22 -0.84 6-Neutral grassland 196 13 0.06 -1.22 7-Calcareous grassland 226 5 -1.04 -1.66 8-Acid grassland 92 0 -0.94 0.00 9-Bracken 35 0 -0.19 0.00 10-Dwarf shrub heath 121 0 -1.42 0.00 11-Fen, marsh and swamp 271 3 -0.04 0.82 12-Bog 56 0 -0.98 0.00 13-Standing water and canals 137 2 0.57 0.95 14-Rivers and streams 235 14 0.37 0.41 15-Montane habitats 112 0 -0.94 0.00 16-Inland Rock 257 16 -0.28 0.55 17-Built-up areas and gardens 42 57 1.14 0.36 18-Supralittoral Rock 91 7 0.13 -1.19 19-Supralittoral Sediment 205 12 -0.45 -1.83 21-Littoral Sediment 74 0 0.18 0.00

The national changes in the Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland, Arable and horticulture, Improved grassland, Neutral grassland, Calcareous grassland, Acid grassland, Dwarf shrub heath, Bog and Montane broad habitats are discussed following habitats are discussed in the context of their policy relevance in the booklet The changing flora of the UK (Preston, Telfer et al., 2002, pp. 17-22).

3.3 Analysis of change in countries and regions (Stage 2)

Previous analyses of the vascular plant dataset had analysed change in range size within Britain. Here, we shifted the focus to smaller scales: countries and regions.

The change index analysis was applied to four countries:

England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales

23 Analysing change in the UK

The change index analysis was also applied to 13 regions by subdividing England into 8 regions and Scotland into 3 (see also Fig. 12):

England: East Anglia England: East Midlands England: North England: NW England: SE+London England: SW England: W. Midlands England: Yorks. and Humbs. Northern Ireland Scotland: Eastern Arable Scotland: Highland Scotland: South Western Pasture Wales

Fig. 12: The 10-km squares comprising the 15 countries/regions to which the Change Index analysis was applied.

The 8 English regions correspond to the administrative statutory regions except that London was too small to stand alone as a region and was thus amalgamated with the

24 Analysing change in the UK

South-East region. Data were supplied by Defra. The 3 Scottish regions were generated for this contract by Chris Sydes of SNH by amalgamating SNH Natural Heritage Zones to form three regions which represent the three major landscape types in Scotland.

In generating the Change Index values for each country/region, it was necessary to determine the number of 10-km squares surveyed in both periods (1930-69 and 1987- 99), and these values are presented in Table 5, as well as the total number of 10-km squares for the country/region. Also tabulated are the numbers of species (or aggregates) from each region for which a Change Index was calculated. The criteria are that a species (or aggregate) must have been mapped in the 1962 Atlas, and must have been recorded in five or more of the region’s 10-km squares during 1930-69.

Table 5: Statistics relating to the countries and regions to which the Change Index analysis was applied. Note that the sequence of countries/regions used in this table (from north to south and west to east) has been used as a standard in this chapter of the report.

Country/ Region Abbreviation Size of Number of 10- No. of species region km squares for which a (no. of surveyed in regional 10-km both periods Change Index squares) was calculated

Scotland SCOT 11251067 1127 Scotland: Scotland: Highland SNHHG 675 644 923 Scotland: Scotland: Eastern Arable SNHEA 233 225 970 Scotland: Scotland: South Western Pasture SNHSW 199 196 831 Northern Ireland NI 188 180 648 England ENG 14951481 1441 England: North N 189 187 974 England: NW NW 87 87 900 England: Yorks. and Humbs. YH 168 165 956 Wales WALES 266262 1055 England: W. Midlands WM 142 142 922 England: East Midlands EM 162 162 982 England: East Anglia EA 142 142 1075 England: SW SW 291 288 1216 England: SE+London SE 306 304 1220

The Change Index values for each of the plants in each of the regions are presented in Annex 4. The 10% of species with the highest and lowest Change Indices are highlighted. The Change Index is a standardised residual and should be comparable between regions.

25 Analysing change in the UK

3.3.1 Regional change in relation to native/alien status At the UK scale, there is strong evidence for the relative success of neophytes and the decreasing range size of archaeophytes compared to native species (Preston, Telfer et al., 2002, pp. 15, 29-31). The change in plant range sizes for each country/region was analysed in relation to their native/alien status in Britain by calculating the means and standard errors of each of the four status categories (Fig. 13).

1

0.8

0.6 SCOT SNHHG SNHEA 0.4 SNHSW NI 0.2 ENG N 0 NW YH -0.2 WALES WM EM -0.4 EA Mean regional Change Index SW -0.6 SE

-0.8

-1 AN AR NA N

Fig. 13: Mean (and standard error) of regional Change Index of Neophytes (AN), Archaeophytes (AR), Native/Alien species (NA) and Natives (N) in each country/region.

With the exception of the small ‘Native/Alien’ category of species, plants of uncertain status which have less than 20 representatives in most areas, the results are reassuringly consistent. However, there is some minor but perhaps noteworthy variation between areas. Neophytes have been rather less successful in Scotland and Northern Ireland than elsewhere, whereas native species have fared slightly better in these areas and in N. England. Archaeophytes have done particularly badly in the Highland and Eastern Arable areas of Scotland, a result that can be compared to that for the species of the Arable and Horticultural Broad Habitat (Fig. 14).

3.3.2 Regional change in relation to Ellenberg values Ellenberg’s indicator values for British plants (Hill et al., 1999) score species in relation to five scales: Light (L), Nitrogen (N), Moisture (F), Salt (S) and pH (R). At the national scale, the Ellenberg indicator values have been useful for interpreting the causes of change. For L, N, F and S, where patterns exist, there is typically a linear relationship between Ellenberg value and Change Index, so linear regression analysis has been applied to examine the relationships between these Ellenberg values and regional Change Indices. Linear regression has also been applied to Ellenberg’s R, but in many cases the apparent pattern is that species of more acidic or more basic environments have declined, whereas species of more neutral environments have been stable or increasing, i.e. the response is not linear. To examine this more effectively,

26 Analysing change in the UK we have recoded R (Table 6) to give a measure of the difference of the R score from neutrality (R = 7). Note that Ellenberg’s R scores are skewed, with scores 1 to 6 covering the range of acidity indicators whereas only scores 8 and 9 cover the basic indicator species. This is reflected in the recoding system used. The regression statistics for this analysis are provided in Table 7.

Table 6: Recoding of Ellenberg’s R values to provide an index of the difference from neutral.

R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Difference of R 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 6 from neutral

High Ellenberg L values indicate plants of unshaded habitats. In many regions the species of shaded conditions have been more successful than those of unshaded sites, but there is no significant trend in S.E. England (surprisingly), N. and N.W. England and Highland Scotland, and in S.W. Scotland the trend is in the opposite direction.

High Ellenberg N values indicate species of fertile sites. The species with high values have done significantly better than those with low values in all areas except Highland Scotland, where the reverse relationship holds. The relative success of the species which benefit from high fertility has been particularly marked in England. The growing evidence that eutrophication is one of the main forces driving change in the flora of the UK is highlighted by Preston, Telfer et al. (2002, pp. 26-27).

High Ellenberg F values indicated plants of wet habitats. There is in general no significant linear relationship between Ellenberg F and Change Index, although plants with a high Ellenberg F value appear to have been more successful than those with a low value in Scotland and Northern Ireland. This does not reflect a real change, but is a result of very intensive specialist surveys of lakes in these two areas in the second recording period.

High Ellenberg S values indicate species which grow in saline conditions. In Wales and N. Ireland the salt-tolerant species have been relatively unsuccessful. By contrast, there are significant increases of halophytes in four English areas.

The analysis of Ellenberg R values shows a clear trend: species characteristic of very acidic and very basic conditions have been less successful than those which characteristically grow on circum-neutral soils. This is true in all areas except the Highlands of Scotland, although the relationship is not statistically significant in Northern Ireland (and in Scotland as a whole, where the Highland trend is in the opposite direction to that in the other two regions).

27 Analysing change in the UK

Table 7: Regression statistics between Ellenberg scores and regional Change Indices. Regression coefficients (Coef) with significance values (P) < 0.05 are highlighted in bold. For an explanation of L, N, M, S, R and ‘Difference of R from neutral’, see text.

Difference of R from L N F S R Neutral Coef P Coef PCoef P Coef P Coef P Coef P SCOT -0.0168 0.449 0.0302 0.049 0.1422 0.000 -0.0013 0.957 -0.0252 0.166 -0.0117 0.539 SNHHG 0.0226 0.375 -0.0482 0.006 0.1640 0.000 -0.0179 0.537 -0.0732 0.000 0.0572 0.007 SNHEA -0.0763 0.001 0.0593 0.000 0.0954 0.000 -0.0333 0.200 0.0203 0.313 -0.0724 0.000 SNHSW 0.0605 0.033 0.0902 0.000 0.1139 0.000 0.0190 0.543 0.0187 0.456 -0.0652 0.011 NI -0.1740 0.000 0.0534 0.013 0.0786 0.000 -0.1645 0.000 -0.0039 0.884 -0.0294 0.277 ENG -0.0421 0.014 0.0940 0.000 -0.0137 0.162 0.0207 0.271 0.0456 0.002 -0.0850 0.000 N -0.0064 0.794 0.1286 0.000 0.0007 0.961 0.0985 0.000 0.0537 0.009 -0.0968 0.000 NW -0.0388 0.131 0.0851 0.000 -0.0815 0.000 0.0142 0.621 0.0983 0.000 -0.1174 0.000 YH -0.0591 0.014 0.0880 0.000 0.0003 0.983 0.0096 0.750 0.0348 0.106 -0.0803 0.000 WALES -0.0780 0.001 0.0548 0.001 -0.0076 0.569 -0.0573 0.021 -0.0045 0.825 -0.0643 0.002 WM -0.0817 0.003 0.1556 0.000 0.0057 0.705 0.2282 0.000 0.0770 0.002 -0.1188 0.000 EM -0.0522 0.031 0.1230 0.000 -0.0001 0.992 0.0944 0.001 0.0389 0.077 -0.0765 0.001 EA -0.1201 0.000 0.1391 0.000 -0.0061 0.634 0.0010 0.966 0.0635 0.004 -0.1351 0.000 SW -0.0528 0.007 0.1023 0.000 -0.0087 0.441 0.0227 0.271 0.0556 0.001 -0.1006 0.000 SE -0.0042 0.839 0.1210 0.000 -0.0168 0.149 0.0774 0.000 0.0731 0.000 -0.1098 0.000

28 Analysing change in the UK

3.3.3 Regional change in relation to plant maximum height Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between plant maximum height (log transformed) and regional Change Indices (Table 8).

Table 8: Linear regression coefficients for the relationship between regional Change Index and plant maximum height (log transformed) for each of the 15 countries/regions.

Country/ Region Regression coefficient between regional Change Index and log (typical max. height (cm))

Scotland 0.162 Scotland: Scotland: Highland -0.0313 Scotland: Scotland: Eastern Arable 0.235 Scotland: Scotland: South Western Pasture 0.155 Northern Ireland 0.235 England 0.31 England: North 0.265 England: NW 0.314 England: Yorks. and Humbs. 0.457 Wales 0.245 England: W. Midlands 0.582 England: East Midlands 0.442 England: East Anglia 0.564 England: SW 0.337 England: SE+London 0.28

This suggests that tall plants have been more successful than short plants in all areas except Highland Scotland. For a consideration of the complex reasons which may underlie this change, see Preston, Telfer et al. (2002, p. 28).

3.3.4 Regional change in relation to biogeographic element The biogeographic elements of vascular plants (Preston & Hill, 1997) are composed of a Major Biome Category (MBC) indicating the species’ distribution across latitudes, and an Eastern Limit Category indicating the distribution across longitudes. Following the approach used to elucidate changes in the British flora, here we consider four groupings of plants based on their Major Biome Categories:

Northern Comprising Arctic-montane (MBC 1), Boreo-arctic Montane (MBC 2) and Boreal (MBC 4) species. Widespread Comprising Wide-boreal (MBC 3) and Wide-temperate (MBC 6) species. Temperate Comprising Boreo-temperate (MBC 5) , Temperate (MBC 7) and Southern-temperate (MBC 8) species. Mediterranean Comprising Mediterranean-Atlantic, Submediterranean-Subatlantic and Mediterranean-montane (MBC 9) species.

29 Analysing change in the UK

Table 9: Mean and standard error (SE Mean) of regional Change Index and sample size (N) for Northern (North), Widespread (Wide), Temperate (Temp) and Mediterranean (Med) species in each of the 15 countries/regions.

North North North Wide Wide Wide Temp Temp Temp Med Med Med N Mean SE Mean N Mean SE Mean N Mean SE Mean N Mean SE Mean SCOT 157 -0.069 0.05550 0.223 0.163 639 0.055 0.034 31 0.054 0.108 SNHHG 150 0.150 0.059 50 0.155 0.159 547 0.043 0.039 16 0.031 0.120 SNHEA 80 -0.024 0.089 48 0.125 0.116 590 0.031 0.033 20 0.118 0.183 SNHSW 66 -0.146 0.106 48 0.407 0.174 549 0.009 0.040 16 -0.128 0.310 NI 37 -0.214 0.17544 0.161 0.141 476 0.025 0.042 14 0.012 0.185 ENG 98 0.024 0.067 51 0.057 0.150 848 -0.104 0.025 88 0.045 0.087 N 87 -0.116 0.07548 0.335 0.167 632 0.015 0.035 27 0.266 0.152 NW 27 -0.529 0.12848 -0.129 0.166 600 -0.048 0.035 28 0.173 0.157 YH 44 -0.225 0.11045 0.041 0.137 646 -0.091 0.033 29 -0.261 0.177 WALES 49 -0.286 0.098 48 0.122 0.179 690 -0.060 0.032 48 -0.077 0.115 WM 18 -0.514 0.13938 0.149 0.210 615 -0.089 0.035 27 -0.011 0.152 EM 22 -0.234 0.13245 0.108 0.153 650 -0.0984 0.032 31 0.067 0.162 EA 14 -0.820 0.27847 -0.460 0.111 700 -0.071 0.032 57 -0.052 0.122 SW 22 -0.199 0.14450 0.111 0.127 755 -0.080 0.028 78 0.067 0.077 SE 15 -0.111 0.14251 0.138 0.159 763 -0.097 0.029 75 0.134 0.082

30 Analysing change in the UK

The national pattern of change in relation to biogeographical element is illustrated and discussed in The changing flora of the UK (Preston, Telfer et al., 2002, pp. 23-25). The results of the regional analysis are presented in Table 9. These show that the Northern species have been less successful than others in almost all areas. The only exception is England as a whole (although they show a decline in all the individual English regions) and in Highland Scotland. The Temperate species show an average Change Index close to zero in all regions, not surprisingly as these are a very large group of species which dominate the flora of all the areas studied. Widespread species have done relatively well in almost all areas. Although Mediterranean species have done well in Britain as a whole, the trends in individual areas are difficult to interpret.

3.3.5 Regional change in relation to BAP Broad Habitats The ‘mean regional Change Index, weighted by preference score’ (hereafter ‘mean CI’) was calculated for each of the 21 BAP Broad Habitats in each of the 15 countries/regions. The results are presented graphically in Fig. 14, spread over four pages.

Results for four of the five habitats with species which have suffered the greatest relative decline, Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland and Montane habitats, are consistent across all the study areas. Bog species have suffered a marked decline in all areas except Highland Scotland and Scotland as a whole, a result perhaps influenced by the much improved recording of aquatic plants in these areas in the 1987-99 period. These are also the two areas where Acid grassland plants do not show a decline, but in this case the result is more likely to be a real reflection of the large areas of this habitat in Highland Scotland. Species of Linear and boundary features and Built-up areas and gardens have declined in Scotland but done well in other parts of Britain and in Northern Ireland; the difference in the performance of these species in Scotland is striking but has no very obvious explanation. Species of Fen, marsh and swamp, Rivers and streams and Standing water and canals show a very marked increase in Scotland and Northern Ireland compared to all other areas, a reflection of the very intensive surveys of standing waters in these areas carried out by the NCC/SNH Scottish Loch Survey and the N.I. Lake Survey. Improved grassland is the only habitat for which species show a positive mean CI in all areas.

Fig. 14 (presented on the following four pages): Mean regional Change Index, (weighted by preference score) for plants in each of the 20 BAP Broad Habitats which support vascular plants, for each of the 15 countries/regions. The Broad Habitats are arranged in ascending order of their mean British Change Index (weighted by preference score), thus the first page presents from left to right the data for the five Broad Habitats which have shown the greatest British declines, and so on.

31 Analysing change in the UK Fig. 14

2.5

1.5 SCOT SNHHG SNHEA 0.5 SNHSW NI ENG N -0.5 NW YH WALES WM -1.5 EM EA SW -2.5 SE Mean regional Change Index, weighted by preference score Mean regional Change -3.5 Arable and Dwarf shrub heath Calcareous Bog Montane habitats horticultural grassland

32 Analysing change in the UK Fig. 14

2

SCOT 1 SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI 0 ENG N NW YH -1 WALES WM EM EA SW -2 SE Mean regional Change Index, weighted by preference score Mean regional Change Index,

-3 Acid grassland Supralittoral Inland rock Coniferous woodland Bracken sediment

33 Analysing change in the UK Fig. 14

3.5

2.5 SCOT SNHHG 1.5 SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG 0.5 N NW YH -0.5 WALES WM EM -1.5 EA SW SE -2.5 Mean regional Change Index, weighted by preference score Mean regional Change Index,

-3.5 Linear and boundary Fen, marsh and Neutral grassland Supralittoral rock Littoral sediment features swamp

34 Analysing change in the UK Fig. 14

4

SCOT 3 SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI 2 ENG N NW 1 YH WALES WM 0 EM EA SW SE -1 Mean regional Change Index, weighted by preference score Mean regional Change Index,

-2 Broadleaved, mixed Rivers and streams Standing water and Improved grassland Built-up areas and and yew woodland canals gardens

35 Analysing change in the UK

3.3.6 Synopsis of trends in countries and regions

Scotland In Scotland the relative success of neophytes has been only moderate compared with other areas, but the archaeophytes show a very marked decline.

Species characteristic of fertile habitats have been relatively successful, compared with those of nutrient-poor conditions. In Scotland as a whole there has been no marked decline of northern species, a contrast to the situation in most of the other areas of the U.K.

Species of Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland, Montane habitats, Supralittoral sediment, Linear and boundary features and Built-up areas and gardens broad habitats have all declined. The decline of species of Built-up areas and gardens in Highland and Eastern Scotland, and thus in Scotland as a whole, is in marked contrast to the increase of these species in Northern Ireland, Wales and all regions of England. A number of changes may have contributed to this decline (we are indebted to M. E. Braithwaite for these hypotheses):

• Urban species are often species of arable habitats. In the absence of urban habitats in many 10-km squares in Scotland, the species of Built-up areas and gardens may be more dependent on the arable habitat, which has been in decline, especially in the north and west. • In the absence of urban habitats in many 10-km squares in Scotland, the species of Built-up areas and gardens may have been dependent on farmsteads and similar isolated settlements. In many rural areas the human population has been falling, and isolated farms and houses have been abandoned. • The ‘Beeching effect’ – Scotland has lost railway lines and on those that remain stations have been closed and the tracks are more effectively weeded with herbicides. This may have had a disproportionate effect in a country where there is less strictly urban habitat than elsewhere. • Vegetable gardens – the traditional ‘tattie patch’ – were formerly frequently enountered, especially on by farmsteads. They are now much less frequent.

The contribution, if any, of these changes to the decline of this group of species requires further research. Some of the above trends would also be expected to have had an effect in Wales, and the difference between the performance of urban species in these two countries is rather surprising.

The species of Acid grassland, Neutral grassland, Supralittoral rock and Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland have a mean change index just above zero, and those of Improved grassland have a more pronounced relative success.

The very thorough survey of freshwater habitats in Scotland by the Scottish Loch Survey has resulted in very improved coverage of wetland species in the 1987-1999 date period, and this has led to a misleading appearance of increase in plants with high Ellenberg F scores and those attributed to the Bog, Fen, marsh and swamp, Rivers and streams and Standing water and canals broad habitats. It is therefore impossible to obtain a reliable comparison of the relative success of these species with those of

36 Analysing change in the UK species characteristic of other habitats, but an investigation of trends within the wetland species group would be worthwhile.

The following paragraphs summarise the more distinctive features of the three Scottish regions.

Scotland: Highland There are several unique features of this region in the U.K. context: there is no significant increase in species of nutrient-rich habitats, no relative decline of species characteristic of high and low pH rather than circum-neutral substrates, and no indication that short species have performed less well than taller plants. Northern species have done relatively well in Highland Scotland, unlike Northern Ireland, Wales and all the regions of England. Although the performance of species ascribed to most of the Broad habitats in the Highlands is similar to that in Scotland as a whole, plants characteristically found in Dwarf shrub heath and Montane habitats show a less marked decline than in any other area of the U.K., and the increase of plants of Improved grassland is very slight.

These features of the Highland area suggest that the pressures of eutrophication and agricultural improvement have had less effect here than elsewhere in the U.K.

Scotland: Eastern arable The trends in this region are similar to those in Scotland as a whole, with only a few notable differences. There is a significant decline of species of open habitats and of substrates with more extreme pH values, as well as nutrient-poor conditions (only the last is statistically significant in Scotland as a whole). There is also a marked decline of species of Bog habitats, which, in view of the inclusion of many of these species on site lists compiled by the Scottish Loch Survey, suggests a genuine decline.

Scotland: South Western Pasture In some respects this region is more similar to those elsewhere in the U.K. than to the neighbouring regions of Scotland. The decline in species attributed to the Arable and horticulture broad habitat is less severe than in the other two Scottish regions, and comparable to that elsewhere in U.K. The decline of plants of Built-up areas and gardens is very slight, and is thus intermediate between the other areas of Scotland (where there is a marked decline in these species) and the rest of the U.K. (where these species show a marked increase). As in the Eastern arable area of Scotland, and the rest of the U.K., plants of Bogs have declined. The success of plants of Improved grassland is greater than that elsewhere in Scotland, and comparable to that in N. Ireland, Wales and some English regions. This is the only Scottish region in which species of Supralittoral sediment have not shown a marked decline.

One trend in this area does not fit this pattern. This is one of the few areas where plants of Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland have shown a relative decline rather than a relative increase, and the only region in which species of shaded habitats (as measured by Ellenberg L scores) show a significant decrease compared to those of open habitats.

37 Analysing change in the UK

Northern Ireland There has been a relatively modest increase in neophytes in Northern Ireland, more comparable to that in Scotland than the greater relative increase in England and Wales. By contrast the decline of archaeophytes is less than that in Highland and Eastern Scotland, and comparable to that in England.

There has been a significant decrease of species of open (rather than shaded) habitats and infertile (rather than fertile) soils. There is no significant relationship of change index to pH preferences of species. Unusually, there has been a significant decline of species which occur in more saline habitats.

Many of the trends in species characteristic of different broad habitats are similar to those demonstrated in England and Wales, including the relative decline of plants characteristic of Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland, Montane and Acid grassland habitats. Also similar are the relative increases of plants attributed to Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland, Improved grassland and Built- up areas and gardens. The Coniferous woodland and Bracken species show a marked increase in this area, as in Wales, but these are very small categories.

An interesting trend in Northern Ireland, which requires more detailed study, is the very marked relative decline of species in all three coastal broad habitats: Supralittoral sediment, Supralittoral rock and Littoral sediment. In all three groups the relative decline in Northern Ireland is greater than in any other area, with Wales having the next most severe decrease. Species of Littoral sediment have also declined in N.W. England, but there is no sign of a decline in any of the three groups in S.W. Scotland. The relative decline of coastal species and that of plants of more saline habitats, which has already been noted, are clearly facets of the same phenomenon.

As in Scotland, a recent lake survey has resulted in very improved coverage of wetland species in the 1987-1999 date period, and thus to a misleading appearance of increase in plants with high Ellenberg F scores and those attributed to the Fen, marsh and swamp, Rivers and streams and Standing water and canals broad habitats.

Wales In Wales, as elsewhere, there has been a relative increase of neophytes, a decrease of archaeophytes and a slight decrease of native species, the extent of these changes being similar to that in many English regions. A decline of species of open, nutrient- poor and more acidic or basic substrates compared to those of shaded, nutrient-rich and circum-neutral sites is also apparent.

Species with Northern world distributions have declined, but there is no evidence for an increase in plants of Temperate or Mediterranean ranges.

As in Northern Ireland and England, plants in Wales which are associated with the Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland, Montane and to a lesser extent the Bog and Acid grassland broad habitats have all declined. There has been a relative increase in those of Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland, Neutral grassland, Improved grassland and Built-up areas and gardens. There has been no special survey of aquatic habitats in the 1987-99 period so the results for these broad

38 Analysing change in the UK habitats are not distorted. There is little indication of change in Fen, marsh and swamp and Rivers and streams broad habitats, and a moderate decline in those of Standing water and canals.

Wales is the only area apart from Northern Ireland in which species of more saline habitats have shown a significant decline. The decline of species of all three coastal habitats is second only to that in Northern Ireland, and has been discussed under that region.

England The features shared by all or almost all English regions are described in this section. They are not repeated in the following regional accounts, which deal with departures from the norm or the trends that vary from region to region.

All English regions show a consistently high relative increase in neophytes, most show a decrease in archaeophytes (though the extent of the decrease is variable) and most show a slight relative decrease in native plants.

The usual trends in England are for:

• a decrease in many regions of species occurring in open (compared to shaded) habitats • an increase in all regions of species of fertile (compared to infertile) habitats • a decrease of species of low or high pH (as opposed to circum-neutral) substrates, which is significant in all regions • a trend in all regions for taller plants to have been more successful than short plants

The mean Change Index for Northern species is negative in all regions, but to a very variable degree.

There have been declines in all regions of species of Arable and horticultural, Dwarf shrub heath, Calcareous grassland, Bog, Montane habitats, Acid grassland and Fen, marsh and swamp broad habitats. In most regions plants of the Bracken and Standing water and canals habitats have decreased. There has been an increase in most or all regions of plants of Linear and boundary features, Supralittoral rock, Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland, Improved grassland and Built-up areas and gardens. Plants of other broad habitats (Supralittoral sediment, Inland rock, Coniferous woodland, Neutral grassland, Littoral sediment and Rivers and streams) have showed more variation in their success from region to region.

England: North This region shows some similarities to Scotland in the success of species in relation to native/alien status. The decline of archaeophytes is greater than in the other English regions (and similar to that in SW Scotland), and the native species have a positive (albeit very low) change index (as in Scotland). Otherwise the region is typical of England as a whole, the main differences being the increase in Mediterranean species and the absence of any evidence for the decline of species of open habitats. Both these features are shared with NW England.

39 Analysing change in the UK

England: NW This is in most respects typical of England as a whole, although (as in N England) there is no evidence for the decline of species of open habitats and stronger evidence for the increase of Mediterranean species than elsewhere. The loss of Northern species has been greater in this area than area other English region except East Anglia.

England: Yorks. and Humbs. A typical region, with no notable departures from the English norm.

England: W. Midlands Some of the trends noted for England are more pronounced in this region than in any other. The decline of species of nutrient-poor habitats and of substrates of high or low pH is greatest here, as is the relative success of taller species. The loss of Northern species has also been high, although it is exceeded in East Anglia and NW England.

England: E. Midlands In contrast to the W. Midlands, the trends in this area (like the adjoining region of Yorkshire and Humberside) are similar in degree to those in England as a whole.

England: East Anglia In East Anglia the decline of species of open habitats has been greater than elsewhere, and the loss of Northern species is much more pronounced. The region is second only to the W. Midlands in the extent to which species of nutrient-poor habitats and of substrates of high or low pH have decline, and in the relative success of taller species. It is, therefore, arguable that change has been greater here than in any other English region.

England: SW Perhaps surprisingly in view of its western position, this is a typical English region.

England: SE and London This is in many respects a typical region. The lack of evidence for the relative decline of species of open habitats is surprising: all the other English regions except the two most northerly ones show this trend. The region also shares with these two northerly areas the marked tendency of Mediterranean species to have increased.

40 Analysing change in the UK

3.4 Quantitative analysis of the dynamism of species (Stage 3)

The Change Index gives a measure of relative change in range size between the two periods. However, the change index may mask important variation in the mobility or dynamism of species. A comparison between two species will serve to illustrate the rationale for analysing the dynamism of species ranges: Hammarbya paludosa was recorded from 120 squares in 1930 - 69 and 117 in 1987 - 99, with a Change Index of -0.3151; Polygala calcarea was recorded from a similar number of squares in each period, 123 and 117 respectively, giving it a similar Change Index of -0.3697. However, this conceals a substantial difference. Hammarbya disappeared from 89 squares but was recorded for the first time in 86 others. By contrast P. calcarea was very static with 22 squares lost and 16 newly recorded.

To elucidate the mobility of plant species, we calculated the number of 10-km squares in each of the following categories: • present in 1930-69 and 1987-99 (‘always present’), • recorded in 1930-69 but not 1987-99 (‘apparent extinctions’), • recorded in 1987-99 but not 1930-69 (‘apparent colonisations’).

The same set of species and aggregates was used for this analysis as for the Change Index analysis.

The terms ‘apparent extinctions’ and ‘apparent colonisations’ are used in recognition of the influence of recorder effort: for example, apparent colonisations will include some populations which were merely overlooked in the earlier survey period.

A measure of the colonisation ability of each species can be generated as the proportion of the 1987 - 99 squares which were newly recorded in the period. Conversely, the extinction frequency of the species can be measured as the proportion of the 1930 - 69 squares from which the species was not recorded in 1987 - 99. Both these ratios can only take values from 0 to 1, and the full range of variation is encountered in both ratios amongst the British species.

Colonisations and extinctions together contribute to a measure of the dynamism of a species distribution (Fig. 15). Plants which have maintained a stable range over the period, with colonisations balancing extinctions will fall on the line of parity. If the British flora is stable overall, plants should be clustered about the line of parity, with declining plants (below the line) matched by increasing plants (above the line). As Fig. 15 shows, there are more plants above the line of parity (1052 species) than below (443). This may be interpreted as an effect of more intensive survey effort in the later period (more ‘apparent colonisations’, fewer ‘apparent extinctions’). It may also be interpreted as a genuine biological result that there are more increasing plants (including neophytes currently expanding their range) than decreasing taxa. In all probability it is a combination of both explanations.

41 Analysing change in the UK

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

squares 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Apparent colonisations/ No. of 1987-99 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Apparent extinctions/ No. of 1930-69 squares

Fig. 15: Dynamism of the British vascular flora. The arcs define the boundaries between five percentiles of 20%. The line of parity is also shown.

The further from the origin, the greater the dynamism of the species. The extreme situation, in which the entire 1930-69 range has been lost and the plant now occurs in a completely new set of squares is found for 7 species in the top right of the plot (Table 10).

Table 10: Species which apparently became extinct in all their 1930 - 69 squares and colonised all their 1987 - 99 squares.

BRITISH STATUS NAME PRE70 POST87 Neo Vallisneria spiralis 5 2 Neo Centaurea aspera 5 3 Neo Daboecia cantabrica 5 6 Native/Alien Gnaphalium luteoalbum 8 11 Neo Centaurea jacea 9 5 Arch Arnoseris minima 26 1 Neo Anthoxanthum aristatum 26 3

A single index of the dynamism of a species range has been calculated as the distance from the origin on the plot in Fig. 15, thus: dynamism = (extinction _ ratio) 2 + (colonisation _ ratio) 2 .

To simplify interpretation of this index, the points have been divided into five equal- sized groups using the 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentiles of the frequency distribution, marked on Fig. 15. These groups are numbered 1 to 5 in Annex 5 which lists all the species together with their dynamism index.

42 Analysing change in the UK

It should be noted that species with a high dynamism score may be dynamic by virtue of a substantial turnover in range, or by virtue of marked range expansion, or by virtue of marked contraction in range. By comparison, species with low dynamism scores have shown little change in range size. This is illustrated by Fig. 16 in which the variation in Change Index can be seen to be greater for species with higher dynamism index values. There are relatively few species with a high dynamism score but a Change Index close to 0, suggesting that few species have an approximately constant range size but a high turnover in range.

6

4

2

0

Change Index -2

-4

-6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Dynamism

Fig. 16: Scatter plot of Change Index against Dynamism Index.

3.4.1 Dynamism in relation to native/alien status The Dynamism Index was examined in relation to the four status categories, by simply examining the frequency distribution of species between the five dynamism index categories (Fig. 17).

43 Analysing change in the UK

300

250

200 AN AR 150 N

frequency NA 100

50

0 12345 Dynamism score

Fig. 17: Graph showing the frequency (number of species) of status groups within each dynamism class. AN is for neophyte, AR for archaeophyte, N for native, and NA for native/alien.

The contrast between native species and neophytes is very clear.

3.4.2 Dynamism in relation to life-form Plants may be allocated to one or more of the following Raunkiaer life-form categories, which are based on the height of the resting buds in winter:

Micro-, meso- and megaphanerophytes (phmm) – woody plants with buds more than 2 metres above soil level Nanophanerophytes (phna) – woody plants with buds more than 0.25-2 metres above soil level Chamaephytes (cham) – woody or herbaceous plants with buds above soil level but below 25 cm Hemicryptophytes (hemi) – herbaceous (or rarely woody) plants with buds at soil level Geophytes – herbs with buds below the soil surface, subdivided into bulbous geophytes (geob) and others (geoo). Epiphytes – plants growing on other plants Hydrophytes (hydr) – marsh plants Helophytes (helo) – water plants Therophytes (ther) – annuals.

To analyse change in relation to life-form, it was desirable to allocate each plant to a single life-form category (the existing classification allows plants to occur in up to three categories). To do so, the following rules of priority were applied: phmm > phna > hemi > cham > geoo > hydr > helo > ther.

44 Analysing change in the UK

Thus a species categorised as ‘phmm’ and ‘hemi’ or ‘phmm’ and ‘cham’ would have been assigned to ‘phmm’.

The number of species in the five Dynamism Index categories was calculated for each life-form except for epiphytes, a category with a single British species, Viscum album. The numbers of species were expressed as proportions of the total species complement for that life-form, and plotted together in Fig. 18 to allow comparison between life-forms. The sequence of life-forms from left to right on the graph reflects a logical progression from bulbs to trees, with annual plants (ther) and aquatics (helo, hydr) on the end.

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35 1 0.3 2 0.25 3 4 0.2 5

Proportion of species 0.15

0.1

0.05

0 geoo geob hemi cham phna phmm ther helo hydr Life-form category

Fig. 18: Graph showing the number of species in different dynamism classes within each life-form group. Only native and native/alien species are included.

This figure demonstrates the relatively undynamic ranges of phanerophytes, chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes, compared to therophytes, helophytes and hydrophytes.

3.4.3 Dynamism in relation to biogeographic element The analysis applied to the 9 Major Biome Categories (MBCs) was exactly analogous to that applied to life-forms above. Note that the sequence of MBCs from left to right in Fig. 19 does not follow their numeric order but groups the Northern, Widespread, Temperate and Mediterranean plants together.

45 Analysing change in the UK

0.7

0.6

0.5 1 0.4 2 3 0.3 4 5

Proportion of species 0.2

0.1

0 124365789 Major Biome Category

Fig. 19: Graph showing the number of species in different dynamism classes within each Major Biome Category. Only native and native/alien species are included.

The Widespread species (MBC 3, 6) are the least dynamic, presumably because they tend to occupy most of their available range and do not tend to be in decline. Boreal (MBC 4) and Mediterranean species (MBC 9) species are relatively dynamic, perhaps for opposite reasons as the Boreal plants tend to be declining whereas the Mediterranean species are doing relatively well.

3.5 Analysis of change in relation to frequency and conservation status (Stage 4)

The Change and Dynamism Indices were analysed in relation to the following: • conservation status (nationally scarce, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered) • frequency of the species, as measured by the number of 10-km squares in which it was recorded in the 1930-69 period, and • BAP priority listing.

Many Red Data Book plants were too rare in the 1930 - 69 period (recorded from fewer than 5 10-km squares) to be allocated a Change or Dynamism Index (compare figures for ‘British total’ and ‘total with a Change Index’ in Table 11).

46 Analysing change in the UK

Table 11: Mean and standard error of British Change and Dynamism Indices for plants in different categories of threat.

Threat Status British total N (total with a Mean (SEM) Mean (SEM) Change Index) Dynamism Change Index Index Extinct (E) 16 3 1.2703 (0.0918) -3.020 (1.160) Critically Endangered (CR) 22 6 1.1452 (0.0889) -1.378 (0.795) Endangered (EN) 42 20 0.8137 (0.0642) -0.360 (0.108) Vulnerable (VU) 120 50 0.7327 (0.0397) -0.310 (0.126) Near Threatened (NT) 73 50 0.5132 (0.0375) 0.156 (0.086) Not listed (-) 1390 0.5280 (0.0078) 0.028 (0.026)

With increasing threat category, plants showed a decreasing mean Change Index and increasing mean Dynamism Index (Fig. 20).

2 1 0 -1

-2 Mean Dynamism Index value -3 Index Mean Change -4 Index -5 ECRENVUNT-

Fig. 20: Mean Change Index and Dynamism Index values with standard error bars for species in each of the Red List categories arranged in decreasing order of endangerment from E (extinct) to ‘-’ (not classified).

The Change Index methodology has been designed to generate a figure which shows no relationship with the range size in the early period. Thus, Fig. 21 shows a very flat relationship between Change Index and range size in the 1930 - 69 period. Despite the use of a weighted regression, there is still evidence of increased variance in Change Index for the rarer species.

47 Analysing change in the UK

6

4

2

0 Change Index -2

-4

-6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Range Size, 1930 - 69

Fig. 21: Scatter plot showing the variation of British Change Index with range size in the 1930 - 69 period.

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 Dynamism Index

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Range size, 1930-69

Fig. 22: Scatter plot showing the variation of British Dynamism Index with range size in the 1930 - 69 period.

The plot of Dynamism Index against range size in the 1930 - 69 period (Fig. 22) shows an interesting pattern. Rarer plants exhibit the greatest range of variation in Dynamism Index, and the variation decreases gradually as range size increases. The spread of points on the plot has an upper limit - expanding plants cannot expand beyond the coastline of Britain. There is no obvious explanation for the apparent

48 Analysing change in the UK lower limit to the spread of points - why does no species with a 1930 - 69 range size of between 200 and 800 have a Dynamism Index of less than 0.2?

3.5.1 UK BAP Priority Species There are 59 UK BAP Priority Species of vascular plant plus several species which fall within one of the three grouped plans: endemic Euphrasia spp., Hieracium Sect. Alpestria, and endemic Limonium spp. The Change Index analysis was applied to only 38 of these species (Table 12), the remainder being excluded either because they occurred in fewer than 5 10-km squares in the 1930 - 69 period, or because changes in taxonomic opinion and in the behaviour of recorders mean that no meaningful comparison can be made between the records in the two periods.

Note that the Change Index for Asparagus officinalis reflects the change in the alien subspecies, rather than change in the rarer native prostrate subspecies. The Change Index for Trichomanes speciosum has been inflated because recorders in the later period had learnt to recognise this species in its gametophyte form.

49 Analysing change in the UK

Table 12: UK BAP Priority Species for which British Change and Dynamism Indices could be calculated. Also presented are the figures for range size in the 1930 - 69 period (PRE70), range size in the 1987 - 99 period (POST87), the number of 10-km squares with apparent colonisations, apparent extinctions, and the number from which the species was recorded in both periods (ALWAYS_PRESENT).

NAME PRE70 POST87EXTINCTIONS COLONISATIONS NEVER_PRESENT ALWAYS_PRESENT Change IndexDynamism Galium tricornutum 120 12 116 8 2660 4 -4.78 1.17 Scandix pecten-veneris 552 165 426 39 2197 126 -3.65 0.81 Galeopsis angustifolia 302 88 249 35 2451 53 -3.31 0.92 Silene gallica 239 83 200 44 2505 39 -2.78 0.99 Torilis arvensis 208 77 174 43 2537 34 -2.56 1.01 Valerianella rimosa 70 18 68 16 2702 2 -2.55 1.32 Sium latifolium 134 63 90 19 2635 44 -1.83 0.74 Potamogeton compressus 65 27 52 14 2709 13 -1.68 0.95 Dianthus armeria 76 41 63 28 2684 13 -1.31 1.07 Arabis glabra 57 31 43 17 2714 14 -1.16 0.93 Filago pyramidata 34 16 25 7 2747 9 -1.14 0.86 Ranunculus tripartitus 42 22 34 14 2732 8 -1.09 1.03 Thlaspi perfoliatum 20 9 13 2 2766 7 -0.94 0.69 Mentha pulegium 80 61 62 43 2665 18 -0.70 1.05 Lycopodiella inundata 77 60 41 24 2687 36 -0.65 0.67 Melampyrum sylvaticum 22 14 18 10 2756 4 -0.58 1.09 Carex vulpina 18 11 9 2 2768 9 -0.57 0.53 Damasonium alisma 11 6 7 2 2775 4 -0.52 0.72 Juniperus communis 710 738 197 225 1853 513 -0.42 0.41 Leersia oryzoides 11 7 4 0 2777 7 -0.40 0.36 Centaurea cyanus 388 396 269 277 2123 119 -0.39 0.98 Liparis loeselii 12 8 5 1 2775 7 -0.38 0.44 Filago lutescens 27 22 19 14 2747 8 -0.34 0.95 Gentianella anglica 75 70 29 24 2689 46 -0.32 0.52 Saxifraga hirculus 10 7 4 1 2777 6 -0.30 0.42

50 Analysing change in the UK

Rumex rupestris 25 21 10 6 2757 15 -0.28 0.49 Woodsia ilvensis 7 6 3 2 2779 4 -0.10 0.54 Pilularia globulifera 86 95 51 60 2642 35 -0.03 0.87 Fumaria occidentalis 23 25 4 6 2759 19 0.04 0.30 Salix lanata 10 11 0 1 2777 10 0.07 0.09 Linnaea borealis 31 35 20 24 2733 11 0.07 0.94 Potamogeton rutilus 7 9 2 4 2777 5 0.18 0.53 Luronium natans 45 57 20 32 2711 25 0.24 0.72 Fumaria purpurea 47 60 26 39 2702 21 0.25 0.85 Spiranthes romanzoffiana 9 16 2 9 2770 7 0.45 0.60 Najas flexilis 10 18 4 12 2766 6 0.48 0.78 Trichomanes speciosum 6 161 0 155 2627 6 2.23 0.96

51 Analysing change in the UK

3.6 Spatial analysis of change (Stage 5)

The numbers of ‘apparent extinctions’ and ‘apparent colonisations’ have been calculated for each of the British 10-km squares for all plants (natives and aliens) (Figs. 23 and 24).

The terms ‘apparent extinctions’ and ‘apparent colonisations’ are used in recognition of the influence of recorder effort: for example, apparent colonisations will include some populations which were merely overlooked in the earlier survey period. In fact, this is clear in Fig. 23 where the outlines of certain well-recorded vice-counties are clearly visible on the map (e.g. East and West Norfolk).

Fig. 23: Apparent colonisations per 10- Fig. 24: Apparent extinctions per 10- km square. All species (natives and km square. All species (natives and aliens) are included and the totals aliens) are included and the totals given in the legend. given in the legend.

The maps of apparent extinctions and colonisations for just native plants (Fig. 25 and 26) are still thought to reflect geographical patterns of recorder effort more strongly than any biological patterns. It has been noted that extinctions have been more prevalent in eastern Britain whereas colonisations have been more prevalent in western Britain, but this pattern too may simply be a reflection of a westwards shift in recorder effort. Further, detailed studies at the county scale are needed to establish the reasons for this apparent shift.

52 Analysing change in the UK

Fig. 25: Apparent colonisations of Fig. 26: Apparent extinctions of native native plants per 10-km square. plants per 10-km square.

53 Comparison with other studies

MODULE 4 - COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES

This module includes two components - comparisons with the results of the Countryside Survey, a systematic survey of sample 1-km squares, and with analyses of change at the vice-county scale, based on a diverse series of publications which summarise the results of intensive though often less systematic sampling.

4.1 Comparison with the results of the countryside survey

4.1.1 Introduction All surveys have strengths and weaknesses in what they can show about the current state, change and the reasons for change. The Atlas data are very good for showing the distribution of species on a range of scales from national to regional, and data from successive Atlases can show which species have increased, decreased or remained constant. Changes in distribution on this scale could be important as indicators of a number of global phenomena. However, the data are poor at showing changes in abundance at smaller scales where land-use is the primary driver. In order to assess which species have responded to large-scale phenomena and which to land- use the Atlas data must be compared with data that can indicate how land-use changes have affected species abundance and thence distributions.

One example where a change of distribution has been noted and a probable cause is known is Orchis morio. The Atlas data show that this species of old pastures has declined since the Second World War (change index -0.98) and it is assumed to be because of the increase in the area of agriculturally improved grasslands in lowland England. However, the Atlas data are insensitive to the increase in the abundance of Lolium perenne which has a change index of -0.29 (close to 0, therefore indicating a stable distribution), though this is known to be a clear indicator of agricultural improvement. The insensitivity arises because this species was present in almost all 10-km squares in both Atlas surveys.

The opposite in scope to the Atlases are the Countryside Surveys of 1978, 1990, and 1998. In those surveys vegetation was recorded in the same quadrats on three occasions and the data are exceptionally good at showing differences in the abundance of common species. However, they are poor at detecting rare species because there is little chance of them occurring in the randomly placed quadrats. CS data show the increase in the abundance of L. perenne but not the decrease of O. morio.

This Module marries the information from both the Atlas and CS datasets determining which changes in distribution can be attributed to what changes in vegetation character brought about by land-use change and also which species might have reacted to larger scale phenomena such as climate change independently of land-use change.

The Countryside Survey is a good mechanism for showing the changes brought about by land-use change and indicator species for land-use change should be sought from those results. However indicators of large-scale phenomena may be identified from this project.

54 Comparison with other studies

This Module will use the data already assembled and data from the other modules of this project to determine which species have shown increases or decreases. An important issue to be addressed in the other modules is the scale(s) for analysis is most appropriate. The Module will then follow three stages of development.

4.1.2 Changes in the abundance of species in CS quadrats 1978-1998 The changes in the distribution of species within eight aggregate classes of vegetation (Bunce et al., 1999) were identified using the data from the quadrats recorded in 1978 and 1998. Tests of significance for changes in frequency of each species were made based on the McNemar chi-square test for dependent counts (Zar, 1984). The test is applicable to paired data and need only compute observed versus expected frequency counts based on presence in one year and absence in the other year. Thus joint presences and joint absences are ignored. As in other paired tests where ties are rejected before computing test statistics, the interpretation of a significant difference is an inference to the wider population of differences rather than to the total population in each group, as this would include items that had not changed.

In total 689 species listed in the New Atlas were found in Countryside Survey 1978 and/or CS2000 (Annex 6). Of these 371 were found on enough occasions to make a statistical analysis possible. Analyses were carried out to show whether there had been significant changes in random Countryside Survey Plots (X) or linear plots alongside roads, streams or hedges (L) or all of these across all vegetation aggregate classes. 56 species showed significant changes (Annex 6 and Table 14), 22 in all plots, 15 in area plots and 21 in linear plots (one species showed a significant change in all plots and linear plots and one species showed a significant change in Linear and Random plots but not all plots). The change was negative for 32 species and positive for 24 species. The most significant increases were for Calystegia sepium and Rhinanthus minor whilst the most significant declines were for Ulex europaeus and Primula vulgaris.

The same analysis was carried out for each of the eight Aggregate classes in the Countryside Vegetation System. The eight aggregate classes are:

I. Crops and weeds II. Tall grassland/herb III. Fertile grassland IV. Infertile grassland V. Lowland wooded VI. Upland wooded VII. Moorland grass/mosaic VIII. Heath/bog

The species that showed significant changes for particular aggregate classes are shown in Annex 7. The most significant (p<0.001) positive and negative changes for each aggregate class are shown in Table 13.

55 Comparison with other studies

Table 13. The species that showed significant changes in Countryside survey plots between 1978 and 1998. Aggregate Plot Type Positive Negative Class I X Holcus lanatus Hordeum distichon Agrostis capillaris Matricaria discoidea Taraxacum agg. Persicaria maculosa Polygonum aviculare agg. Stellaria media L Taraxacum agg. II L Cirsium vulgare Heracleum sphondylium Poa trivialis III X Plantago major X&L Lolium perenne Matricaria discoidea Trifolium repens IV X Bellis perennis Dactylis glomerata Holcus lanatus Lathyrus pratensis Lotus corniculatus Phleum pratense Plantago major Ranunculus repens Rumex acetosa Taraxacum agg. Trifolium pratense Veronica chamaedrys L Cerastium fontanum Festuca ovina agg. Matricaria discoidea Plantago lanceolata X&L Cerastium fontanum Festuca ovina agg. Plantago lanceolata V L Arum maculatum Holcus mollis VI VII X Festuca rubra agg Festuca ovina agg. VIII X Agrostis stolonifera Erica tetralix Carex panicea Pilosella officinarum

The greatest change has been the loss of species in the infertile grassland category.

56 Comparison with other studies

4.1.3 Comparing change indices for species The New Atlas change index were compared to those in Annex 14. A matrix of nine different categories of species were identified:

i Species that increased using both indices; ii Species that increased in CS and stayed the same in the New Atlas; iii Species that decreased in CS and stayed the same in the New Atlas; iv Species that increased in the New Atlas and stayed the same in CS; v Species that decreased in the New Atlas and stayed the same in CS; vi Species that increased in CS and decreased in the New Atlas; vii Species that increased in the New Atlas and decreased in CS; viii Species that stayed the same using both indices; and ix Species that decreased using both indices.

The matrix comparing changes in species distribution between the Atlas data and Countryside Survey data for all aggregate classes is shown in Table 14. The full list of species is given in Annex 7 including the changes in different aggregate classes. Six species showed significant positive change in both the Atlas data and the Countryside Survey data for all aggregate classes whereas 9 species showed significant declines in both datasets. Two species showed a negative change in the Atlas but a positive change in the Countryside Survey data and 6 species showed a positive change in the Atlas and a negative change in the Countryside Survey data.

The comparison between different datasets has given extra insight into why some species distributions might have changed and why some species that are known to have changed in abundance have changed little in geographic extent. The results were discussed by a panel comprising Chris Preston, Mark Hill, Owen Mountford and chaired by Pete Carey to attribute reasons for the changes observed. The results of the discussion are given below for the four corners of the matrix and in Annex 8 for the other outer cells of the matrix. The species that did not change in either the Atlas or Countryside Survey were not considered (they are listed in Annex 7).

Species that have increased in both the Atlas and Countryside Survey The changes in Juncus bufonius and Festuca rubra agg. were considered to be most likely caused by a change in recorder effort and skill rather than a real change. Calystegia sepium was thought to have increased because of the neglect of grassland alongside hedges, roads and railways. Dryopteris dilatata is a fern that prospers in shade and has probably increased because of an increase in conifer plantations and also because broadleaf woodlands have become more dense. Epilobium brunnescens is a rapidly spreading alien whilst Senecio viscosus is another alien that is spreading out from its original habitats into the wider countryside.

Species that have increased in the Atlas but decreased in the Countryside Survey Agrostis canina, Agrostis gigantea, Brassica rapa, and Juncus conglomeratus were all thought to have shown an increase in the Atlas data because of issues concerning correct identification by recorders. The decrease of Agrostis gigantea in the CS data was thought to be due to identification issues but in the opposite way to the Atlas. There are undoubtedly fashions in botanical recording and this may demonstrate one of them. The decrease in Agrostis canina in the CS data could be due to reduced grazing on the sloping grassland where it is/was found. The decrease of Brassica rapa in the CS data was probably due to rape being identified as B.rapa in 1978. Juncus

57 Comparison with other studies conglomeratus may have declined in the CS data because of the intensification of grassland especially around flushes and springlines. Typha latifolia has undoubtedly spread in the countryside over the past century probably due to eutrophication. The decline in the CS data is mystifying.

Species that have decreased in the Atlas but increased in the Countryside Survey Both Arenaria serpyllifolia and Convolvulus arvensis may have declined in the Atlas data because of a reduction in arable farming in the south west of England and in mid- Wales in the last 20-30 years. The species do well in disturbed ground and their spread alongside new verges and frequently disturbed grassland was thought to be the cause of the increase in the CS data.

Species that have decreased in the Atlas and Countryside Survey data Achillea ptarmica and Veronica officinalis have declined because of fertilisation, drainage and ploughing of grasslands. Carex pallescens was thought to have declined because of a combination of improvement (raising of pH) in acid grasslands and also because of afforestation. Geum rivale may have decreased because of the overgrowth of streamsides by trees and very rank vegetation. Myrica gale was badly affected by drainage of wetlands (especially in the south of the UK) in the 1970s and 1980s which would account for the decline described in the Atlas whilst a lack of grazing and subsequent overgrowth of remaining wetlands could account for the decline in the CS data. The decline of Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum in the Atlas data is difficult to explain as the decline seems to have been mostly in the far north-west. The decline in the CS data for this species could be explained by a general drying effect over the period 1978-1998. The decline of Rumex acetosella in the Atlas data is inexplicable whilst the decline in the CS data is probably due to the intensification of grassland. Sanicula europaea may have declined across the UK because of the increase in the undergrowth in the woodlands where it was found. Solidago virgaurea has declined because of the loss of lowland heathland and especially the grassland rides that were associated with them.

58

Table 14. The matrix between the species that had a change index of >0.5 or <-0.5 in the Atlas data and the species that showed a significant change in all Countryside Vegetation System Aggregate Classes in all (A), Linear (L) and area (X) plots. Chi square and significance (*<0.05;**<0.01;***<0.001) for the CS analysis are shown. For the taxa which show no significant change in the CS analysis, see Annex 7.

Atlas CS positive no change negative Change Cs plot change Cs plot change Cs plot Species index type chisq sig Species index type chisq sig species index type chisq sig positive Calystegia sepium 0.6925 R 14.45 *** Aegopodium podagraria -0.45463 R 7.042 ** Arenaria serpyllifolia -0.76384 A 4.167 * Dryopteris dilatata 1.32292 X 5.143 * Alnus glutinosa -0.32251 A 4.364 * Convolvulus arvensis -0.69773 R 5.311 * Epilobium brunnescens 1.41873 R 4.167 * Ballota nigra -0.36599 R 5.882 * Festuca rubra agg. 2.96319 R 5.672 * Brachypodium pinnatum 0.14611 X 4.167 * Juncus bufonius sens.lat. 1.12832 A 10.298 ** Carex caryophyllea -0.19669 X 4.9 * Senecio viscosus 0.63083 A 4.167 * Carex hirta 0.17076 A 4.5 * Carex ovalis -0.207 X 6.036 * Coronopus squamatus 0.33279 X 4.167 * Equisetum palustre 0.17907 A 7.042 ** Hordeum murinum -0.04075 R 4.762 * Koeleria macrantha -0.29277 X 4.923 * Lysimachia nummularia -0.02268 A 4.167 * Malva sylvestris -0.30076 R 5.882 * Odontites vernus -0.46367 A 4.05 * Rhinanthus minor -0.49447 A 13.829 *** Trisetum flavescens -0.13361 X 4.923 * negative Agrostis canina sens.lat. 1.32473 X 5.058 * Alchemilla vulgaris agg. -0.01184 A 9.375 ** Achillea ptarmica -0.64726 R 5.76 * Agrostis gigantea 1.39212 A&R 4& 4.923*&* Conium maculatum -0.02179 X 5.143 * Carex pallescens -0.50606 A 5.818 * Brassica rapa 0.74234 A 5.063 * Cytisus scoparius 0.00326 A 4.083 * Geum rivale -0.69577 R 4.267 * 4.339& Juncus conglomeratus 0.84226 R 4.114 * Dactylorhiza maculata -0.41574 X&R 4.167 *&* Myrica gale -0.74575 A 4.447 * Typha latifolia 1.0099 R 4.167 * Deschampsia flexuosa -0.22479 X 4.24 * Rorippa nast-aqua agg. -0.55577 R 6.857 ** Dryopteris filix-mas agg. 0.03181 A 4.819 * Rumex acetosella -0.62174 R 8.491 ** Geranium sylvaticum -0.45163 R 4.167 * Sanicula europaea -0.97859 A 4.9 * Helictotrichon pubescens 0.34686 A 4.083 * Solidago virgaurea -0.88679 X 4.167 * Lysimachia nemorum -0.46378 R 7.259 ** Veronica officinalis -0.83624 X 4.558 * Moehringia trinervia -0.4024 R 4 * Molinia caerulea -0.34231 A 4.137 * Papaver rhoeas -0.40831 X 4.5 * Primula veris -0.31957 R 4.167 * Primula vulgaris 0.16226 X 11.25 *** Rubus idaeus -0.09361 A 5.263 * Rumex crispus 0.11376 A 5.134 *

Ulex europaeus -0.33784 A 12.121 *** Veronica persica -0.36932 R 4.267 * Comparison with other studies

4.2 Comparison with results in county Floras

4.2.1 The use of county Flora data to assess change The use of local Floras to assess floristic changes has recently been reviewed (Walker, in press a). This study highlighted three potential sources of information which might be used to measure change: introductory chapters, lists of extinctions, and direct comparisons between recording periods.

By far the simplest method to assess change is to see how it has been recorded in the text of Floras (Preston, in press). Most Floras contain comments on change in the main body of the species accounts but in the absence of a firm baseline for comparison they are often only of limited value. Alternatively, around 16 modern (i.e. post-1962) Floras include chapters dealing specifically with change. However, most provide only very general discussions which only occasionally attempt to quantify floristic change (e.g. Dony, 1976; Kent, 1976) or deal more specifically with the effects of land use change on particular habitat types (e.g. Best, 1995; Halliday, 1997; Killick et al., 1998; Lousley, 1976; Newton, 1971). As a consequence their potential usefulness for comparison with the results of the New Atlas analyses are limited.

Over the last 40 years 26 floras have included a list of plants that had become extinct in the county up to the date of publication. Of these 22 include “dates of last record” (Walker, in press a). This has led to a number of county scale studies on extinction (e.g. Boon, 1998; Greenwood, 1999; James, 1997; Preston, 2000). In addition, it has allowed extinction rates to be calculated for individual counties (Marren, 2001), as well as for the UK as a whole (Walker, in press b). The latter study showed that British counties have lost on average about one species every two years since 1900, with southern and eastern counties losing appreciably more than those in the north and west. These overall declines presumably account for the many of the regional differences highlighted in the New Atlas.

Rather surprisingly there have only been a handful of attempts to quantify floristic changes using data collected in two time periods. For most counties this is due to the lack of an adequate baseline to which modern records can be compared, but also because of the different ways in which the historical data were originally collected (Walker, in press a). Only one study has attempted to compare earlier quantitative measures of abundance with modern records (McCollin et al., 2000). In contrast, there have been no attempts to compare quantitative datasets (e.g. at the 1 × 1, 2 × 2 or 5 × 5 km level), despite the fact that there have been over 40 grid based (5 × 5 km or smaller) county recording schemes since 1962. However, repeat surveys of detailed “habitat studies” have provided useful information on floristic changes in Bedfordshire (Dony, 1977) and for scarce heathland species in Dorset (Byfield & Pearman, 1994).

4.2.2 The ecology of change as revealed by county Floras

Habitat As the findings of the New Atlas have shown, species with the greatest relative declines are those associated with habitats that have suffered the most from land use change (arable, heathland, bogs, acid grassland). Similar results have been found for extinct species in lowland counties where there have been a significant loss of species

60 Comparison with other studies associated with acid grasslands, heaths, cultivated habitats and freshwater and mires (Walker, in press c). In contrast, the loss of calcareous grassland species appears less dramatic in most counties whereas woodlands and neutral pastures have remained relatively stable. Using a very different habitat classification McCollin and co- workers (2000) showed that the greatest proportions of species which had declined in Northamptonshire since 1930 were associated with arable, grassland and wetland habitats. Similarly, in Bedfordshire more than half of Dony’s “habitat studies” on acid pastures, heaths, calcareous grassland, meadows and pastures had either been lost or had deteriorated between the 1950s and 1976 (Dony, 1977).

The proportion of species within each habitat type which have become extinct in five counties are listed in Table 15. Sources of data are as follows: Cambridgeshire and Middlesex (Preston, 2000), Hertfordshire (James, 1997), Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire (Walker, unpublished). With the exception of Hertfordshire all categories are based on Ellenberg’s phytosociological categories.

Table 15. Loss (%) of species by broad habitat types in lowland counties

Cambs Middlesex Herts Beds Northants

Acid grassland 10 22 18 10 27 Heaths 41 24 16 32 24 Arable and horticulture 10 16 25 5 11 Freshwater and mires 24 25 16 26 20 Calcareous grassland 6 37 7 7 18 Neutral pasture 5 11 1 9 3 Woodland (incl. scrub and wood- edge) 6 10 7 6 7

Light, acidity and eutrophication As the findings of the New Atlas have shown, declining species tend be associated with open, nutrient-poor, and often acidic conditions. Studies of species at the county level support many of these findings. For example, in Cambridgeshire and Middlesex the highest proportion of species which have become extinct are those associated with open habitats, such as grasslands rather than plants of woodland or partial shade, as well as species indicative of extreme acidity and infertility. Examples of the latter include Carex binervis, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica tertralix, Teesdalia nudicaulis and Trichophorum cespitosum all of which have been lost from both counties (Preston, 2000). Changes in adjacent counties have been broadly similar (Walker, in press c). In Northamptonshire, the relative declines of species between 1930 and 1995 were significantly correlated with Ellenberg N scores, suggesting that species of nutrient-poor habitats had declined the most (McCollin et al., 2000).

The retreat of northern species Species at the edge of their range are more likely to respond to the effects of climate or land use change because they are often rare and thus habitat specific. The New Atlas has shown this to be the case: species of a more northerly distribution have

61 Comparison with other studies decreased in relative frequency, particularly in southern counties, whereas the relative frequency of more southerly species has increased. The results of county scale studies on extinction have shown similar results. For example, a range of southern counties appear to have lost a disproportionate number of northern species associated with acid grasslands, heathlands and lowland bogs and mires (e.g. Antennaria dioica, Carex dioica, Lycopodium clavatum, Parnassia palustris and Utricularia minor; Preston, 2000; Boon, 1998; Walker, in press a). In contrast McCollin and co-workers (2000) showed no significant relationship between relative change between 1930 and 1995 in Northamptonshire and Major Biome categories, but this may be due, in part, to the different categories used. For the New Atlas species were classified into four broad categories (Widespread, Northern, Mediterranean, Temperate) whereas for Northamptonshire the original nine Major Biome categories were maintained. McCollin et al. also look for a linear relationship between relative change and the explanatory variable, and this may not be the nature of the relationship in all cases.

Competition The results of the New Atlas suggest that taller, more competitive species, have suffered less than smaller species in the lowland south east over the past 40 years. This is clearly displayed by Preston’s (2000) study of extinction in Cambridgeshire and Middlesex, which showed that the greatest proportions of extinct species were in the shortest height categories. In contrast, no trees were lost from either county (Preston, 2000). An alternative measure of competitive ability (potential for lateral spread) showed similar results for Northamptonshire: therophytes and tussock- forming species, with limited powers of spread, had undergone greater relative declines between 1930 and 1995, relative to strongly rhizomatous perennials.

Conclusion The trends identified by the comparison of the two atlas surveys are supported by evidence from more detailed local studies of lowland counties in S.E. England. Much of this supporting evidence is based on absolute rather than relative loss of species, and therefore suggests that the relative declines identified by the change index values can be interpreted as absolute declines for some species.

62 Comparison with other studies

63

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was part-funded by Defra, Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature, Environment and Heritage Service (Northern Ireland), Plantlife and Scottish Natural Heritage. We are grateful to all these organisations for their support, and in particular to Andy Stott and Debbie Jackson of Defra who co-ordinated the consortium of funding bodies. All these organisations were represented on the Steering Group, and we are grateful to their representatives for their interest in the project, advice during its progress and comments on the draft report. In particular, we received extensive and valuable comments from Simon Leach (English Nature) on the draft report.

We thank JNCC, and in particular I. Strachan, for making available the quadrat data from the NVC project, D. McFerran (CEDaR) for ensuring we had as complete a dataset as possible from N. Ireland and Jane Sanderson for helping with aspects of the work on the Landcover map 2000.

REFERENCES

Ball, D.F., Radford, G.L. & Williams, W.M. (1983) A land characteristic data bank for Great Britain. Bangor Occasional Paper, 13, 1-81. Best, J. (1995) What time hath stole away. In The flora of Northamptonshire and the Soke of Peterborough (eds G. Gent & R. Wilson), pp.60-70. Robert Wilson Designs, Rothwell. Boon, C. (1998) British and Irish floristic elements applied to the flora of Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire naturalist, 52, 78-91. Bowen, H.J.M. (2000) The flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, Newbury. Bunce, R.G.H, Barr, C.J.,Gilespie, M.K., Howard, D.C., Scott,W.A., Smart, S.M., van de Poll, H.M. & Watkins, J.M. (1999) Vegetation of the British Countryside - the Countryside Vegetation System. Ecofact Volume 1, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station. DETR, London. Byfield, A. & Pearman, D. A. (1994) Dorset’s disappearing heathland flora. Changes in the distribution of Dorset’s rarer heathland species 1931 to 1993. Plantlife and RSPB, London. Carey, P.D., Dring, J.C.M., Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Wright, S.M. (1994) Biogeographical zones in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Research Survey and Monitoring Report, 26, 1-84 + 18-page appendix. Carey, P.D. & Hill, M.O. (1997) Bioclimatic zones in Great Britain. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Scientific Report, 18-19. Dony, J. G. (1976) Bedfordshire plant atlas. Borough of Luton Museum and Art Gallery, Luton. Dony, J. G. (1977) Change in the flora of Bedfordshire, England, from 1798 to 1976. Biological conservation 11: 307-320. Green, P.R., Green, I.P. & Crouch, G.A. (1997) The Atlas Flora of Somerset. Privately published, Wayford & Yeovil. Greenwood, E. F. (1999) Vascular plants: a game of chance? In Ecology and landscape development: a history of the Mersey basin (ed. E. F. Greenwood), pp. 195-211. Liverpool University Press and National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, Liverpool.

64

Haines-Young, R.H., Barr, C.J., Black, H.I.J., Briggs, D.J., Bunce, R.G.H., Clarke, R.T., Cooper, A., Dawson, F.H., Firbank, L.G., Fuller, R.M., Furse, M.T., Gillespie, M.K., Hill, R., Hornung, M., Howard, D.C., McCann, T., Morecroft, M.D., Petit, S., Sier, A.R.J., Smart, S.M., Smith, G.M., Stott, A.P., Stuart, R.C. & Watkins, J.W. (2000) Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London. Halliday, G. (1997) A Flora of Cumbria. Centre for North West Regional Studies, Lancaster. Hill, M.O. (1989) Computerized matching of relevés and association tables, with an application to the British National Vegetation Classification. Vegetatio, 83, 187-194. Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Smith, A.J.E. (eds) (1991) Atlas of the bryophytes of Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1. Liverworts (Hepaticae and Anthocerotae). Harley Books, Colchester. Hill, M.O. & Domínguez Lozano, F. (1994) A numerical analysis of the distribution of liverworts in Great Britain. In Atlas of the bryophytes of Britain and Ireland, Vol. 3, Mosses (Diplolepideae) (eds M.O. Hill, C.D. Preston & A.J.E. Smith), pp. 11-20. Harley Books, Colchester. Hill, M.O., Mountford, J.O., Roy, D.B. & Bunce, R.G.H. (1999) Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2 technical annex. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon. Hill, M.O., Roy, D.B. & Thompson, K. (2002) Hemeroby, urbanity and ruderality: bioindicators of disturbance and human impact. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 708-720. Hulme, M. & Jenkins, G. (1998) Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom: summary report. Climatic Research Unit, Norwich. Jackson, D.L. (2000) Guidance on the interpretation of the Biodiversity Broad Habitat Classification (terrestrial and freshwater types): Definitions and the relationship with other habitat classifications. Rep. No. JNCC Report No. 307. JNCC, Peterborough. James, T. (1997) The changing flora of Hertfordshire. Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society 33: 62-84. Kent, D. H. (1975) The historical Flora of Middlesex. Ray Society, London. Killick, J., Perry, R. & Woodell, S. (1998) The flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, Newbury. Lousley, J. E. (1976) Flora of Surrey. David & Charles, Newton Abott. Malloch, A.J.C. (1985) VESPAN: FORTRAN programs for handling and analysis of vegetation data and species distributions. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster. Marren, P. (2001) “What time hath stole away”: local extinctions in our native flora. British wildlife 12: 305-310. McCollin, D., Moore, L. & Sparks, T. H. (2000) The flora of a cultural landscape: environmental determinants of change revealed using archival sources. Biological conservation 92: 249-263. McCullagh, P. & Nelder, J.A. (1989) Generalized linear models, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London. Newton, A. (1971) Flora of Cheshire. Cheshire Community Council, Chester.

65

O'Brien, E.M., Field, R. & Whittaker, R.J. (2000) Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: water-energy diversity, residual variation, and topography. Oikos, 89, 588-600. Perring, F.H. & Walters, S.M., eds (1962). Atlas of the British flora. Thomas Nelson & Sons, London. Preston, C.D. (2000) Engulfed by suburbia or destroyed by the plough: the ecology of extinction in Middlesex and Cambridgeshire. Watsonia, 23, 59-81. Preston, C. D. (in press) Perceptions of change in English county floras, 1660-1960. Watsonia. Preston, C.D. & Hill, M.O. (1997) The geographical relationships of British and Irish vascular plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 1-120. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002) New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Preston, C.D., Telfer, M.G., Arnold, H.R., Carey, P.D., Cooper, J.M., Dines, T.D., Pearman, D.A., Roy, D.B. & Smart, S.M. (2002). The changing flora of the UK. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London. Rodwell, J.S. (1991-2000) British plant communities. 5 volumes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Stewart, A., Pearman, D.A. & Preston, C.D., eds. (1994) Scarce plants in Britain. JNCC, Peterborough. Telfer, M.G., Preston, C.D. & Rothery, P. (2002) A general method for the calculation of relative change in range size from biological atlas data. Biological Conservation, 107, 99-109. UK Biodiversity Group (1998) Action Plan Volume 2: Terrestrial and freshwater habitats. English Nature, Peterborough. UK Biodiversity Group (1999) Tranche 2 Action Plans. Volume 5. Maritime species and habitats. English Nature, Peterborough. UK Biodiversity Steering Group (1995) Biodiversity: the UK Steering Group Report. [Vol. 1: Meeting the Rio challenge; Vol. 2: Action plans]. HMSO, London. Walker, K. J. (in press a) Using data from local floras to assess floristic change. Watsonia. Walker, K. J. (in press b) One species lost every year? An evaluation of plant extinctions in selected British vice-counties since 1900. Watsonia. Walker, K. J. (in press c) The ecology of a changing flora. Suffolk Natural History. Whittaker, R.J. & Field, R. (2000) Tree species richness modelling: an approach of global applicability? Oikos, 89, 399-402. Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. & Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 453-470. Wigginton, M.J., ed. (1999) British Red Data Books. 1 Vascular plants, 3rd edn. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Zar, J.H. (1974) Biostatistical analysis, ed. 2. Prentice-Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

66 Annex 1

ANNEX 1 Notes on the definitions of Broad Habitats

In the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK Biodiversity Steering Group, 1995) 37 Broad Habitat categories were defined. These included some habitats, such as limestone pavements, that are quite narrow but were specified because they were priority habitats. In a later publication (UK Biodiversity Group, 1998), the number of terrestrial and freshwater Broad Habitats was reduced to 17. Limestone pavements were included in the Broad Habitat inland rock. Ten coastal and marine Broad Habitats were added shortly afterwards (UK Biodiversity Group, 1999). Out of the 27 Broad Habitats, 20 support vascular plants. These are the ones whose definition is considered below.

Table A1. Assignment of NVC communities to Broad Habitats for the purpose of Atlas 2000 analysis. Sequential runs of numbers are indicated by hyphens, e.g. 21-23, which signifies the sequence 21,22,23. Some NVC communities were assigned to two Broad Habitats; where this is the case, the community is marked by an asterisk, to show that it is also listed under another Broad Habitat. No. Name NVC communities Broadleaved, mixed and 1 W1-17,19 yew woodland 2 Coniferous woodland W18 Boundary and linear 3 W21-23,24*; OV18*,19*,21*,22*,24*,25*,27 features 4 Arable and horticultural OV1-11,13,14-17,18*,19*,21*,22*,36 5 Improved grassland MG6*,7; OV12,23*,25* 6 Neutral grassland W24; MC9-12; MG1-5,6*; MG8-13; OV28* 7 Calcareous grassland CG1-14 8 Acid grassland U1- 6,19 9 Bracken U20; W25 10 Dwarf shrub heath H1-10,12,16,18,21; M15*,16; OV34 M4-14,22-24,25*,26-38; S1-19,20*,22-28; 11 Fen, marsh and swamp OV26,28*,29-33,35 12 Bog M1-3,15*,17-21,25* 13 Standing water and canals A1-7,8*,9*,10,(11-16)*,19*,20*, 21-24 14 Rivers and streams A8*,9*,(11-16)*,17,18,19*,20* 15 Montane habitats H13-15,17,19,20,22; U7-15,18; W20 16 Inland rock U16,17,21; OV37-40,41* 17 Built-up areas and gardens OV20,23*,24*,41*,42 18 Supralittoral rock MC 1-8 19 Supralittoral sediment H11; SD1-19 21 Littoral sediment S20,21; SM1-28

Broad Habitats are intended to be comprehensive and exclusive. In other words, every place in which a vascular plant is found ought to belong to one and only one Broad Habitat. Although the definitions of Broad Habitats are in many cases obvious, there was a need for more precise circumscription to define the boundaries between them. For terrestrial and freshwater habitats this guidance is now available (Jackson,

1 Annex 1

2000). The guidance not only gives written definitions, but relates Broad Habitats to the units of the National Vegetation Classification (NVC).

Jackson’s (2000) notes for guidance are the basis of the cross-reference (Table A1) and definitions used here. In a small number of cases, we have diverged from her interpretations. The basis of our disagreement was often the scale at which we wished to view the vegetation. Thus we have treated bog pools as strictly bog features (not as open water) and we treat rock-free maritime grassland as neutral grassland (not as supralittoral rock). Other interpretations are possible but result in floristically less homogeneous Broad Habitats.

Details of our cross-reference between NVC units and Broad Habitats are given in Table A1. In the interests of simplicity, no NVC type is allocated to more than two Broad Habitats. This is artificial, but the aim is to choose the main types. Where an NVC type was assigned to two Broad Habitats, say BHm and BHn, those species occurring in a quadrat belonging to that NVC type were deemed to have occurred 0.5 times in BHm and 0.5 times BHn.

It is pertinent here to consider the definitions, drawing attention to less obvious features and to where we have differed from Jackson (2000).

BH1 Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Broadleaved woodland is defined as woodland with broadleaved trees having at least 20% canopy cover. In practice, most woodland has closed canopy. Juniper scrub is included in this type if it is large enough to result in a woodland understorey (W19). Other scrub types are treated as edge features (BH3), because hedges are often where they occur. The underscrub community W24 shared between woodland (BH1) and neutral grassland (BH6).

BH2 Coniferous woodland This category is clearly defined and corresponds to native pine woodland (W18) in the NVC. Stands of planted conifers normally have a subset of the normal broadleaved woodland flora growing under them. There is no corresponding NVC type. Planted conifers have therefore been under-represented, and the fern Dryopteris dilatata, which is the commonest vascular plant in upland conifer plantations, did not appear as a conifer specialist in our floristic database, but was added by us later.

BH3 Boundary and linear features Apart from scrub that forms hedges, boundary and linear features are not directly cross-referenced to the NVC. They include hedges, tree-lines, walls, earth banks, grass strips and dry ditches. However, numerous species were recorded in them during the Countryside 2000 survey, so they are well represented in the database. Note that roads, tracks and railways in urban areas belong to the urban BH 17.

BH4 Arable and horticultural Commercial orchards are included here, as well as field crops. Note that horticulture here is defined as commercial horticulture and does not include domestic gardens and allotments, which are included in BH 17. The NVC communities classified as OV1- 11,13-19,21,22,36 are included here.

2 Annex 1

BH5 Improved grassland This has few characteristic species, and is typically dominated by sown ryegrass Lolium perenne or clover Trifolium repens. OV12, the Poa annua-Myosotis arvensis community, is indicated in British Plant Communities (Rodwell, 1991-2000) as being mainly a disturbed element in improved pasture and has been included here.

BH6 Neutral grassland The mesotrophic grassland types MG1-6,8-13 are the core of the neutral grassland category. Coastal grazing marsh is included here. Four of the coastal cliff grasslands, MC9-12, are not necessarily or normally rocky and have been included here in BH6. OV28, an inundation grassland, is shared between BH6 and BH 11.

BH7 Calcareous grassland By convention, this includes all NVC types included in the CG class. As a result, montane calcareous vegetation is in BH7, along with chalk grassland.

BH8 Acid grassland Only lowland and subalpine grassland are included here; vegetation types that would normally be found above the timberline are in BH15. Communities U1-6 form the core of this type. The fern community U19 is treated in BH8. It is usually a mosaic element in grassland, though it also occurs on steep banks by rivers and could therefore be included also in the broad definition (not used here) of BH14.

BH9 Bracken This is small type, which is defined as unwooded land dominated by bracken Pteridium aquilinum. BH9 has few characteristic species, because it is usually a derivative of grassland or forest. Just two NVC types, U20 and W25, are included here.

BH10 Dwarf shrub heath The heath type BH10 includes vegetation with at least 25% cover of Ericaceae or dwarf gorse Ulex minor. Coastal heath is included in this category, except for dune heath, which is assigned to BH19. Dwarf shrub communities on blanket bogs are strictly included in BH12, but this is a relatively minor habitat for them and has not been recognized in the cross-reference. The standard heathland communities H1- 10,12,16,18,21, together with the wet heath communities M15,16 form the core of this community. The bizarre OV34, a chive Allium schoenoprasum community forming a mosaic element on shallow soils in coastal heath, is included here.

BH11 Fen, marsh and swamp This is a very wide category and includes reedbeds, swamps, tall-herb fens, flushes, springs, marshes, rush-pastures and wet grassland. Mud communities of dried-up ponds and riverbeds (e.g. OV30) have been included here, although they belong more strictly to BH13 and BH14 unless they are very extensive (>0.25 ha). Types M4- 14,22-38, all swamp communities except Scirpus maritimus S21, and OV 26,28-33,35 are included. For the present exercise, we have excluded the bog-like communities (Erico-Sphagnion) that are found in very acid lowland valley-mires.

3 Annex 1

BH12 Bog Bogs are defined strictly only as ombrotrophic bogs. However, we have lumped all Erico-Sphagnion vegetation, including M21, in BH12 even if it the vegetation occurs in valley mires, together with bog pool vegetation M1-3. This is to prevent the characteristic species of BH11 being too heterogeneous. The NVC types included are M1-3,15,17-21,25.

BH13 Standing water and canals Only aquatic vegetation has been cross-referenced to this type, i.e. communities A1- 16,19-24.. Mud communities and marginal vegetation are referred to BH11.

BH14 Rivers and streams This Broad Habitat is treated in much the same way as BH13. According to the strict definition, all vegetation between the banks of a river counts as belonging to BH14. For the purposes of defining characteristic species, river-bank vegetation has been treated as belonging to other types such as inland rock. Thus the communities included in BH14 are A8,9,11-20. Several of these communities are also characteristic of BH13.

BH15 Montane habitats This type is defined by having distinctive arctic-alpine species, provided that they are not calcicolous. Calcareous montane vegetation is included in BH7. BH15 includes both montane heaths H13-15,17,19,20,22, grassier types U7-15,18, and a willow scrub type W20.

BH16 Inland rock This heterogeneous Broad Habitat includes limestone pavement, cliffs, caves, scree, quarries and vegetation on skeletal soils over rock. Communities U16,17,21 and OV37-41 are assigned to BH16.

BH17 Built-up areas and gardens Urban habitats were largely ignored by the Countryside Survey and NVC surveyors. Most of the characteristic species are neophytes, while the commonest species are widespread natives and archaeophytes (Hill, Roy & Thompson, 2002). Very few NVC communities are really characteristic of the built environment. Pavement and wall communities OV20,42 are assigned wholly to BH17; OV23,24,41 are assigned to BH17 but shared with other Broad Habitats.

BH18 Supralittoral rock It is clear from the Habitat Statement for supralittoral rock (UK Biodiversity Group, 1999) that maritime grassland is not included. For that reason, MC9-11,12 have been treated as neutral grassland, BH6. Only MC1-8 are included in BH18.

BH19 Supralittoral sediment This includes strandlines, shingle, machair and coastal dunes. It includes all the NVC types SD1-19, together with the dune heath type H11.

BH20 Littoral Rock Intertidal rock normally lacks vascular plants and no vascular-plant species or vegetation type is characteristic of it.

4 Annex 1

BH21 Littoral sediment This includes saltmarshes and saltmarsh pools.

BH23 Inshore sublittoral sediment One vascular plant, Zostera marina, occurs in this habitat, which is not considered further.

5 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Coniferous woodland Linear and boundary features Arable and horticultural Improved grassland Neutral grassland Calcareous grassland Acid grassland Bracken Dwarf shrub heath Fen, marsh and swamp Bog Standing water and canals Rivers and streams Montane habitats Inland Rock Built-up areas and gardens Rock Supralittoral Supralittoral Sediment Rock Littoral Littoral Sediment Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Acer campestre N 13 Aceras anthropophorum N 7 Achillea millefolium N 6 Achillea ptarmica N 11 Aconitum napellus sens. lat. NA 1 3 14 17 Actaea spicata N 16 Adiantum capillus-veneris N 16 Adonis annua AR 4 Adoxa moschatellina N ● 1 Aegopodium podagraria AR 317 Aethusa cynapium NA 34 17 Agrimonia eupatoria N 6 Agrimonia procera N 13 6 Agrostemma githago AR 4 Agrostis canina N ● 11 13 Agrostis capillaris N 8 Agrostis curtisii N 810 Agrostis gigantea AR ● 34 Agrostis stolonifera N 46 Agrostis vinealis N 810 Aira caryophyllea N 10 16 Aira praecox N 816 Ajuga chamaepitys NA 47 Ajuga pyramidalis N 10 16 Ajuga reptans N 1 Alchemilla acutiloba N 6 Alchemilla alpina N 71516 Alchemilla filicaulis N 71516 Alchemilla glabra N 61516 Alchemilla glaucescens N 7 Alchemilla glomerulans N 815 Alchemilla micans N 7 Alchemilla minima N 7 Alchemilla monticola N 6 Alchemilla subcrenata N 6 Alchemilla wichurae N 7 Alchemilla xanthochlora N 67 Alisma gramineum N 13 Alisma lanceolatum N 13 Alisma plantago-aquatica N 11 13 Alliaria petiolata N 3 Allium ampeloprasum AR 3

Page 1 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Allium oleraceum N ● 7 Allium schoenoprasum N 16 Allium scorodoprasum N 13 6 Allium sphaerocephalon NA 16 17 Allium ursinum N 1 Allium vineale N 367 Alnus glutinosa N 114 Alopecurus aequalis N ● 13 Alopecurus borealis N 11 Alopecurus bulbosus N 6 Alopecurus geniculatus N 6 Alopecurus myosuroides AR 4 Alopecurus pratensis N 6 Althaea officinalis N 13 Ammophila arenaria N ● 19 Anacamptis pyramidalis N 7 Anagallis arvensis N 4 Anagallis minima N ● 3 Anagallis tenella N 11 Anchusa arvensis AR 4 Andromeda polifolia N 12 Anemone nemorosa N 116 Angelica sylvestris N 11 16 Anisantha sterilis AR 34 17 Antennaria dioica N 710 Anthemis arvensis AR 34 Anthemis cotula AR 4 Anthoxanthum odoratum N 6 Anthriscus caucalis N 34 8 Anthriscus sylvestris N 3 Anthyllis vulneraria N 7 Apera spica-venti AR 34 Aphanes arvensis N 416 Aphanes australis N 816 Apium graveolens N 13 Apium inundatum N 11 13 Apium nodiflorum N 14 Apium repens N 13 Aquilegia vulgaris N 13 16 Arabidopsis thaliana N 16 17 Arabis alpina N 16 Arabis glabra N 8 Arabis hirsuta N 716 Arabis petraea N 15 16 Arabis scabra N 16 Arbutus unedo N 116 Arctium lappa AR 3 Arctium minus N 3 Arctostaphylos alpinus N 15 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi N 10 15 Arenaria norvegica N 16 Arenaria serpyllifolia N 16 Armeria arenaria N ● 18 19 Armeria maritima N ● 18 21

Page 2 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Armoracia rusticana AR 3 Arnoseris minima AR 4 Arrhenatherum elatius N 3 Artemisia absinthium AR 31617 Artemisia campestris N 38 Artemisia norvegica N 15 Artemisia vulgaris AR 317 Arum italicum N 13 Arum maculatum N 1 Asparagus officinalis N 31819 Asperula cynanchica N 7 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum N 316 Asplenium marinum N ● 18 Asplenium obovatum N 16 Asplenium onopteris N 13 16 Asplenium ruta-muraria N 31617 Asplenium septentrionale N 16 Asplenium trichomanes N 31617 Asplenium viride N 15 16 Aster linosyris N ● 18 Aster tripolium N ● 21 Astragalus alpinus N 715 Astragalus danicus N 7 Astragalus glycyphyllos N 13 16 Athyrium distentifolium N ● 15 Athyrium filix-femina N 116 Athyrium flexile N 15 16 Atriplex glabriuscula N ● 19 Atriplex laciniata N ● 19 Atriplex littoralis N ● 19 Atriplex longipes N ●● 21 Atriplex patula N 34 Atriplex pedunculata N ● 21 Atriplex portulacoides N ● 21 Atriplex praecox N ●● 19 Atriplex prostrata N 3 4 19 21 Atropa belladonna N 13 Avena fatua AR 34 Baldellia ranunculoides N 13 14 Ballota nigra AR 3 Barbarea vulgaris N 314 Bartsia alpina N 71115 Bellis perennis N 6 Berberis vulgaris NA 13 Berula erecta N 11 Beta vulgaris N ● 18 19 Betula nana N 10 12 15 Betula pendula N 1 Betula pubescens N 1 Bidens cernua N 13 14 Bidens tripartita N 11 13 Blackstonia perfoliata N 7 Blechnum spicant N 1 2 10 16 Blysmus compressus N 11

Page 3 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Blysmus rufus N ● 21 Bolboschoenus maritimus N ● 21 Botrychium lunaria N ● 716 Brachypodium pinnatum N 7 Brachypodium sylvaticum N 1 Brassica nigra NA 34 Brassica oleracea NA 17 18 Brassica rapa AR 4 Briza media N 7 Briza minor AR 4 Bromopsis benekenii N ● 1 Bromopsis erecta N 7 Bromopsis ramosa N 1 Bromus commutatus N 3 Bromus hordeaceus N 6 Bromus racemosus N 36 Bromus secalinus AR 4 Bryonia dioica N 3 Bunium bulbocastanum N 4 Bupleurum baldense N ● 18 19 Bupleurum rotundifolium AR 4 Bupleurum tenuissimum N 36 Butomus umbellatus N 13 14 Buxus sempervirens N 13 Cakile maritima N ● 19 Calamagrostis canescens N 11 Calamagrostis epigejos N 311 Calamagrostis purpurea N ● 111 Calamagrostis scotica N 11 Calamagrostis stricta N ● 11 Callitriche N 11 13 14 Callitriche hamulata sens.lat. N 11 13 14 Callitriche hermaphroditica N 13 Callitriche obtusangula N 13 14 Callitriche stagnalis sens.lat. N 11 13 14 Callitriche truncata N 13 14 Calluna vulgaris N 10 12 Caltha palustris N 11 Calystegia sepium N 11 14 Calystegia soldanella N ● 19 Camelina sativa AR 417 Campanula glomerata N 7 Campanula latifolia N 1 Campanula patula N 13 Campanula rapunculus AR 317 Campanula rotundifolia N 7 Campanula trachelium N 1 Capsella bursa-pastoris AR 417 Cardamine amara N 114 Cardamine bulbifera N 1 Cardamine flexuosa N 1 Cardamine hirsuta N 16 Cardamine impatiens N 13 Cardamine pratensis N 611

Page 4 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Carduus crispus N 3 Carduus nutans N 67 Carduus tenuiflorus N 36 Carex acuta N 11 Carex acutiformis N 11 Carex appropinquata N 11 Carex aquatilis N ● 11 13 Carex arenaria N ● 19 Carex atrata N 15 16 Carex atrofusca N 11 15 Carex bigelowii N 15 Carex binervis N 810 16 Carex buxbaumii N 11 Carex capillaris N 7 Carex caryophyllea N 7 Carex chordorrhiza N 11 Carex curta N 11 Carex depauperata N 3 Carex diandra N 11 Carex digitata N 116 Carex dioica N 11 Carex distans N ● 21 Carex disticha N ● 11 Carex divisa N 6 Carex divulsa N 367 Carex echinata N 11 12 14 Carex elata N 11 Carex elongata N 1 Carex ericetorum N ● 7 Carex extensa N ● 20 21 Carex filiformis N 67 Carex flacca N 711 Carex flava N 111 Carex hirta N 6 Carex hostiana N 11 Carex humilis N 7 Carex lachenalii N 11 15 Carex laevigata N 116 Carex lasiocarpa N 11 Carex limosa N 11 12 Carex magellanica N 12 Carex maritima N ●● 19 Carex microglochin N 11 Carex montana N 68 Carex muricata N 378 Carex nigra N 11 Carex norvegica N 15 Carex ornithopoda N 716 Carex otrubae N 11 Carex ovalis N 310 Carex pallescens N 1 Carex panicea N 11 Carex paniculata N 111 Carex pauciflora N ● 12

Page 5 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Carex pendula N 114 Carex pilulifera N 8 Carex pseudocyperus N 11 Carex pulicaris N 11 16 Carex punctata N ● 18 Carex rariflora N 15 Carex recta N 11 Carex remota N 114 Carex riparia N 11 14 Carex rostrata N 11 Carex rupestris N 15 16 Carex saxatilis N 15 Carex spicata N 367 Carex strigosa N 114 Carex sylvatica N 1 Carex vaginata N ● 15 Carex vesicaria N 11 Carex viridula N 11 14 Carex vulpina N 13 Carlina vulgaris N 7 Carpinus betulus N 1 Carum carvi AR 36 17 Carum verticillatum N 11 14 Castanea sativa AR 1 Catabrosa aquatica N 13 14 Catapodium marinum N ● 18 Catapodium rigidum N 717 Centaurea calcitrapa AR 3 Centaurea cyanus AR 34 17 Centaurea nigra N 67 Centaurea scabiosa N 67 Centaurium erythraea N 719 Centaurium littorale N ● 19 21 Centaurium pulchellum N ● 21 Centaurium scilloides N 10 Centaurium tenuiflorum N ● 18 Cephalanthera damasonium N 1 Cephalanthera longifolia N 1 Cephalanthera rubra N 1 Cerastium alpinum N 15 16 Cerastium arcticum N 15 16 Cerastium arvense N 8 Cerastium cerastoides N ● 15 Cerastium diffusum N ● 18 19 Cerastium fontanum N 6 Cerastium glomeratum N 35 Cerastium nigrescens N 16 Cerastium pumilum N 7 Cerastium semidecandrum N ●● 18 19 Ceratocapnos claviculata N 19 Ceratophyllum demersum N 13 Ceratophyllum submersum N 13 Ceterach officinarum N 316 Chaenorhinum minus AR 34 17

Page 6 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Chaerophyllum temulum N 3 Chamaemelum nobile N 8 Chamerion angustifolium N 317 Chelidonium majus AR 3 Chenopodium album agg. N 4 Chenopodium bonus-henricus AR 34 Chenopodium chenopodioides N ● 621 Chenopodium ficifolium AR 4 Chenopodium glaucum AR 4 Chenopodium hybridum AR 4 Chenopodium murale AR 4 Chenopodium polyspermum AR 4 Chenopodium rubrum N 411 Chenopodium urbicum AR 4 Chenopodium vulvaria AR ● 18 19 Chrysanthemum segetum AR 4 Chrysosplenium alternifolium N 11 14 Chrysosplenium oppositifolium N 114 Cicendia filiformis N 10 Cicerbita alpina N 15 16 Cichorium intybus AR 3 Cicuta virosa N 11 13 14 Circaea alpina N 1 Circaea lutetiana N 1 Cirsium acaule N 7 Cirsium arvense N 36 Cirsium dissectum N 11 Cirsium eriophorum N 7 Cirsium heterophyllum N 616 Cirsium palustre N 11 14 Cirsium tuberosum N 7 Cirsium vulgare N 3567 Cladium mariscus N 11 Clematis vitalba N 3 Clinopodium acinos N 16 Clinopodium ascendens N 316 Clinopodium calamintha N 3 Clinopodium menthifolium N 1 Clinopodium vulgare N 7 Cochlearia anglica N ● 21 Cochlearia danica N ● 318 Cochlearia micacea N ● 15 Cochlearia officinalis N ● 18 21 Cochlearia pyrenaica N ● 11 16 Coeloglossum viride N 7 Coincya monensis N 31719 Coincya wrightii N ● 18 Colchicum autumnale N 6 Conium maculatum AR 3 Conopodium majus N 16 Convallaria majalis N 17 Convolvulus arvensis N 34 Corallorhiza trifida N ● 12 Cornus sanguinea N 13

Page 7 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Cornus suecica N 10 15 Coronopus squamatus AR 34 Corrigiola litoralis N ● 19 Corylus avellana N 13 Corynephorus canescens N ● 19 Crambe maritima N ● 19 Crassula aquatica NA 14 Crassula tillaea N 3 Crataegus laevigata N 1 Crataegus monogyna N 13 Crepis biennis N 36 Crepis capillaris N 7 Crepis foetida AR ● 19 Crepis mollis N 7 Crepis paludosa N 11 16 Crepis praemorsa N 7 Crithmum maritimum N ● 18 Cruciata laevipes N 6 Cryptogramma crispa N 10 15 16 Cuscuta epithymum N 10 Cuscuta europaea N ● 14 Cynodon dactylon NA 345 17 Cynoglossum germanicum N 1 Cynoglossum officinale N 719 Cynosurus cristatus N 6 Cyperus fuscus N 13 Cyperus longus N 11 13 Cypripedium calceolus N 7 Cystopteris dickieana N ● 16 Cystopteris fragilis N 16 Cystopteris montana N ● 15 16 Cytisus scoparius N 3 Daboecia cantabrica N 10 Dactylis glomerata N 6 Dactylorhiza fuchsii N 11 Dactylorhiza incarnata N 11 Dactylorhiza lapponica N 11 Dactylorhiza maculata N 12 Dactylorhiza majalis N 11 Dactylorhiza praetermissa N 11 Dactylorhiza purpurella N 11 Dactylorhiza traunsteineri N 11 Damasonium alisma N 13 Danthonia decumbens N 78 Daphne laureola N 1 Daphne mezereum NA 1 Daucus carota N 67 Deschampsia cespitosa N 16 Deschampsia flexuosa N 810 Deschampsia setacea N 12 13 Descurainia sophia AR 4 Dianthus armeria N 34 16 Dianthus deltoides N 7 Dianthus gratianopolitanus N 16

Page 8 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Diapensia lapponica N 15 Digitalis purpurea N 89 Diphasiastrum alpinum N 15 Diphasiastrum complanatum N ● 10 Diplotaxis tenuifolia AR 31617 Dipsacus fullonum sens.lat. NA 36 17 Dipsacus pilosus N 13 16 Draba aizoides N 16 Draba incana N 716 Draba muralis N 316 Draba norvegica N 15 16 Drosera anglica N 11 12 Drosera intermedia N 12 14 Drosera rotundifolia N 12 Dryas octopetala N 716 Dryopteris aemula N 116 Dryopteris affinis N 116 Dryopteris carthusiana N 1 Dryopteris cristata N 11 Dryopteris dilatata N 12 Dryopteris expansa N ● 11516 Dryopteris filix-mas N 12 Dryopteris oreades N ● 15 16 Dryopteris submontana N 16 Echium plantagineum AR 4 Echium vulgare N 7 Elatine hexandra N 13 Elatine hydropiper N 13 Eleocharis acicularis N ● 13 14 Eleocharis austriaca N 13 14 Eleocharis multicaulis N 11 12 13 Eleocharis palustris N 11 Eleocharis parvula N ●● 21 Eleocharis quinqueflora N ● 11 Eleocharis uniglumis N 11 Eleogiton fluitans N 11 Elymus caninus N 13 Elytrigia atherica N ● 19 21 Elytrigia juncea N ● 19 Elytrigia repens N 319 Empetrum nigrum N 10 12 15 Epilobium alsinifolium N 11 16 Epilobium anagallidifolium N 11 15 Epilobium hirsutum N 11 14 Epilobium lanceolatum N 31617 Epilobium montanum N 31617 Epilobium obscurum N 11 14 Epilobium palustre N 11 14 Epilobium parviflorum N 11 Epilobium roseum N 1 3 14 17 Epilobium tetragonum N 317 Epipactis atrorubens N 16 Epipactis helleborine N 17 Epipactis leptochila N 1

Page 9 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Epipactis palustris N 11 Epipactis phyllanthes N 1 Epipactis purpurata N 1 Epipactis youngiana N ● 1 Epipogium aphyllum N 1 Equisetum arvense N 34 Equisetum fluviatile N 11 Equisetum hyemale N 11114 Equisetum palustre N 11 Equisetum pratense N 11 Equisetum sylvaticum N 116 Equisetum telmateia N 11 Equisetum variegatum N 11 Erica ciliaris N 10 12 Erica cinerea N 10 Erica erigena N 10 13 14 Erica tetralix N 10 12 Erica vagans N 10 Erigeron acer N 316 Erigeron borealis N 15 16 Eriocaulon aquaticum N 13 Eriophorum angustifolium N 12 Eriophorum gracile N 11 Eriophorum latifolium N 11 Eriophorum vaginatum N 12 Erodium cicutarium agg. N ● 19 Erodium maritimum N ● 18 19 Erodium moschatum AR 34 Erophila glabrescens N ● 31617 Erophila majuscula N ● 31617 Erophila verna sensu Stace N ● 31617 Eryngium campestre AR 35 Eryngium maritimum N ● 19 Erysimum cheiranthoides AR 34 Erysimum cheiri AR 31617 Euonymus europaeus N 13 Eupatorium cannabinum N 11 Euphorbia amygdaloides N 1 Euphorbia exigua AR 4 Euphorbia helioscopia AR 417 Euphorbia hyberna N 13 Euphorbia lathyris AR 31617 Euphorbia paralias N ● 19 Euphorbia peplis N ● 19 Euphorbia peplus AR 417 Euphorbia platyphyllos AR 4 Euphorbia portlandica N ● 18 19 Euphorbia serrulata NA 13 Euphrasia anglica N ● 10 16 Euphrasia arctica N ● 611 Euphrasia cambrica N ● 15 Euphrasia campbelliae N ● 10 11 Euphrasia confusa N ● 78 16 Euphrasia foulaensis N ●● 18 21

Page 10 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Euphrasia frigida N ● 15 16 Euphrasia heslop-harrisonii N ●● 21 Euphrasia marshallii N ●● 18 Euphrasia micrantha N ● 810 Euphrasia nemorosa N ● 710 Euphrasia ostenfeldii N ● 16 Euphrasia pseudokerneri N ● 7 Euphrasia rivularis N ● 15 16 Euphrasia rostkoviana N ● 6 Euphrasia rotundifolia N ●● 18 Euphrasia salisburgensis N ● 16 Euphrasia scottica N ● 10 15 Euphrasia tetraquetra N ● 610 Euphrasia vigursii N ● 10 Fagus sylvatica N 1 Fallopia convolvulus AR 34 Fallopia dumetorum N 13 Festuca altissima N 116 Festuca arundinacea N 67 Festuca filiformis N 8 Festuca gigantea N 1 Festuca lemanii NA ● 78 16 Festuca longifolia N 8 Festuca ovina N 78 Festuca pratensis N 6 Festuca rubra agg. N 6 Festuca vivipara N 15 16 Filago gallica AR 34 Filago lutescens NA 34 Filago minima N 16 Filago pyramidata AR 4 Filago vulgaris N 3 Filipendula ulmaria N 11 Filipendula vulgaris N 7 Foeniculum vulgare AR 31617 Fragaria vesca N 17 Frangula alnus N 1 Frankenia laevis N ● 19 21 Fraxinus excelsior N 1 Fritillaria meleagris NA 6 Fumaria bastardii N ● 4 Fumaria capreolata N 316 Fumaria densiflora AR 4 Fumaria muralis N 4 Fumaria occidentalis N 34 Fumaria officinalis AR 34 Fumaria parviflora AR 4 Fumaria purpurea N ● 34 Fumaria vaillantii AR 4 Gagea bohemica N 16 Gagea lutea N 1 3 14 16 Galeopsis angustifolia AR 416 Galeopsis bifida N ● 4 Galeopsis segetum AR 4

Page 11 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Galeopsis speciosa AR 4 Galeopsis tetrahit N 3 Galium aparine N 34 17 Galium boreale N 716 Galium constrictum N 13 Galium mollugo N 7 Galium odoratum N 1 Galium palustre N 11 Galium parisiense NA 3 Galium pumilum N 7 Galium saxatile N 89 Galium sterneri N 716 Galium tricornutum AR 4 Galium uliginosum N 11 Galium verum N 7 Gastridium ventricosum NA 47 Gaudinia fragilis NA 36 Genista anglica N 10 Genista pilosa N 10 Genista tinctoria N 6 Gentiana nivalis N 15 16 Gentiana pneumonanthe N 810 Gentiana verna N 716 Gentianella amarella N 7 Gentianella anglica N 7 Gentianella campestris N 7 Gentianella ciliata NA 7 Gentianella germanica N 7 Gentianella uliginosa N ● 19 Geranium columbinum N 37 Geranium dissectum AR 34 Geranium lucidum N 316 Geranium molle N 3 Geranium pratense N 6 Geranium purpureum N 316 Geranium pusillum N ● 3 Geranium robertianum N 116 Geranium rotundifolium N 31617 Geranium sanguineum N 716 Geranium sylvaticum N 616 Geum rivale N 116 Geum urbanum N 1 Gladiolus illyricus N 89 Glaucium flavum N ● 19 Glaux maritima N ● 21 Glechoma hederacea N 13 Glyceria declinata N ● 13 14 Glyceria fluitans N 11 14 Glyceria maxima N 11 Glyceria notata N 11 14 Gnaphalium luteoalbum NA 419 Gnaphalium norvegicum N 15 16 Gnaphalium supinum N 15 Gnaphalium sylvaticum N 310

Page 12 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Gnaphalium uliginosum N 11 13 Goodyera repens N 2 Groenlandia densa N 13 14 Gymnadenia conopsea N 711 Gymnocarpium dryopteris N 116 Gymnocarpium robertianum N 16 Hammarbya paludosa N ● 11 Hedera helix N 13 Helianthemum apenninum N 7 Helianthemum nummularium N 7 Helianthemum oelandicum N 716 Helictotrichon pratense N 7 Helictotrichon pubescens N 67 Helleborus foetidus N 13 Helleborus viridis NA 13 Heracleum sphondylium N 36 Herminium monorchis N 7 Herniaria ciliolata N ● 18 Herniaria glabra N 8 Hieracium N 16 Hierochloe odorata N 11 13 Himantoglossum hircinum N 37 16 Hippocrepis comosa N 7 Hippophae rhamnoides N ● 19 Hippuris vulgaris N 11 13 Holcus lanatus N 36 Holcus mollis N 13 9 Homogyne alpina NA 15 16 Honckenya peploides N ● 19 Hordelymus europaeus N 1 Hordeum marinum N 6 Hordeum murinum AR 317 Hordeum secalinum N 5 Hornungia petraea N 16 Hottonia palustris N 13 Humulus lupulus N 3 Huperzia selago N 15 16 Hyacinthoides non-scripta N 19 Hydrilla verticillata N 13 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae N 13 Hydrocotyle vulgaris N 11 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense N 16 Hymenophyllum wilsonii N 116 Hyoscyamus niger AR 4 Hypericum androsaemum N 13 Hypericum elodes N 11 Hypericum hirsutum N 67 Hypericum humifusum N 3 Hypericum linariifolium N 16 Hypericum maculatum N 13 16 Hypericum montanum N 13 Hypericum perforatum N 7 Hypericum pulchrum N 10 16 Hypericum tetrapterum N 11

Page 13 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Hypericum undulatum N 11 Hypochaeris glabra N ● 8 Hypochaeris maculata N 7 Hypochaeris radicata N 6 Iberis amara N 7 Ilex aquifolium N 1 Illecebrum verticillatum N 13 Impatiens noli-tangere N 1 Inula conyzae N 716 Inula crithmoides N ● 18 Inula helenium AR 317 Iris foetidissima N 1 Iris pseudacorus N 11 Isatis tinctoria AR 316 Isoetes echinospora N ● 13 Isoetes histrix N 16 Isoetes lacustris N ● 13 Isolepis cernua N 11 Isolepis setacea N ● 11 14 Jasione montana N 810 Juncus acutiflorus N 11 Juncus acutus N ● 19 Juncus alpinoarticulatus N 11 Juncus ambiguus N ● ● 19 21 Juncus articulatus N 11 Juncus balticus N ● 19 Juncus biglumis N 11 15 Juncus bufonius N ● 3111314 Juncus bulbosus N 14 Juncus capitatus N ● 18 19 Juncus castaneus N 15 Juncus compressus N 611 Juncus conglomeratus N 11 Juncus effusus N 811 Juncus filiformis N ● 13 Juncus foliosus N ● 11 13 Juncus gerardii N ● 21 Juncus inflexus N 611 Juncus maritimus N ● 21 Juncus pygmaeus N 3 Juncus squarrosus N 812 Juncus subnodulosus N 11 Juncus trifidus N 15 Juncus triglumis N 11 16 Juniperus communis N 7101516 Kickxia elatine AR 4 Kickxia spuria AR 4 Knautia arvensis N 67 Kobresia simpliciuscula N 11 15 Koeleria macrantha N 7 Koeleria vallesiana N 7 Koenigia islandica N 11 16 Lactuca saligna N ● 19 Lactuca serriola AR 317

Page 14 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Lactuca virosa N 316 Lamiastrum galeobdolon N 1 Lamium album AR 317 Lamium amplexicaule AR 34 Lamium confertum AR 4 Lamium hybridum AR ● 4 Lamium purpureum AR 34 17 Lapsana communis NA 317 Lathraea squamaria N 13 Lathyrus aphaca NA 47 Lathyrus japonicus N ● 19 Lathyrus linifolius N 816 Lathyrus nissolia N 367 Lathyrus palustris N 11 Lathyrus pratensis N 6 Lathyrus sylvestris N 3 Lavatera arborea N ● 18 Leersia oryzoides N 13 Legousia hybrida AR 4 Lemna gibba N 13 Lemna minor N 11 13 Lemna trisulca N 11 13 Leontodon autumnalis N 6 Leontodon hispidus N 7 Leontodon saxatilis N ● 7 Lepidium campestre AR 34 17 Lepidium heterophyllum N 3 Lepidium latifolium N 6 Lepidium ruderale AR 317 Leucanthemum vulgare N 67 Leucojum aestivum N 16 Leymus arenarius N ● 19 Ligusticum scoticum N ● 18 Ligustrum vulgare N 13 Limonium bellidifolium N ● 19 21 Limonium binervosum N ● 18 19 21 Limonium binervosum agg. N ● 18 21 Limonium britannicum N ● 18 19 21 Limonium dodartiforme N ● 18 Limonium humile N ● 21 Limonium loganicum N ● 18 Limonium paradoxum N ● 18 Limonium parvum N ● 18 Limonium procerum N ● 18 19 21 Limonium recurvum N ● 18 Limonium transwallianum N ● 18 Limonium vulgare N ● 21 Limosella aquatica N 13 Limosella australis N ● 21 Linaria repens AR 37 Linaria vulgaris N 36 Linnaea borealis N 2 Linum bienne N 37 Linum catharticum N 7

Page 15 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Linum perenne N 7 Liparis loeselii N 11 Listera cordata N ● 21012 Listera ovata N 111 Lithospermum arvense AR 4 Lithospermum officinale N 13 7 Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum N 13 Littorella uniflora N 11 13 Lloydia serotina N 15 16 Lobelia dortmanna N 13 Lobelia urens N 810 Loiseleuria procumbens N 15 Lolium perenne N 36 Lolium temulentum AR 4 Lonicera periclymenum N 1 Lotus angustissimus N 8 Lotus corniculatus N 67 Lotus glaber N 367 Lotus pedunculatus N 11 Lotus subbiflorus N 8 Ludwigia palustris N 13 Luronium natans N ● 13 14 Luzula arcuata N 15 16 Luzula campestris N 6 Luzula forsteri N 1 Luzula multiflora N 8 Luzula pallidula N 111 Luzula pilosa N 12 Luzula spicata N 71516 Luzula sylvatica N 116 Lychnis alpina N 15 Lychnis flos-cuculi N 11 Lychnis viscaria N 16 Lycopodiella inundata N ● 10 12 Lycopodium annotinum N 10 15 Lycopodium clavatum N 10 Lycopus europaeus N 11 Lysimachia nemorum N 1 Lysimachia nummularia N 61114 Lysimachia thyrsiflora N ● 11 13 Lysimachia vulgaris N 11 Lythrum hyssopifolium AR 4 Lythrum portula N 11 13 Lythrum salicaria N 11 Maianthemum bifolium NA 12 Malus sylvestris sens.lat. N 13 Malva moschata N 6 Malva neglecta AR 34 Malva sylvestris AR 34 Marrubium vulgare N 47 Matricaria recutita AR 34 Matthiola sinuata NA ● 18 19 Meconopsis cambrica N 1 Medicago arabica N 317

Page 16 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Medicago lupulina N 717 Medicago minima N 8 Medicago polymorpha N ● 8 Medicago sativa N 38 Melampyrum cristatum N 3 Melampyrum pratense N 12 Melampyrum sylvaticum N ● 116 Melica nutans N 17 16 Melica uniflora N 1 Melilotus altissimus AR 34 17 Melittis melissophyllum N 13 Mentha aquatica N 11 Mentha arvensis N 411 Mentha pulegium N 13 Mentha spicata AR 317 Mentha suaveolens N 3 Menyanthes trifoliata N 11 Mercurialis annua AR 34 17 Mercurialis perennis N 1 Mertensia maritima N ● 19 Mespilus germanica AR 13 17 Meum athamanticum N 36 Mibora minima N ● 19 Milium effusum N 1 Minuartia hybrida N 7 Minuartia rubella N 15 Minuartia sedoides N 15 Minuartia stricta N 11 Minuartia verna N 716 Misopates orontium AR 4 Moehringia trinervia N 1 Moenchia erecta N 8 Molinia caerulea N 12 Moneses uniflora N 2 Monotropa hypopitys N ● 1 Montia fontana N 11 Muscari neglectum NA 38 Mycelis muralis N 116 Myosotis alpestris N 71516 Myosotis arvensis AR 34 Myosotis discolor N 6 Myosotis laxa N 11 Myosotis ramosissima N 816 Myosotis scorpioides N 11 14 Myosotis secunda N 11 Myosotis stolonifera N ● 11 14 Myosotis sylvatica N 1 Myosoton aquaticum N 11 13 14 Myosurus minimus NA 4 Myrica gale N 12 Myriophyllum alterniflorum N 13 14 Myriophyllum spicatum N 13 14 Myriophyllum verticillatum N ● 13 14 Najas flexilis N 13

Page 17 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Najas marina N 13 Narcissus N 13 17 Nardus stricta N 8 Narthecium ossifragum N 12 Neotinea maculata N 716 Neottia nidus-avis N 1 Nepeta cataria AR 37 Nuphar lutea N 13 14 Nuphar pumila N 13 Nymphaea alba N 13 Nymphoides peltata N 13 14 Odontites vernus N 6 Oenanthe aquatica N 11 Oenanthe crocata N 11 14 Oenanthe fistulosa N 11 Oenanthe fluviatilis N 14 Oenanthe lachenalii N 11 Oenanthe pimpinelloides N 6 Oenanthe silaifolia N 6 Onobrychis viciifolia NA 7 Ononis reclinata N ● 18 Ononis repens N 7 Ononis spinosa N 67 Onopordum acanthium AR 34 17 Ophioglossum azoricum N 8 Ophioglossum lusitanicum N 8 Ophioglossum vulgatum N 67 Ophrys apifera N 7 Ophrys fuciflora N 7 Ophrys insectifera N 1711 Ophrys sphegodes N 7 Orchis laxiflora N 611 Orchis mascula N 17 16 Orchis militaris N 7 Orchis morio N 67 Orchis purpurea N 1 Orchis simia N 7 Orchis ustulata N 7 Oreopteris limbosperma N 116 Origanum vulgare N 716 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum N 13 Ornithopus perpusillus N 8 Ornithopus pinnatus N 810 Orobanche alba N 16 Orobanche artemisiae-campestris N ● 18 Orobanche caryophyllacea N 18 Orobanche elatior N 37 Orobanche hederae N 13 16 Orobanche minor N 45 Orobanche purpurea N 36 Orobanche rapum-genistae N 10 Orobanche reticulata N 37 Orthilia secunda N 21016 Osmunda regalis N 111

Page 18 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Otanthus maritimus N ● 19 Oxalis acetosella N 12 16 Oxyria digyna N 15 16 Oxytropis campestris N 7 Oxytropis halleri N ● 71819 Papaver argemone AR 4 Papaver dubium AR 34 Papaver hybridum AR 4 Papaver rhoeas AR 34 Papaver somniferum AR 34 17 Parapholis incurva N ● 18 19 21 Parapholis strigosa N ●● 21 Parentucellia viscosa N 35 Parietaria judaica N 16 17 Paris quadrifolia N 1 Parnassia palustris N 11 Pastinaca sativa N 367 Pedicularis palustris N 11 Pedicularis sylvatica N 10 12 14 Persicaria amphibia N 11 13 Persicaria bistorta N 6 Persicaria hydropiper N 11 13 14 Persicaria lapathifolia N 411 Persicaria maculosa N 34 Persicaria minor N 13 14 Persicaria mitis N 13 14 Persicaria vivipara N 715 Petasites hybridus N 14 Petrorhagia nanteuilii N ● 19 Petroselinum crispum AR 317 Petroselinum segetum N 34 Peucedanum officinale N ● 19 Peucedanum ostruthium AR 45 Peucedanum palustre N 11 Phalaris arundinacea N 11 14 Phegopteris connectilis N 116 Phleum alpinum N 11 15 Phleum arenarium N ● 19 Phleum bertolonii N ● 36 Phleum phleoides N 8 Phleum pratense N 36 Phragmites australis N 11 Phyllitis scolopendrium N 116 Phyllodoce caerulea N 10 15 Physospermum cornubiense N 110 Phyteuma orbiculare N 7 Phyteuma spicatum NA 13 Picris echioides AR 34 Picris hieracioides N 7 Pilosella flagellaris N 316 Pilosella officinarum N 7 Pilosella peleteriana N 716 Pilularia globulifera N 13 Pimpinella major N 6

Page 19 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Pimpinella saxifraga N 7 Pinguicula grandiflora N 10 12 Pinguicula lusitanica N ● 10 11 Pinguicula vulgaris N 11 12 Pinus sylvestris N 2 Plantago coronopus N 36 18 Plantago lanceolata N 67 Plantago major N 35 Plantago maritima N ● 15 21 Plantago media N 7 Platanthera bifolia N 110 Platanthera chlorantha N 16 Poa alpina N 15 Poa angustifolia N 78 Poa annua N 3456 Poa bulbosa N ● 19 Poa compressa N ● 3 Poa flexuosa N 15 16 Poa glauca N 15 16 Poa humilis N 619 Poa infirma N 3 Poa nemoralis N 1 Poa pratensis sens.str. N 3567 Poa trivialis N 13 6 Polemonium caeruleum N 16 Polycarpon tetraphyllum NA 34 17 Polygala amarella N 7 Polygala calcarea N 7 Polygala serpyllifolia N 81012 Polygala vulgaris N 7 Polygonatum multiflorum N 1 Polygonatum odoratum N 116 Polygonatum verticillatum N 1 Polygonum arenastrum AR 34 Polygonum aviculare N ● 417 Polygonum boreale N ● 4 Polygonum maritimum N ● 19 Polygonum oxyspermum N ● 19 Polygonum rurivagum AR ● 4 Polypodium cambricum N ● 316 Polypodium interjectum N ● 13 16 Polypodium vulgare N ● 13 16 Polypogon monspeliensis N 6 Polystichum aculeatum N 116 Polystichum lonchitis N 71516 Polystichum setiferum N 1 Populus nigra sens.lat. N 314 Populus tremula N 116 Potamogeton acutifolius N 13 Potamogeton alpinus N 13 Potamogeton berchtoldii N ● 13 14 Potamogeton coloratus N 13 Potamogeton compressus N 13 Potamogeton crispus N 13 14

Page 20 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Potamogeton epihydrus N 13 Potamogeton filiformis N ● 13 Potamogeton friesii N ● 13 Potamogeton gramineus N 13 14 Potamogeton lucens N 13 14 Potamogeton natans N 11 13 14 Potamogeton nodosus N 14 Potamogeton obtusifolius N 13 Potamogeton pectinatus N 13 14 Potamogeton perfoliatus N 13 14 Potamogeton polygonifolius N 11 12 13 Potamogeton praelongus N ● 13 Potamogeton pusillus N ● 13 Potamogeton rutilus N 13 14 Potamogeton trichoides N ● 13 14 Potentilla anglica N 6 Potentilla anserina N 6 Potentilla argentea N 38 Potentilla crantzii N 716 Potentilla erecta N 8 Potentilla fruticosa N 16 Potentilla neumanniana N 716 Potentilla palustris N 11 Potentilla reptans N 6 Potentilla rupestris N 16 Potentilla sterilis N 1 Primula elatior N 1 Primula farinosa N 711 Primula scotica N ● 619 Primula veris N 67 Primula vulgaris N 116 Prunella vulgaris N 67 Prunus avium N 1 Prunus cerasus AR 13 Prunus domestica AR 317 Prunus padus N 1 Prunus spinosa N 3 Pseudorchis albida N ● 78 Pteridium aquilinum N 19 Puccinellia distans N 3 21 Puccinellia fasciculata N 6 Puccinellia maritima N ● 21 Puccinellia rupestris N ● 619 Pulicaria dysenterica N 611 Pulicaria vulgaris N 8 Pulmonaria longifolia N 13 Pulmonaria obscura N 1 Pulsatilla vulgaris N 7 Pyrola media N ● 210 Pyrola minor N ● 116 Pyrola rotundifolia N 219 Pyrus communis sens.lat. AR 13 17 Pyrus cordata NA 3 Quercus petraea N 1

Page 21 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Quercus robur N 13 Radiola linoides N ● 10 Ranunculus acris N 6 Ranunculus aquatilis N 13 14 Ranunculus arvensis AR 4 Ranunculus auricomus N 1 Ranunculus baudotii N 13 Ranunculus bulbosus N ● 67 Ranunculus circinatus N 13 14 Ranunculus ficaria N 13 Ranunculus flammula N 11 Ranunculus fluitans N ● 14 Ranunculus hederaceus N 11 13 Ranunculus lingua N 11 Ranunculus omiophyllus N 11 Ranunculus ophioglossifolius N 13 Ranunculus parviflorus N 6 Ranunculus peltatus N 11 13 14 Ranunculus penicillatus N 14 Ranunculus repens N 36 Ranunculus reptans N 13 Ranunculus sardous NA 34 6 13 Ranunculus sceleratus N 11 13 14 Ranunculus trichophyllus N ● 11 13 Ranunculus tripartitus N 13 Raphanus raphanistrum N 419 Reseda lutea NA 3 Reseda luteola AR 34 17 Rhamnus cathartica N 13 Rhinanthus minor N 6 Rhynchospora alba N 12 Rhynchospora fusca N 12 Ribes alpinum N 13 16 Ribes rubrum NA 1 Ribes spicatum N ● 116 Romulea columnae N ● 18 19 Rorippa amphibia N 11 13 14 Rorippa islandica sens.str. N 13 Rorippa microphylla N ● 13 14 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum N ● 13 14 Rorippa palustris N 11 13 Rorippa sylvestris N 11 14 Rosa agrestis N ● 7 Rosa arvensis N 3 Rosa caesia N 13 Rosa canina sens.str. N ● 13 Rosa micrantha N ● 13 7 Rosa mollis N ● 13 16 Rosa obtusifolia N ● 13 Rosa pimpinellifolia N 10 16 19 Rosa rubiginosa N 37 Rosa sherardii N ● 13 16 Rosa stylosa N ● 13 Rosa tomentosa N ● 13

Page 22 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Rubia peregrina N 1 Rubus caesius N 3 Rubus chamaemorus N 10 12 Rubus fruticosus agg. N 13 Rubus idaeus N 1 Rubus saxatilis N ● 17 16 Rumex acetosa N 6 Rumex acetosella N 89 16 Rumex aquaticus N 11 13 14 Rumex conglomeratus N 11 14 Rumex crispus N 36 19 Rumex hydrolapathum N 11 Rumex longifolius N 313 Rumex maritimus N 13 14 Rumex obtusifolius N 35 17 Rumex palustris N 13 Rumex pseudoalpinus AR 317 Rumex pulcher N 356 Rumex rupestris N ● 18 19 Rumex sanguineus N 1 Ruppia cirrhosa N ● 21 Ruppia maritima N ● 21 Ruscus aculeatus N 13 Sagina apetala N 17 Sagina maritima N ●● 18 19 Sagina nivalis N 15 Sagina nodosa N 11 19 Sagina procumbens N 61617 Sagina saginoides N 715 Sagina subulata N 810 Sagittaria sagittifolia N 13 14 Salicornia dolichostachya N ●● 21 Salicornia europaea N ● ● 21 Salicornia fragilis N ●● 21 Salicornia nitens N ●● 21 Salicornia obscura N ●● 21 Salicornia pusilla N ● 21 Salicornia ramosissima N ● 21 Salix alba AR 14 Salix arbuscula N 15 16 Salix aurita N 116 Salix caprea N 1 Salix cinerea N 111 Salix fragilis AR 114 Salix herbacea N 15 Salix lanata N 15 Salix lapponum N 15 Salix myrsinifolia N 13 14 16 Salix myrsinites N 15 16 Salix pentandra N 1 Salix phylicifolia N 14 16 Salix purpurea N 11 14 Salix repens N ● 10 19 Salix reticulata N 15 16

Page 23 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Salix triandra AR 11 13 14 Salix viminalis AR 11 13 14 Salsola kali N ● 19 Salvia pratensis NA 37 Salvia verbenaca N 37 Sambucus ebulus AR 3 Sambucus nigra N 317 Samolus valerandi N 11 Sanguisorba minor N 7 Sanguisorba officinalis N 6 Sanicula europaea N 1 Saponaria officinalis AR 317 Sarcocornia perennis N ● 21 Saussurea alpina N 71516 Saxifraga aizoides N 7111516 Saxifraga cernua N 15 16 Saxifraga cespitosa N 15 16 Saxifraga granulata N 67 Saxifraga hirculus N 11 Saxifraga hirsuta N 11516 Saxifraga hypnoides N 71516 Saxifraga nivalis N 15 16 Saxifraga oppositifolia N 71516 Saxifraga rivularis N 11 15 Saxifraga rosacea N 16 Saxifraga spathularis N 16 Saxifraga stellaris N 11 15 16 Saxifraga tridactylites N 16 Scabiosa columbaria N 7 Scandix pecten-veneris AR 4 Scheuchzeria palustris N 12 Schoenoplectus lacustris N 13 14 Schoenoplectus pungens NA ● 19 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani N 11 13 Schoenoplectus triqueter N 14 Schoenus ferrugineus N 11 Schoenus nigricans N 11 Scilla autumnalis N ● 10 18 Scilla verna N 610 Scirpoides holoschoenus N ● 19 Scirpus sylvaticus N 111 Scleranthus annuus N 4 8 10 16 Scleranthus perennis N 816 Scorzonera humilis NA 6 Scrophularia auriculata N 11 14 Scrophularia nodosa N 13 Scrophularia umbrosa N 114 Scutellaria galericulata N 11 Scutellaria minor N 11 Sedum acre N 16 Sedum album AR 31617 Sedum anglicum N 16 18 Sedum forsterianum N 316 Sedum rosea N 15 16

Page 24 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Sedum telephium N 13 16 Sedum villosum N 11 Selaginella selaginoides N 711 Selinum carvifolia N 11 Senecio aquaticus N 11 14 Senecio cambrensis N 317 Senecio erucifolius N 36 Senecio jacobaea N 3 678 Senecio paludosus N 11 13 Senecio sylvaticus N 289 Senecio vulgaris N 34 17 Serapias parviflora NA 6 Seriphidium maritimum N ● 21 Serratula tinctoria N 7 Seseli libanotis N 7 Sesleria caerulea N 716 Sherardia arvensis N 716 Sibbaldia procumbens N ● 15 Sibthorpia europaea N 314 Silaum silaus N 6 Silene acaulis N 71516 Silene conica N ● 19 Silene dioica N 1 Silene gallica AR 34 Silene latifolia AR 3 Silene noctiflora AR 4 Silene nutans N 16 Silene otites N 38 Silene uniflora N ● 18 Silene vulgaris N 36 Silybum marianum AR 3 Simethis planifolia N 10 Sinapis alba AR 34 Sinapis arvensis AR 34 17 Sison amomum N 3 Sisymbrium officinale AR 317 Sisyrinchium bermudiana N 613 Sium latifolium N 11 14 Smyrnium olusatrum AR 3 Solanum dulcamara N 31114 Solanum nigrum NA 4 Solidago virgaurea N 10 16 Sonchus arvensis N 4 Sonchus asper N 34 Sonchus oleraceus N 34 Sonchus palustris N 11 Sorbus anglica N 116 Sorbus aria N 1 Sorbus arranensis N 16 Sorbus aucuparia N 12 16 Sorbus bristoliensis N 116 Sorbus devoniensis N 13 Sorbus domestica N 16 Sorbus eminens N 1

Page 25 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Sorbus hibernica N 13 16 Sorbus lancastriensis N 16 Sorbus leptophylla N 16 Sorbus leyana N 16 Sorbus minima N 16 Sorbus porrigentiformis N 16 Sorbus pseudofennica N 16 Sorbus rupicola N 16 Sorbus subcuneata N 1 Sorbus torminalis N 1 Sorbus vexans N 116 Sorbus wilmottiana N 116 Sparganium angustifolium N 13 Sparganium emersum N 13 14 Sparganium erectum N 11 13 Sparganium natans N 13 Spartina anglica N ● 21 Spartina maritima N ● 21 Spergula arvensis N 4 Spergularia marina N ● 3 21 Spergularia media N ● 21 Spergularia rubra N 817 Spergularia rupicola N ●● 18 Spiranthes aestivalis N 11 Spiranthes romanzoffiana N ● 11 Spiranthes spiralis N 7 Spirodela polyrhiza N 13 Stachys arvensis AR 34 Stachys germanica N 3 Stachys officinalis N 67 Stachys palustris N 11 14 Stachys sylvatica N 3 Stellaria graminea N 6 Stellaria holostea N 1 Stellaria media N 34 Stellaria neglecta N 13 Stellaria nemorum N 114 Stellaria pallida N 319 Stellaria palustris N 11 Stellaria uliginosa N 11 14 Stratiotes aloides NA 13 Suaeda maritima N ● 21 Suaeda vera N ● 19 21 Subularia aquatica N 13 Succisa pratensis N 6 Symphytum officinale N 11 Symphytum tuberosum N 13 Tamus communis N 13 Tanacetum parthenium AR 317 Tanacetum vulgare N 3 Taraxacum N 35 17 Taxus baccata N 1 Teesdalia nudicaulis N 8 Tephroseris integrifolia N 7

Page 26 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Tephroseris palustris N 13 Teucrium scordium N 11 13 14 Teucrium scorodonia N 1916 Thalictrum alpinum N 7111516 Thalictrum flavum N 11 Thalictrum minus N 16 19 Thelypteris palustris N 111 Thesium humifusum N 7 Thlaspi arvense AR 34 Thlaspi caerulescens N 16 Thlaspi perfoliatum N 316 Thymus polytrichus N 716 Thymus pulegioides N 7 Thymus serpyllum N 8 Tilia cordata N 1 Tilia platyphyllos N 1 Tofieldia pusilla N 711 Torilis arvensis AR 4 Torilis japonica N 3 Torilis nodosa N 36 Tragopogon pratensis N 6 Trichomanes speciosum N 16 Trichophorum cespitosum N 10 12 Trientalis europaea N 12 10 Trifolium arvense N 8 Trifolium bocconei N 16 Trifolium campestre N 31619 Trifolium dubium N 6 Trifolium fragiferum N 6 Trifolium glomeratum N 8 Trifolium incarnatum N 34 18 Trifolium medium N 6 Trifolium micranthum N 817 Trifolium occidentale N ●● 18 Trifolium ochroleucon N 36 Trifolium ornithopodioides N 8 Trifolium pratense N 67 Trifolium repens N 6 Trifolium scabrum N 8 Trifolium squamosum N ● 619 Trifolium striatum N 8 Trifolium strictum N 16 Trifolium subterraneum N 816 Trifolium suffocatum N 8 Triglochin maritimum N ● 21 Triglochin palustre N ● 11 Trinia glauca N 7 Tripleurospermum inodorum AR 417 Tripleurospermum maritimum N ● 18 19 Trisetum flavescens N 67 Trollius europaeus N 11 16 Tuberaria guttata N 10 Tussilago farfara N 16 Typha angustifolia N 11

Page 27 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Typha latifolia N 11 Ulex europaeus N 10 Ulex gallii N 10 Ulex minor N 10 Ulmus glabra N 1 Ulmus minor sensu Stace N ● 13 Ulmus plotii N 3 Ulmus procera NA 3 Ulmus sp. (excluding Ulmus glabra) N 13 Umbilicus rupestris N 316 Urtica dioica N 31417 Urtica urens AR 417 Utricularia australis N 13 Utricularia intermedia sens.lat. N 11 12 13 Utricularia minor N ● 11 12 Utricularia vulgaris sens.lat. N 13 Vaccinium microcarpum N 12 Vaccinium myrtillus N 10 16 Vaccinium oxycoccos N 12 Vaccinium uliginosum N 12 15 16 Vaccinium vitis-idaea N 21015 Valeriana dioica N 11 Valeriana officinalis N 11 Valerianella carinata AR 317 Valerianella dentata AR 4 Valerianella locusta N 31619 Valerianella rimosa AR 4 Verbascum lychnitis N 37 Verbascum nigrum N 3 Verbascum pulverulentum NA 316 Verbascum thapsus N 3 Verbena officinalis AR 316 Veronica agrestis AR 34 17 Veronica alpina N 15 Veronica anagallis-aquatica N 13 14 Veronica arvensis N ● 316 Veronica beccabunga N 11 14 Veronica catenata N 13 14 Veronica chamaedrys N 13 6 Veronica fruticans N 15 16 Veronica hederifolia AR 134 17 Veronica montana N 1 Veronica officinalis N 78 Veronica scutellata N 11 13 Veronica serpyllifolia N 35 11 Veronica spicata N 716 Veronica triphyllos AR 34 Veronica verna N 8 Viburnum lantana N 13 Viburnum opulus N 1 Vicia bithynica N 3 Vicia cracca N 311 Vicia hirsuta N 36 Vicia lathyroides N ●● 19

Page 28 Annex 2. Broad habitat associations of native and archaeophyte species Name Native Under-recorded Coastal 1 Broad. wood 2 Conifer wood 3 Linear 4 Arable 5 Improved grs 6 Neutral grs Grs Calc. 7 8 Acid grs 9 Bracken 10 Heath 11 Fen, marsh 12 Bog 13 Standing wat. 14 Rivers 15 Montane 16 Inland rock 17 Urban rock Supralitt. 18 sed Supralitt. 19 rock Litt. 20 sed Litt. 21 Vicia lutea N ● 18 19 Vicia orobus N 16 Vicia parviflora N 34 Vicia sativa N 6 Vicia sepium N 36 Vicia sylvatica N 13 16 Vicia tetrasperma N 34 6 Vinca minor AR 13 17 Viola arvensis AR 4 Viola canina N ● 810 Viola hirta N 7 Viola kitaibeliana N 19 Viola lactea N 10 Viola lutea N 78 16 Viola odorata N 7 Viola palustris N 11 14 Viola persicifolia N 11 Viola reichenbachiana N 1 Viola riviniana N 17 16 Viola rupestris N 7 Viola tricolor N ● 419 Viscum album N 317 Vulpia bromoides N 3 Vulpia ciliata N 8 Vulpia fasciculata N ● 19 Vulpia myuros AR 317 Wahlenbergia hederacea N 11 14 Wolffia arrhiza N 13 Woodsia alpina N 15 16 Woodsia ilvensis N 16 Zannichellia palustris N 13 14 Zostera angustifolia N ● 21 Zostera marina N ● 21 Zostera noltei N ● 21

Page 29 ANNEX 3 Maps of Broad Habitat types.

A set of maps are presented for each Broad Habitat type: 1. The richness of plants classified for the Broad Habitat type (Annex 2), recorded per 10km square. 2. The error in prediction of Broad Habitat richness, expressed as a percentage (observed- expected/observed). 3. The percentage of land per 10km square classified by the CEH Landcover Map 2000. This map is not available for all types. The cover of Broad Habitat 3 (Linear and boundary features) and 14 (Rivers and streams) are not detectable from space. The map included for Broad Habitat 6 (Neutral grassland) is a combination of Neutral and Calcareous grassland (BH7); the map included for Broad Habitat 8 (Acid grassland) is a combination of Acid grassland and bracken (BH9); the map included for Broad Habitat 18 (Supralittoral rock) is a combination of supralittoral rock and supralittoral sediment (BH19).

Fig. A1. BH1 Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland. R2 = 74%

Fig. A2. BH2 Coniferous woodland R2 = 53% Fig. A3. BH3 Linear and boundary features R2 = 88

Fig. A4. BH4 Arable and horticultural Linear and boundary features R2 = 87%

Fig. A5. BH5 Improved grassland R2 = 80%

Fig. A6. BH6 Neutral grassland R2 = 81%

Fig. A7. BH7 Calcareous grassland R2 = 65%

Fig. A8. BH8 Acid grassland R2 = 34%

Fig. A9. BH9 Bracken R2 = 41%

Fig. A10. BH10 Dwarf shrub heath R2 = 47%

Fig. A11. BH11 Fen, marsh and swamp R2 = 52%

Fig. A12. BH12 Bog R2 = 73%

Fig. A13. BH13 Standing water and canals R2 = 60%

Fig. A14. BH14 Rivers and streams R2 = 73%

Fig. A15. BH15 Montane habitats R2 = 87%

Fig. A16. BH16 Inland rock R2 = 48%

Fig. A17. BH17 Built-up areas and gardens R2 = 87%

Fig. A18. BH18 Supralittoral rock R2 = 78%

ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Acanthus mollis 1.84 1.60 Acer campestre 0.68 0.11 0.96 0.18 0.35 0.51 1.90 1.05 0.62 1.81 0.92 1.53 0.09 -0.01 Acer pseudoplatanus -0.47 -0.36 0.15 -0.80 -1.01 1.39 1.04 -0.24 -0.09 -0.13 0.44 1.15 0.27 0.34 1.25 Aceras anthropophorum -0.50 -0.74 -0.58 -0.39 Achillea millefolium -0.03 -0.21 -0.25 0.91 -0.81 1.38 1.36 1.09 -0.52 0.68 -0.18 -0.63 -0.76 0.68 2.00 Achillea ptarmica -0.58 -0.49 -0.73 -0.33 -0.98 -0.78 -1.23 -1.69 -0.89 -0.47 -0.50 -0.72 -0.14 -0.62 -0.35 Acorus calamus 0.80 0.47 0.11 0.80 0.22 0.25 0.40 0.09 0.50 0.45 Actaea spicata -0.28 -0.78 Adiantum capillus-veneris 0.48 0.28 1.07 Adonis annua -1.87 -3.24 -0.82 -1.53 -1.06 Adoxa moschatellina -0.35 -0.24 -0.43 -0.47 -0.28 0.23 0.10 -0.06 0.57 -0.33 -0.55 -0.33 -0.30 -0.25 Aegopodium podagraria -0.80 -0.70 -0.44 -0.49 -0.78 -0.15 0.34 -0.87 -0.05 0.36 -2.25 -0.50 -0.11 -0.38 -0.12 Aesculus hippocastanum -0.07 -0.24 0.29 -0.13 2.91 1.83 1.98 0.93 2.36 3.09 1.97 2.20 1.94 1.73 1.31 Aethusa cynapium -0.57 -1.10 -0.48 -0.71 -0.94 -0.62 -0.80 -0.61 -0.90 -0.49 -0.58 -0.65 -0.45 0.02 -0.36 Agrimonia eupatoria -0.90 -0.27 -0.74 -1.53 -1.67 -1.11 -0.97 -0.93 -0.42 -1.72 -1.44 -1.40 -0.87 -1.03 0.01 Agrimonia procera -0.04 0.75 0.07 -1.56 -0.84 -0.47 -0.68 -0.42 0.58 -0.67 0.06 -0.74 0.73 -0.63 -0.73 Agrostemma githago -0.65 -2.52 -0.63 0.69 -0.24 -1.21 -0.49 0.95 -0.14 -0.08 -1.52 -0.48 Agrostis canina sens.lat. 1.21 0.53 1.54 0.96 0.73 0.65 -0.04 0.54 1.38 2.58 0.71 1.17 0.64 1.10 -0.61 Agrostis capillaris 0.65 -0.26 1.07 2.43 -0.01 1.40 1.21 1.66 0.09 1.98 3.06 1.05 0.34 1.07 1.08 Agrostis curtisii -0.27 -0.20 -0.79 0.31 Agrostis gigantea 1.61 0.41 1.74 1.98 0.95 1.50 1.27 1.58 2.31 1.06 1.28 0.16 0.70 0.68 Agrostis stolonifera 4.56 4.25 1.96 4.67 4.07 2.72 1.52 3.18 1.63 3.54 3.75 3.10 0.71 0.79 3.07 Aira caryophyllea -0.72 -0.99 -0.89 0.34 -0.60 -0.68 -0.67 -0.44 -0.95 0.85 -0.55 -0.51 0.40 -0.57 -1.02 Aira praecox 0.20 0.11 -0.21 0.12 -0.13 -0.52 -0.40 -0.45 -0.39 0.33 -0.78 -0.31 -0.52 -0.44 -0.33 Ajuga chamaepitys -0.47 -0.64 Ajuga pyramidalis -0.37 -0.15 Ajuga reptans -0.26 -0.32 0.07 0.01 -0.76 -1.00 -0.58 -0.46 -1.53 -0.33 -1.29 -0.57 -0.38 -0.70 -0.95 Alchemilla alpina -0.74 -0.56 -0.05 0.49 0.33 Alisma lanceolatum 0.20 1.17 1.04 -0.16 -0.31 0.86 -0.27 Alisma plantago-aquatica 0.54 0.63 -0.01 0.41 -0.11 -0.55 -0.42 -0.85 -0.13 -0.45 -0.40 -0.01 -0.87 -0.66 -0.33 Alliaria petiolata 0.59 0.80 0.75 -0.17 -0.18 0.61 0.92 0.70 1.08 -0.02 0.44 1.26 0.93 -0.20 0.09 Allium ampeloprasum 0.92 0.86 Allium carinatum 0.34 0.15 0.24 1.04 -0.45 0.90 Allium oleraceum -0.91 -1.14 -0.09 0.61 -0.42 -0.18 -0.61 -0.35 -0.23 0.59 Allium paradoxum 1.41 1.65 0.72 1.99 1.28 0.36 1.07 2.49 Allium schoenoprasum 0.35 2.36 0.59 0.82 1.58 Allium scorodoprasum 0.38 0.12 0.65 0.31 0.29 0.12 -0.47 Allium triquetrum 2.35 1.18 1.80 2.89 Allium ursinum 0.05 -0.16 0.83 -0.28 0.08 0.04 -0.57 0.49 -0.26 0.69 -0.61 0.16 0.09 0.18 0.43 Allium vineale 0.87 0.80 0.71 0.49 0.45 1.12 0.20 0.18 1.36 -0.02 -0.24 0.24 0.90 1.12 Alnus glutinosa -0.70 -0.78 -0.27 -0.42 -0.28 0.10 -0.32 -0.49 0.33 -0.48 0.87 1.48 1.81 -0.77 0.14 Alopecurus aequalis -0.41 -1.21 -0.62 0.32 -0.46 -0.72 Alopecurus borealis 0.81 1.19 Alopecurus bulbosus 0.23 -0.87 0.70 0.25 Alopecurus geniculatus 0.64 0.21 1.39 2.10 -0.15 0.78 2.46 0.02 1.15 -0.10 0.26 0.61 0.49 0.48 0.20 Alopecurus myosuroides -0.63 0.05 -0.59 0.25 0.34 -0.13 0.81 0.91 0.60 0.59 0.80 0.26 0.33 Page 1 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Alopecurus pratensis -0.45 -0.56 0.01 -0.10 -1.10 0.97 1.71 -0.20 0.45 1.42 -0.04 1.66 0.71 0.81 0.39 Althaea hirsuta 0.33 0.76 0.68 Althaea officinalis -0.39 -0.13 -0.07 -0.28 -0.38 -0.21 Alyssum alyssoides -0.90 0.19 -1.72 Ammophila arenaria -0.07 0.30 -0.35 -0.16 -1.13 -0.23 0.33 -0.15 -0.45 -0.63 0.05 -0.22 -0.21 0.01 Anacamptis pyramidalis 0.39 0.85 -0.05 -1.30 0.26 0.63 0.69 0.03 0.57 -0.13 -0.00 -0.24 0.56 0.60 Anagallis arvensis -1.08 -0.34 -1.09 -1.57 -0.62 -0.83 -1.04 -0.72 -0.58 -1.16 -0.55 -0.72 -0.24 0.06 0.82 Anagallis minima 0.47 0.83 -1.05 -1.67 -1.27 -2.18 -1.80 -1.19 Anagallis tenella -0.65 -0.11 -1.15 -0.68 -0.28 -0.53 -0.52 -0.52 0.26 -0.64 -0.81 -0.73 -0.24 -0.62 -0.41 Anaphalis margaritacea 0.44 0.82 0.07 0.07 -0.83 -0.54 Anchusa arvensis -1.10 -1.48 -0.44 -0.80 -0.46 -0.54 -1.43 -0.04 -0.32 -1.11 -0.24 -0.01 -0.28 -0.12 -0.91 Andromeda polifolia 0.29 -0.42 -0.09 -0.33 -0.48 -0.02 0.52 Anemone nemorosa -0.53 -0.68 -0.39 -0.00 -0.10 -0.97 -0.92 -0.71 -0.70 -0.70 -0.63 -0.50 -0.54 -1.00 -0.90 Angelica archangelica 0.33 1.93 0.78 1.60 1.00 Angelica sylvestris 0.70 0.51 0.33 0.62 -0.21 -0.79 0.77 -0.87 -1.20 0.15 0.44 -0.50 -1.17 -0.23 -0.89 Anisantha diandra 0.02 0.24 1.49 -0.01 1.10 1.63 1.90 Anisantha madritensis 0.84 0.33 0.88 1.07 Anisantha rigida 1.82 0.98 0.70 Anisantha sterilis 0.01 -0.74 0.09 -0.07 -0.16 0.41 0.90 0.81 1.07 0.87 0.11 0.55 -0.27 0.41 0.54 Anisantha tectorum -0.16 -0.17 -0.43 Antennaria dioica -1.04 -0.55 -1.57 -1.51 -0.63 -0.77 -0.80 -0.44 -0.52 -0.47 -1.47 Anthemis arvensis -1.69 -0.98 -1.62 -1.48 -0.34 -1.73 -1.33 -1.26 -1.43 -1.67 -0.26 -1.72 -1.10 Anthemis cotula -4.83 -3.56 -4.71 -4.11 -1.48 -3.30 -2.20 -1.73 -1.47 -0.58 -1.40 -1.23 -0.94 -1.67 Anthoxanthum aristatum -2.93 -2.91 -2.83 -0.53 Anthoxanthum odoratum 1.33 1.54 0.23 0.43 0.65 -0.19 0.31 -0.24 -0.03 1.05 1.19 -0.94 -0.63 0.34 0.04 Anthriscus caucalis -0.30 -0.65 0.11 -0.20 -0.16 0.11 0.27 -0.13 0.78 0.29 0.27 -0.60 -0.32 Anthriscus sylvestris -0.39 -0.31 0.20 -0.18 -0.41 1.32 2.18 0.12 -0.52 0.08 -1.26 1.15 -0.76 1.32 0.34 Anthyllis vulneraria -0.01 0.03 0.56 -0.73 -0.39 0.50 -0.02 0.94 2.39 -0.73 0.19 1.01 -0.40 0.12 0.26 Antirrhinum majus 0.86 0.34 2.30 1.06 2.44 2.11 1.07 2.14 1.29 3.03 2.11 Apera interrupta 1.02 0.29 0.30 Apera spica-venti -0.73 -0.92 -0.06 -0.72 0.17 0.91 -0.10 -0.17 Aphanes arvensis agg. -1.06 -1.29 -0.29 -0.80 0.79 0.09 -0.01 0.09 0.34 -0.67 0.58 -0.11 -0.49 0.47 0.61 Apium graveolens -0.18 -0.92 -0.68 -0.88 -0.81 -0.55 -0.53 0.32 -0.56 -0.28 -0.86 -0.35 Apium inundatum 0.76 0.93 0.24 0.53 -0.46 -1.08 0.10 -0.69 -0.83 -0.65 -0.54 -1.57 -0.27 -1.57 -0.94 Apium nodiflorum -0.06 0.40 -0.96 -0.16 -0.15 -0.63 0.10 -0.86 -0.61 0.02 0.26 -0.77 0.99 0.00 -0.64 Aquilegia vulgaris 1.39 1.47 0.65 1.15 1.34 1.19 1.48 1.15 0.81 1.26 1.08 1.39 1.29 1.23 Arabidopsis thaliana 0.62 0.18 0.84 0.92 3.16 1.13 1.59 2.44 1.69 2.32 0.61 0.44 -0.07 1.41 0.62 Arabis glabra -1.05 -1.64 -0.76 -1.08 Arabis hirsuta -0.86 -0.42 -0.24 -1.59 0.04 -0.92 -1.52 -0.56 -0.71 -1.25 -0.37 -0.39 -0.42 -0.71 -1.02 Arabis petraea -0.65 -0.35 Arbutus unedo 2.19 1.61 Arctium lappa -0.68 0.37 1.07 0.14 0.32 0.36 0.82 0.36 0.31 Arctium minus -0.48 -0.26 -0.55 -0.79 0.30 0.57 0.26 -0.45 -0.03 -0.34 0.44 2.16 0.27 0.62 0.34 Arctostaphylos alpinus -0.16 0.12 0.24 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi -0.71 -0.57 -0.05 -0.68 -0.38 Arenaria balearica -0.86 -0.13 -0.33 -1.60 -0.20 0.15 -0.71 -0.56 0.36 Page 2 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Arenaria norvegica 0.28 0.35 Arenaria serpyllifolia -1.16 -1.27 -1.05 -0.72 -1.11 -0.69 -1.55 0.84 0.37 -0.44 0.03 0.65 -0.87 -1.63 -0.79 Aristolochia clematitis -0.43 -0.49 0.06 Armeria maritima 0.01 0.20 0.01 -0.41 -1.22 -0.08 -0.02 -0.58 -0.33 -0.74 0.27 -0.28 -0.05 0.25 Armoracia rusticana 0.66 0.08 0.63 0.57 0.31 -0.03 0.87 -0.00 0.93 -0.42 -0.33 1.10 -0.42 0.09 -0.23 Arnoseris minima -4.27 -2.03 -2.96 Arrhenatherum elatius 0.42 0.46 0.46 0.66 -0.54 1.41 1.78 0.63 0.65 1.26 -0.18 0.02 -1.64 1.19 0.55 Artemisia absinthium -0.72 -0.65 -0.69 -0.53 -1.75 0.09 0.14 -0.87 -0.50 -0.22 -0.46 -0.47 -0.66 Artemisia campestris -0.11 0.04 Artemisia verlotiorum 0.07 -0.10 Artemisia vulgaris -0.86 -1.26 -0.23 -0.39 -1.08 0.95 1.13 0.41 2.24 -0.97 -0.32 1.26 0.27 0.85 1.17 Arum italicum 1.80 1.43 1.34 1.85 Arum maculatum 0.55 0.39 0.99 -0.39 -0.53 -0.48 -0.94 0.22 -0.71 -0.46 -0.82 0.16 0.18 -0.12 0.01 Asarum europaeum -0.66 Asparagus officinalis 1.53 0.83 -0.34 1.09 2.62 1.19 0.70 1.99 Asperula cynanchica -0.46 -0.45 -0.74 -0.51 -0.59 -0.28 -0.45 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum sens.lat. -0.23 -0.39 0.42 -0.31 0.19 0.47 0.06 0.83 1.43 -0.15 0.15 0.60 0.68 -0.43 0.89 Asplenium marinum 0.21 0.37 0.83 -0.49 -0.20 0.27 0.42 -0.42 -0.54 0.09 Asplenium obovatum -0.22 -0.46 -0.45 Asplenium ruta-muraria -0.22 -0.19 0.38 -0.75 -0.36 0.28 -0.18 1.17 1.03 -0.02 -0.51 0.18 0.28 -0.47 0.58 Asplenium septentrionale 0.10 0.35 0.11 0.01 -0.45 Asplenium trichomanes -0.40 -0.38 0.26 -1.05 0.42 0.06 0.21 1.26 0.65 -0.03 -0.50 0.42 -0.17 -0.70 0.09 Asplenium viride -0.22 -0.06 -0.56 -0.02 -0.54 -1.68 0.20 0.18 Aster linosyris 0.07 Aster tripolium -0.72 -0.42 -0.68 -0.48 -1.33 -0.27 0.11 -0.38 -0.78 -0.59 -0.16 -0.14 -0.19 0.06 Astragalus danicus -0.19 0.70 -0.53 -1.19 -0.92 -0.38 -1.17 -0.79 -0.49 -0.85 -0.39 Astragalus glycyphyllos -0.44 -0.39 -0.26 0.00 -0.33 -0.52 -0.79 0.34 0.09 -0.42 -0.17 Athyrium distentifolium 0.50 0.84 Athyrium filix-femina 0.76 0.78 0.43 0.22 0.15 -0.26 0.75 0.51 -0.38 0.23 0.20 -0.29 -0.34 -0.08 -0.06 Atriplex laciniata 0.19 -0.39 0.50 0.71 0.51 0.43 0.23 1.05 0.03 0.20 Atriplex littoralis 0.81 0.54 1.04 1.35 1.68 0.14 1.80 0.83 1.50 2.33 0.28 0.90 Atriplex patula -0.85 -1.75 -0.42 0.33 1.05 0.45 0.62 -0.32 -0.39 -0.72 1.26 1.12 -0.56 0.82 0.51 Atriplex portulacoides 0.33 -0.17 0.12 -0.27 -0.30 0.23 0.05 0.04 -0.02 -0.08 Atropa belladonna -0.58 -0.32 -0.25 0.59 -0.59 -0.86 -2.11 -0.77 0.38 -0.02 -0.58 0.08 Avena fatua 0.83 0.39 1.90 -1.18 1.01 1.31 1.27 1.55 2.70 1.58 0.05 -0.27 1.89 1.59 Avena sterilis 0.09 -0.52 -1.06 0.44 0.28 0.32 Avena strigosa -1.87 -1.74 -0.73 -0.76 -3.61 -1.41 -3.45 -2.87 -1.67 Azolla filiculoides 2.29 2.24 1.71 1.59 3.35 1.81 1.56 1.43 Baldellia ranunculoides -0.10 0.36 -0.76 -0.00 -0.20 -1.32 -1.61 -0.85 -0.45 -0.33 -2.19 -1.04 -0.81 -0.97 -1.08 Ballota nigra -0.27 -0.05 -0.47 -0.59 -0.30 -0.07 -1.20 -0.28 -0.05 1.66 -0.57 0.46 Barbarea intermedia 2.02 0.86 1.70 2.26 1.92 1.25 0.71 1.82 0.86 0.45 0.73 1.90 1.07 Barbarea stricta 0.72 0.42 0.35 Barbarea verna 0.31 0.80 2.01 0.67 0.51 0.37 Barbarea vulgaris -0.14 -0.78 -0.31 0.02 -0.21 0.07 -0.72 0.73 1.00 0.03 0.16 0.77 1.46 -0.62 -0.05 Bartsia alpina -0.08 0.12 0.30 Bellis perennis 0.63 0.29 0.35 0.74 -0.16 1.66 1.57 -0.87 -0.30 0.85 -0.18 0.75 -0.76 1.59 2.00 Page 3 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Berberis vulgaris -0.36 -0.14 -0.46 -0.41 -0.69 -0.35 -0.39 -0.58 -0.03 -0.30 -0.43 -0.26 -0.86 -0.78 Berula erecta 0.92 1.02 0.61 0.50 1.23 -0.27 0.30 0.20 0.14 -0.38 -0.15 -0.72 0.68 -0.51 -0.24 Betula nana 0.08 0.34 Betula pendula -1.21 -1.08 -1.03 -1.09 0.37 0.26 -0.83 1.00 1.01 0.57 2.20 0.79 2.01 0.19 -0.30 Betula pubescens -0.02 -0.62 0.73 0.46 -0.05 0.26 1.07 1.21 1.06 -0.32 -0.20 0.43 0.57 -0.08 -0.72 Bidens cernua -0.09 -1.18 -0.00 0.37 -0.65 -0.29 -0.43 0.37 -0.49 -0.62 -0.34 -0.46 -0.54 -0.96 Bidens tripartita -0.03 0.55 -1.16 0.08 0.90 -0.57 -0.29 -0.29 -0.28 -0.76 -0.52 -0.46 -0.32 -0.24 -1.00 Blackstonia perfoliata -0.06 1.52 -0.41 0.56 -0.49 -0.18 -0.14 -0.82 -0.07 0.01 Blechnum spicant 0.18 -0.27 0.29 -0.18 -0.61 -0.53 -0.36 -0.32 -0.71 -0.78 -0.49 -0.08 -0.78 -0.98 0.02 Blysmus compressus -0.15 0.10 -0.23 -1.19 -0.60 -0.95 -1.33 -0.75 -1.59 -1.06 Blysmus rufus -0.50 -0.27 0.17 -0.85 -1.69 -0.01 0.13 -0.71 -0.37 Bolboschoenus maritimus -0.09 -0.04 -0.15 0.26 -0.50 -0.06 0.37 -0.31 -0.20 -0.22 -0.23 -0.07 -0.19 0.07 0.20 Botrychium lunaria -0.41 -0.31 -0.33 0.11 -1.19 -0.64 -0.88 -0.74 -0.84 1.01 -0.17 -0.35 -0.49 -0.43 -0.01 Brachypodium pinnatum -0.08 0.66 -0.33 -0.11 -0.13 0.27 -0.12 0.10 Brachypodium sylvaticum -0.20 -0.23 0.36 -0.63 -0.14 -0.27 -0.68 0.39 -0.13 0.74 -0.63 -0.58 -0.46 1.30 -0.03 Brassica napus 0.61 -0.48 2.12 -0.07 3.06 0.75 0.68 2.66 2.46 1.98 4.45 4.42 2.06 4.03 Brassica nigra -0.41 -1.52 -0.28 -2.14 -0.23 -1.17 0.72 -0.06 -1.22 0.39 0.63 -0.26 Brassica oleracea 0.10 -0.05 0.82 0.57 0.46 0.35 0.69 -0.02 Brassica rapa 1.18 1.20 0.74 0.78 1.50 0.29 0.13 0.78 0.97 0.70 0.69 -0.17 0.72 0.45 -0.45 Briza media -0.38 -0.23 0.10 -1.00 -0.49 -1.29 -1.14 -1.12 -0.67 -0.36 -1.16 -0.89 -0.56 -1.11 -1.37 Briza minor 0.28 -0.02 1.00 Bromopsis benekenii -0.02 -1.16 0.40 Bromopsis erecta -0.19 0.77 -0.10 0.04 -0.20 -0.45 -0.07 0.00 -0.24 Bromopsis inermis 0.24 -1.77 1.78 1.03 0.79 0.80 1.61 1.58 Bromopsis ramosa -0.00 0.26 -0.16 -0.40 0.77 -0.45 0.24 0.66 -0.69 0.25 0.06 -0.79 -0.28 -0.79 -0.55 Bromus arvensis -3.06 -2.60 -1.06 -3.43 -1.12 Bromus commutatus -2.74 -0.83 -2.45 1.03 0.49 -0.10 0.33 0.89 0.67 1.44 1.33 Bromus hordeaceus -1.11 -1.20 -1.28 -0.17 -0.26 0.93 1.41 0.61 0.09 1.68 0.44 0.19 -0.42 0.90 2.44 Bromus interruptus -3.23 -2.52 Bromus lepidus -8.06 -8.03 -7.73 -2.55 -2.68 -0.93 -2.42 -3.00 -2.93 -2.16 -1.83 -1.32 -2.52 -2.76 Bromus racemosus -1.25 0.59 -0.30 0.72 0.57 0.18 0.39 1.31 0.21 Bromus secalinus -1.81 -2.10 -0.81 -0.25 0.39 -1.81 -0.03 -1.14 -0.44 Bryonia dioica -0.11 -0.05 -0.68 -1.17 -0.50 -0.41 -1.13 -0.23 -0.69 1.57 -0.64 -1.02 Buddleja davidii 2.47 2.03 1.83 3.22 3.03 4.06 4.12 3.02 3.20 4.24 Bunias orientalis 0.51 0.45 -0.30 -1.47 -0.04 Bunium bulbocastanum 0.34 0.20 Bupleurum rotundifolium -3.75 -3.48 -3.66 -0.69 -4.88 -2.33 Bupleurum tenuissimum -0.84 -1.32 -1.57 -0.10 -0.39 Butomus umbellatus 0.63 0.33 0.54 0.40 -0.21 0.49 0.03 0.11 -0.74 -0.66 0.12 -0.18 -0.12 -0.29 Buxus sempervirens 1.36 0.35 1.44 1.24 1.90 2.91 1.92 1.88 2.03 1.60 1.21 Cakile maritima -0.37 -0.13 -0.67 0.11 0.12 -0.25 0.07 -0.38 -0.64 -0.83 0.28 -0.29 -0.23 0.23 Calamagrostis canescens -0.35 -0.15 -0.30 -0.79 -0.79 0.10 -0.26 -0.65 Calamagrostis epigejos -0.30 -0.23 -0.05 0.30 0.10 -0.74 0.33 0.08 0.38 0.38 0.54 0.06 0.70 Calamagrostis stricta -0.41 -0.20 -0.55 Callitriche hamulata sens.lat. 3.18 2.20 3.08 3.49 2.06 -0.01 0.75 0.24 0.69 -0.01 0.03 0.46 -0.78 0.40 -0.73 Callitriche hermaphroditica 0.40 -0.03 0.70 0.77 -0.04 0.32 -0.95 -1.32 -0.22 0.64 Page 4 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Callitriche obtusangula 1.05 -0.49 0.47 0.64 1.15 0.27 2.25 0.80 Callitriche stagnalis sens.lat. 1.97 1.35 1.20 3.57 -0.20 0.82 0.09 0.43 1.21 0.31 2.30 1.61 -0.55 1.13 -0.33 Callitriche truncata 0.74 0.86 0.49 0.36 Calluna vulgaris 0.91 1.73 -0.25 -0.17 0.02 -0.98 -0.79 -1.36 -0.61 -0.69 -0.90 -0.57 -0.71 -1.10 -0.73 Caltha palustris 0.55 0.45 0.16 0.01 0.31 -0.96 -0.52 -1.20 -0.97 -0.38 -0.47 -0.82 -0.14 -0.84 -0.89 Calystegia pulchra 2.00 1.23 0.96 2.38 1.25 0.80 2.22 1.20 0.85 1.59 1.98 Calystegia sepium 0.83 0.25 1.24 1.07 -0.14 1.15 1.27 0.97 1.94 0.39 -0.56 1.26 2.81 1.68 1.23 Calystegia silvatica -1.41 -1.49 -1.09 -1.29 0.37 0.89 0.18 0.74 1.11 1.16 0.40 0.47 0.96 1.23 1.47 Calystegia soldanella -0.09 -0.29 -0.38 -0.61 0.62 -0.65 -0.71 -0.68 0.29 -0.59 -0.84 -0.37 Campanula glomerata -0.62 -0.69 -0.50 -0.84 -0.69 -0.67 -0.11 -0.66 -0.43 -0.18 Campanula latifolia -0.09 -0.31 0.48 -0.85 -0.27 -0.78 -0.35 -0.14 -0.42 -0.17 -0.07 0.88 -0.12 0.03 Campanula patula -0.82 -0.37 -0.64 -1.21 -0.87 Campanula persicifolia 0.97 0.82 3.44 2.53 Campanula rapunculoides -1.87 -1.49 -1.87 -1.10 -0.79 -0.61 -0.59 -1.41 -2.20 -0.68 -0.52 0.02 -0.97 -0.64 Campanula rapunculus -1.78 -1.87 -1.87 -1.68 -1.09 Campanula rotundifolia -0.63 -0.60 -0.40 0.03 -0.65 -1.11 0.73 -1.60 -0.36 -1.36 -1.22 -0.52 -0.76 -1.02 -1.07 Campanula trachelium 0.55 -0.02 -0.22 -0.87 -0.03 0.28 0.20 -0.08 -0.32 Capsella bursa-pastoris -1.55 -1.61 -0.15 -1.20 0.36 0.51 0.77 -0.87 -0.52 0.02 -1.35 0.02 0.27 0.21 1.01 Cardamine amara 0.89 0.72 0.81 0.64 0.97 -0.27 0.51 -0.09 -0.02 0.48 -0.36 -0.25 -0.37 0.03 -0.24 Cardamine bulbifera 0.52 0.23 Cardamine flexuosa 0.03 -0.35 0.42 0.93 0.47 1.39 0.09 1.38 1.18 0.18 1.33 1.60 2.10 0.29 1.33 Cardamine hirsuta -0.20 -0.66 1.12 0.12 -0.58 2.09 0.61 1.64 1.76 0.77 1.59 4.21 1.93 1.56 2.54 Cardamine impatiens -0.05 -0.17 -0.24 -0.25 0.13 -0.36 0.01 0.08 Cardamine pratensis 0.64 0.86 -0.36 0.04 0.23 -0.29 0.40 -0.87 -0.89 1.16 0.44 0.43 -0.44 -0.02 -0.62 Carduus crispus -0.04 -1.23 0.08 -0.32 -0.23 -0.67 0.30 1.46 -1.25 -0.44 -0.17 0.08 -0.38 -0.66 Carduus nutans -0.09 -0.48 -0.41 -0.26 0.58 0.11 0.14 -0.50 -0.25 -0.38 -0.33 -0.54 Carduus tenuiflorus -0.63 -0.50 -1.32 -0.14 -0.38 0.49 -0.46 -0.71 0.42 0.08 -0.06 -0.07 -0.14 Carex acuta -0.34 -0.61 0.08 -0.57 -0.49 0.17 -1.20 -0.89 -0.96 -0.82 -0.37 0.11 0.22 -0.31 Carex acutiformis 1.14 0.93 1.03 0.59 -1.09 -0.06 0.53 -0.65 0.72 -1.10 -0.37 -0.08 1.02 -0.12 -0.38 Carex appropinquata -0.09 0.02 Carex aquatilis 1.01 0.82 0.38 1.12 -0.15 Carex arenaria -0.01 0.12 -0.06 0.04 -0.73 -0.25 0.03 -0.33 -0.71 -1.05 -0.01 -0.19 0.02 -0.09 Carex atrata 0.09 0.41 Carex atrofusca 0.03 0.21 Carex bigelowii -0.10 -0.01 0.76 0.42 0.39 Carex binervis 1.34 0.79 0.97 1.14 -0.48 -0.52 -0.47 -0.54 -0.32 -0.63 -1.09 -0.29 0.23 -0.70 -0.11 Carex capillaris -0.17 0.11 0.22 -0.15 Carex caryophyllea 0.39 0.44 0.31 0.27 0.06 -0.71 -0.65 -0.98 -0.14 0.54 -0.47 -0.32 -0.44 -0.60 -1.09 Carex curta 1.19 0.82 1.86 0.84 1.29 -0.32 -0.24 -0.45 -0.06 -0.66 -0.64 0.23 -1.16 0.25 -0.11 Carex diandra 1.06 0.93 0.70 0.96 0.75 -0.58 -0.81 -1.68 -0.77 -1.21 -0.27 Carex digitata 0.24 -0.45 0.25 Carex dioica 0.04 -0.01 -0.29 0.68 0.96 -0.40 -0.34 -0.78 -0.53 -0.71 -0.86 -0.35 Carex distans 0.02 0.07 0.12 0.29 0.03 -0.45 0.41 -0.47 0.08 -1.48 -1.19 0.03 0.10 -0.83 -0.35 Carex disticha 1.17 0.83 1.29 0.56 0.50 -0.49 -0.23 -0.30 -0.25 0.24 -0.75 -0.62 0.14 -0.38 -0.40 Carex divisa 0.05 -0.71 -1.37 0.01 -0.34 0.58 Carex echinata 0.55 1.17 -0.41 0.30 -0.38 -1.02 -0.98 -1.12 -0.62 -0.84 -0.99 -0.53 -0.40 -1.13 -1.07 Page 5 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Carex elata -0.59 -1.77 0.73 -0.35 0.33 0.05 -0.84 -0.52 -0.50 -0.94 0.02 -0.26 Carex elongata -0.27 -1.52 0.09 Carex ericetorum -0.43 -1.24 -0.54 Carex extensa 0.28 0.68 -0.31 0.10 0.08 -0.39 -0.06 -0.42 -1.02 -1.06 -0.52 0.48 Carex filiformis 0.65 0.02 Carex flacca 1.11 0.86 0.39 1.62 1.09 -0.21 1.20 -0.09 0.56 0.54 -0.40 0.05 -0.69 -0.65 -0.50 Carex hirta 0.86 0.40 1.34 0.43 0.28 0.14 0.45 -0.27 1.52 -0.36 1.04 0.44 -0.45 -0.35 0.10 Carex hostiana 0.30 0.31 0.26 0.14 0.80 -0.29 0.01 -0.32 -0.28 0.28 -0.91 -0.16 -0.03 -0.35 0.29 Carex humilis 0.11 -0.01 Carex lachenalii -0.22 -0.06 Carex laevigata 0.58 0.69 0.38 0.40 1.23 -0.34 -0.15 -0.09 0.11 -0.36 -0.41 -0.91 -0.46 -0.22 Carex lasiocarpa 1.61 2.12 0.93 -0.09 -0.90 -0.50 0.35 -2.78 0.23 -0.47 Carex limosa 0.46 1.26 -0.82 -1.07 0.64 -0.62 -0.91 0.04 -0.33 Carex magellanica 0.23 0.76 -0.84 -0.35 -0.70 Carex maritima -1.34 0.25 -2.73 Carex montana 0.51 0.93 0.64 0.47 Carex nigra 2.06 2.83 0.40 1.07 -0.40 -0.68 -0.85 -1.72 -0.10 0.16 -0.73 -0.24 0.35 -0.35 -1.14 Carex ornithopoda 0.80 0.53 Carex otrubae 0.71 0.73 0.21 0.86 0.18 -0.48 0.63 -0.80 0.06 -0.79 -0.37 -0.50 0.15 -0.88 -0.56 Carex ovalis 0.25 0.02 0.38 0.34 0.26 -0.50 0.08 -1.01 -0.17 -0.68 -0.84 -0.43 0.32 -0.85 -0.32 Carex pallescens -0.19 0.02 1.07 -1.08 0.15 -0.67 -1.01 -0.12 -0.19 -0.37 -0.29 -0.21 -0.71 -0.85 -0.70 Carex panicea 1.92 2.06 0.81 1.61 0.45 -1.01 -0.12 -2.01 -0.72 0.07 -0.79 -0.61 -0.78 -0.81 -0.94 Carex paniculata 1.54 1.61 0.74 1.26 0.75 -0.61 -0.78 -0.66 0.73 -1.03 -0.80 -0.39 -0.18 -0.88 -0.70 Carex pauciflora -0.59 -0.25 -1.60 0.22 -0.29 Carex pendula 1.57 0.92 1.25 1.36 1.57 0.98 0.31 0.91 1.64 0.78 0.74 1.34 1.58 0.99 0.97 Carex pilulifera 0.42 -0.16 0.46 0.80 2.17 -0.46 -0.11 -0.69 -0.21 0.68 -0.61 -0.50 0.03 -0.51 -0.48 Carex pseudocyperus -0.34 -0.53 -0.44 -0.95 -0.58 0.14 -0.18 -0.19 -0.39 Carex pulicaris 0.48 0.54 0.59 -0.34 0.38 -0.95 -0.61 -1.02 -0.43 -0.46 -1.40 -1.10 -0.41 -1.35 -0.35 Carex punctata 0.51 0.24 0.43 Carex rariflora 0.33 0.61 Carex remota 0.53 0.49 1.14 -0.08 0.59 -0.19 0.15 0.14 -0.23 -0.47 0.36 0.01 -0.11 -0.56 -0.09 Carex riparia 1.04 0.88 1.08 -0.44 0.01 0.00 0.61 0.32 -0.69 0.07 0.21 1.74 -0.31 -0.14 Carex rostrata 1.20 0.86 0.94 1.25 0.47 -0.59 -0.01 -1.18 0.08 -0.42 -1.12 -0.11 -0.34 -0.04 -0.97 Carex rupestris 0.28 0.59 Carex saxatilis -0.33 -0.05 Carex saxatilis x vesicaria (C. x grahamii) -0.10 0.08 Carex strigosa 0.29 0.42 0.49 0.12 0.52 0.52 0.04 0.77 -0.06 Carex sylvatica 0.71 0.34 1.75 0.07 0.42 -0.37 -0.01 -0.30 0.11 -0.12 -0.49 -0.42 0.28 -0.54 -0.97 Carex vaginata 0.17 0.47 Carex vesicaria 1.03 1.19 0.57 0.51 1.01 -1.03 -0.81 -0.56 -0.04 -1.10 -0.98 -1.06 -0.61 -0.53 -1.35 Carex viridula 1.74 1.98 0.80 1.79 0.70 -0.51 -0.01 0.04 -0.85 0.11 -0.17 -0.49 -0.07 -0.73 -0.51 Carex vulpina -0.50 -0.24 Carlina vulgaris -0.79 -0.40 -0.09 -1.43 -0.92 -0.59 -0.35 -0.45 -1.06 -0.81 -0.58 -1.16 -1.12 -0.87 Carpinus betulus 0.42 0.16 0.26 0.14 0.71 0.07 0.93 1.27 0.97 1.45 0.94 1.21 0.76 -0.45 Carpobrotus edulis -0.08 -0.43 Carum carvi -2.85 -1.25 -5.68 -1.46 -2.26 -1.73 -1.41 -1.04 Page 6 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Carum verticillatum 0.45 0.63 -0.04 -0.98 -0.18 0.02 -0.09 Castanea sativa 0.39 -0.04 1.04 -0.14 0.28 -0.67 0.19 0.61 2.09 0.50 0.43 1.16 0.60 -0.08 Catabrosa aquatica -0.02 -0.33 0.36 0.96 0.03 -0.79 -0.03 -0.83 -1.66 0.30 -0.71 -0.03 -0.11 -1.12 -0.64 Catapodium marinum -0.22 -0.29 -0.08 0.23 0.68 1.13 0.49 0.06 0.49 0.27 1.09 Catapodium rigidum 0.34 0.26 0.42 0.07 0.40 1.44 -0.12 0.62 0.10 0.44 -0.12 -0.41 0.36 Caucalis platycarpos -7.31 -3.10 -4.59 -3.94 Centaurea calcitrapa -2.03 -3.27 -2.34 -0.79 Centaurea cyanus -1.41 -1.10 -1.67 -0.33 -0.29 0.24 0.14 -0.84 -0.42 -0.09 0.06 -0.18 0.02 -0.50 Centaurea jacea -0.08 -0.91 Centaurea nigra -0.26 -0.19 -0.31 0.37 -0.80 0.56 1.57 1.41 -0.52 0.18 0.44 0.02 -1.45 0.34 0.66 Centaurea scabiosa -0.69 -0.83 -0.56 -0.59 -0.21 0.26 0.63 -1.24 -0.01 -0.49 -0.76 -1.22 -1.05 Centaurea solstitialis -4.55 -3.11 -4.73 -2.77 -3.93 Centaurium erythraea -0.12 -0.28 0.43 0.12 0.36 0.19 0.14 0.43 0.70 -0.71 0.59 0.05 0.22 0.65 0.38 Centaurium littorale -0.36 0.04 -0.51 -0.20 0.36 0.24 0.33 -0.30 Centaurium pulchellum 0.08 0.56 -0.30 -0.91 0.22 0.66 0.09 -0.01 0.16 Centranthus ruber -0.25 -0.48 -0.32 0.26 0.56 1.13 0.76 0.88 1.71 0.37 0.96 1.47 1.58 1.35 1.20 Cephalanthera damasonium -0.81 -0.83 -0.78 Cephalanthera longifolia 0.27 0.72 -1.35 -1.03 -0.62 Cerastium alpinum -0.89 -0.61 Cerastium arcticum -0.37 -0.12 Cerastium arvense -0.60 -0.73 -0.35 -0.71 -0.96 -1.38 -0.29 -0.49 -2.97 0.13 -0.43 -0.49 -1.20 -1.33 Cerastium cerastoides -0.21 0.18 Cerastium diffusum 0.46 0.25 0.22 1.40 0.80 0.21 -0.04 1.29 0.31 0.43 -0.65 -0.06 -0.23 0.91 -0.16 Cerastium fontanum 1.17 1.24 0.23 0.43 0.41 1.86 1.14 1.41 -0.09 1.20 -0.18 0.02 0.89 1.30 0.88 Cerastium glomeratum 0.52 -0.19 1.95 2.22 3.30 2.24 2.60 2.78 1.85 2.09 1.21 1.34 2.31 1.61 1.56 Cerastium pumilum -0.27 -2.79 0.80 -0.79 Cerastium semidecandrum 0.64 0.13 0.99 0.75 0.11 0.04 0.12 0.34 0.36 0.31 0.59 0.32 -0.05 -0.14 Cerastium tomentosum 1.40 1.21 1.10 1.06 2.42 1.35 1.79 3.23 3.03 1.81 1.88 2.63 2.76 1.52 Ceratocapnos claviculata 0.63 0.64 0.25 0.67 0.26 0.57 0.04 0.71 0.27 0.15 0.37 0.51 0.12 -0.08 Ceratochloa carinata 2.53 0.48 1.80 2.26 Ceratochloa cathartica 0.71 1.45 0.80 Ceratophyllum demersum 0.44 0.50 0.59 0.53 1.00 0.59 0.69 0.63 0.53 0.63 0.40 Ceratophyllum submersum 0.33 1.68 -1.56 0.82 0.90 -0.59 Ceterach officinarum 0.36 0.31 0.05 0.49 0.10 -0.39 0.12 0.39 -0.03 -1.19 -0.71 0.14 -0.17 -0.98 -0.38 Chaenorhinum minus -0.46 -0.43 -1.36 -0.01 -2.04 -0.78 -1.22 -0.42 -0.42 -0.92 -0.63 -0.65 -1.04 -0.26 -0.87 Chaerophyllum temulum -0.80 -1.99 -0.67 -0.88 -0.84 -0.24 -0.64 -0.77 -1.13 -1.30 -0.33 -0.55 -0.26 -1.38 Chamaemelum nobile -4.33 -0.72 -0.77 -1.35 -0.68 -1.73 -1.04 -0.23 Chamerion angustifolium 0.15 0.43 0.01 -0.07 2.41 0.40 1.78 0.12 -0.33 0.21 -0.18 0.02 0.27 -0.20 0.44 Chelidonium majus -1.36 -0.73 -1.55 -1.32 -0.70 -0.90 -0.97 -0.27 -0.63 -1.17 -1.27 -0.87 -1.81 -0.62 -0.74 Chenopodium album agg. -1.02 -1.01 -0.94 -0.88 -0.13 -0.16 -0.57 -0.07 0.27 -0.75 -1.33 0.45 -1.68 0.55 0.24 Chenopodium bonus-henricus -1.50 -0.30 -1.93 -1.60 -3.34 -1.81 -2.19 -1.58 -1.08 -1.34 -1.29 -1.26 -1.48 -1.04 -2.17 Chenopodium chenopodioides -0.01 0.24 Chenopodium ficifolium 1.56 0.64 1.52 2.47 1.58 Chenopodium glaucum -1.06 -1.17 -1.00 -0.72 -0.71 Chenopodium hybridum -0.22 -0.33 -0.97 0.34 0.29 -0.30 Chenopodium murale -1.06 -0.92 -1.26 -3.90 -1.28 -1.79 -1.96 -0.38 -0.36 -0.48 -1.57 Page 7 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Chenopodium polyspermum 0.37 0.78 0.96 0.34 -0.02 0.03 1.00 0.75 Chenopodium rubrum 1.24 1.23 0.83 -0.14 0.54 1.36 1.08 1.28 1.33 1.20 0.56 1.21 Chenopodium urbicum -2.12 -2.42 -3.60 -2.90 -3.00 -3.22 -2.79 -2.32 -5.52 -1.38 Chenopodium vulvaria -2.46 -2.60 -1.34 -2.15 -1.61 Chrysanthemum segetum -3.99 -4.57 -2.14 -2.88 -2.94 -0.77 -0.80 -1.43 -0.72 -1.61 -0.64 -0.73 -0.46 0.02 -0.94 Chrysosplenium alternifolium 0.96 0.08 1.36 0.89 0.32 1.07 -0.44 0.49 0.54 0.14 -0.06 -0.06 0.62 0.14 Chrysosplenium oppositifolium -0.33 -0.49 0.34 -0.43 1.01 -0.39 -0.42 0.21 -0.63 -0.82 -0.59 -0.09 0.23 -0.65 -0.09 Cicendia filiformis -0.67 -0.66 0.08 Cichorium intybus -3.09 -1.54 -3.27 -2.65 -1.16 -1.05 -0.48 -0.68 -0.56 -0.56 -0.94 -1.77 -0.86 -1.51 Cicuta virosa 0.52 0.56 0.36 -0.24 0.59 -0.09 0.40 -0.17 Circaea alpina x lutetiana (C. x intermedia) 0.80 0.62 0.89 1.13 0.64 1.11 -0.32 0.32 -1.10 Circaea lutetiana 0.03 -0.00 0.65 -0.44 0.40 -0.68 -0.14 -0.38 -0.53 -0.03 0.36 -0.64 -0.53 -0.59 -0.90 Cirsium acaule -0.65 0.13 0.10 -0.16 -0.32 -0.86 -0.64 -1.23 Cirsium arvense 0.58 0.64 0.41 1.70 0.18 1.53 1.14 1.09 -0.52 1.20 -0.18 0.02 -0.76 0.79 1.83 Cirsium dissectum -1.13 -0.49 0.12 0.69 -0.93 -0.74 -0.46 -0.36 -0.53 Cirsium eriophorum -1.60 -1.77 -0.13 -0.69 -0.92 -0.31 -0.08 -1.07 0.15 0.20 Cirsium heterophyllum -0.31 -0.32 0.36 -0.36 -0.10 -0.53 0.06 -0.09 -0.78 -0.11 Cirsium palustre 0.65 0.83 0.10 -0.37 -0.10 -0.59 0.40 0.46 -0.31 0.35 0.63 -0.71 -0.92 -0.22 -0.69 Cirsium tuberosum 0.65 0.67 Cirsium vulgare 0.61 0.55 0.08 1.70 0.34 1.88 1.57 1.09 -0.69 0.77 -0.18 0.02 -0.76 2.47 1.83 Cladium mariscus 0.81 1.36 -0.79 -0.27 -0.17 -0.23 0.01 -0.46 -0.34 -0.69 -0.31 0.35 0.51 Claytonia perfoliata 0.58 0.90 0.33 0.19 0.30 -0.03 0.46 0.67 0.53 0.59 0.46 -0.05 0.07 Claytonia sibirica 1.45 1.38 2.02 0.60 0.96 0.97 0.88 0.51 1.14 0.84 0.30 1.03 1.33 Clematis vitalba -0.35 -0.83 -0.05 -0.35 0.57 -0.12 0.51 0.72 0.23 -0.45 -0.09 0.21 0.37 -0.37 -0.26 Clinopodium acinos -1.17 -1.87 -1.40 -1.61 -1.76 -0.41 -1.15 -1.04 -1.10 -1.29 -1.17 Clinopodium ascendens -0.07 -0.23 -0.30 -1.18 -0.05 0.28 0.64 0.22 -0.73 Clinopodium calamintha -0.16 -0.56 0.28 Clinopodium vulgare -0.03 -0.04 0.44 -0.64 -0.81 -0.84 -0.57 -0.29 -1.33 -1.12 -1.03 -0.21 -0.64 -0.79 Cochlearia anglica -1.08 -4.60 -1.34 0.32 -0.93 -0.07 0.66 -0.34 -0.67 -0.01 -0.06 -0.35 0.31 0.13 Cochlearia danica 0.88 0.20 1.05 1.70 0.25 3.51 2.39 2.80 0.95 3.02 3.77 2.97 2.09 3.38 Cochlearia officinalis sens.lat. -0.29 -0.29 -0.30 -0.25 -1.07 -0.11 -0.74 -0.48 -0.12 -0.33 0.05 -0.87 0.79 -1.12 Coeloglossum viride -0.62 -0.21 -1.01 -0.24 -0.16 -1.40 -1.99 -1.89 -1.02 -0.84 -1.20 -1.69 -0.80 -0.63 Coincya monensis 0.21 -0.38 0.29 0.28 0.24 0.52 -0.18 Colchicum autumnale -0.40 0.00 -0.44 -0.44 -0.24 -1.06 -0.11 -0.59 -0.09 Conium maculatum -0.66 -1.08 -0.54 -0.46 -0.54 0.27 0.11 0.43 1.11 -0.41 -0.08 1.07 2.35 0.07 0.35 Conopodium majus -0.48 -0.45 -0.55 -0.03 0.36 -0.35 0.50 0.70 -0.53 0.59 1.09 -0.68 0.21 0.25 -1.00 Convallaria majalis -0.63 -0.48 -0.39 -0.55 0.13 -0.49 0.42 -0.04 0.57 -0.24 -0.64 1.02 0.43 0.38 Convolvulus arvensis -0.90 -1.23 -1.00 -0.58 -0.30 -0.79 -1.22 -0.36 -0.17 -1.42 -0.58 0.45 0.27 -0.95 2.15 Conyza canadensis 0.88 0.78 3.40 1.59 0.92 1.00 1.68 -0.43 1.10 1.04 Corallorhiza trifida 0.65 0.88 0.44 0.61 Cornus sanguinea -0.20 0.21 -0.39 -0.39 -0.21 1.06 0.28 0.51 -0.45 0.20 0.16 0.72 -0.82 -0.43 Cornus suecica -0.42 -0.12 -0.22 0.46 Coronopus didymus 1.05 1.04 -0.06 1.32 1.46 1.25 1.72 1.44 1.41 1.62 1.89 2.27 0.91 2.20 Coronopus squamatus -0.88 -0.10 -1.26 -0.52 0.22 0.80 0.47 1.23 0.72 0.39 0.56 0.44 0.41 0.67 Corrigiola litoralis -0.91 Corylus avellana -0.51 -0.58 -0.16 -0.52 -0.64 -0.46 -0.60 0.17 -1.09 -0.64 -0.18 0.57 0.56 -0.43 -0.88 Page 8 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Corynephorus canescens 0.29 -0.17 Cotoneaster microphyllus agg. 0.98 1.03 0.89 0.91 1.44 0.26 1.28 0.63 Cotoneaster simonsii 2.79 2.40 2.25 2.47 3.16 1.98 3.25 2.36 Crambe maritima 0.32 -0.05 0.40 0.17 0.17 0.01 -0.37 0.20 0.08 0.55 Crassula tillaea 0.94 0.47 0.98 Crataegus laevigata 0.13 1.88 1.10 -0.22 -0.03 0.48 1.11 -0.60 Crataegus monogyna -0.87 -0.80 -0.17 -0.96 0.01 0.83 0.73 -0.24 -0.69 -0.13 0.44 0.02 -0.76 0.68 1.83 Crepis biennis -0.78 -0.62 -0.15 -0.03 0.60 0.58 0.18 0.41 -0.30 -0.35 0.51 -0.48 Crepis capillaris -0.61 -0.88 -0.19 -0.08 -0.42 0.76 0.11 1.26 1.54 1.71 -0.34 1.85 1.66 1.90 0.54 Crepis mollis -0.35 -1.29 -2.02 Crepis paludosa -0.19 -0.51 0.78 -0.07 0.46 -0.04 0.16 -0.16 0.17 -0.40 -0.00 -0.57 Crepis vesicaria -3.17 0.39 0.81 1.30 0.66 0.10 1.47 0.73 1.68 0.81 Crithmum maritimum -0.65 -0.42 -1.13 0.24 -0.31 -0.19 0.16 0.34 Crocosmia aurea x pottsii (C. x crocosmiiflora) 2.86 2.35 2.40 2.61 2.19 3.20 2.01 3.42 2.44 1.77 2.13 1.72 1.99 Crocus nudiflorus 0.72 0.23 -0.64 -0.15 Crocus vernus 3.45 2.58 2.86 Cruciata laevipes -0.33 -0.34 -0.22 -1.02 -1.08 -0.26 -1.08 -1.06 -0.96 -1.82 -1.17 -0.49 -0.68 -0.81 Cryptogramma crispa -0.43 -0.25 -0.19 -0.37 -1.13 -0.49 -0.76 -1.68 -0.67 -0.95 Cuscuta epithymum -1.87 -1.05 -0.97 -3.45 -1.33 -0.86 -1.07 Cuscuta europaea 0.19 0.17 0.14 Cyclamen hederifolium 3.35 3.11 2.82 Cymbalaria muralis -0.19 0.07 -0.29 -0.65 -0.24 0.14 -0.03 0.17 0.34 -0.69 -0.51 0.65 -0.59 0.19 0.65 Cynodon dactylon 0.16 0.56 0.61 Cynoglossum germanicum -0.35 0.06 Cynoglossum officinale -0.24 -0.17 -1.02 -0.62 -0.22 -1.33 -1.48 -1.33 -0.22 -1.23 -0.89 -0.91 Cynosurus cristatus -0.12 -0.20 -0.10 -0.12 -0.08 0.07 0.77 0.12 -0.38 0.06 -0.36 -0.14 -0.70 0.05 0.17 Cynosurus echinatus -0.85 -1.19 -1.44 -0.70 -0.32 -0.81 Cyperus fuscus -0.06 0.20 Cyperus longus 2.20 0.41 1.82 1.63 Cystopteris fragilis -0.66 -0.90 0.19 -0.33 0.04 -0.49 -0.57 -0.74 -0.57 -1.00 -0.16 -0.05 -0.74 -0.11 Cystopteris montana -0.32 -0.11 Cytisus scoparius -0.24 0.01 -0.63 -0.14 0.11 -0.07 0.53 1.28 -0.07 -0.53 -0.44 0.12 -0.28 0.05 -0.72 Daboecia cantabrica 0.49 Dactylis glomerata -0.06 -0.02 0.31 -0.12 0.26 1.71 1.36 1.09 -0.30 0.85 0.44 0.02 -1.64 1.15 1.83 Dactylorhiza fuchsii 0.35 0.11 0.44 0.69 0.85 0.01 -0.19 1.28 0.27 0.76 0.20 0.01 0.11 -0.39 0.30 Dactylorhiza incarnata 0.14 0.30 0.55 -0.41 -0.66 -0.52 -0.30 0.28 -0.26 -0.53 -1.04 0.25 0.19 -1.27 -0.47 Dactylorhiza maculata -0.12 0.26 -0.82 -0.32 -0.68 -0.60 -0.35 -1.70 0.38 0.22 -0.06 -0.37 -0.32 -0.92 -0.75 Dactylorhiza majalis -1.16 -1.10 Dactylorhiza praetermissa -3.87 -2.57 0.49 -1.11 1.12 1.09 0.63 0.61 0.87 0.39 0.44 0.10 Dactylorhiza purpurella 0.89 0.00 2.58 0.99 -0.29 0.67 0.94 0.90 1.50 0.09 -0.15 Dactylorhiza traunsteineri 0.54 -0.51 Damasonium alisma -0.54 -0.21 Danthonia decumbens 0.07 0.12 -0.23 -0.16 -0.74 -0.65 -1.08 -0.67 -0.03 -0.33 -1.02 -0.40 -0.62 -0.51 -0.38 Daphne laureola 0.11 0.22 -0.72 -0.09 0.27 -0.78 -0.03 0.23 -0.42 -0.13 0.15 0.03 0.07 Daphne mezereum -0.07 -0.07 1.20 -1.38 0.45 Datura stramonium -0.41 -0.93 -0.83 -0.23 -1.08 -0.57 0.76 -0.20 -0.39 -0.96 -1.00 -0.61 Page 9 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Daucus carota -1.05 -0.91 -1.11 -0.19 -1.01 -0.49 -0.67 -0.45 0.22 -1.13 -0.32 -1.05 -0.49 -0.21 0.54 Deschampsia cespitosa -0.08 -0.15 -0.24 0.62 0.75 -0.47 0.88 -0.45 -0.03 -0.10 1.19 0.19 -0.63 -0.51 -0.90 Deschampsia flexuosa 0.48 0.66 -0.22 -0.24 0.06 -0.51 -0.68 -0.18 -0.13 -0.61 -0.41 -0.27 0.17 -0.37 -0.73 Deschampsia setacea 0.39 0.82 -0.71 -0.35 0.33 Descurainia sophia -0.20 0.21 -0.86 -0.28 -1.96 0.11 0.41 -0.49 -0.05 0.26 -1.09 -0.11 Dianthus armeria -1.32 -1.60 -1.09 -1.10 Dianthus deltoides 0.61 0.57 0.44 -0.59 -0.05 -0.56 -0.43 0.05 -0.67 -0.67 Dianthus gratianopolitanus 0.43 0.19 Digitalis purpurea 0.08 -0.02 0.07 0.22 -0.56 0.74 0.28 0.41 0.65 -0.27 -0.61 0.76 1.33 0.57 0.37 Diphasiastrum alpinum -0.54 -0.28 -2.00 0.47 -1.58 -0.28 -0.27 -0.73 Diplotaxis muralis -0.08 -0.29 -0.58 0.46 0.54 -1.10 0.23 0.01 -1.04 -0.44 -0.50 -0.77 Diplotaxis tenuifolia -0.18 -0.45 -0.23 -0.02 -0.34 0.32 -0.28 0.82 0.12 0.02 -0.56 -0.23 Dipsacus fullonum sens.lat. 1.44 1.52 0.62 0.91 2.03 1.41 1.43 1.01 1.49 0.95 2.33 0.97 0.79 Dipsacus pilosus -0.04 -0.78 -0.75 -0.35 -0.10 0.15 -0.32 0.33 Doronicum pardalianches 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.15 0.68 1.19 0.50 0.62 1.15 0.92 0.23 0.51 0.74 0.36 Doronicum plantagineum -0.15 0.19 -1.07 -0.52 -0.94 -0.65 Draba incana -1.10 -0.78 -0.51 0.44 -0.05 0.36 Draba muralis 0.76 0.81 0.81 -0.03 -0.47 0.69 0.13 -0.15 -0.98 -0.26 -0.59 -0.62 Draba norvegica -0.08 0.18 Drosera anglica -0.76 -0.44 -0.54 -1.53 -0.16 -1.09 0.10 -0.94 -1.20 -0.22 Drosera intermedia 0.10 0.62 -1.76 0.51 -0.81 -0.15 -0.48 -0.82 -0.92 -0.06 Drosera rotundifolia 0.18 0.64 -0.19 -0.19 -0.22 -0.84 -0.75 -0.62 -0.24 -0.48 -0.71 -0.78 -0.98 -1.04 -0.78 Dryas octopetala -0.23 0.07 -0.45 Dryopteris aemula -0.06 0.28 -0.19 0.31 -0.13 -0.57 0.75 -0.17 -0.08 Dryopteris carthusiana 1.69 -0.01 2.84 2.53 0.82 0.21 1.03 -0.02 0.09 2.18 0.07 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.22 Dryopteris cristata -0.61 -0.82 Dryopteris dilatata 0.80 0.62 0.36 0.62 0.74 0.75 0.78 1.19 0.33 2.18 1.72 0.37 0.26 0.67 1.02 Dryopteris submontana 0.46 0.20 -0.04 Echinochloa crus-galli -0.85 0.59 -0.68 0.04 0.75 0.65 0.38 0.66 0.84 Echium plantagineum 0.40 0.15 0.93 Echium vulgare 0.14 -0.01 0.09 -0.11 -1.60 -0.38 -0.81 0.53 -0.62 -0.64 -0.43 0.47 -0.43 -0.52 -0.35 Elatine hexandra 1.74 1.79 -1.60 0.20 0.12 0.17 -0.09 Elatine hydropiper -0.65 Eleocharis acicularis 1.19 0.70 1.14 0.98 0.16 -0.53 -0.71 -0.61 -0.82 -0.21 -0.45 -1.00 -0.28 Eleocharis multicaulis 0.93 1.73 -0.28 -0.75 0.82 -0.34 -0.66 -0.78 1.50 -1.04 0.24 -0.19 -0.22 Eleocharis palustris 1.84 1.91 0.61 1.37 0.39 0.09 0.09 0.23 0.91 0.88 -0.17 0.04 -0.18 0.16 -0.40 Eleocharis quinqueflora 0.22 0.28 0.11 0.30 0.38 -0.08 0.67 -0.22 0.27 1.17 -0.21 -1.06 -0.02 -0.48 -0.16 Eleocharis uniglumis 1.14 1.29 0.29 0.37 1.08 0.17 0.13 -1.27 -0.02 1.09 -0.21 Eleogiton fluitans 1.23 1.66 0.61 0.18 -0.01 -0.24 0.49 0.06 0.05 -0.41 -1.42 0.01 0.12 -0.49 Elodea canadensis 2.08 1.95 1.90 1.39 0.88 -0.34 -0.04 -1.08 0.34 0.07 0.27 -0.47 -0.19 0.13 -1.09 Elymus caninus 0.17 0.35 0.41 -0.51 0.10 -0.05 0.54 0.28 -0.17 0.20 -0.35 0.53 0.35 -0.11 Elytrigia atherica 0.02 1.53 -0.56 -0.55 0.32 -0.04 0.30 -0.29 0.15 Elytrigia juncea 0.12 0.45 -0.07 -0.16 -0.73 -0.38 0.07 -0.12 0.22 -0.79 -0.74 -0.41 -0.45 0.16 Elytrigia repens -0.20 -0.22 -0.45 0.41 0.09 1.41 1.07 0.57 0.59 0.00 -0.61 1.43 1.12 1.12 1.70 Empetrum nigrum 0.11 -0.43 0.69 -0.33 -0.54 -0.22 -0.82 -0.00 -0.13 -0.28 -0.53 0.12 0.64 Epilobium alsinifolium -0.11 0.05 0.63 0.11 0.16 -0.04 Page 10 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Epilobium anagallidifolium -0.77 -0.54 0.11 -0.24 -0.34 Epilobium brunnescens 2.96 3.99 0.24 1.00 1.30 0.24 1.03 -0.66 0.24 1.13 0.43 -0.09 0.36 -0.29 Epilobium ciliatum 4.29 3.69 4.66 3.45 3.79 5.22 3.15 3.00 2.75 2.37 2.94 1.37 Epilobium hirsutum 1.05 0.38 1.08 1.23 0.73 0.61 1.34 -0.87 -0.24 0.32 0.87 1.15 -0.76 0.46 0.77 Epilobium lanceolatum -0.11 0.54 0.09 -0.83 Epilobium montanum -0.63 -0.48 -0.51 -0.78 -0.12 -0.14 0.99 1.00 -0.52 0.04 0.87 1.12 0.43 -0.77 -0.63 Epilobium obscurum 0.10 -0.54 -0.11 1.97 3.07 0.26 1.61 2.56 -0.46 0.26 0.12 0.09 0.45 -0.35 -0.12 Epilobium palustre 1.07 0.53 1.24 0.81 2.33 -0.63 0.22 -0.84 0.21 -0.34 -0.04 -0.66 -0.43 -0.63 -0.93 Epilobium parviflorum -0.84 -1.13 -0.67 -0.41 0.26 -0.48 -0.38 0.16 -0.26 0.34 -1.38 -1.40 -0.09 -0.38 0.57 Epilobium roseum 0.04 -0.05 -0.20 0.46 -0.39 0.38 -1.17 -0.25 -0.31 0.02 -0.13 -0.48 -0.63 Epilobium tetragonum 1.99 2.28 1.16 1.35 1.43 -0.19 2.84 0.61 0.91 1.56 1.60 1.34 1.87 Epipactis atrorubens 0.33 0.56 0.31 0.30 -0.04 Epipactis helleborine 1.04 0.34 0.93 0.82 0.11 -0.39 -0.62 -0.52 -0.03 0.40 -0.22 -0.01 -0.10 -0.32 -0.64 Epipactis leptochila 0.17 -0.42 0.12 -0.16 Epipactis palustris -0.59 -0.57 1.19 -0.31 -0.01 -0.54 -0.27 -0.97 -0.43 -0.26 Epipactis phyllanthes 0.24 0.04 0.81 -0.02 Epipactis purpurata -0.06 0.12 0.50 -0.46 Equisetum arvense 0.28 0.46 -0.08 0.22 0.10 0.22 2.74 -0.76 -0.19 1.02 0.44 0.75 -1.45 0.43 -0.66 Equisetum fluviatile 1.63 1.33 1.04 1.59 0.55 -0.57 -0.29 -1.35 -0.11 1.49 -0.39 -0.32 -0.58 0.07 -1.25 Equisetum hyemale 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.64 1.17 0.84 0.49 -0.19 0.11 Equisetum palustre 0.58 0.10 1.55 0.04 0.13 -0.50 -0.20 -2.57 0.06 0.50 -0.39 0.23 -0.39 -0.33 -1.10 Equisetum pratense 0.27 0.52 0.32 0.04 0.46 0.18 Equisetum sylvaticum -0.74 -0.72 -0.36 -0.95 0.25 -0.19 -1.09 -0.99 0.31 0.39 0.33 0.30 0.40 -0.07 Equisetum telmateia 0.14 0.07 -0.06 0.23 -0.36 0.21 0.14 0.16 0.43 0.05 -0.00 0.22 0.39 0.28 0.09 Equisetum variegatum -0.54 -0.18 -0.81 -0.02 -0.64 0.48 -0.25 0.35 0.19 Eranthis hyemalis 0.39 0.61 1.45 0.37 1.21 0.78 1.52 1.28 0.96 1.88 Erica ciliaris -0.01 0.08 Erica cinerea -0.42 0.80 -1.08 -1.40 -1.04 -0.98 -1.14 -1.78 -0.53 -1.55 -1.00 -0.61 -0.77 -1.02 -0.65 Erica tetralix 0.18 0.54 -0.64 0.01 -0.79 -0.99 -0.63 -0.97 -0.62 -1.70 -1.46 -0.57 -1.09 -1.12 -0.57 Erica vagans 0.12 0.09 Erigeron acer 0.13 0.72 1.33 0.13 -0.41 0.44 0.76 -0.41 0.11 -0.35 Erigeron borealis 0.03 0.22 Erigeron karvinskianus 2.42 2.32 2.45 Erinus alpinus 1.49 1.76 1.03 0.40 1.46 1.90 1.04 1.31 Eriocaulon aquaticum 0.37 0.63 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.99 1.74 -0.11 0.64 0.14 -1.13 -1.20 -1.51 -0.76 -0.91 -0.89 -0.63 -1.06 -1.00 -1.05 Eriophorum gracile -1.22 -0.22 Eriophorum latifolium 0.73 0.92 0.82 0.18 0.00 0.76 0.08 0.61 -0.69 -0.02 -0.73 0.08 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.06 -0.11 0.34 -0.34 -0.52 -0.54 -0.57 -1.24 -0.83 -0.15 -1.02 -0.35 0.24 0.24 Erodium cicutarium agg. -0.50 -0.64 -0.09 -0.32 -1.06 -0.09 -0.23 0.43 0.18 -0.55 -0.25 0.50 -0.39 -0.26 -0.19 Erodium maritimum 0.12 0.04 -0.01 Erodium moschatum 0.35 -3.48 -0.71 -0.03 0.33 0.33 1.48 Erophila verna sens.lat. -0.18 -0.65 0.38 0.27 0.45 0.51 -0.24 1.32 0.93 1.15 0.31 0.75 -0.25 0.32 0.39 Erucastrum gallicum 0.19 -0.43 0.11 0.25 Eryngium campestre -0.02 0.75 -0.40 Eryngium maritimum -1.06 -0.16 -2.10 -1.28 -0.53 -0.40 0.41 -1.09 -0.50 -0.95 0.11 Page 11 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Erysimum cheiranthoides 0.14 0.45 -0.17 -0.79 -2.24 -0.02 -0.76 0.15 -0.36 -0.63 -0.79 -0.36 -1.06 Erysimum cheiri 0.58 0.86 -0.14 0.75 0.51 0.95 0.48 0.10 0.44 0.48 0.75 0.86 0.73 Escallonia macrantha 2.52 2.31 Euonymus europaeus 0.08 0.36 -0.88 0.63 -0.03 -0.19 0.60 0.46 0.03 -0.20 0.53 0.86 -0.40 -0.29 Eupatorium cannabinum -0.11 0.16 -0.28 -0.25 -0.53 -0.08 0.14 -0.04 0.34 -1.31 -0.46 0.47 -1.18 0.60 0.26 Euphorbia amygdaloides -0.43 -0.12 -0.58 0.01 -0.13 -0.74 -0.61 Euphorbia corallioides 0.46 -0.77 Euphorbia cyparissias -0.16 -0.15 0.35 -0.79 0.97 0.18 1.01 -0.09 0.86 1.31 1.13 0.55 Euphorbia dulcis -0.65 -0.20 -0.66 1.97 Euphorbia esula agg. -0.88 -1.34 -0.54 0.01 -0.67 -0.05 0.46 -0.91 Euphorbia exigua -4.43 -4.09 -3.17 -1.18 -2.21 -0.84 -1.82 -1.25 -0.83 -1.24 -0.80 -0.75 -1.54 Euphorbia helioscopia -1.35 -1.63 -1.03 -1.03 -0.53 -0.31 -0.69 -0.54 -0.10 -1.68 -0.32 1.10 -0.13 -0.15 0.66 Euphorbia lathyris 0.09 -0.36 1.84 0.52 0.97 1.55 1.74 1.80 1.15 2.25 Euphorbia paralias -0.35 0.01 0.60 -1.18 -0.30 -0.58 0.09 Euphorbia peplis -1.47 Euphorbia peplus -0.12 0.24 -0.62 -0.20 -0.01 -0.14 -0.19 0.42 -0.75 -0.06 -0.17 0.28 -0.56 0.61 0.67 Euphorbia platyphyllos -0.16 -0.58 0.20 -0.13 Euphorbia portlandica 0.14 -1.47 0.06 0.01 -0.83 -0.23 Euphorbia serrulata 2.19 1.56 Euphorbia villosa -1.60 Euphrasia officinalis agg. -1.74 -1.49 -1.12 -2.13 -1.01 -1.55 -1.05 -1.26 -1.19 -0.10 -1.12 -0.75 -1.25 -1.70 -1.40 Fagopyrum esculentum -0.39 -1.73 -0.43 -0.17 -0.42 0.28 0.14 0.69 -0.59 -0.76 -0.04 -0.62 Fagus sylvatica -0.82 -0.70 -0.50 -0.83 -0.95 -0.29 0.13 0.24 -0.06 -0.62 0.80 0.42 -0.19 -0.61 -0.74 Fallopia convolvulus -1.68 -1.73 -0.94 -2.05 -0.69 -1.47 -2.38 -0.99 -1.39 -1.86 -0.97 -0.64 -0.81 -0.87 -0.56 Fallopia dumetorum -0.43 -1.03 -0.09 Fallopia japonica 1.23 0.58 1.99 1.08 1.64 2.09 2.78 1.63 1.98 -0.36 1.91 2.22 1.26 2.17 1.71 Fallopia sachalinensis 1.13 1.04 1.00 0.56 -0.65 0.80 1.22 -0.08 0.18 0.39 1.52 0.39 0.71 Festuca altissima 0.91 1.25 0.41 0.32 0.71 0.49 0.48 Festuca arundinacea 1.12 1.18 0.65 1.02 0.98 2.07 1.34 1.69 3.17 2.37 1.86 1.64 1.51 1.68 2.72 Festuca gigantea 0.77 0.84 1.36 -0.31 1.18 0.38 1.37 1.66 1.00 0.72 -0.14 0.02 0.34 -0.41 -0.01 Festuca heterophylla -0.42 -0.51 -1.00 Festuca ovina agg. -0.96 -1.12 -1.00 0.39 -0.99 -1.00 -1.42 -1.25 -1.41 1.05 -1.21 -0.36 -0.46 -0.29 -0.66 Festuca pratensis -0.07 0.32 -0.50 -0.39 -2.46 -0.36 -0.73 0.40 0.41 0.08 -0.45 0.11 -0.04 -0.98 0.09 Festuca rubra agg. 1.74 0.81 1.35 3.23 2.00 3.41 3.92 3.27 0.80 4.70 3.44 2.20 0.71 3.32 3.58 Festuca vivipara 0.64 1.23 0.49 0.57 -0.21 1.14 1.29 -0.10 Filago gallica 0.30 Filago lutescens -0.22 0.20 -0.57 Filago minima -1.04 -0.77 -0.79 -1.11 -0.78 -1.00 -0.61 -0.44 -0.72 -0.34 -0.33 -0.94 -0.19 -0.78 Filago pyramidata -1.05 -1.58 -1.26 -0.01 Filago vulgaris -1.56 -1.23 -1.08 -2.42 -2.28 -1.01 -2.02 -0.84 -0.87 -1.79 -1.00 0.01 -0.11 -1.76 -0.91 Filipendula ulmaria 0.28 0.11 0.44 0.72 0.18 -0.70 0.60 -0.90 -0.24 -0.18 -0.18 0.27 -1.05 -0.44 -0.98 Filipendula vulgaris -0.26 -0.89 -0.28 -0.50 -0.47 0.62 -0.02 -0.10 -0.27 -0.18 -0.23 Foeniculum vulgare 0.46 0.21 0.89 1.50 0.92 0.23 1.13 0.41 0.60 0.69 1.16 Fragaria vesca -0.89 -0.53 -0.75 -1.56 -0.19 -1.47 -0.55 -0.93 -2.05 -0.78 -2.30 -1.04 -0.39 -0.81 -1.25 Fragaria x ananassa -0.33 -0.03 -0.72 0.04 0.19 0.87 -0.47 1.40 1.47 -0.32 0.22 0.54 0.93 -0.62 Frangula alnus -0.28 -0.27 -0.24 -0.25 -0.82 -0.73 0.35 0.31 -0.37 -0.48 Page 12 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Frankenia laevis 0.15 -0.17 -0.15 Fraxinus excelsior -0.91 -0.81 -0.63 -0.59 -0.84 0.45 1.19 0.40 -0.52 -0.10 0.44 0.02 -0.76 0.02 0.01 Fritillaria meleagris 0.82 1.14 0.22 0.32 0.67 Fuchsia magellanica 1.53 1.47 1.23 1.38 0.23 2.38 1.57 1.71 Fumaria bastardii 0.35 -0.43 -1.16 0.33 0.57 0.51 -0.25 -0.35 0.81 Fumaria capreolata -0.69 -0.13 -1.14 0.12 -0.05 0.06 1.24 -0.68 0.20 0.89 0.96 -0.68 -0.21 Fumaria densiflora 0.86 1.03 -4.11 -0.50 -2.04 -0.01 -0.19 -0.63 Fumaria muralis 2.06 1.58 2.34 1.53 2.98 0.92 1.99 1.42 2.19 2.12 1.53 0.48 0.04 Fumaria occidentalis 0.29 0.16 Fumaria officinalis -0.31 -0.37 0.01 -0.66 -0.17 -0.56 -0.94 0.49 -0.08 -0.21 0.20 -0.78 -0.62 -0.53 -1.00 Fumaria parviflora -0.52 -1.37 0.45 -0.14 -0.61 Fumaria purpurea 1.18 1.44 -0.53 -0.43 -2.11 -0.66 Fumaria reuteri -0.72 -1.48 Fumaria vaillantii -0.51 -0.32 -0.59 -0.35 Gagea lutea 0.41 0.50 0.14 0.80 -0.02 -0.66 0.30 -0.01 0.21 Galanthus nivalis 1.86 1.87 2.28 0.47 2.90 2.90 1.96 2.37 2.42 2.07 2.37 1.81 2.75 3.28 Galeopsis angustifolia -2.81 -1.79 -1.68 -1.90 -3.23 -1.27 -2.46 -2.11 -2.38 -2.80 Galeopsis speciosa -1.88 -1.99 -0.77 -2.12 -0.83 -1.32 -1.86 -1.07 -1.74 -2.09 -0.76 -0.95 -0.71 -1.33 -1.61 Galeopsis tetrahit agg. -1.60 -1.75 -0.38 -1.12 -0.48 -0.12 -0.07 0.13 -0.29 -0.44 1.37 0.32 -0.45 -0.21 -0.22 Galinsoga parviflora 0.50 -0.47 0.78 -0.37 1.54 1.20 0.98 0.93 -0.31 Galinsoga quadriradiata 0.86 0.80 0.13 0.17 1.13 0.40 0.36 1.26 0.73 Galium aparine -0.15 -0.01 -0.17 -0.08 -0.13 1.30 0.31 0.83 -0.52 0.94 -0.18 0.02 -0.76 1.38 1.83 Galium boreale -0.48 -0.35 0.50 -0.77 0.08 -0.13 -0.54 -0.45 Galium constrictum 1.07 Galium mollugo -0.20 -0.71 -0.24 0.11 -0.04 0.56 0.36 0.48 0.76 -0.00 -0.10 0.12 0.13 -0.57 Galium odoratum -0.66 -0.15 -1.09 -1.01 0.67 -0.82 -1.67 -0.19 -0.79 -0.16 -0.93 -0.39 0.13 -0.59 -1.02 Galium palustre 0.63 0.57 -0.02 1.72 0.84 -0.59 -0.11 -0.27 -0.18 -0.08 0.05 -1.13 -0.99 -0.71 -0.18 Galium parisiense -0.41 -0.54 -0.57 Galium pumilum -1.02 0.04 -1.24 Galium saxatile 0.36 0.82 -0.57 -0.37 -0.23 -0.52 -0.34 0.14 -0.25 0.41 -0.79 -0.66 -0.29 -0.45 -0.26 Galium spurium -2.03 -2.60 Galium sterneri 0.97 1.11 1.26 -0.27 0.63 0.39 -0.61 1.55 -0.25 -0.14 Galium tricornutum -3.84 -2.04 -2.38 -3.24 -1.58 -5.60 -2.76 Galium uliginosum 0.09 -0.27 1.15 -0.50 -0.60 0.18 -1.07 -0.13 0.13 -0.55 -0.75 -0.63 -0.02 -0.95 Galium verum -0.56 -0.52 0.02 -0.41 -0.88 -1.21 -0.45 -1.21 -1.10 -1.30 -1.52 0.09 -0.24 -1.16 -1.07 Gastridium ventricosum -0.43 0.12 -0.05 Genista anglica -0.88 -0.18 -1.27 -1.43 -1.34 -1.91 -0.65 -0.75 0.05 -0.45 -1.39 -1.03 -1.05 -0.97 Genista pilosa -0.55 -0.60 0.00 Genista tinctoria -0.21 -0.65 -0.90 -0.49 -0.95 -0.90 -0.36 -0.85 -0.83 -1.04 -0.58 -0.77 Gentiana pneumonanthe -0.23 -0.44 0.15 0.08 Gentiana verna 0.30 0.00 Gentianella amarella -0.54 -0.11 -0.85 -0.78 -1.08 -0.32 -0.62 -0.26 -0.36 -0.89 -0.94 -0.49 -0.52 Gentianella anglica -0.23 -0.31 0.20 Gentianella campestris -1.27 -0.97 -1.28 -1.02 -1.20 -1.41 -2.08 0.10 -1.64 -1.42 -1.76 -0.31 Gentianella germanica -0.02 0.04 Geranium columbinum -0.83 -0.13 -0.62 -0.50 -0.38 -0.71 -0.89 -0.33 -0.26 -0.58 0.02 -0.28 -0.81 Page 13 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Geranium dissectum -0.51 -1.02 0.17 -0.40 1.25 0.97 1.08 1.75 1.18 -0.07 0.91 0.91 1.92 0.70 0.77 Geranium endressii 0.90 0.55 0.46 1.42 1.93 1.47 1.93 1.27 1.52 1.03 2.27 1.04 Geranium lucidum 0.81 0.37 0.62 1.15 0.85 1.25 0.59 2.13 1.09 0.40 1.10 1.37 0.49 0.72 1.68 Geranium molle -1.10 -1.14 -0.89 -0.75 -0.58 0.28 -0.20 0.65 0.50 -0.13 1.72 -0.09 0.89 0.03 0.32 Geranium phaeum -1.81 -1.28 -2.25 -1.00 -0.40 -0.28 -0.17 -0.61 -0.50 -0.16 0.18 -0.35 -0.82 0.09 Geranium pratense -0.06 0.05 0.03 -0.53 -0.28 0.04 0.27 -0.40 0.32 -0.05 0.35 0.11 -0.06 0.13 -0.01 Geranium purpureum 0.32 0.13 0.77 Geranium pusillum -0.68 -2.40 -0.31 0.13 0.24 0.88 0.16 -0.05 0.03 0.32 0.27 0.10 0.32 Geranium pyrenaicum 0.37 0.08 0.36 0.98 1.37 1.50 0.88 1.05 1.16 0.97 0.80 1.15 0.93 Geranium robertianum -0.38 -0.44 -0.14 0.31 0.23 -0.12 -0.18 0.33 -0.67 0.13 -1.26 -0.39 0.14 0.68 -0.15 Geranium rotundifolium 1.32 1.27 0.65 1.42 1.46 1.21 Geranium sanguineum 0.39 0.46 0.45 -0.14 0.80 -0.25 0.46 0.25 -0.33 0.74 0.68 0.39 1.26 1.43 Geranium sylvaticum -0.33 -0.50 0.25 -0.32 -0.25 -0.68 0.05 -0.33 -0.26 Geranium versicolor 0.60 0.35 1.02 0.22 0.45 Geum rivale -0.85 -0.61 -0.92 -1.14 -0.03 -0.57 -0.63 -0.96 -0.80 -0.83 -0.58 -0.68 0.13 -0.06 -0.01 Geum urbanum -0.67 -0.36 -0.86 -0.80 -0.10 -0.19 0.04 0.68 -0.87 0.02 0.87 -0.74 -1.45 -0.28 -0.06 Gladiolus illyricus 0.10 0.36 Glaucium flavum -0.36 -1.34 -0.01 -0.29 -0.45 -0.79 -0.36 -0.35 0.03 Glaux maritima -0.17 0.16 -0.48 -0.51 -1.21 -0.43 0.46 -0.33 -0.87 -0.83 -0.27 -0.31 -0.40 -0.34 Glechoma hederacea -0.63 -0.58 -0.81 -0.51 0.30 -0.16 -0.15 -0.60 -0.37 0.85 0.44 -0.14 0.27 0.34 0.77 Glyceria declinata 2.64 1.26 2.64 3.65 0.84 0.71 0.97 1.23 2.73 0.73 1.06 1.33 0.93 -0.07 Glyceria fluitans 1.86 1.76 0.85 1.43 0.74 -0.13 -0.39 -0.87 -0.48 0.33 0.90 0.71 -0.09 -0.52 0.21 Glyceria maxima 1.40 0.66 1.48 1.03 0.90 0.32 1.27 0.54 0.47 0.60 0.38 0.92 0.56 0.40 0.37 Glyceria notata 1.29 0.43 1.05 1.65 1.85 0.01 0.19 0.60 0.83 -0.60 0.29 -0.42 0.23 0.23 -0.66 Gnaphalium luteoalbum 0.69 Gnaphalium norvegicum 0.59 0.90 Gnaphalium supinum -0.84 -0.53 Gnaphalium sylvaticum -2.74 -2.11 -2.22 -2.85 -0.55 -2.03 -1.71 -2.69 -1.49 -3.37 -1.55 -1.44 -0.94 -2.64 -1.83 Gnaphalium uliginosum 1.83 1.61 1.45 2.81 1.17 0.05 1.35 -0.33 0.81 0.00 -0.44 -0.18 -0.47 -0.22 0.03 Goodyera repens -0.33 0.08 -0.41 0.27 0.50 -0.37 Groenlandia densa -1.28 -1.01 -1.32 -1.52 -2.65 -0.74 -0.00 -1.63 -1.25 Gymnadenia conopsea -0.83 -0.31 -1.49 -0.95 -1.04 -0.60 -0.91 -0.08 -0.24 -0.60 -0.50 -0.20 -0.55 -0.41 -0.58 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 0.24 0.37 1.05 -0.68 -0.47 -0.82 -1.33 -0.60 -0.42 -0.30 0.22 0.19 Gymnocarpium robertianum -0.27 0.26 -0.29 -0.59 -0.98 -0.09 -0.10 -0.03 Hammarbya paludosa -0.38 0.07 -2.42 0.14 0.35 -0.09 0.04 0.61 Hedera helix -0.88 -0.80 -0.54 -0.86 -0.08 0.78 0.19 -0.87 0.03 0.46 -0.18 -0.63 0.27 1.73 1.01 Helianthemum nummularium -0.31 -0.06 0.15 -1.10 -0.75 -0.52 -0.41 -0.88 -0.92 -0.63 -0.56 -0.50 -0.49 -0.82 Helianthemum oelandicum 0.07 -0.49 Helictotrichon pratense 0.86 0.65 1.32 0.31 0.06 -0.06 0.24 -0.01 -0.29 -0.11 0.15 0.39 0.61 -0.34 Helictotrichon pubescens 0.61 0.31 0.79 0.80 1.09 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.51 0.81 -0.93 -0.02 0.68 0.37 -0.32 Helleborus foetidus 0.33 0.63 -0.19 -0.92 0.35 0.26 0.18 0.24 1.12 1.16 Helleborus viridis -1.28 -0.93 -1.79 -0.40 -0.40 -0.42 -0.01 0.88 -0.05 -0.90 -0.82 -0.33 -0.21 Heracleum mantegazzianum 1.00 0.68 1.06 0.58 0.67 1.99 1.98 1.48 2.19 0.81 1.70 2.27 1.53 1.76 1.48 Heracleum sphondylium 0.00 0.02 0.12 0.62 -1.20 1.30 1.36 -0.24 -0.52 1.37 0.44 0.02 0.27 0.89 1.01 Herminium monorchis -0.77 -0.92 -0.37 Herniaria glabra 1.39 0.40 Page 14 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Hesperis matronalis 1.11 0.84 1.48 0.65 1.12 1.05 1.65 1.65 1.49 0.89 1.29 1.09 0.53 0.62 Hierochloe odorata 0.38 -0.12 Himantoglossum hircinum -2.13 -2.22 -0.51 -1.50 Hippocrepis comosa -0.54 0.60 -0.44 -0.37 -1.38 -0.30 -0.73 -0.37 -0.62 Hippophae rhamnoides 0.18 -0.34 0.54 0.32 -1.30 1.43 1.16 1.82 1.02 0.24 1.46 0.45 1.24 1.40 Hippuris vulgaris 0.85 1.26 0.16 0.31 -0.10 -0.34 -0.77 -1.24 -0.16 -1.26 0.02 0.24 -0.17 -0.34 -0.03 Holcus lanatus 1.43 1.53 0.20 1.08 0.65 0.76 -0.12 -0.24 -0.15 2.04 0.44 1.15 -0.83 0.68 1.83 Holcus mollis 0.45 0.50 -0.09 1.17 -1.26 0.37 1.71 0.18 0.84 0.81 0.35 0.35 0.16 0.05 0.07 Honckenya peploides -0.56 -0.69 -0.07 -0.15 -0.69 -0.41 -0.06 -0.39 -0.62 -0.91 -0.13 -0.28 -0.29 -0.22 Hordelymus europaeus 0.06 -0.00 0.10 0.12 0.43 -0.03 Hordeum marinum -0.76 -0.27 -0.56 -0.09 -0.55 Hordeum murinum -0.37 -0.73 -0.19 0.30 0.14 -0.77 0.54 -0.43 -0.05 -0.27 0.25 1.65 Hordeum secalinum -0.68 -0.92 -0.35 -0.90 -0.89 -0.33 -0.24 -1.11 0.61 -0.32 0.29 Hornungia petraea 0.34 0.22 0.16 -0.54 Hottonia palustris -0.65 -0.05 -0.89 -0.16 -0.77 -0.83 -0.58 -0.20 -0.24 Humulus lupulus 0.18 0.05 -0.08 0.35 -0.32 0.59 -0.21 -0.05 0.24 0.20 -0.39 -0.41 -0.49 0.01 Huperzia selago -0.61 -0.36 -1.06 -0.51 -0.14 0.23 0.36 -0.30 -0.29 0.41 Hyacinthoides non-scripta -0.62 -0.60 -1.01 0.23 1.05 -0.28 0.19 -0.36 0.12 1.33 -0.77 -0.22 -0.07 0.44 -0.56 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae -0.86 -0.59 -2.60 -0.30 -0.66 -1.69 -0.96 0.14 -0.39 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 0.38 0.38 0.47 -0.28 -0.77 -1.01 -1.25 -0.60 -0.51 -0.37 -0.95 -0.91 -0.48 -0.90 -1.02 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense -0.59 -0.11 -2.11 -0.92 -0.19 -0.17 -0.99 0.11 0.01 Hymenophyllum wilsonii -1.19 -0.93 0.21 -1.72 -0.21 -0.07 -0.17 -1.01 0.50 Hyoscyamus niger -1.16 -1.14 -1.19 -1.03 -2.23 -1.99 -1.15 -1.05 -0.90 -0.39 -0.87 -0.97 Hypericum androsaemum 0.85 0.79 1.58 0.02 1.09 0.78 1.67 1.91 1.84 -1.16 0.40 1.96 -0.59 0.67 Hypericum androsaemum x hircinum (H. x inodorum) 2.59 -0.49 2.56 1.05 Hypericum calycinum -0.32 0.11 -0.50 -0.07 0.63 0.60 0.12 0.25 0.63 0.77 0.54 0.48 Hypericum elodes -0.44 -0.17 -0.73 0.47 -0.63 0.10 -0.60 -0.43 -0.66 -0.17 -0.73 -0.61 Hypericum hircinum 1.28 0.98 1.12 Hypericum hirsutum 0.55 -0.27 1.01 0.12 -0.41 -0.23 0.31 -0.15 -0.45 -0.54 -0.65 0.47 -0.50 -0.77 Hypericum humifusum -0.38 -0.02 0.30 -1.23 0.88 -0.47 -0.73 -0.36 -0.80 -0.57 0.16 -0.69 -0.24 -0.66 -0.09 Hypericum linariifolium 0.49 0.51 Hypericum maculatum 1.55 1.30 0.79 1.60 1.70 1.39 1.95 2.32 3.17 1.30 1.21 0.97 0.99 Hypericum montanum -0.57 -1.41 -0.42 -0.11 -0.84 -0.54 -0.38 -0.14 -0.37 Hypericum pulchrum 0.24 -0.17 0.40 0.07 1.08 -0.64 -0.42 -0.52 0.06 0.04 -0.82 -0.51 -0.10 -0.83 -0.71 Hypericum tetrapterum 0.06 0.12 0.45 -0.44 0.04 -0.56 -0.24 -0.17 0.01 -1.23 -1.33 -0.30 0.01 -0.69 -0.83 Hypericum undulatum -0.16 -0.08 -0.29 Hypochaeris glabra -0.55 -0.89 -0.90 -1.46 -0.66 -0.68 -1.52 0.16 -0.99 -0.81 Hypochaeris maculata 0.47 Hypochaeris radicata 0.58 0.46 -0.02 1.19 -0.77 0.65 0.51 0.12 -0.52 1.05 1.46 0.02 0.14 0.71 0.64 Iberis amara -1.18 -2.67 -0.91 -0.56 -0.71 Ilex aquifolium -0.38 -0.34 0.07 -0.76 0.08 0.47 -0.38 -0.15 0.36 -0.15 0.44 2.52 0.95 0.23 0.02 Illecebrum verticillatum -0.47 -0.77 0.33 Impatiens capensis 0.58 0.67 0.59 0.58 0.14 0.30 Impatiens glandulifera 1.50 1.69 0.84 1.20 0.60 1.67 1.59 0.81 0.99 0.83 0.74 1.40 2.58 1.57 1.85 Impatiens noli-tangere 0.20 -0.73 -0.27 -0.69 -1.01 -0.22 0.43 -3.05 -0.57 Impatiens parviflora 0.02 0.22 -0.58 0.00 -0.05 0.11 -0.28 0.33 -0.21 -0.62 0.20 -0.20 0.52 Page 15 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Inula conyzae -0.20 0.81 -0.17 0.28 -1.34 -0.73 0.55 -0.10 -0.72 -0.19 Inula crithmoides 0.12 -0.17 0.32 0.23 Inula helenium -0.82 -0.97 -0.08 0.18 -0.65 0.42 -0.71 -0.07 -1.02 -0.72 0.05 -1.24 -0.73 -0.39 Iris foetidissima 0.82 1.06 0.54 0.99 0.50 2.10 1.39 1.21 1.86 Iris pseudacorus -0.05 -0.23 0.43 -0.25 -0.54 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.20 -0.29 0.26 0.86 0.99 -0.52 0.84 Iris versicolor 0.45 1.15 Isatis tinctoria 2.02 1.05 Isoetes echinospora 1.11 1.22 0.47 -0.74 0.04 Isoetes lacustris 1.79 2.52 0.22 -0.05 -0.11 0.71 0.72 -0.88 Isolepis cernua 0.19 0.42 -0.14 0.12 0.26 -0.13 0.89 Isolepis setacea 0.35 0.24 0.78 -0.05 2.23 0.16 0.53 0.32 -0.05 1.56 -0.31 0.26 0.48 -0.19 0.39 Jasione montana -0.71 -0.01 -0.62 -1.44 -0.64 -1.01 -0.46 -1.21 -1.65 -1.91 -0.77 -1.34 -0.95 -0.88 -1.08 Juncus acutiflorus 1.58 1.19 1.70 2.94 1.90 0.48 1.20 0.85 1.37 1.10 0.40 -0.07 0.75 0.32 0.03 Juncus acutus 0.36 -0.55 0.37 Juncus alpinoarticulatus -0.02 0.06 0.11 Juncus articulatus 2.00 2.07 0.47 1.69 0.27 0.18 2.34 0.04 0.26 1.07 1.13 -0.34 -0.66 -0.35 0.09 Juncus balticus -0.21 0.13 -0.16 Juncus biglumis -0.02 0.25 Juncus bufonius sens.lat. 0.80 0.30 1.03 1.78 0.06 0.69 1.23 -0.11 0.85 1.57 -0.87 0.93 0.28 0.08 0.73 Juncus bulbosus 1.71 2.09 1.53 0.11 0.79 -0.22 -0.98 -0.14 0.06 1.45 -0.01 0.16 0.61 -0.23 -0.43 Juncus castaneus -0.47 -0.24 Juncus compressus -0.72 -0.61 -1.64 -0.99 -1.51 -0.70 -0.53 -1.47 -1.04 -0.35 Juncus conglomeratus 0.59 0.45 -0.14 0.91 0.65 0.48 1.71 2.23 0.97 0.50 0.34 0.28 0.29 -0.08 0.28 Juncus effusus 1.81 2.04 0.57 0.43 0.54 0.10 0.88 -0.24 -0.78 -0.36 0.44 -0.23 0.16 0.11 0.11 Juncus gerardii 0.14 0.24 0.05 0.11 -0.54 -0.21 0.61 -0.12 -0.34 -0.37 -0.06 0.07 -0.15 -0.34 Juncus inflexus 0.76 0.76 0.51 0.28 -0.11 0.27 0.71 1.18 1.47 -0.07 1.33 0.06 -0.81 -0.35 0.23 Juncus maritimus -0.23 0.13 -0.81 -0.28 -0.70 -0.27 -0.01 -0.06 -0.50 -0.54 0.08 -0.11 Juncus subnodulosus 0.54 -0.06 -0.12 0.99 -0.08 0.73 0.51 0.06 -0.37 -0.00 -0.41 -0.01 Juncus tenuis 0.36 0.31 0.31 0.58 0.63 1.94 0.33 0.37 0.96 0.55 0.80 0.66 0.19 Juncus trifidus -0.29 0.00 Juncus triglumis -0.48 -0.20 0.69 0.42 Juniperus communis -0.25 -0.16 0.11 -0.34 -0.48 -0.28 -0.34 -0.71 0.41 -1.12 -0.37 -0.27 Kickxia elatine -0.37 0.23 -0.00 -0.56 -0.71 -0.17 -0.44 Kickxia spuria -0.18 -0.37 0.01 -0.02 -0.31 -0.17 -0.12 Knautia arvensis -1.07 -1.97 -0.88 -1.09 -0.86 -1.18 -1.23 -0.92 -0.07 -0.96 -1.17 -0.85 -0.82 -1.44 -1.19 Koeleria macrantha -0.04 -0.03 -0.15 0.33 -0.06 -0.44 -0.50 0.33 0.02 -0.15 -1.02 -0.17 -0.21 -0.32 -0.54 Koenigia islandica 0.14 0.35 Laburnum anagyroides 1.96 1.41 2.69 0.18 3.45 3.09 2.29 2.09 2.98 2.54 2.81 2.52 Lactuca saligna -1.32 -1.86 -0.03 Lactuca serriola 2.44 2.21 3.41 3.69 3.15 2.92 3.07 Lactuca virosa 0.18 0.26 0.89 0.79 1.31 0.81 1.74 1.27 0.28 0.60 Lagurus ovatus 1.94 1.30 Lamiastrum galeobdolon 2.63 2.03 2.31 0.46 2.43 1.62 0.33 1.15 0.21 -0.10 0.79 1.64 -0.24 Lamium album -0.76 -0.77 -0.38 -1.44 -1.56 -0.53 0.01 -0.93 0.80 -1.34 -0.77 -0.39 0.27 -0.83 -0.54 Lamium amplexicaule -1.31 -1.53 -1.47 -0.74 -0.13 -0.81 0.79 -0.04 0.10 -0.06 0.10 0.12 0.15 -0.58 Lamium confertum -0.35 -1.43 0.14 1.86 -0.02 -0.52 Page 16 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Lamium hybridum 0.76 0.30 1.30 0.24 1.23 1.19 1.32 1.27 1.14 1.39 1.02 1.84 1.41 0.65 Lamium purpureum -1.93 -2.12 -0.70 -1.67 0.17 0.03 -0.34 -0.30 0.42 -1.00 -0.36 0.19 -0.83 0.20 2.30 Lapsana communis -0.32 -0.24 -0.37 -0.04 -0.94 -0.16 0.26 -1.15 -0.67 -0.04 -1.26 0.19 -0.81 -0.35 0.87 Larix decidua 2.55 2.39 3.19 0.73 0.52 2.31 2.93 1.48 3.34 2.66 2.50 2.54 1.74 1.57 1.00 Lathraea squamaria 0.04 -0.01 0.05 1.28 -0.48 -0.99 -0.56 -0.53 -0.44 -0.32 -0.40 0.19 -0.54 Lathyrus aphaca -0.85 -1.08 -1.97 -1.16 -0.87 -0.90 -0.76 -0.83 Lathyrus japonicus -0.21 -0.17 -1.14 0.65 Lathyrus linifolius -0.94 -0.53 -1.24 -1.22 0.04 -0.95 -1.24 -0.95 -0.44 -0.75 -1.22 -0.36 -0.99 -1.00 Lathyrus nissolia 0.22 0.33 0.77 -0.73 0.47 0.18 Lathyrus palustris 0.31 0.20 Lathyrus pratensis -0.12 -0.09 0.09 0.71 -0.13 0.01 1.78 -0.87 -0.52 0.25 -1.26 0.02 -1.29 0.29 0.11 Lathyrus sylvestris -0.34 -0.73 -0.48 -0.17 -0.71 -0.05 -0.02 -0.61 -0.09 -0.34 -0.81 Lathyrus tuberosus -0.28 -0.76 0.01 -0.47 -1.21 -0.28 -0.96 Lavatera arborea 0.42 0.54 1.03 0.13 1.14 0.72 1.16 Lavatera cretica 0.81 Ledum palustre 0.69 Leersia oryzoides -0.35 0.04 Legousia hybrida -0.59 -1.03 -0.99 -0.20 -0.25 -0.66 -0.54 Lemna gibba -0.13 -0.94 0.33 0.61 -0.01 -0.17 -0.05 0.44 -0.24 Lemna minor 1.84 1.22 2.78 1.70 0.32 -0.09 -0.19 -0.55 -0.16 1.11 0.01 1.35 0.35 0.43 -0.27 Lemna trisulca 1.40 0.86 1.63 0.47 -0.58 -0.23 -0.33 -0.66 0.05 -0.00 -0.68 -1.22 -0.17 -0.50 Leontodon autumnalis 0.79 0.75 -0.29 1.35 0.01 1.06 2.56 1.41 -0.19 1.99 -0.34 0.98 0.32 0.23 3.49 Leontodon hispidus -1.08 -2.00 -0.41 -1.27 -1.01 -0.35 -0.48 -0.28 -0.40 -1.39 -1.01 -0.22 -1.09 -1.20 Leontodon saxatilis 0.55 1.05 0.44 -0.33 0.57 -0.16 0.23 0.73 0.19 1.25 -0.97 -1.03 0.45 0.08 0.49 Leonurus cardiaca -1.63 -1.77 -2.30 -4.31 -1.96 -1.99 -0.48 -1.76 -1.29 Lepidium campestre -0.73 0.05 -1.82 0.12 -0.72 -2.77 -0.30 -0.87 -0.63 0.05 0.24 -0.20 -0.93 -1.06 Lepidium draba 0.38 0.11 -0.17 -0.14 0.24 0.33 0.08 -0.19 0.22 0.30 -0.43 -0.51 -0.13 Lepidium heterophyllum -0.23 -0.14 -0.38 -0.44 0.44 -0.54 0.00 -0.44 -0.04 -0.89 -0.50 0.18 0.29 -0.96 -0.70 Lepidium latifolium 1.28 0.11 0.87 0.76 1.24 Lepidium ruderale 0.03 -0.06 -0.55 -0.01 0.80 -0.22 -0.70 Leucanthemum vulgare -1.87 -1.64 -1.41 -1.83 -1.48 -0.15 -0.81 0.04 -0.42 0.09 -0.77 -0.78 1.12 0.29 0.73 Leucojum aestivum 2.42 2.12 2.06 Leucojum vernum 1.75 0.61 Leymus arenarius 0.48 0.79 0.09 0.64 0.06 0.06 -0.14 0.04 0.21 -0.36 0.10 0.20 0.86 Ligusticum scoticum -0.22 -0.07 0.15 -0.31 -2.01 Ligustrum vulgare -1.50 -2.04 -1.77 -0.84 -0.88 -0.29 0.28 -0.65 -0.31 -1.17 0.02 -0.02 0.54 -0.23 0.12 Lilium martagon 0.73 0.37 0.75 0.78 -0.19 0.95 0.64 0.22 0.40 0.63 Limonium bellidifolium 0.29 0.23 Limonium binervosum agg. 0.25 -0.64 -0.17 0.27 0.30 Limonium humile 0.01 -0.42 -0.66 -0.08 0.15 -0.19 0.18 -0.17 0.38 Limonium vulgare 0.38 -0.41 0.08 0.01 -1.12 -0.46 0.08 -0.08 -0.62 -0.20 Limosella aquatica 0.63 -0.29 0.77 0.08 Limosella australis -0.32 Linaria purpurea 2.14 1.85 3.22 2.40 2.39 3.35 2.72 2.53 3.08 2.73 3.54 3.35 Linaria repens -0.29 -0.14 -0.43 -0.29 0.06 -0.14 0.39 1.09 0.61 0.91 0.21 -0.17 -0.30 -0.34 Linaria supina 0.36 0.43 Page 17 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Linaria vulgaris -1.05 -0.79 -1.54 -1.07 -0.82 -0.82 -1.12 -1.26 -0.30 -1.31 -1.21 -0.01 -0.90 -0.19 -0.19 Linnaea borealis 0.05 0.52 -0.17 Linum bienne -0.01 0.02 -0.17 -0.07 -0.66 Linum catharticum -0.13 -0.08 -0.28 -0.57 -0.32 -0.76 0.26 -0.45 -0.41 -0.95 -0.70 -0.76 -0.59 -0.80 -0.92 Linum perenne 0.62 -0.17 0.59 Liparis loeselii -0.67 -0.52 -1.09 Listera cordata -0.40 -0.27 -1.26 1.31 -0.21 0.32 0.57 -0.29 0.48 0.19 Listera ovata 0.15 0.23 0.68 -0.61 -0.62 -0.90 -1.88 -1.02 -0.90 -0.78 -0.39 -0.67 -0.95 -0.32 -0.68 Lithospermum arvense -3.23 -2.30 -2.31 -1.54 -0.99 -2.09 -1.93 -1.02 -0.99 -1.45 -1.20 -1.21 -1.37 Lithospermum officinale -1.52 -2.09 -0.59 -0.15 -0.23 -0.31 -0.52 -0.07 -0.66 -0.97 -0.41 Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum -0.02 -0.76 -1.44 0.28 Littorella uniflora 1.67 2.44 0.16 0.50 -0.45 -0.16 0.05 -0.47 0.20 -0.54 0.15 0.32 -1.67 -0.31 0.20 Lobelia dortmanna 0.30 0.78 -0.05 -0.36 -0.87 0.16 0.12 -0.70 Lobelia urens -0.04 -0.35 Lobularia maritima -0.54 -0.61 -1.59 2.14 1.63 1.83 0.99 1.40 2.31 1.94 Loiseleuria procumbens -0.54 -0.27 Lolium multiflorum -3.23 -3.60 -3.23 -1.73 0.12 -0.62 -1.65 -0.39 -0.35 -0.43 -0.42 -0.19 -0.42 -0.45 -0.30 Lolium perenne -0.53 -0.75 -0.15 0.85 -0.21 0.91 0.89 0.12 -0.33 0.68 -0.18 -1.75 -0.83 0.44 1.37 Lolium temulentum -4.43 -4.09 -3.43 -4.13 -0.76 -3.64 -1.06 -3.27 -2.36 -2.54 Lonicera caprifolium -1.63 -0.93 -0.38 0.09 -0.77 -0.18 Lonicera periclymenum -0.24 -0.16 -0.07 -0.90 -0.03 0.00 0.12 0.17 0.09 -0.13 -0.77 0.17 -0.54 0.98 -0.37 Lonicera xylosteum 0.15 -0.62 0.84 0.42 0.78 0.69 Lotus angustissimus -0.09 0.21 -0.11 Lotus corniculatus 1.07 1.00 0.05 1.93 -0.62 1.20 1.57 1.41 -0.35 0.27 -0.18 0.02 -1.34 1.87 0.88 Lotus glaber -0.50 -0.44 -1.02 -0.32 -1.05 -0.36 -0.94 0.20 Lotus pedunculatus 0.12 0.31 0.40 -0.11 0.23 -0.21 -0.20 0.41 0.71 1.07 -0.32 0.02 -0.87 -0.34 -0.22 Lotus subbiflorus 0.40 -0.08 Ludwigia palustris 0.43 0.64 Lupinus arboreus 0.85 0.32 1.58 0.81 0.73 1.76 Lupinus nootkatensis -0.92 -0.48 -0.74 Luronium natans 0.22 -1.19 -0.59 -0.19 Luzula arcuata -0.53 -0.36 Luzula campestris -0.92 -0.94 -1.04 0.71 0.15 0.13 -0.11 2.08 0.09 1.53 0.63 -0.18 -0.32 1.21 -0.45 Luzula forsteri 0.08 -0.11 -0.12 Luzula luzuloides 0.49 -0.01 0.81 0.31 0.16 -0.32 Luzula multiflora 1.44 1.10 0.82 0.93 0.72 -0.19 -0.10 0.82 0.38 -0.14 -0.32 0.21 -0.27 -0.42 -0.56 Luzula pilosa 0.03 -0.11 0.22 -0.02 2.23 -0.75 -0.39 -0.91 -0.43 -0.07 -0.62 -0.48 -0.37 -0.67 -1.15 Luzula spicata -0.79 -0.57 Luzula sylvatica 0.38 0.45 -0.07 -0.31 0.67 -0.32 -0.13 -0.47 -0.34 0.63 -0.21 -0.14 0.54 -0.27 -0.39 Lychnis flos-cuculi -0.42 -0.48 -0.06 -0.25 -0.72 -1.37 -0.80 -1.11 -1.05 0.00 -1.82 -0.78 -1.03 -1.37 -0.99 Lychnis viscaria 0.08 -0.05 0.49 Lycium 0.27 0.26 -0.10 0.57 -0.50 -0.20 -0.69 -0.18 -0.46 0.38 0.29 0.03 Lycopodiella inundata 0.10 0.61 -0.52 -0.90 -2.68 -0.47 -0.55 Lycopodium annotinum -0.27 0.09 -0.25 Lycopodium clavatum -0.07 -0.06 -0.43 0.64 -2.03 -0.55 -0.12 -1.31 -0.77 -1.12 -0.79 0.66 -0.45 -0.70 Lycopus europaeus -0.00 0.16 -0.49 0.40 0.44 -0.30 -0.07 -0.20 0.24 0.24 0.06 -0.06 -0.81 -0.11 -0.38 Page 18 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Lysimachia ciliata -0.08 -0.84 -0.57 Lysimachia nemorum -0.35 -0.53 0.22 -0.36 0.33 -0.55 -0.63 -0.11 -0.22 -0.89 -0.96 -0.41 0.08 -0.38 -0.74 Lysimachia nummularia 1.15 1.46 0.34 0.58 0.70 -0.40 1.57 -0.38 -0.17 0.03 -0.24 -1.06 -0.23 -0.03 -0.96 Lysimachia punctata 3.07 2.47 1.88 3.93 2.78 2.89 2.89 3.43 2.64 3.02 3.15 Lysimachia terrestris -0.15 -0.23 Lysimachia thyrsiflora 0.68 -0.04 -0.06 Lysimachia vulgaris 0.37 -0.49 0.78 0.36 -0.37 -0.06 0.63 -0.27 -0.12 -0.10 0.41 0.22 -0.01 -0.02 -0.54 Lythrum hyssopifolium -0.72 -1.09 -0.31 Lythrum portula 1.10 0.88 0.89 0.96 0.30 -0.31 0.42 0.39 -0.29 1.08 -0.45 -0.09 0.34 -0.65 -0.41 Lythrum salicaria 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.06 -0.30 -0.27 -0.41 -0.26 -0.14 -0.62 -0.58 0.12 -0.21 -0.46 0.19 Mahonia aquifolium 1.08 -0.10 0.91 1.50 1.28 1.91 1.39 2.72 0.70 0.92 1.65 0.25 1.10 0.86 Maianthemum bifolium 0.86 Malus sylvestris sens.lat. 0.94 1.32 1.14 -0.25 -0.16 1.13 -0.53 1.45 0.89 0.50 3.06 0.56 1.29 2.45 1.36 Malva moschata -0.23 -0.22 -0.87 0.51 -0.02 -0.33 0.88 0.29 -1.14 -0.13 0.62 0.53 -0.60 -0.37 Malva neglecta -0.35 -0.26 -0.27 -0.25 0.24 -0.19 -1.07 -0.21 -0.44 0.93 -0.28 -0.02 Malva sylvestris -0.08 0.25 -0.36 -0.39 0.84 -0.27 0.15 0.09 0.09 -0.81 -0.79 -0.78 0.27 -0.23 1.17 Marrubium vulgare -0.78 -0.89 -1.76 -1.21 -1.39 -1.40 -1.60 -1.23 -0.83 -2.11 -1.10 Matricaria discoidea -0.79 -0.76 -0.04 -0.67 -0.23 0.64 1.91 -1.28 -0.15 -0.08 -1.89 0.75 -1.64 -0.01 1.37 Matricaria recutita 0.71 -0.49 0.57 1.60 0.96 1.63 0.87 2.13 1.05 0.28 1.15 0.77 0.92 1.26 Matthiola incana 0.59 0.56 0.61 Meconopsis cambrica 1.67 1.19 2.22 1.24 1.55 2.12 1.37 1.86 2.47 2.18 2.87 1.68 2.28 Medicago arabica -0.30 0.09 0.47 -0.65 -0.65 0.68 0.49 0.30 1.13 0.77 1.25 Medicago lupulina -0.60 -1.39 -0.46 -0.32 -0.28 0.25 0.38 0.28 0.09 -0.14 -1.52 1.43 -0.76 0.37 1.01 Medicago minima -1.67 -1.49 -1.42 -0.87 -0.55 -1.93 Medicago polymorpha -0.73 -1.12 -0.94 -1.43 -0.45 -1.81 -0.85 -0.32 -1.21 Melampyrum arvense -0.16 0.34 Melampyrum cristatum -0.90 -0.65 -0.31 Melampyrum pratense -0.63 -0.49 -0.13 -0.79 -0.05 -1.00 -1.09 -0.62 -0.72 -0.80 -0.73 -1.01 -1.10 -0.90 -1.14 Melampyrum sylvaticum -1.36 -1.17 -2.15 -3.31 Melica nutans 0.21 0.71 0.30 -0.79 -0.21 -0.50 -0.03 -0.75 -0.78 Melica uniflora 0.28 0.67 0.43 -0.54 1.47 -0.26 -0.22 -0.12 0.20 -0.58 -0.19 -0.02 -0.24 -0.24 -0.56 Melilotus albus -0.09 -0.60 0.62 -0.38 0.20 0.41 -0.27 0.63 0.38 -0.07 -0.84 -0.70 -0.45 Melilotus altissimus -0.56 -1.11 0.51 0.91 0.46 1.57 1.29 0.69 0.28 -0.33 0.68 0.42 Melilotus indicus -1.29 -1.06 -1.37 -1.18 -0.85 -0.56 -0.32 -1.26 -1.15 -0.25 -0.28 -1.91 -0.91 Melilotus officinalis -0.44 -1.01 0.23 -0.17 -0.66 0.26 0.57 0.51 0.09 -0.21 -0.39 0.20 -0.48 Melissa officinalis 1.48 -0.39 1.86 2.36 0.64 1.94 Melittis melissophyllum -0.37 -0.57 -0.52 -0.21 Mentha aquatica -0.10 -0.08 -0.26 0.43 0.83 0.17 0.15 -0.15 1.27 0.63 0.87 0.28 -1.00 -0.28 0.01 Mentha arvensis -1.85 -1.29 -2.94 -0.92 -1.38 -1.09 -0.98 -0.86 -0.99 -2.36 -0.58 -1.37 -1.16 -0.96 -0.79 Mentha pulegium -0.43 -1.41 -1.09 -1.02 -0.21 Mentha spicata 0.75 0.91 -0.24 1.18 1.56 2.45 0.80 1.48 0.30 1.67 1.39 0.62 1.67 1.09 Mentha suaveolens -1.51 -0.40 -0.72 -3.82 -0.36 -0.40 -1.10 -1.04 -0.27 0.54 -0.05 -1.36 -0.33 0.15 Menyanthes trifoliata 0.89 1.09 0.66 -0.13 0.41 -0.30 -0.85 -0.44 -0.26 -1.16 0.06 -0.09 -0.37 -0.41 0.17 Mercurialis annua -2.32 -2.72 0.19 -0.57 -2.42 -0.55 0.41 -0.17 0.61 0.49 0.75 Mercurialis perennis -0.55 -0.26 -0.41 -1.14 -0.88 -0.95 -0.95 -0.40 -0.65 -0.77 -0.41 -0.44 -0.52 -0.99 Mertensia maritima -0.52 -0.50 -0.07 -0.30 -1.80 -0.86 Page 19 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Meum athamanticum -0.42 -0.14 -0.36 -0.58 0.28 0.32 Mibora minima 0.07 Milium effusum 0.99 1.00 0.87 0.35 0.27 -0.12 -0.45 0.04 0.14 0.70 0.04 -0.19 -0.00 0.41 -0.54 Mimulus -0.53 -0.34 -0.50 -0.75 -1.95 -0.35 -0.96 -0.36 0.21 -1.31 -0.41 -0.22 0.67 -0.62 -0.21 Minuartia hybrida -1.45 -1.45 -1.98 -1.12 -0.50 -1.23 -1.19 Minuartia rubella 0.03 0.21 Minuartia sedoides -0.80 -0.55 Minuartia verna -0.16 -0.20 -0.23 -0.31 -1.13 -0.69 -0.59 -0.01 Misopates orontium -0.84 -0.31 -1.40 -2.60 -0.94 -0.33 -1.06 Moehringia trinervia -0.13 -0.30 0.05 -0.29 1.58 -0.54 -0.05 0.34 -0.47 -0.98 -0.61 -0.52 -0.47 -0.42 -1.13 Moenchia erecta -0.83 0.98 0.03 -1.44 -1.25 -1.43 -0.36 Molinia caerulea 0.73 1.68 -0.29 0.49 0.23 -0.64 -0.28 -0.60 -0.43 -0.78 -0.83 -0.57 -0.26 -0.74 -0.42 Moneses uniflora 0.10 0.22 0.24 Monotropa hypopitys -1.00 0.33 -2.55 0.18 -0.50 -0.07 -0.58 -1.01 -0.92 Montia fontana 1.16 0.94 0.36 1.19 0.61 -0.05 -0.42 -0.02 0.18 -0.60 -0.19 -0.43 0.36 -0.14 0.34 Muscari neglectum 1.73 1.26 1.09 1.13 Mycelis muralis 0.36 0.99 0.17 -0.72 -0.14 0.01 0.15 -0.30 -0.83 -0.55 0.07 0.41 -0.21 0.07 Myosotis alpestris -0.51 -0.42 -0.22 Myosotis arvensis -0.74 -0.83 -0.17 0.18 0.29 0.43 0.65 1.28 0.57 0.05 0.22 0.45 1.32 -0.75 -0.03 Myosotis discolor -0.54 -0.91 -0.00 -0.01 1.05 0.05 0.96 0.92 -0.22 1.11 0.24 -0.49 -0.26 0.70 -0.59 Myosotis laxa 1.81 1.19 1.32 3.32 0.86 -0.11 0.45 0.94 0.40 -0.46 -0.22 -0.19 0.32 -0.11 -0.81 Myosotis ramosissima 0.04 -1.10 0.42 -0.06 0.31 -0.18 0.30 -0.56 -0.87 0.40 -0.22 0.12 0.07 0.23 -0.52 Myosotis scorpioides -0.71 -0.85 0.05 -0.52 -0.19 -0.89 -0.41 -0.73 0.09 -1.45 -0.34 -0.93 -1.33 -1.11 -0.73 Myosotis secunda 0.73 0.50 1.52 0.08 2.87 0.22 -0.12 0.23 0.59 1.34 0.21 -0.07 0.30 0.33 Myosotis stolonifera 0.81 0.73 0.86 0.69 0.99 Myosotis sylvatica 0.63 0.38 0.91 0.00 2.01 0.89 2.02 1.54 2.73 1.93 0.38 2.73 2.42 2.44 Myosoton aquaticum -0.22 0.01 0.89 0.16 0.19 -0.14 -0.27 0.30 -0.58 -0.30 Myosurus minimus -0.55 -0.49 -1.10 0.36 -0.92 -0.62 Myrica gale -0.87 -0.73 -1.13 -0.83 -0.50 -0.56 -0.35 -0.67 -0.99 -0.32 -0.28 0.07 -0.59 Myriophyllum alterniflorum 2.66 2.90 1.73 1.84 1.06 0.25 -0.06 -0.01 0.06 -0.06 0.13 0.55 0.59 0.50 Myriophyllum spicatum 0.27 -1.07 1.10 0.86 1.08 0.49 0.03 -0.01 0.88 -0.01 0.54 0.94 0.59 0.62 0.17 Myriophyllum verticillatum -0.19 -0.80 -1.31 -1.69 -0.98 -0.37 -0.30 -0.20 -0.51 Myrrhis odorata -0.26 -0.18 -0.14 -0.51 -0.19 -0.18 0.26 -0.78 -0.39 -0.86 0.11 -0.04 -0.69 1.04 Najas flexilis 0.62 0.99 Nardus stricta 0.55 1.32 -0.27 -0.52 -1.24 -0.89 -1.12 -0.80 -0.43 -1.16 -0.99 -0.53 -0.28 -0.94 -0.73 Narthecium ossifragum 0.14 0.37 -0.33 0.12 -0.78 -0.46 -0.61 -0.74 0.27 -0.16 -0.53 0.34 -0.57 -0.52 Neottia nidus-avis -0.18 0.04 -0.06 -0.39 0.90 -0.92 -1.22 -0.44 -0.30 -0.64 -0.87 -0.92 -0.31 -1.22 Nepeta cataria -1.00 -0.65 -1.68 -1.96 -1.25 -0.16 -0.88 -0.76 -0.73 Nuphar lutea 0.62 0.91 0.23 0.08 -0.35 -0.33 -0.67 0.08 0.22 -1.00 -0.00 -0.30 -0.03 -0.18 -0.65 Nuphar pumila 1.05 1.33 Nymphaea alba 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.58 0.33 0.95 -0.03 0.27 1.42 -0.28 0.74 1.12 0.89 1.24 0.84 Nymphoides peltata 2.52 1.87 2.89 0.73 2.50 2.01 Odontites vernus -0.64 -0.77 -0.19 -0.47 -0.19 -0.39 -0.10 0.96 0.04 -0.99 -1.14 -0.61 -0.19 -0.86 -0.19 Oenanthe aquatica 0.32 -0.55 -0.15 -0.36 -1.49 0.42 -1.15 -0.36 -0.55 -0.14 Oenanthe crocata -0.35 -0.24 -0.21 -0.43 0.82 -0.03 0.35 0.63 0.46 0.55 0.46 0.70 -0.29 -0.07 Oenanthe fistulosa -1.68 -2.30 -2.11 -0.70 -1.22 -1.17 -0.74 -1.63 -0.57 -0.90 -1.17 -1.18 -0.96 -0.73 Page 20 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Oenanthe fluviatilis -0.35 -0.50 -0.07 -0.02 -0.25 Oenanthe lachenalii 0.46 0.59 0.15 -0.52 -0.59 -0.29 -0.46 -2.01 -0.59 -1.04 -1.00 -0.50 -0.07 -0.17 Oenanthe pimpinelloides 0.35 -0.02 0.79 Oenanthe silaifolia 0.38 -0.47 0.02 0.42 Oenothera 0.37 0.30 0.11 0.73 1.69 0.42 0.29 0.87 0.90 0.16 0.53 0.74 0.99 Onobrychis viciifolia -0.28 -0.74 -1.06 -0.54 0.09 -0.24 -1.78 -0.36 -1.00 Ononis repens -0.61 -0.95 -0.67 -0.77 -0.71 -0.59 -0.32 -0.90 -0.27 -0.56 -0.75 -0.28 -0.42 -0.46 -0.66 Ononis spinosa -0.09 -0.30 -0.83 -0.28 -0.27 -1.07 -0.84 -0.31 -0.95 -0.70 -0.20 -1.10 Onopordum acanthium 0.23 0.43 0.43 0.28 0.56 0.20 0.94 0.89 0.46 0.64 0.11 Ophioglossum vulgatum sens.lat. 1.34 1.60 -0.04 1.84 -0.39 0.16 0.38 -1.12 0.22 1.55 0.93 0.23 -0.63 0.78 0.08 Ophrys apifera -0.48 0.61 0.87 1.35 0.57 0.00 0.33 0.93 1.39 0.23 0.35 Ophrys insectifera -1.11 0.01 -1.06 -0.76 -0.09 -1.69 -0.88 -0.97 Ophrys sphegodes 0.15 0.19 0.27 Orchis mascula -0.88 -0.39 -0.54 -1.60 -0.59 -0.83 -1.34 -0.77 -0.80 -0.58 -0.76 -0.88 -0.51 0.12 -0.76 Orchis morio -1.15 -0.94 -0.78 -1.67 0.10 -0.24 -1.27 -0.99 -0.70 -1.51 Orchis purpurea -0.55 -0.46 Orchis ustulata -1.50 -1.53 -1.63 -1.16 -2.91 -1.06 -0.51 Oreopteris limbosperma 0.30 0.26 0.62 -0.09 -0.50 -0.26 0.23 -0.54 -0.32 -0.65 -0.40 -0.18 -0.22 0.02 Origanum vulgare -0.26 0.16 0.07 -1.50 -0.28 -0.24 -1.72 -0.01 0.29 -0.75 -0.48 0.21 0.96 -0.21 -0.52 Ornithogalum angustifolium 0.51 0.71 0.66 -0.44 0.79 0.43 1.17 1.86 1.40 0.41 1.05 0.68 0.78 0.63 Ornithogalum nutans -0.04 0.12 0.04 -0.53 0.08 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum 0.18 0.74 0.09 Ornithopus perpusillus 0.45 0.95 0.41 -0.45 -0.46 0.32 -0.45 -0.53 -0.34 -0.59 -0.40 -0.49 -0.07 -0.57 Ornithopus pinnatus 0.30 Orobanche alba -0.49 -0.19 -1.47 0.50 0.19 Orobanche artemisiae-campestris -1.66 -2.68 -0.40 Orobanche caryophyllacea 0.09 0.36 Orobanche elatior -0.32 -0.16 0.27 -0.59 -0.33 Orobanche hederae 0.26 -0.56 -0.07 0.87 Orobanche minor -0.36 0.69 0.81 0.61 0.49 0.66 0.08 0.16 -0.96 -0.75 Orobanche purpurea 0.94 0.19 Orobanche rapum-genistae -0.40 -0.27 -0.29 -0.87 -0.23 -0.23 Orthilia secunda -0.36 0.02 0.07 -1.19 0.46 0.32 Osmunda regalis 0.09 0.26 0.83 -0.11 0.44 -0.39 0.52 0.70 0.88 0.38 0.13 0.30 0.27 0.90 Otanthus maritimus -2.44 Oxalis acetosella -0.36 -0.37 -0.02 -1.07 -0.55 -1.00 -0.78 -0.73 -0.88 -0.74 -0.95 -0.74 -0.44 -0.61 -1.12 Oxalis corniculata -0.90 0.08 -0.87 -1.35 1.47 1.16 0.84 0.64 0.57 0.81 1.53 1.73 1.00 1.88 Oxalis stricta -1.09 -0.62 -1.19 -0.01 -1.10 -0.03 0.74 -0.58 -0.54 0.32 -0.04 Oxyria digyna -0.89 -0.65 -0.44 0.23 0.13 -0.15 Oxytropis halleri -0.08 0.09 Papaver argemone -1.37 -1.23 -2.42 -1.54 -3.96 -2.36 -2.61 -2.19 -1.17 -0.89 -0.68 -1.58 -1.37 Papaver dubium -0.26 -0.66 -0.37 0.32 0.86 0.20 -0.80 1.11 1.04 0.53 -0.06 0.58 0.81 -0.27 0.50 Papaver hybridum -0.30 -0.80 0.39 -0.21 -0.40 Papaver rhoeas -0.05 -0.09 -0.19 -0.29 -0.27 -0.70 -1.76 -0.09 0.22 -0.47 0.01 -0.78 0.27 -0.77 0.36 Papaver somniferum 1.20 1.05 0.89 1.06 1.98 2.42 1.53 1.66 3.11 2.89 2.00 2.67 2.00 2.47 2.97 Parapholis incurva 0.17 -0.88 0.95 0.39 Page 21 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Parapholis strigosa 0.23 -0.20 0.06 0.18 -0.02 -0.17 -0.30 0.08 -0.14 -0.23 0.72 Parentucellia viscosa 0.38 0.50 0.12 0.19 -0.05 0.89 Parietaria judaica 0.32 -0.15 0.63 -0.38 -0.46 -0.05 -0.50 0.61 0.06 -0.55 -0.14 -0.14 0.26 -0.08 0.28 Paris quadrifolia -0.59 0.50 -0.45 -2.38 -0.68 -0.74 -0.74 -0.58 -0.72 -0.49 -0.33 -0.63 0.02 -1.07 Parnassia palustris -0.72 -0.79 -0.45 -0.43 -0.61 -0.73 -1.28 -0.12 -0.26 -0.34 -0.38 -0.57 -1.20 -1.74 -0.31 Pastinaca sativa -0.15 -1.71 -0.50 -0.64 1.10 0.31 -0.46 -0.14 -0.33 -0.68 -1.05 -0.83 -1.46 Pedicularis palustris -0.51 -0.50 -0.26 -0.84 -0.90 -1.28 -1.02 -2.32 -1.17 0.30 -0.41 -3.99 -0.50 -1.39 -1.28 Pedicularis sylvatica -0.63 0.14 -1.59 -0.79 -0.56 -1.39 -1.49 -1.65 -1.36 -0.60 -1.11 -1.30 -1.25 -1.21 -1.18 Pentaglottis sempervirens 0.33 0.52 0.61 -0.59 2.05 0.42 1.69 1.68 1.17 2.12 2.10 2.21 1.73 3.19 Persicaria amphibia 0.31 0.08 0.20 0.66 0.01 0.05 0.16 0.54 0.13 0.43 0.09 0.14 1.82 -0.08 -0.05 Persicaria bistorta -0.02 -0.25 0.30 -0.31 -0.75 -0.61 -0.54 -0.15 0.26 0.33 -0.42 -0.46 -1.12 -1.25 Persicaria hydropiper 0.01 -0.14 0.28 0.35 0.05 -0.69 -0.47 -0.92 -0.31 -0.70 -0.28 -0.55 -0.32 -0.70 -0.67 Persicaria lapathifolia 0.45 0.44 0.79 -0.36 0.64 -0.03 -0.19 -0.46 -0.23 -1.08 -0.18 0.45 0.39 0.40 -0.04 Persicaria maculosa -1.35 -1.33 -0.77 -0.90 -0.34 -0.48 -1.27 -1.60 -1.23 -0.50 0.36 0.19 0.93 0.12 1.52 Persicaria minor 0.74 1.13 -0.33 0.97 -0.05 -3.00 -0.45 -0.54 0.28 -1.95 0.29 Persicaria mitis -0.80 -0.04 0.03 -1.22 -0.89 Persicaria vivipara -0.65 -0.60 0.18 0.32 -0.08 0.30 Persicaria wallichii 0.66 0.79 -0.06 1.34 0.49 -0.94 -1.16 -0.33 1.04 0.69 -0.09 Petasites albus 0.04 0.03 -0.28 0.64 0.53 0.24 -0.44 0.11 -0.50 0.51 Petasites fragrans 0.43 0.75 0.05 0.30 0.42 0.52 1.80 0.07 1.63 0.69 0.58 0.60 0.18 0.33 0.47 Petasites hybridus -0.60 -0.72 -0.29 -0.71 -0.00 -0.15 0.24 -0.23 0.33 -0.21 0.11 0.19 0.36 -0.29 -0.54 Petroselinum crispum 0.10 -0.45 -0.38 -1.21 -1.23 0.40 -0.97 0.35 -0.64 0.24 Petroselinum segetum 0.02 -0.15 -0.38 0.10 0.47 0.04 -0.12 Peucedanum officinale 0.66 0.51 Peucedanum ostruthium 0.29 0.34 -0.07 0.60 0.06 0.15 -0.07 Peucedanum palustre 0.09 0.07 Phalaris arundinacea 0.15 0.08 0.56 1.14 0.44 0.47 1.83 -0.45 1.19 -0.14 0.26 0.45 0.53 -0.28 0.08 Phalaris canariensis -1.75 -1.00 -2.62 -0.75 -0.25 0.28 -0.77 0.55 -0.28 -0.48 -0.47 -0.06 -0.13 -0.15 Phegopteris connectilis -0.16 -0.02 0.49 -0.64 -1.04 -0.17 -0.81 -0.02 -0.11 0.05 -0.66 0.29 0.68 Phleum alpinum -0.52 -0.16 Phleum arenarium -0.24 -0.30 -1.01 -0.47 -0.14 0.49 -0.60 -0.52 -0.63 -0.09 Phleum phleoides -0.02 -0.29 Phleum pratense sens.lat. -0.52 -0.49 -0.66 0.33 -0.84 0.55 0.13 0.02 0.51 0.75 1.88 1.15 0.16 -0.18 0.87 Phragmites australis 0.62 0.76 -0.03 0.27 -0.16 0.12 0.48 -0.19 0.73 -0.21 0.31 0.83 -0.31 -0.22 -0.33 Phyllitis scolopendrium 0.61 0.41 0.73 0.45 0.66 0.55 0.14 1.39 1.34 0.41 0.88 0.87 -0.40 0.36 0.40 Physospermum cornubiense 0.34 0.27 Phyteuma orbiculare -0.03 0.46 -0.02 Phyteuma spicatum -0.72 -0.15 Picris echioides 0.02 -0.56 0.63 0.60 -0.22 1.64 0.49 0.44 0.73 1.97 1.06 2.36 Picris hieracioides -0.22 -1.61 -1.01 -0.40 -0.12 -0.13 -0.68 -0.05 0.34 Pilosella officinarum -0.94 -1.14 -0.27 -0.10 0.52 -0.35 0.77 -0.20 -0.23 0.25 -1.89 -0.54 0.30 -0.45 -0.60 Pilularia globulifera 0.06 0.83 -0.99 -0.33 -0.48 -0.04 -0.23 -0.87 -0.09 -0.73 Pimpinella major -0.43 -0.25 0.96 0.39 0.50 -0.38 -0.53 0.44 -0.42 -0.53 Pimpinella saxifraga 0.10 0.00 0.55 -0.44 0.17 -0.51 -0.68 -0.23 -0.10 -0.55 -0.48 -0.88 -0.28 -0.17 -0.54 Pinguicula lusitanica -0.99 -0.69 -2.10 -1.15 -0.14 -0.18 -1.02 -0.45 0.29 Pinguicula vulgaris -0.35 0.45 -0.72 -1.12 -1.06 -0.98 -1.41 -0.66 -0.71 -0.89 -1.18 -1.64 -0.95 -1.31 -0.24 Page 22 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Pinus sylvestris -0.90 -0.73 -0.28 -1.51 2.97 0.53 0.35 0.75 0.62 2.81 0.92 1.33 1.27 -0.08 -0.79 Plantago coronopus -0.04 0.34 -0.18 -0.79 -1.33 0.15 0.25 -0.22 0.29 -0.77 0.03 0.11 0.15 0.02 0.68 Plantago lanceolata 1.13 1.24 0.20 0.29 0.09 2.22 1.36 1.09 -0.30 0.38 0.44 0.02 -0.76 1.73 1.66 Plantago major -0.16 -0.29 0.05 0.29 0.09 2.00 1.14 1.09 -0.30 0.01 0.44 0.02 0.27 0.79 2.15 Plantago maritima 0.06 0.31 -0.33 -0.25 -0.96 -0.33 -0.10 -0.33 -0.53 -0.74 -0.04 -0.01 -0.35 -0.26 Plantago media -1.22 -1.98 -1.56 -1.01 -1.08 -0.68 -0.39 -1.82 -0.76 -0.46 -0.51 -1.06 -1.46 Platanthera bifolia -1.75 -1.64 0.01 -1.78 -0.82 -1.40 -1.23 -1.10 -0.98 -1.15 -1.67 -1.06 -1.22 -1.16 Platanthera chlorantha -1.63 -2.09 -0.29 -0.05 -0.60 -0.62 0.04 -0.78 0.52 -0.52 -0.67 -0.96 -0.59 -0.16 -0.95 Poa alpina -0.43 -0.22 Poa annua 0.78 0.59 0.38 0.99 0.18 1.18 1.78 0.12 -0.52 0.40 1.19 -1.75 -0.81 0.88 1.83 Poa bulbosa 0.88 0.59 1.00 0.83 Poa chaixii 0.09 -0.48 0.46 -0.01 0.03 0.04 -1.12 Poa compressa 0.44 0.23 -0.28 1.04 -0.05 0.27 1.30 -0.18 0.38 0.06 0.17 -0.37 0.01 -0.45 Poa glauca -0.57 -0.33 Poa infirma 2.33 1.87 Poa nemoralis -0.35 -0.79 -0.20 0.35 -0.14 0.24 1.27 0.25 0.84 0.60 0.61 -0.03 0.21 -0.12 -0.27 Poa palustris -0.76 -0.77 -1.59 -2.55 -0.90 -1.44 0.37 -1.29 Poa pratensis sens.lat. 0.35 0.04 0.30 2.05 -0.24 0.32 -0.27 1.89 -0.07 2.15 1.46 0.98 -0.42 -0.04 0.43 Poa trivialis 0.88 0.57 1.35 1.17 0.72 1.80 1.52 2.22 1.02 2.12 2.69 1.01 0.35 0.67 0.99 Polemonium caeruleum 0.59 -0.05 0.40 1.26 1.35 0.40 0.33 1.59 0.22 0.57 0.70 1.24 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 0.38 0.81 Polygala amarella 0.10 -0.31 Polygala calcarea -0.28 -0.17 -0.30 Polygala serpyllifolia 0.75 1.18 0.21 -0.13 0.18 -0.82 -0.29 -0.94 -0.33 -0.62 -0.74 -0.60 -0.91 -0.49 -1.20 Polygala vulgaris -1.37 -1.06 -0.75 -1.91 -0.86 -0.90 0.05 -1.35 -0.51 -1.99 -0.54 -0.77 -1.02 -0.65 -1.14 Polygonatum multiflorum -0.88 -0.60 -0.39 -1.33 0.01 1.73 -0.66 0.52 0.90 -0.06 0.16 0.40 -0.24 -0.32 Polygonatum odoratum 0.44 -0.24 0.85 Polygonatum verticillatum 0.40 Polygonum aviculare agg. -0.87 -0.98 0.05 0.13 -0.05 0.02 -0.03 -0.87 -0.22 0.20 -1.33 1.66 -0.81 -0.04 0.88 Polygonum maritimum 1.42 0.19 Polygonum oxyspermum -0.06 -0.24 -0.25 0.98 0.06 0.05 -0.16 0.46 -0.06 0.82 Polypodium vulgare sens.lat. -0.27 -0.62 0.20 -0.35 0.47 -0.20 -0.23 -0.00 -0.02 -0.26 -0.49 0.07 -0.51 -0.05 0.34 Polypogon monspeliensis 0.71 1.01 0.88 0.69 Polypogon viridis 2.28 1.54 Polystichum aculeatum 0.36 0.30 0.96 -0.25 2.58 0.22 -0.17 0.12 -0.03 0.63 0.84 0.78 0.49 -0.18 0.26 Polystichum lonchitis -0.83 -0.55 -0.51 -0.34 Polystichum setiferum 1.25 0.99 0.81 1.43 0.97 1.03 1.07 0.52 1.17 1.42 1.00 1.54 0.49 1.46 1.29 Populus alba x tremula (P. x canescens) 1.40 1.41 0.58 0.44 0.98 1.64 1.06 0.47 1.05 0.85 0.12 -0.07 Populus nigra sens.lat. -0.21 -0.81 0.28 -0.19 1.10 -1.87 0.90 2.32 1.96 1.89 1.86 1.84 0.79 0.50 Populus tremula 0.84 0.79 0.59 0.69 -0.34 0.40 0.10 0.76 0.63 1.47 1.48 0.28 0.32 0.47 -0.43 Potamogeton acutifolius 0.40 0.34 Potamogeton alpinus 1.83 2.40 0.74 0.37 1.41 -1.05 -0.05 -1.32 -1.34 -0.96 -1.60 -0.17 -0.55 -0.76 Potamogeton berchtoldii 2.97 3.16 1.06 2.60 2.39 0.75 0.20 0.24 -0.07 -0.25 0.67 1.11 1.34 1.09 0.39 Potamogeton coloratus 0.24 0.24 0.19 -1.31 -0.37 0.31 -0.32 Potamogeton compressus -1.65 -1.69 -1.87 -1.13 -0.19 -1.67 Potamogeton filiformis 0.81 1.20 0.64 0.39 Page 23 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Potamogeton friesii 0.53 0.25 -1.18 -1.69 -1.75 -1.24 0.50 -0.67 -0.98 Potamogeton gramineus 1.59 1.86 1.08 0.60 0.57 -0.55 0.51 -0.92 -0.16 -0.40 -1.50 Potamogeton lucens 0.10 0.77 -0.45 0.20 -0.19 -0.42 -0.54 -1.09 -0.45 0.95 -0.29 0.74 0.37 Potamogeton nodosus -0.02 0.18 0.19 Potamogeton obtusifolius 2.08 1.70 1.58 1.59 1.99 0.10 0.69 -0.60 0.35 0.46 -0.26 0.28 0.30 -0.18 Potamogeton praelongus 0.88 1.48 0.14 -0.50 1.03 -1.76 0.00 -1.09 -0.87 -1.27 -2.36 -0.61 Potamogeton pusillus 1.42 1.02 1.36 1.06 1.99 0.38 0.39 -0.35 -0.39 -0.25 0.15 0.86 0.98 0.42 0.11 Potamogeton rutilus 0.12 0.22 Potamogeton trichoides 0.56 -0.78 1.24 0.93 0.55 Potentilla anglica 0.46 0.06 0.75 0.14 0.74 -0.38 -0.19 0.82 -0.12 1.13 -0.50 -0.53 -0.94 0.46 -1.12 Potentilla anserina -0.07 0.02 0.13 -0.33 -0.29 -0.28 2.37 -0.36 -0.37 0.34 -1.35 -0.14 -2.05 -0.34 -0.69 Potentilla argentea -0.57 -0.76 -0.68 -0.19 -0.19 -1.89 -0.69 -0.01 -0.49 0.01 -0.77 Potentilla crantzii -0.17 0.13 0.07 -0.14 -0.45 Potentilla erecta 1.22 1.88 -0.19 0.43 1.06 -1.29 -0.38 -1.36 -0.67 0.35 0.11 -0.99 -1.04 -0.84 -1.34 Potentilla fruticosa 2.23 0.69 Potentilla neumanniana -0.52 -0.03 -0.56 0.23 0.01 -0.20 -0.35 -0.25 0.04 0.61 Potentilla norvegica 0.18 0.35 -1.93 -1.02 -2.19 -1.67 -1.33 -1.01 Potentilla palustris 0.69 0.35 1.00 0.55 0.15 -0.59 -0.31 -0.26 -0.66 -0.24 -0.66 -1.23 -0.83 -0.23 -0.06 Potentilla recta 0.42 0.54 0.99 0.65 0.35 0.84 0.78 Potentilla reptans -0.95 -1.05 -0.38 -1.35 -0.24 -0.18 -0.28 -0.45 -0.66 0.00 1.88 -0.63 0.89 0.05 1.13 Potentilla sterilis -0.10 0.22 -0.67 -0.10 0.23 -0.64 0.11 -0.21 -0.57 0.55 -1.41 -0.73 -0.15 -0.16 -0.79 Primula elatior 0.06 -0.34 0.19 Primula farinosa -0.27 -0.93 -0.41 -0.37 Primula scotica -0.26 0.24 -0.39 Primula veris 0.03 -0.62 0.58 -0.33 -0.49 -0.73 -1.32 0.10 -0.33 0.16 -0.22 -0.21 0.38 -1.04 -0.93 Primula vulgaris 0.08 0.05 0.27 -0.79 0.08 -0.27 -0.82 -0.27 -0.12 0.35 0.36 0.65 -0.09 -0.20 -0.58 Prunella laciniata -2.53 -2.91 -0.72 -2.52 Prunella vulgaris 0.26 0.06 -0.13 0.37 -0.08 0.73 1.49 -0.90 -0.15 0.06 -0.77 -2.57 0.45 1.38 0.54 Prunus avium -0.06 -0.40 0.12 0.34 1.03 1.89 1.63 1.41 2.28 0.98 1.81 2.41 2.03 1.44 1.07 Prunus cerasifera 2.82 1.47 1.78 2.20 2.84 3.31 Prunus cerasus -0.77 -0.89 -0.19 -0.26 0.45 -0.94 0.65 -0.44 0.32 -0.53 -1.64 -0.93 1.57 -1.30 -1.49 Prunus domestica 1.61 1.07 1.23 1.45 1.75 2.03 2.39 2.38 1.82 3.14 3.12 1.23 2.78 2.28 1.33 Prunus laurocerasus 2.60 1.70 2.19 2.57 4.12 3.35 2.22 3.59 3.67 4.68 3.63 Prunus padus 0.49 0.12 0.44 0.99 1.43 0.45 -0.05 0.60 0.30 0.05 0.82 0.31 0.58 0.57 1.29 Prunus spinosa 0.11 -0.26 0.66 0.71 0.09 2.48 1.69 1.52 2.17 2.23 3.37 2.95 2.67 3.51 2.49 Pseudofumaria lutea 0.03 0.78 -0.47 -0.22 0.44 -1.03 0.88 0.14 0.88 0.64 0.54 -0.37 1.01 1.17 Pseudorchis albida -1.08 -0.70 -0.81 -0.79 -1.07 0.46 0.66 0.13 -1.20 Pteridium aquilinum -0.69 -0.64 -0.72 -0.73 0.62 -1.02 -0.36 -0.90 -0.63 0.08 0.44 -0.40 -1.58 -0.23 -1.13 Puccinellia distans 2.41 1.95 2.24 2.41 2.62 1.76 3.37 1.47 3.48 2.39 0.41 1.87 Puccinellia fasciculata -0.35 -0.65 0.18 -0.13 Puccinellia maritima -0.14 -0.03 -0.18 0.15 -1.20 -0.23 0.47 -0.36 -0.44 -0.58 0.03 -0.46 -0.08 -0.04 Puccinellia rupestris -0.25 -3.00 -0.76 0.28 0.19 -0.11 Pulicaria dysenterica 0.00 0.08 -0.07 -0.15 -0.17 0.51 0.17 0.02 -0.13 0.20 -0.17 0.14 0.65 0.41 Pulicaria vulgaris -0.29 -1.44 0.33 Pulmonaria longifolia -0.02 -0.12 0.38 Pulmonaria officinalis 0.72 -0.74 1.07 1.58 1.06 0.64 0.88 0.68 1.10 1.89 Page 24 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Pulsatilla vulgaris -0.39 -1.10 -0.37 -0.59 0.54 Pyrola media -1.11 -0.62 -0.78 -0.29 -0.24 -0.23 Pyrola minor -0.40 -0.30 -0.22 -0.55 -0.29 -0.41 0.17 -0.56 -0.47 -0.56 -0.35 Pyrola rotundifolia -0.26 0.18 -0.36 0.37 0.45 0.33 -0.52 -0.70 0.35 Pyrus communis sens.lat. 1.06 1.63 1.38 1.09 1.16 0.61 0.90 1.05 0.29 1.11 Quercus cerris 1.38 0.71 1.14 1.55 1.93 1.29 2.33 2.71 2.50 0.90 1.83 1.63 2.13 1.98 Quercus ilex 0.78 0.61 1.81 2.26 0.95 1.43 1.96 1.77 2.25 Quercus petraea -0.06 -0.41 0.05 0.61 1.12 0.20 1.07 0.34 0.59 -0.71 0.31 -0.31 0.68 0.26 -0.23 Quercus robur -0.67 -0.50 -0.20 -1.31 -0.85 -0.51 -0.84 1.30 0.25 -0.68 1.68 0.57 -0.27 -0.81 -0.69 Radiola linoides -0.44 -0.00 -1.04 0.64 -0.81 -0.85 -1.09 -0.50 -0.50 Ranunculus acris 0.49 0.72 -0.38 -0.12 0.18 -0.32 1.78 0.12 -0.69 -0.15 -0.18 -0.63 -1.68 -0.68 -0.08 Ranunculus arvensis -1.39 -1.51 -3.12 -2.73 -2.26 -3.00 -2.20 -1.89 -2.71 -2.50 -2.83 -3.00 Ranunculus auricomus 0.09 -0.07 0.04 0.05 1.23 -0.53 -1.11 -0.62 -0.03 -0.21 -0.46 -0.29 -0.54 -0.03 -0.71 Ranunculus baudotii 0.03 0.84 -0.61 -0.30 -0.02 0.60 -1.08 0.13 -0.37 0.17 -0.05 0.20 Ranunculus bulbosus -0.65 -0.61 -0.17 -1.00 -0.26 -0.40 -0.89 -1.25 0.31 0.79 1.43 -0.97 -0.49 -0.03 0.66 Ranunculus circinatus -0.19 0.24 -0.39 -1.33 0.74 0.00 -0.78 -0.05 -0.07 -0.50 -0.35 Ranunculus ficaria 0.31 0.22 0.10 0.48 0.40 0.05 0.04 0.02 -0.89 1.02 -0.04 0.24 -0.75 0.91 -0.06 Ranunculus flammula 0.79 1.84 -0.57 0.58 -0.06 -1.22 -0.50 -1.08 -0.70 -0.22 -0.89 -0.88 -0.92 -1.20 -1.06 Ranunculus flammula x reptans (R. x levenensis) 0.59 0.86 -0.19 Ranunculus fluitans 0.89 0.72 0.18 0.02 0.78 -0.59 0.55 0.81 0.43 -0.66 0.78 -0.71 Ranunculus hederaceus 0.77 0.25 0.80 1.24 0.95 -0.39 -0.53 -0.30 0.60 0.56 -0.28 -0.26 -0.40 -0.38 -0.73 Ranunculus lingua 0.84 0.19 1.14 0.24 1.44 -0.23 0.25 0.95 -0.15 1.29 1.16 0.84 1.90 1.86 Ranunculus omiophyllus 0.36 -3.08 0.28 0.15 0.70 -0.38 0.80 0.86 -0.09 0.08 -3.27 0.25 -0.01 Ranunculus parviflorus -0.08 -0.07 -0.88 0.00 -0.57 -0.11 0.05 Ranunculus repens 0.59 0.52 0.32 0.12 0.50 0.26 1.36 -0.24 -0.83 1.11 -0.18 -1.75 -0.76 0.05 0.88 Ranunculus sardous -0.30 -0.81 0.15 -2.60 -0.20 0.41 -0.57 -0.33 0.99 0.41 Ranunculus sceleratus 0.73 0.62 0.32 0.82 0.45 -0.30 -0.29 -0.61 0.23 -0.40 -0.37 0.50 0.21 -0.12 -0.14 Ranunculus trichophyllus -0.13 0.08 0.06 -0.60 0.57 -0.17 -0.29 -0.02 2.31 -0.40 0.10 0.59 -0.88 -0.87 -0.41 Ranunculus tripartitus -1.10 0.01 -1.46 -0.04 Raphanus raphanistrum -2.25 -2.43 -2.14 -1.17 0.76 -1.33 -1.95 -0.33 -0.88 -0.45 -1.00 -1.50 -1.09 -0.75 -1.82 Rapistrum rugosum -2.37 -2.10 0.24 -0.59 -0.43 -0.13 1.42 0.30 0.43 Reseda lutea 0.59 0.35 -0.03 1.02 0.18 0.23 0.74 0.72 0.40 0.97 0.66 0.15 -0.30 -0.50 Reseda luteola 1.07 0.57 0.37 1.69 -0.29 0.85 0.55 1.05 1.43 -0.23 -0.03 1.11 1.23 0.52 1.41 Rhamnus cathartica -0.20 0.35 -0.08 -0.37 -0.19 -0.15 -0.22 0.14 0.01 -0.28 Rhinanthus angustifolius -1.06 0.38 Rhinanthus minor -0.52 -0.82 -0.22 -0.48 -0.91 -0.64 -0.97 0.02 -0.21 -0.75 -0.32 -0.70 -0.50 -0.42 -0.70 Rhododendron ponticum 1.37 1.19 1.42 0.97 0.86 1.32 2.09 1.07 1.43 2.07 0.52 0.75 1.43 1.39 1.23 Rhynchospora alba -0.43 -0.27 -0.22 0.83 -0.37 -0.57 -0.15 -0.19 -0.16 -0.21 Rhynchospora fusca -0.34 -0.45 0.34 Ribes alpinum 0.65 0.77 0.28 0.37 0.74 -0.12 -0.32 -0.22 -0.12 Ribes nigrum 1.59 1.14 1.16 1.78 1.17 1.66 1.32 0.92 2.39 0.81 0.43 1.05 1.86 0.51 Ribes rubrum 1.81 0.79 2.16 2.17 1.43 2.95 2.16 1.91 2.30 1.03 0.22 0.67 1.49 0.91 Ribes spicatum -0.36 0.25 -0.66 0.51 1.26 -0.93 Ribes uva-crispa -0.40 -0.68 0.16 -0.43 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.02 1.73 1.66 0.67 0.15 0.69 0.97 Rorippa amphibia -0.26 -0.12 0.71 0.12 -0.62 -0.23 0.65 -0.29 -0.23 Rorippa austriaca -0.10 -0.15 Page 25 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg. -0.46 -0.90 0.29 0.00 0.25 -0.61 -1.31 -0.61 -0.29 -0.84 1.33 0.65 1.29 -0.23 -0.73 Rorippa palustris 1.62 1.22 0.63 1.88 0.55 -0.19 -0.44 0.27 -0.41 1.11 0.03 -0.26 0.55 0.33 -0.64 Rorippa sylvestris 1.12 0.41 0.29 1.74 0.64 0.38 0.72 0.55 0.46 0.41 0.63 0.18 0.83 0.39 -0.16 Rosa arvensis 0.31 0.35 0.13 -1.76 -0.24 0.27 0.94 -0.93 -0.65 0.36 -0.12 0.34 0.87 -0.70 Rosa pimpinellifolia -0.34 -0.17 -0.50 -0.20 -0.69 0.14 -0.60 0.58 0.47 -0.40 0.67 0.47 -0.38 0.66 Rubia peregrina 0.13 -0.51 -0.07 0.23 Rubus caesius -0.62 -0.72 -1.11 -0.91 -0.63 -0.60 -0.48 -0.90 -0.15 -0.17 -0.56 0.37 -0.49 -1.03 Rubus chamaemorus -0.39 -0.27 -0.41 0.07 -0.15 -0.39 -0.09 -0.53 -0.05 Rubus fruticosus agg. -0.34 -0.35 0.09 -0.49 0.09 1.68 0.31 1.09 1.82 0.76 0.44 0.02 -0.76 1.59 1.83 Rubus idaeus -0.97 -0.85 -0.59 -1.02 -0.32 0.21 0.51 1.34 -0.18 -0.59 1.33 -0.56 -0.20 0.48 0.19 Rubus saxatilis -0.14 -0.09 0.39 -0.14 0.21 -0.11 -0.06 0.01 -0.16 0.20 -1.06 Rumex acetosa 0.98 0.94 0.20 0.29 0.41 1.33 2.56 0.12 -0.35 0.73 0.87 -0.74 -0.27 2.47 0.66 Rumex acetosella -0.63 -0.83 -0.70 0.23 -0.17 -0.98 -0.71 0.12 -0.08 0.05 -1.59 -0.97 -2.71 -0.62 -0.44 Rumex conglomeratus -1.51 -1.74 -0.67 -1.01 0.63 0.28 -0.57 0.55 0.54 0.28 1.16 0.64 1.94 0.82 0.09 Rumex crispus -0.39 -0.61 -0.02 1.01 1.54 1.13 1.12 1.16 -0.23 0.77 2.05 0.75 -0.83 1.65 2.00 Rumex hydrolapathum 0.16 -0.17 0.72 -0.29 -0.39 -1.36 -0.38 -0.52 0.16 0.03 0.21 0.11 -0.44 -0.61 Rumex longifolius 1.66 1.01 1.35 2.62 0.95 1.77 -0.36 Rumex maritimus 0.33 0.82 -0.18 -0.22 0.07 0.27 0.76 0.41 -0.13 Rumex obtusifolius 0.47 0.68 0.02 -0.29 0.74 1.28 1.49 0.40 -0.52 1.71 0.95 0.02 0.89 0.77 1.37 Rumex palustris 0.24 0.32 0.04 -0.11 Rumex patientia -0.09 -0.16 Rumex pseudoalpinus 0.03 0.25 -0.18 0.25 -0.76 -0.93 -0.86 -1.57 -0.25 Rumex pulcher 0.13 -0.32 -0.15 -0.23 0.22 0.42 Rumex rupestris -0.01 -0.76 -0.01 Rumex sanguineus 0.77 0.87 0.13 0.65 0.50 1.39 1.60 1.25 1.89 0.49 2.60 0.91 1.16 1.39 0.03 Ruppia cirrhosa -0.35 -0.59 0.03 -0.17 -0.12 -0.01 Ruppia maritima -0.17 0.13 -0.19 0.26 -0.15 1.16 -0.57 -1.80 -0.58 -0.46 0.14 Ruscus aculeatus 0.16 0.26 -0.35 0.44 -0.16 0.32 0.73 0.62 0.25 0.44 0.83 0.26 Sagina apetala 0.36 -0.41 0.42 1.11 1.43 -0.13 -0.99 0.15 -0.43 1.04 0.02 0.15 -0.39 0.46 -0.07 Sagina maritima -0.23 -0.33 -0.20 0.72 -0.06 0.65 0.42 0.38 -0.54 -0.10 -0.00 Sagina nodosa -0.77 -0.28 -1.08 -0.93 0.04 -1.13 -1.72 -0.54 -0.05 -0.84 -0.99 -0.52 -0.94 -1.56 -1.18 Sagina procumbens 1.02 1.01 -0.02 0.62 1.33 0.59 1.11 1.00 -0.42 1.30 -0.17 0.06 -0.68 0.60 1.30 Sagina procumbens x saginoides (S. x normaniana) 0.33 0.63 Sagina saginoides -1.17 -0.93 Sagina subulata -0.26 -0.28 0.50 -0.08 -0.48 -0.57 -0.32 -0.44 -0.61 Sagittaria sagittifolia 0.22 -0.56 -0.37 -1.17 -1.11 -0.42 -0.79 -0.27 0.05 -0.48 Salicornia -1.21 -1.08 -0.22 -1.30 -1.09 -0.52 -0.31 -0.36 -0.25 -0.57 -0.02 -0.35 -0.69 -0.22 Salicornia pusilla -0.27 0.22 -0.43 0.19 -0.03 Salix alba -0.40 -0.64 -0.67 -0.13 -1.63 0.01 -1.50 0.07 -0.14 0.66 0.85 0.61 3.17 0.41 0.18 Salix arbuscula -0.20 0.12 Salix aurita 0.99 0.13 0.92 1.44 -0.45 -0.56 -0.33 -0.43 0.65 1.19 -0.55 -0.30 -0.69 -0.56 -1.02 Salix caprea 0.17 0.43 -0.11 -0.39 0.38 0.66 -0.20 1.56 1.27 0.26 2.34 0.77 2.33 -0.43 1.03 Salix cinerea 0.38 -0.02 1.08 1.28 0.15 1.26 0.26 1.96 1.19 1.82 2.43 0.47 1.70 1.93 0.02 Salix fragilis 0.27 -0.47 0.71 0.59 0.68 0.27 0.18 1.43 0.66 0.81 2.11 2.71 0.79 -0.15 0.31 Salix herbacea -0.30 0.01 0.35 -0.88 -1.32 0.71 0.50 Salix lanata 0.10 0.34 Page 26 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Salix lapponum -0.83 -0.59 Salix myrsinifolia 1.61 1.55 1.02 1.55 0.42 0.18 Salix myrsinites -0.60 -0.35 Salix pentandra 0.24 -0.81 1.50 0.08 -0.12 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.11 -0.45 0.86 0.03 1.03 Salix phylicifolia 0.16 -0.26 0.84 0.59 -0.13 -0.41 -0.03 Salix purpurea 0.44 0.16 0.94 -0.13 -0.17 -0.15 -0.99 0.94 -0.37 -0.68 0.43 -0.23 -0.05 0.19 -0.17 Salix repens 0.11 -0.01 0.12 0.37 -0.25 -0.77 -0.38 -0.15 -0.52 0.26 0.23 -0.29 -0.76 -1.08 -0.89 Salix reticulata -0.15 0.10 Salix triandra -0.28 0.35 -0.90 -0.25 -1.57 -1.02 -0.66 0.87 0.04 -1.15 0.43 0.44 -0.02 Salix viminalis -0.58 -0.85 -0.26 -0.19 -0.16 0.88 0.66 2.23 1.32 1.21 0.96 1.12 1.61 0.40 0.22 Salsola kali -0.98 -1.18 -0.57 -0.07 -1.35 -0.39 0.33 -0.22 -0.46 0.38 -0.56 -0.73 -0.15 Salvia pratensis -0.63 -0.60 -0.34 -0.44 Salvia verbenaca -0.55 -2.29 0.18 -0.19 -0.59 -0.61 -0.35 Salvia verticillata -1.44 -2.72 -1.75 -1.28 -2.04 -1.38 Sambucus ebulus -1.26 -0.65 -1.31 -0.73 0.14 -0.23 0.16 -0.05 -0.11 0.83 -0.17 -0.02 -0.11 -0.19 -0.23 Sambucus nigra -0.93 -0.86 -0.24 -0.96 -0.33 0.19 -0.36 -0.24 -0.33 0.73 0.44 0.75 -0.76 -0.04 1.83 Sambucus racemosa 1.07 1.13 0.91 0.46 0.99 0.80 Samolus valerandi -0.12 0.30 -0.25 -0.53 -1.12 -0.58 -0.93 -0.35 -1.08 -0.21 -0.99 -0.64 -0.55 -0.13 -0.12 Sanguisorba minor 0.28 0.17 0.31 -0.32 -0.67 0.71 -0.27 -0.44 0.43 -0.41 -0.30 -0.68 -0.37 Sanguisorba officinalis 0.09 -0.47 -0.44 -0.44 -0.55 -0.43 -0.37 -0.39 -0.10 -0.75 -0.17 0.19 Sanicula europaea -0.42 -0.38 0.18 -0.78 0.21 -1.29 -1.28 -1.34 -1.52 -1.49 -1.01 -0.90 -0.53 -1.10 -1.08 Saponaria officinalis 0.54 0.70 0.07 0.38 0.12 0.05 -1.11 -0.12 0.34 -0.41 0.20 0.51 0.08 -0.00 -0.02 Sarcocornia perennis -0.03 0.30 -0.12 0.06 Saussurea alpina -0.46 -0.19 -0.45 -0.53 Saxifraga aizoides -0.65 -0.38 -0.64 -0.30 0.26 0.04 Saxifraga cespitosa -0.08 0.11 Saxifraga granulata 0.51 0.82 0.24 -0.00 -2.97 -0.53 -0.56 -0.14 0.02 0.05 -0.62 -0.66 -0.43 0.02 -0.41 Saxifraga hirculus -0.55 -0.65 Saxifraga hirsuta 0.83 Saxifraga hypnoides -1.04 -0.79 -0.28 -0.95 -0.36 0.24 -0.44 -0.54 -0.03 -0.45 -0.11 Saxifraga nivalis -0.59 -0.29 Saxifraga oppositifolia -0.52 -0.29 0.10 -0.23 0.14 Saxifraga rivularis 0.24 0.51 Saxifraga stellaris -0.66 -0.35 -0.32 -0.78 0.24 -0.02 -0.63 Saxifraga tridactylites -0.50 0.03 -0.61 -0.27 -0.06 0.02 -0.88 -0.41 -0.09 -0.14 -0.21 -0.09 -0.25 Scabiosa columbaria 0.69 0.63 -0.78 -0.96 -0.43 -0.83 -1.89 -0.98 -0.48 -0.31 -0.69 -0.68 Scandix pecten-veneris -2.48 -3.01 -2.99 -5.51 -4.52 -3.41 -2.17 -3.12 -0.95 -2.90 -3.08 Schoenoplectus lacustris 1.74 2.08 1.46 0.09 0.12 -0.06 -0.09 0.04 0.21 -0.53 -0.36 -0.01 0.21 0.08 -0.04 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 0.62 0.42 0.69 0.82 1.23 0.45 0.93 -0.10 1.09 -0.23 0.95 1.07 0.02 0.40 0.16 Schoenus nigricans -0.59 -0.11 -0.60 -1.38 -0.58 -0.29 -0.01 -0.54 -0.08 -0.54 -0.63 0.24 0.53 Scilla autumnalis -0.26 -0.36 Scilla verna 0.08 0.87 -0.92 -0.22 -0.36 0.59 -0.33 0.59 Scirpus sylvaticus 1.07 0.84 0.89 0.55 0.15 -0.40 -1.28 -0.10 0.13 0.39 0.02 -0.10 -0.76 -0.13 -0.56 Scleranthus annuus -2.28 -2.65 -1.38 -2.56 -2.32 -1.00 -1.02 -2.65 -1.41 -2.15 -1.78 -1.20 -2.32 -2.45 Scleranthus perennis 0.09 -0.19 Scrophularia auriculata 0.31 0.72 0.03 -0.07 -0.24 -0.32 0.05 -0.35 0.36 -0.27 -0.41 0.16 -0.94 0.40 0.01 Page 27 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Scrophularia nodosa -0.39 -0.40 -0.13 -0.19 0.60 -0.43 -0.72 -0.11 -0.18 -0.15 1.19 -0.07 0.37 -0.50 -0.75 Scrophularia scorodonia 0.89 0.64 Scrophularia umbrosa 0.81 0.55 1.28 0.48 0.11 -0.22 0.74 0.55 -1.10 0.25 Scrophularia vernalis 0.71 1.06 -0.79 0.55 -0.08 0.52 -0.40 0.71 Scutellaria galericulata -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 0.13 -0.22 -0.75 -1.01 -0.90 -0.54 0.08 -0.70 -0.85 0.11 -0.49 -0.79 Scutellaria minor -0.30 -0.13 -0.32 0.19 0.01 -0.28 0.87 -0.21 -0.25 -0.53 -0.34 Securigera varia -0.66 -0.48 1.59 0.76 1.48 Sedum acre -0.96 -0.77 -0.51 -1.48 -0.08 0.22 -0.51 1.33 0.83 -0.71 0.39 1.08 1.48 -1.34 0.51 Sedum album 0.11 -0.56 -0.16 1.06 1.55 2.50 0.64 2.19 2.65 1.56 1.87 2.50 2.52 1.70 2.96 Sedum anglicum -0.22 -0.07 -0.06 -0.29 -0.40 -0.06 0.43 -0.91 0.22 0.32 0.36 -0.65 -0.08 Sedum dasyphyllum 0.32 0.10 0.64 -0.34 1.04 Sedum forsterianum 1.32 0.94 1.25 0.81 0.08 0.43 0.81 0.75 Sedum rosea -0.49 -0.30 0.32 -0.84 0.25 -0.73 0.09 Sedum rupestre 0.46 0.06 -0.34 1.77 0.49 3.03 1.70 1.52 1.96 1.51 1.12 1.65 Sedum spurium 1.22 0.96 1.14 2.97 1.36 2.07 1.60 2.25 2.58 Sedum telephium -0.49 -0.58 -0.45 -0.69 0.22 -0.34 0.02 0.41 -0.55 -0.82 0.01 -0.18 0.04 -0.50 -0.61 Sedum villosum -0.98 -0.78 -0.29 -1.43 -0.03 -0.12 -0.45 Selaginella selaginoides -0.40 -0.57 0.03 -0.31 -0.26 -0.08 -0.22 -0.29 -0.29 Senecio aquaticus -0.42 -0.13 -1.18 -0.24 0.45 -1.12 -0.48 -1.48 -0.91 -1.27 -0.25 -1.27 -0.47 -0.93 -1.22 Senecio cineraria 3.26 1.99 2.56 Senecio erucifolius -0.51 -0.22 -0.02 0.14 -0.06 0.41 -0.18 -0.55 0.90 -0.15 0.56 Senecio fluviatilis 0.46 0.35 0.16 0.58 0.05 0.51 0.21 -0.45 -0.19 -0.03 Senecio jacobaea -0.30 -0.48 -0.05 0.72 -0.29 1.79 1.14 1.09 -0.33 0.78 -0.18 0.02 0.27 0.68 2.58 Senecio squalidus 1.38 1.08 1.26 0.62 1.47 1.45 0.55 0.10 0.31 1.59 0.27 0.80 0.17 Senecio sylvaticus 0.54 0.12 0.58 0.77 1.20 -0.33 0.53 -0.69 -0.62 0.35 -0.47 -0.34 -0.08 -0.12 -0.52 Senecio viscosus 0.56 1.12 0.59 -0.47 0.42 0.99 0.68 -0.02 0.35 0.30 0.12 0.99 1.05 0.16 Senecio vulgaris -1.43 -1.51 -0.32 -0.90 0.22 0.37 1.04 -1.86 -0.83 -0.81 -1.35 0.02 0.89 0.46 0.55 Seriphidium maritimum 0.07 -0.18 -0.47 0.16 -0.94 -0.28 -0.48 -0.19 -0.17 -0.44 -0.35 Serratula tinctoria 0.14 -0.44 0.03 -0.15 -0.47 -0.91 -0.74 -1.16 -0.08 -0.43 Sesleria caerulea -0.73 -0.48 -0.65 0.10 -0.32 0.01 -0.08 Setaria viridis -0.41 -1.41 0.69 0.31 -0.28 1.04 0.45 0.37 0.82 Sherardia arvensis -2.36 -1.10 -2.82 -2.31 -1.04 -0.85 -1.72 0.57 -0.95 -1.31 -0.54 -0.79 -1.01 -0.99 -0.30 Sibbaldia procumbens -0.77 -0.51 Sibthorpia europaea -0.25 0.65 -0.42 -0.40 Silaum silaus -0.19 0.09 -0.60 -0.65 0.06 -0.28 0.13 -0.47 -0.58 -0.41 -0.44 -0.72 Silene acaulis -0.44 -0.14 Silene conica -0.90 -1.18 -0.55 0.36 Silene dioica -0.70 -0.79 0.02 -0.39 0.25 -0.03 -0.11 -0.49 -0.65 0.20 1.19 0.05 0.18 0.62 -0.18 Silene gallica -0.59 -1.64 -2.37 -1.52 -4.23 -1.83 -1.38 -2.52 -1.64 -2.06 -2.33 Silene latifolia -0.94 -1.07 -0.42 -1.18 0.38 -1.15 -0.86 -0.78 -0.34 -1.19 -1.50 0.07 1.32 -1.49 -1.18 Silene noctiflora -2.84 -4.04 -1.70 -4.79 -1.68 -2.19 -1.09 -1.59 -1.08 -0.77 -1.73 -1.40 Silene nutans -0.30 -0.57 -0.25 0.51 -0.01 Silene otites -0.28 -0.69 Silene uniflora -0.36 -0.16 -0.31 -0.58 -0.84 -0.33 -0.37 -0.17 -0.07 -0.46 -0.20 -0.37 -0.21 Silene vulgaris -1.60 -1.66 -1.72 -1.63 -0.64 -1.40 -1.53 -0.58 -0.83 -2.03 -1.70 -0.56 -1.51 -1.44 -1.50 Silybum marianum -1.18 -1.49 0.05 0.00 -2.09 -0.25 0.24 -0.16 0.71 -0.21 0.20 Page 28 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Sinapis alba -1.91 -2.59 -0.81 -1.86 -3.60 -0.81 -1.77 -0.66 -0.92 0.24 -0.08 -0.72 -0.04 -0.71 -1.03 Sinapis arvensis -2.30 -2.24 -1.54 -2.28 -1.53 -1.48 -2.22 -1.15 -0.30 -2.43 -1.83 -1.80 -1.07 -1.02 -0.06 Sison amomum -0.32 0.47 -0.45 -0.30 -0.26 -0.64 -0.25 -0.25 -0.02 Sisymbrium altissimum -0.43 -0.86 -0.73 -1.22 0.26 0.32 -1.38 -0.75 -0.30 -0.08 -2.36 -1.36 Sisymbrium irio 0.51 Sisymbrium officinale -0.13 -0.35 0.25 -0.33 0.14 0.16 0.07 0.80 1.10 -0.36 -1.00 0.43 0.27 -0.25 0.55 Sisymbrium orientale -0.48 -3.56 -0.56 -0.88 -0.30 -0.66 0.75 0.64 -0.14 -0.34 -0.54 -0.01 -0.38 -0.45 Sisyrinchium bermudiana -1.01 -1.06 -2.03 -3.31 -1.74 Sium latifolium -0.65 -1.67 -2.90 0.13 -2.07 -1.30 -0.89 -0.84 Smyrnium olusatrum -0.01 0.23 -0.26 -0.56 0.49 0.50 -0.02 0.66 -0.28 1.02 1.25 0.42 0.54 0.65 Solanum dulcamara 0.68 0.47 1.19 -0.14 1.10 -0.37 0.12 -0.66 -0.37 0.31 -0.53 0.43 -0.83 0.42 0.55 Solanum nigrum -0.42 -1.24 0.26 0.30 1.33 -0.08 0.03 1.25 0.80 0.20 -0.05 1.57 0.11 Soleirolia soleirolii 0.83 1.78 2.08 1.81 1.65 2.20 1.25 2.44 Solidago virgaurea -0.51 -0.27 -0.98 -0.63 -0.60 -0.97 -1.45 -1.14 -0.62 -1.27 -0.95 -0.77 -0.55 -0.85 -0.84 Sonchus arvensis -0.04 -0.21 0.17 0.18 -0.27 0.50 0.66 1.48 0.54 -0.81 0.62 0.09 0.35 0.84 0.44 Sonchus asper 1.03 0.77 0.93 1.70 0.44 2.03 2.60 2.30 1.58 0.87 0.21 2.16 0.89 0.22 1.48 Sonchus oleraceus -0.76 -1.10 0.01 -0.48 0.08 0.50 0.22 0.46 1.58 0.18 0.22 1.15 -0.27 0.53 1.48 Sonchus palustris 0.52 0.19 0.75 Sorbus aria agg. -0.18 -0.59 -0.20 0.79 1.41 0.97 1.39 1.34 1.23 0.23 0.79 0.74 1.62 0.46 0.56 Sorbus aucuparia -0.38 -0.21 -0.59 -0.85 0.21 1.03 -0.43 1.29 0.59 -0.76 1.13 1.41 1.34 0.48 1.06 Sorbus torminalis -0.05 0.62 -0.41 -0.05 0.41 -0.08 -0.09 Sparganium angustifolium 2.98 3.64 1.18 2.47 1.97 1.70 1.16 -0.07 Sparganium emersum 1.62 1.37 0.50 1.99 1.12 0.11 -0.35 -0.50 0.38 -0.31 0.09 0.08 0.57 0.75 -0.21 Sparganium erectum 1.16 1.35 0.97 0.81 1.19 0.07 0.23 -0.40 0.53 0.99 0.21 -0.26 -0.90 0.08 0.37 Sparganium natans 0.29 0.69 -0.28 0.14 -0.00 -0.49 -0.52 -1.16 -0.41 0.12 Spartina alterniflora 0.07 Spartina maritima -0.43 -0.30 -0.16 Spergula arvensis -2.37 -2.35 -1.18 -1.96 -0.84 -2.00 -2.49 -1.68 -1.20 -1.95 -2.41 -1.51 -1.56 -1.15 -1.78 Spergularia bocconei -0.08 0.19 Spergularia marina 2.50 2.09 2.20 2.37 0.32 1.22 1.87 0.46 1.61 0.10 1.59 1.56 0.20 1.07 Spergularia media -0.27 -0.08 -0.40 0.08 0.11 -0.21 0.70 -0.57 -0.15 -0.21 -0.09 0.02 -0.19 -0.23 Spergularia rubra 1.58 1.56 1.11 1.25 -0.69 -0.81 -0.89 -0.35 0.69 -0.53 -0.48 -0.33 -0.63 -0.72 Spergularia rupicola 0.39 0.42 0.22 -0.70 0.15 -0.24 -0.11 0.71 Spiraea 1.36 1.02 1.18 1.18 1.29 2.11 2.15 1.25 1.90 0.54 1.60 1.39 1.76 2.15 1.67 Spiranthes romanzoffiana 0.46 0.76 -1.33 Spiranthes spiralis -0.82 -0.71 -1.54 -0.30 -0.74 -1.98 -0.73 -1.09 Spirodela polyrhiza 0.78 -0.27 0.62 -1.89 0.08 0.09 -0.42 -1.08 0.58 -0.44 Stachys arvensis -1.75 -1.90 -1.60 -0.56 -0.18 -0.98 -0.50 -1.19 -0.48 -2.09 -1.02 -0.84 -0.28 -0.92 -1.32 Stachys germanica 0.07 Stachys officinalis -0.25 -0.25 -0.42 -0.11 -0.92 -0.68 -0.46 -0.74 -0.64 -0.64 -0.43 -0.89 -0.35 -1.21 Stachys palustris -0.14 -0.59 0.57 1.06 1.22 0.03 -0.10 0.06 0.23 -0.48 0.74 0.13 0.22 0.05 -0.32 Stachys sylvatica -0.30 -0.17 -0.14 -0.38 0.13 -0.56 0.86 -0.90 -0.83 0.13 -0.18 -0.56 0.45 -0.35 -0.81 Stellaria graminea -0.30 -0.15 -0.06 -0.05 -0.43 0.36 0.00 0.28 0.92 0.27 1.19 -0.36 0.65 0.13 0.35 Stellaria holostea -0.27 -0.06 -0.15 -0.59 0.38 -0.94 0.12 -0.73 -0.61 -0.63 -0.61 -0.37 -0.89 -0.72 -1.27 Stellaria neglecta -1.50 -1.41 -0.22 0.16 -0.39 0.34 0.29 0.28 0.50 -0.02 0.83 0.30 -0.64 Stellaria nemorum 0.47 0.25 0.07 0.36 0.17 -0.04 -0.11 0.29 0.25 -0.19 Page 29 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Stellaria pallida 1.22 1.46 0.76 1.19 0.31 0.54 0.53 0.76 0.58 0.97 0.53 0.75 Stellaria palustris -0.55 -0.89 -0.72 -0.17 -0.76 -2.17 -0.68 -0.54 -1.10 -0.73 -0.07 -0.19 -0.48 Stellaria uliginosa 0.24 0.04 0.15 0.87 0.63 -0.51 -0.00 -1.46 -0.58 0.00 0.01 -0.29 -0.16 -0.25 -0.49 Stratiotes aloides 1.68 0.65 -0.24 0.32 1.18 1.57 Suaeda maritima -0.74 -0.65 -0.35 -0.41 -0.77 -0.34 -0.49 -0.34 -0.45 -0.29 -0.04 -0.10 -0.21 -0.08 Suaeda vera 0.02 0.26 0.03 -0.18 Subularia aquatica 1.37 1.83 0.43 -0.29 -0.34 -1.40 Succisa pratensis 0.42 0.84 -0.19 -0.56 -0.01 -1.14 -0.51 -1.27 -0.32 0.02 -1.31 -1.11 -1.11 -0.25 -1.16 Symphoricarpos albus 1.08 0.92 1.14 0.90 0.50 2.23 1.80 2.09 3.42 0.84 1.99 2.87 2.28 1.30 1.72 Symphytum asperum -0.44 -0.25 0.87 0.40 0.64 0.06 Symphytum orientale -0.41 -0.51 1.71 0.65 1.31 0.45 1.64 1.73 2.00 Symphytum tuberosum 0.05 0.31 0.21 -0.70 0.50 0.45 0.75 0.48 0.22 -0.25 0.41 0.29 Syringa vulgaris 2.11 1.33 2.37 0.90 3.99 3.11 3.43 3.54 3.89 2.15 3.69 2.95 Tamarix gallica 0.90 0.56 0.65 0.77 0.92 Tamus communis -0.62 0.25 -0.47 -0.14 -0.88 -0.17 -0.40 -0.80 -0.30 -0.50 Tanacetum parthenium -0.75 -0.81 -0.70 -0.76 2.55 1.00 0.62 1.45 0.68 -0.14 -0.29 1.16 1.11 1.02 0.75 Tanacetum vulgare -1.41 -1.94 -0.86 -0.34 -0.16 0.32 -0.57 0.49 0.21 -1.14 0.21 0.47 0.13 0.58 0.54 Taraxacum 0.79 0.75 -0.08 1.24 0.08 1.88 1.78 1.09 -0.30 0.01 -0.18 -1.75 -1.64 2.12 2.15 Taxus baccata 0.39 0.82 0.58 -0.77 1.99 0.87 0.30 0.46 0.51 2.48 0.74 1.84 1.98 0.88 0.96 Teesdalia nudicaulis -0.58 -0.12 -0.29 -1.00 -1.69 -0.67 -0.58 -1.73 -1.10 -0.25 -0.54 -0.42 -0.36 0.25 -0.53 Tephroseris integrifolia -0.62 -0.42 -0.47 Tetragonolobus maritimus -0.10 -0.20 Teucrium botrys -0.21 -0.11 Teucrium chamaedrys -0.17 -0.26 -0.57 Teucrium scordium -0.36 Teucrium scorodonia -0.63 -0.64 -0.57 -0.33 -0.52 -0.79 -0.13 -1.18 -0.62 -0.17 -1.44 -0.57 -0.28 -0.61 -0.61 Thalictrum alpinum -0.33 0.01 -0.40 -0.35 -0.02 -0.28 Thalictrum flavum -0.84 -0.65 -1.76 -0.38 -0.62 0.35 -0.38 -0.63 -0.31 -0.00 -0.83 Thalictrum minus -0.38 -0.31 -0.10 0.01 -0.70 0.93 -0.72 0.77 1.62 0.28 0.46 0.17 1.84 1.77 Thelypteris palustris -1.37 -0.35 -0.19 -0.24 -0.91 -0.17 0.03 -0.09 Thesium humifusum -0.13 -0.82 0.51 -0.35 Thlaspi arvense 0.89 0.43 0.96 0.71 -0.20 1.14 1.05 0.52 1.56 -0.07 -0.43 -0.95 -0.12 -1.39 Thlaspi caerulescens -0.06 -0.59 0.31 -0.16 -0.27 Thlaspi perfoliatum -0.99 -0.72 -0.40 Thymus polytrichus -0.30 -0.09 -0.64 -0.76 -1.16 -0.75 -0.83 -0.52 -0.63 -1.11 -1.01 -0.69 -0.35 -0.35 -0.67 Thymus pulegioides -0.42 -0.92 -0.22 0.76 -0.80 -0.58 0.42 -0.96 Thymus serpyllum 0.10 -0.18 Tilia cordata 0.59 0.58 1.36 0.84 0.90 2.10 0.50 1.12 0.50 1.68 1.17 1.44 Tilia cordata x platyphyllos (T. x europaea) -1.07 -0.96 -0.81 -1.20 0.79 0.37 1.82 1.26 1.31 0.80 1.76 1.33 0.78 -0.36 Tilia platyphyllos 1.62 1.79 2.13 -0.39 -0.34 1.10 0.77 1.66 1.35 3.37 2.64 2.01 Tofieldia pusilla -0.29 0.01 Torilis arvensis -2.09 -0.77 -0.80 -1.16 -1.88 -2.44 Torilis japonica -0.49 -0.70 0.16 -0.87 -2.07 -0.34 0.23 -0.77 0.91 -0.30 -1.88 -0.74 -0.94 -0.49 0.10 Torilis nodosa -0.25 -0.22 -0.41 -0.57 -0.19 -1.62 -0.44 -0.42 -0.40 -0.22 -0.08 -0.13 Tragopogon porrifolius 0.91 0.89 1.20 -0.80 1.50 Tragopogon pratensis -0.41 -0.65 -0.77 -0.51 -0.79 -0.26 -0.15 -0.03 0.97 -0.36 -0.44 -0.39 1.92 -0.57 0.01 Page 30 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Trichomanes speciosum 1.57 Trichophorum cespitosum 0.09 0.41 -0.37 -0.10 -0.64 -0.44 -0.28 -0.88 -0.04 0.10 -0.26 0.17 -0.80 -0.40 -0.35 Trientalis europaea -0.32 -0.15 0.02 -0.46 0.62 0.72 0.39 Trifolium arvense -0.02 0.83 -0.60 -0.35 -0.26 0.30 -0.03 0.46 0.13 -0.11 -0.01 -0.23 -0.15 -0.84 Trifolium campestre -0.48 -0.63 0.05 -0.99 -0.39 -0.36 -1.23 -0.67 0.27 -1.59 -0.23 0.72 2.21 -0.59 -0.53 Trifolium dubium -0.39 -0.50 0.07 0.26 -0.77 1.47 1.54 1.00 1.44 1.01 1.68 0.45 1.32 0.96 0.01 Trifolium fragiferum 0.03 -0.89 0.34 -0.39 -1.32 -0.42 -0.41 -0.96 -1.35 -0.78 -0.59 Trifolium glomeratum -0.00 0.02 0.39 0.02 Trifolium hybridum -0.90 -1.18 -0.36 -1.28 0.33 -0.67 -0.69 0.42 -0.14 0.11 -0.18 -1.52 -0.16 -0.46 -1.07 Trifolium medium -0.85 -1.23 0.21 -1.00 -1.08 -0.70 -0.31 -0.21 0.23 0.13 -1.09 -0.34 -0.35 -0.82 -0.90 Trifolium micranthum 0.28 0.47 -0.09 0.19 0.64 0.18 0.31 0.13 0.38 Trifolium ochroleucon -0.71 -1.10 -0.73 -1.74 -0.30 Trifolium ornithopodioides 0.22 0.40 -0.35 0.10 0.66 Trifolium pratense -0.60 -0.84 -0.04 0.34 -0.06 1.04 1.36 -0.24 -0.52 1.12 -0.18 0.75 0.89 0.46 1.01 Trifolium repens 1.22 1.29 0.08 0.74 0.26 1.42 1.78 1.09 -0.83 1.03 -0.18 0.02 -0.76 1.29 1.83 Trifolium scabrum -0.37 -0.30 -0.49 -0.64 0.07 -0.14 -0.81 -0.30 -0.23 Trifolium squamosum -0.08 -0.37 0.79 -0.45 Trifolium striatum 0.52 0.59 -0.06 -0.36 0.13 0.28 -0.34 0.04 -0.26 -0.43 -0.60 0.07 -0.42 Trifolium subterraneum -0.17 -0.11 -0.31 0.09 -0.50 0.04 -0.02 Trifolium suffocatum 0.23 0.02 0.66 0.29 Triglochin maritimum -0.42 -0.24 -0.12 -0.78 -0.97 -0.35 0.13 -0.81 -0.79 -0.58 -0.19 -0.50 0.02 -0.01 Triglochin palustre 1.18 1.09 0.87 0.62 0.79 -0.96 -0.44 -0.36 -0.83 0.59 -1.25 -1.43 -0.58 -0.51 -0.55 Trinia glauca 0.66 0.51 Tripleurospermum maritimum sens.lat. -0.41 -0.60 0.10 0.15 0.74 0.71 0.23 0.46 2.17 -1.33 0.36 0.43 0.27 0.99 0.87 Trisetum flavescens -0.28 -0.98 -0.26 -0.30 -1.65 0.07 1.44 0.08 1.49 -0.67 -0.49 0.39 0.80 -0.92 0.53 Trollius europaeus -1.01 -0.68 -0.12 -1.66 -0.27 -0.86 -0.42 0.16 -0.68 -0.41 -0.47 Tulipa sylvestris 0.02 0.21 -0.54 -0.08 -0.40 0.70 -1.31 0.17 Tussilago farfara -0.63 -0.65 -0.32 0.31 -0.44 -0.57 0.21 1.09 -0.93 -0.64 -1.35 -2.57 -1.64 -0.51 0.24 Typha angustifolia 0.54 -0.20 0.67 0.45 0.13 0.92 -0.41 0.78 -0.34 0.51 0.15 -0.27 0.38 0.07 Typha latifolia 2.50 1.85 2.39 2.24 0.78 0.69 1.13 0.37 1.05 1.09 0.92 1.73 1.44 0.56 0.15 Ulex europaeus -0.40 -0.39 -0.41 0.02 0.23 -0.50 0.13 0.63 -0.32 0.66 0.05 -0.86 -0.33 0.15 -0.58 Ulex gallii 0.98 0.24 0.29 0.57 0.08 1.02 0.90 0.14 0.26 -0.01 -0.33 -0.06 -0.18 -0.26 Ulex minor -0.08 -1.29 0.80 -0.44 Ulmus glabra -1.00 -0.93 -0.68 -0.74 1.78 0.38 0.39 0.70 -0.32 -0.81 2.34 -0.77 2.07 -0.14 0.78 Ulmus minor sensu Stace 0.49 0.47 -0.24 0.61 -0.61 -0.54 1.79 0.68 1.31 Ulmus procera -1.08 -0.98 -0.80 -1.11 -0.61 -0.69 -1.01 -0.49 0.73 -0.45 0.52 -0.30 -2.26 -0.73 -0.63 Umbilicus rupestris -0.06 0.29 -0.84 -0.01 -0.08 -0.03 0.06 -0.65 -0.27 -0.62 0.57 Urtica dioica 0.13 -0.13 0.32 0.91 0.41 0.95 1.14 -0.24 -0.69 0.53 -0.18 0.02 -0.76 0.89 0.88 Urtica urens -1.09 -0.74 -1.34 -1.03 -1.52 -0.73 -2.08 -0.27 -0.48 -0.29 -0.66 -0.26 -0.72 0.07 -1.03 Utricularia intermedia sens.lat. 1.02 1.63 0.08 -0.71 -0.71 0.15 -2.91 -0.78 Utricularia minor 0.82 1.42 0.12 -0.84 -0.38 -0.78 -0.61 0.18 -0.62 -0.00 -0.49 Utricularia vulgaris sens.lat. 2.00 2.88 -0.10 -0.38 -0.83 -1.58 -0.93 -2.81 -1.04 -0.61 -1.73 -0.86 -0.48 -1.12 Vaccinium microcarpum 1.07 1.32 Vaccinium myrtillus -0.31 -0.29 -0.60 -0.49 -0.45 -0.67 -0.93 -0.88 -0.54 -1.00 -0.65 -0.26 -0.67 -0.48 Vaccinium oxycoccos 0.90 1.27 0.65 0.30 0.69 -0.21 -0.58 -0.49 -0.15 0.15 -0.77 0.66 0.51 Vaccinium uliginosum -0.37 -0.13 0.10 0.47 0.40 Page 31 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.12 0.22 0.02 0.11 0.15 -0.14 -0.38 -1.04 0.26 -0.40 -0.41 -0.36 Valeriana dioica 0.53 0.04 0.54 -1.01 -0.55 -0.85 -0.35 -0.19 -0.83 -1.37 -0.74 -0.52 -1.09 Valeriana officinalis -0.33 -0.28 0.10 -0.95 0.53 -0.97 0.00 -0.99 -0.43 -0.87 -0.78 -0.67 -0.64 -0.94 -1.01 Valeriana pyrenaica -0.06 -0.03 -0.06 -0.33 -0.50 -0.78 Valerianella carinata 1.66 1.87 1.72 0.27 -0.00 2.51 1.63 Valerianella dentata -1.51 -1.97 -2.16 -2.23 -1.69 -1.52 -0.95 -0.79 -1.31 Valerianella eriocarpa -0.30 0.37 Valerianella locusta -0.44 -0.08 -0.62 -0.57 -0.39 -0.34 0.10 0.26 -1.55 0.69 -0.02 0.09 -0.15 -0.33 -0.66 Valerianella rimosa -2.11 -2.18 -1.97 Vallisneria spiralis -0.86 Verbascum blattaria -0.20 -2.65 -0.45 0.05 -0.28 -0.50 0.32 Verbascum lychnitis -0.09 -0.22 -0.60 -0.48 -0.77 0.11 Verbascum nigrum -0.21 -0.56 0.39 -0.22 0.16 -0.85 -0.77 -0.30 0.24 -0.01 0.07 -0.21 -0.23 Verbascum phlomoides 0.95 -0.76 1.77 0.47 0.47 Verbascum pulverulentum 1.22 0.94 Verbascum thapsus 0.82 1.02 0.40 0.47 1.17 0.30 0.31 0.71 0.47 -0.93 -0.00 0.75 0.41 0.14 0.29 Verbascum virgatum 0.38 0.45 0.25 -1.89 0.16 0.24 0.20 0.59 -0.34 Verbena officinalis -0.60 -0.05 -0.86 -0.70 -0.14 -0.78 -1.16 -0.54 -0.54 Veronica agrestis -1.51 -2.09 -1.63 -0.35 -1.26 -0.24 -0.48 -0.02 -0.71 -0.15 0.38 -0.55 0.30 -0.46 0.11 Veronica alpina -0.28 -0.03 Veronica anagallis-aquatica 0.80 0.85 0.76 0.29 1.68 -0.27 -0.20 -0.66 0.08 -1.06 0.33 0.19 -0.24 -0.64 -0.25 Veronica arvensis -0.43 -0.73 -0.19 0.95 2.79 1.42 0.32 1.07 2.52 0.94 2.06 2.08 0.14 0.54 1.78 Veronica beccabunga -0.10 0.34 -0.58 -0.22 0.40 -0.43 0.09 -0.72 -0.64 -0.41 1.19 0.16 0.09 -0.52 -0.66 Veronica catenata 0.68 0.24 0.77 -0.15 0.21 0.49 -0.02 -0.10 -0.73 -0.03 0.13 0.92 0.25 0.55 Veronica chamaedrys -0.64 -0.61 -0.47 -0.20 -0.56 -0.26 -0.01 -0.71 -0.83 1.37 -1.35 -1.75 1.66 0.79 -0.29 Veronica filiformis 1.46 1.25 1.59 1.02 2.10 2.84 2.30 1.81 3.59 1.92 2.10 2.47 3.13 2.49 2.86 Veronica fruticans 0.15 0.42 Veronica hederifolia 0.38 0.24 -0.16 0.90 1.16 0.90 0.83 2.21 0.23 1.40 0.80 1.64 1.15 1.69 1.65 Veronica montana 1.40 1.18 1.07 1.15 2.50 0.09 0.80 0.33 0.69 0.11 -0.23 0.02 0.27 0.03 -0.46 Veronica officinalis -0.84 -0.90 -0.54 -0.91 0.44 -1.03 -1.03 -0.96 -1.13 -0.16 -1.33 -0.59 -0.18 -1.00 -0.77 Veronica peregrina 0.16 -0.40 0.43 0.31 0.29 0.59 -0.19 0.98 0.31 Veronica persica -1.02 -1.27 -0.58 -1.00 1.22 0.45 -0.08 1.06 1.19 -0.21 0.30 0.81 0.89 0.57 0.24 Veronica polita -0.82 -0.92 -0.12 -1.67 -1.35 -0.09 -1.75 -0.39 -0.30 0.07 0.07 -0.22 1.31 -0.05 -0.17 Veronica scutellata 0.99 1.01 0.58 0.85 0.92 -0.78 0.03 -0.63 -0.93 0.86 -0.52 -1.11 -0.10 -0.67 -1.00 Veronica serpyllifolia -0.36 -0.50 -0.22 0.08 0.44 1.19 0.86 1.81 1.18 0.97 0.26 1.37 0.70 0.90 0.79 Veronica spicata 0.36 -0.39 0.02 Veronica triphyllos -1.05 -0.89 Veronica verna -0.86 Viburnum lantana -0.43 -0.17 -0.72 0.16 0.77 1.63 1.01 1.01 -0.09 0.98 0.59 -0.41 -0.30 Viburnum opulus -0.10 -0.19 0.52 -0.47 0.44 -0.26 0.18 -0.09 -0.38 0.02 0.56 0.07 0.19 -0.99 0.05 Vicia bithynica -0.34 -2.91 0.29 -0.47 Vicia cracca -0.44 -0.40 -0.38 0.10 -0.24 -0.25 0.19 -1.28 -0.40 0.18 0.87 -0.77 -1.17 0.20 -0.42 Vicia hirsuta 0.02 -0.19 -0.25 0.08 -0.87 -0.11 0.15 0.89 0.46 0.74 0.53 -0.40 -0.24 -0.15 -0.65 Vicia lathyroides 0.21 0.60 0.14 -0.51 -0.42 -0.17 0.01 -0.44 -0.54 -0.23 -0.35 0.12 -0.46 Vicia lutea 0.31 -0.69 -0.92 -0.29 -0.54 Vicia orobus -1.18 -0.82 -1.41 -0.71 0.32 -0.50 Page 32 ANNEX 4. Regional Change Index values for all species for which an index could be calculated. For country and region abbreviations see Table 5. Within columns, the highest 10% of Change Index values are in bold, the lowest 10% in italic. Species SCOT SNHHG SNHEA SNHSW NI ENG N NW YH WALES WM EM EA SW SE Vicia parviflora -0.84 -1.21 -0.70 -0.23 -1.02 Vicia sepium -0.58 -0.67 0.09 -0.05 0.23 -0.77 1.98 -0.60 -1.58 0.18 -0.18 -0.52 -0.49 -0.19 -0.95 Vicia sylvatica -0.93 -0.47 -0.36 -1.47 0.08 -0.32 -0.21 -0.05 0.14 -0.40 -0.33 -0.37 -0.51 -0.19 Vicia tetrasperma 0.57 0.39 0.21 0.60 0.94 0.98 0.83 0.16 -0.04 0.86 0.08 0.32 Vinca major 0.64 0.35 0.57 0.36 1.21 1.49 1.99 1.31 1.45 1.48 2.06 1.18 1.41 1.40 Vinca minor 0.37 0.60 0.09 -0.00 0.19 0.79 0.31 -0.28 0.73 0.15 0.35 0.25 0.63 -0.18 Viola arvensis -0.95 -1.34 -0.02 -1.21 0.20 0.08 -0.55 0.43 0.66 -0.88 1.19 0.07 -0.31 0.17 0.08 Viola canina -0.20 0.11 -0.43 0.02 -0.03 -1.17 -0.49 0.11 -0.97 0.02 0.32 -0.69 -0.81 -1.07 -1.79 Viola hirta -1.03 -0.74 -2.25 -0.58 -0.42 -0.59 -0.05 -0.13 -0.21 -0.59 -0.70 -0.87 -0.44 Viola lactea -1.24 0.04 -1.40 -1.01 Viola lutea -0.60 -0.29 -0.25 -1.04 -0.46 -1.05 -0.36 -1.38 -0.77 -0.46 Viola odorata -0.55 -0.48 -0.53 -0.76 -0.32 -0.15 -0.35 -0.18 0.12 -0.60 -0.05 -0.56 1.53 -0.47 1.13 Viola palustris 1.45 2.13 0.47 0.37 -0.38 -0.64 -0.47 -0.58 -0.05 -0.87 -0.89 -0.58 -0.36 -0.79 -0.46 Viola persicifolia -0.72 Viola reichenbachiana -1.77 -1.10 -1.77 -1.19 1.20 -0.04 -0.66 -0.22 0.36 0.46 0.03 -0.23 1.07 -0.24 -0.15 Viola riviniana 1.71 1.82 0.36 1.25 -0.56 0.05 0.54 0.08 -0.11 0.98 0.21 -0.24 0.19 1.04 -0.33 Viola tricolor -2.00 -2.04 -1.66 -1.36 -0.63 -1.08 -1.14 -0.13 -1.03 -1.81 0.05 -1.20 0.22 -1.34 -1.62 Viscum album 0.64 -0.19 0.60 1.43 0.69 0.24 1.19 0.58 0.20 0.80 Vulpia bromoides 0.17 -0.71 1.03 0.57 -0.04 -0.18 0.59 0.64 -0.34 1.76 -0.16 -0.19 -0.28 -0.20 -0.34 Vulpia ciliata 0.94 0.55 0.59 1.18 Vulpia fasciculata 0.49 -0.09 -0.11 0.40 0.81 0.38 Vulpia myuros 0.60 -0.29 0.57 1.17 2.37 2.24 1.20 1.62 1.56 0.85 0.58 0.56 Vulpia unilateralis -0.40 -0.47 Wahlenbergia hederacea -0.85 -0.83 -0.52 -0.63 -0.56 -0.80 Wolffia arrhiza -0.03 0.56 -0.10 Woodsia alpina 0.32 0.60 Zannichellia palustris 1.09 0.25 1.11 -0.13 0.84 -0.01 0.17 0.17 0.57 0.24 -0.26 -0.56 -0.40 Zostera angustifolia 0.13 -0.10 0.31 -1.12 -1.47 -0.89 -0.21 Zostera marina -0.07 0.53 -0.18 -1.19 -1.37 -0.99 -0.57 -1.47 -0.93 -0.57 Zostera noltei -0.34 0.34 -0.57 -0.52 -1.65 -0.60 0.02 -0.36 -0.34

Page 33 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Acanthus mollis 0.314 0.784 0.844 5 Acer campestre 0.076 0.254 0.265 2 Acer pseudoplatanus 0.042 0.065 0.078 1 Aceras anthropophorum 0.463 0.250 0.526 3 Achillea millefolium 0.018 0.042 0.046 1 Achillea ptarmica 0.146 0.158 0.215 1 Aconitum napellus sens. lat. 0.511 0.755 0.912 5 Acorus calamus 0.333 0.570 0.660 4 Actaea spicata 0.300 0.087 0.312 2 Adiantum capillus-veneris 0.481 0.659 0.816 5 Adonis annua 0.847 0.552 1.011 5 Adoxa moschatellina 0.158 0.263 0.307 2 Aegopodium podagraria 0.062 0.086 0.106 1 Aesculus hippocastanum 0.093 0.312 0.326 2 Aethusa cynapium 0.164 0.210 0.266 2 Agrimonia eupatoria 0.141 0.114 0.181 1 Agrimonia procera 0.532 0.546 0.762 4 Agrostemma githago 0.794 0.761 1.100 5 Agrostis canina sens.lat. 0.158 0.362 0.395 2 Agrostis capillaris 0.039 0.123 0.129 1 Agrostis curtisii 0.180 0.199 0.268 2 Agrostis gigantea 0.279 0.581 0.645 4 Agrostis stolonifera 0.019 0.184 0.185 1 Aira caryophyllea 0.362 0.382 0.527 3 Aira praecox 0.145 0.202 0.248 1 Ajuga chamaepitys 0.640 0.438 0.775 4 Ajuga pyramidalis 0.500 0.440 0.666 4 Ajuga reptans 0.078 0.097 0.125 1 Alchemilla alpina 0.205 0.143 0.250 1 Alchemilla vulgaris agg. 0.126 0.217 0.250 1 Alisma lanceolatum 0.493 0.629 0.799 4 Alisma plantago-aquatica 0.110 0.192 0.221 1 Alliaria petiolata 0.035 0.138 0.142 1 Allium ampeloprasum 0.037 0.500 0.501 3 Allium carinatum 0.469 0.675 0.822 5 Allium oleraceum 0.574 0.586 0.820 5 Allium paradoxum 0.270 0.745 0.792 4 Allium schoenoprasum 0.438 0.845 0.951 5 Allium scorodoprasum 0.388 0.535 0.661 4 Allium triquetrum 0.179 0.808 0.828 5 Allium ursinum 0.114 0.245 0.271 2 Allium vineale 0.202 0.486 0.526 3 Alnus glutinosa 0.041 0.073 0.084 1 Alopecurus aequalis 0.627 0.623 0.884 5 Alopecurus borealis 0.474 0.375 0.604 3 Alopecurus bulbosus 0.341 0.500 0.605 3 Alopecurus geniculatus 0.094 0.217 0.237 1 Alopecurus myosuroides 0.164 0.380 0.414 2 Alopecurus pratensis 0.084 0.162 0.183 1 Althaea hirsuta 0.840 0.862 1.204 5 Althaea officinalis 0.421 0.402 0.582 3 Alyssum alyssoides 0.833 0.556 1.002 5 Ammophila arenaria 0.184 0.243 0.305 2 Anacamptis pyramidalis 0.183 0.428 0.465 3 Anagallis arvensis 0.119 0.116 0.167 1 Anagallis minima 0.724 0.619 0.953 5 Anagallis tenella 0.274 0.282 0.393 2

Page 1 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Anaphalis margaritacea 0.736 0.774 1.068 5 Anchusa arvensis 0.340 0.324 0.470 3 Andromeda polifolia 0.271 0.386 0.472 3 Anemone nemorosa 0.092 0.099 0.135 1 Angelica archangelica 0.462 0.823 0.943 5 Angelica sylvestris 0.025 0.057 0.062 1 Anisantha diandra 0.469 0.778 0.909 5 Anisantha madritensis 0.517 0.708 0.877 5 Anisantha rigida 0.682 0.883 1.116 5 Anisantha sterilis 0.061 0.180 0.190 1 Anisantha tectorum 0.783 0.762 1.092 5 Antennaria dioica 0.316 0.231 0.391 2 Anthemis arvensis 0.777 0.616 0.992 5 Anthemis cotula 0.516 0.319 0.606 4 Anthoxanthum aristatum 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Anthoxanthum odoratum 0.017 0.057 0.059 1 Anthriscus caucalis 0.375 0.438 0.577 3 Anthriscus sylvestris 0.052 0.098 0.111 1 Anthyllis vulneraria 0.273 0.439 0.517 3 Antirrhinum majus 0.310 0.793 0.852 5 Apera interrupta 0.364 0.667 0.759 4 Apera spica-venti 0.591 0.606 0.846 5 Aphanes arvensis agg. 0.155 0.203 0.255 1 Apium graveolens 0.445 0.398 0.597 3 Apium inundatum 0.522 0.509 0.730 4 Apium nodiflorum 0.074 0.141 0.159 1 Aquilegia vulgaris 0.278 0.626 0.685 4 Arabidopsis thaliana 0.143 0.380 0.407 2 Arabis glabra 0.754 0.548 0.933 5 Arabis hirsuta 0.466 0.371 0.596 3 Arabis petraea 0.371 0.170 0.408 2 Arabis turrita 0.800 0.833 1.155 5 Arbutus unedo 0.857 0.973 1.297 5 Arctium lappa 0.176 0.410 0.446 3 Arctium minus 0.065 0.096 0.116 1 Arctostaphylos alpinus 0.311 0.311 0.440 3 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 0.351 0.262 0.438 2 Arenaria balearica 0.794 0.745 1.089 5 Arenaria norvegica 0.100 0.308 0.324 2 Arenaria serpyllifolia 0.198 0.194 0.277 2 Aristolochia clematitis 0.704 0.467 0.844 5 Armeria maritima 0.116 0.221 0.250 1 Armoracia rusticana 0.109 0.241 0.265 2 Arnoseris minima 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Arrhenatherum elatius 0.034 0.087 0.093 1 Artemisia absinthium 0.466 0.473 0.664 4 Artemisia campestris 0.700 0.500 0.860 5 Artemisia verlotiorum 0.490 0.561 0.745 4 Artemisia vulgaris 0.108 0.176 0.206 1 Arum italicum 0.186 0.744 0.767 4 Arum maculatum 0.067 0.134 0.150 1 Asarum europaeum 0.818 0.636 1.037 5 Asparagus officinalis 0.352 0.733 0.813 5 Asperula cynanchica 0.171 0.142 0.222 1 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum sens.lat. 0.195 0.338 0.390 2 Asplenium marinum 0.225 0.348 0.415 2 Asplenium obovatum 0.337 0.352 0.487 3

Page 2 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Asplenium ruta-muraria 0.117 0.227 0.255 1 Asplenium septentrionale 0.345 0.345 0.488 3 Asplenium trichomanes 0.152 0.248 0.291 2 Asplenium viride 0.299 0.350 0.460 3 Aster linosyris 0.250 0.143 0.288 2 Aster tripolium 0.207 0.222 0.304 2 Astragalus danicus 0.389 0.209 0.442 3 Astragalus glycyphyllos 0.385 0.378 0.539 3 Athyrium distentifolium 0.465 0.617 0.772 4 Athyrium filix-femina 0.079 0.161 0.179 1 Atriplex glabriuscula 0.465 0.374 0.596 3 Atriplex laciniata 0.378 0.544 0.662 4 Atriplex littoralis 0.179 0.627 0.652 4 Atriplex patula 0.150 0.195 0.246 1 Atriplex portulacoides 0.148 0.288 0.324 2 Atriplex prostrata 0.172 0.436 0.469 3 Atropa belladonna 0.406 0.423 0.586 3 Avena fatua 0.142 0.457 0.478 3 Avena sterilis 0.539 0.622 0.823 5 Avena strigosa 0.935 0.731 1.187 5 Azolla filiculoides 0.253 0.802 0.842 5 Baldellia ranunculoides 0.559 0.408 0.692 4 Ballota nigra 0.097 0.154 0.182 1 Barbarea intermedia 0.617 0.853 1.052 5 Barbarea stricta 0.621 0.756 0.978 5 Barbarea verna 0.464 0.744 0.877 5 Barbarea vulgaris 0.148 0.251 0.291 2 Bartsia alpina 0.214 0.154 0.264 2 Bellis perennis 0.014 0.043 0.045 1 Berberis vulgaris 0.584 0.564 0.812 5 Berula erecta 0.271 0.381 0.467 3 Beta vulgaris 0.158 0.539 0.562 3 Betula nana 0.347 0.382 0.516 3 Betula pendula 0.103 0.157 0.187 1 Betula pubescens 0.085 0.195 0.212 1 Bidens cernua 0.408 0.398 0.570 3 Bidens tripartita 0.350 0.372 0.510 3 Blackstonia perfoliata 0.219 0.368 0.428 2 Blechnum spicant 0.091 0.135 0.163 1 Blysmus compressus 0.574 0.353 0.674 4 Blysmus rufus 0.441 0.396 0.593 3 Bolboschoenus maritimus 0.205 0.331 0.390 2 Botrychium lunaria 0.551 0.561 0.786 4 Brachypodium pinnatum 0.215 0.371 0.429 2 Brachypodium sylvaticum 0.083 0.145 0.167 1 Brassica napus 0.298 0.726 0.785 4 Brassica nigra 0.334 0.434 0.548 3 Brassica oleracea 0.538 0.736 0.912 5 Brassica rapa 0.424 0.610 0.743 4 Briza media 0.157 0.150 0.217 1 Briza minor 0.500 0.617 0.794 4 Bromopsis benekenii 0.583 0.677 0.894 5 Bromopsis erecta 0.191 0.315 0.368 2 Bromopsis inermis 0.745 0.916 1.181 5 Bromopsis ramosa 0.118 0.198 0.230 1 Bromus arvensis 0.985 0.917 1.346 5 Bromus commutatus 0.470 0.702 0.845 5

Page 3 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Bromus hordeaceus 0.118 0.157 0.196 1 Bromus lepidus 0.865 0.506 1.003 5 Bromus racemosus 0.641 0.774 1.005 5 Bromus secalinus 0.871 0.806 1.187 5 Bryonia dioica 0.104 0.125 0.163 1 Buddleja davidii 0.068 0.751 0.754 4 Bunias orientalis 0.581 0.563 0.809 5 Bunium bulbocastanum 0.100 0.250 0.269 2 Bupleurum rotundifolium 0.983 0.846 1.297 5 Bupleurum tenuissimum 0.461 0.214 0.508 3 Butomus umbellatus 0.331 0.428 0.541 3 Buxus sempervirens 0.232 0.734 0.770 4 Cakile maritima 0.256 0.277 0.377 2 Calamagrostis canescens 0.455 0.447 0.638 4 Calamagrostis epigejos 0.285 0.486 0.563 3 Calamagrostis stricta 0.526 0.100 0.536 3 Callitriche hamulata sens.lat. 0.466 0.671 0.817 5 Callitriche hermaphroditica 0.516 0.618 0.805 4 Callitriche obtusangula 0.565 0.785 0.967 5 Callitriche stagnalis sens.lat. 0.145 0.333 0.363 2 Callitriche truncata 0.524 0.697 0.872 5 Calluna vulgaris 0.067 0.080 0.104 1 Caltha palustris 0.049 0.077 0.091 1 Calystegia pulchra 0.725 0.936 1.185 5 Calystegia sepium 0.086 0.259 0.273 2 Calystegia silvatica 0.168 0.346 0.385 2 Calystegia soldanella 0.371 0.302 0.479 3 Campanula glomerata 0.311 0.283 0.421 2 Campanula latifolia 0.315 0.379 0.492 3 Campanula patula 0.644 0.488 0.808 5 Campanula persicifolia 0.587 0.933 1.102 5 Campanula rapunculoides 0.694 0.572 0.899 5 Campanula rapunculus 0.895 0.556 1.053 5 Campanula rotundifolia 0.110 0.095 0.145 1 Campanula trachelium 0.211 0.366 0.422 2 Capsella bursa-pastoris 0.073 0.063 0.097 1 Cardamine amara 0.237 0.356 0.428 2 Cardamine bulbifera 0.306 0.500 0.586 3 Cardamine flexuosa 0.062 0.194 0.203 1 Cardamine hirsuta 0.095 0.219 0.239 1 Cardamine impatiens 0.462 0.494 0.676 4 Cardamine pratensis 0.033 0.080 0.087 1 Carduus crispus 0.173 0.259 0.311 2 Carduus nutans 0.162 0.259 0.306 2 Carduus tenuiflorus 0.368 0.433 0.568 3 Carex acuta 0.533 0.531 0.752 4 Carex acutiformis 0.194 0.338 0.389 2 Carex appropinquata 0.462 0.417 0.622 4 Carex aquatilis 0.388 0.634 0.743 4 Carex arenaria 0.193 0.255 0.320 2 Carex atrata 0.286 0.324 0.432 2 Carex atrofusca 0.200 0.000 0.200 1 Carex bigelowii 0.260 0.316 0.409 2 Carex binervis 0.123 0.206 0.240 1 Carex capillaris 0.287 0.235 0.371 2 Carex caryophyllea 0.268 0.339 0.432 2 Carex curta 0.331 0.465 0.571 3

Page 4 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Carex diandra 0.551 0.646 0.849 5 Carex digitata 0.174 0.240 0.296 2 Carex dioica 0.310 0.351 0.468 3 Carex distans 0.431 0.434 0.611 4 Carex disticha 0.321 0.421 0.529 3 Carex divisa 0.452 0.414 0.613 4 Carex echinata 0.153 0.149 0.213 1 Carex elata 0.419 0.416 0.590 3 Carex elongata 0.444 0.500 0.669 4 Carex ericetorum 0.423 0.211 0.473 3 Carex extensa 0.374 0.412 0.556 3 Carex filiformis 0.375 0.545 0.662 4 Carex flacca 0.074 0.150 0.168 1 Carex hirta 0.100 0.229 0.250 1 Carex hostiana 0.273 0.372 0.462 3 Carex humilis 0.182 0.217 0.283 2 Carex lachenalii 0.429 0.200 0.473 3 Carex laevigata 0.329 0.434 0.544 3 Carex lasiocarpa 0.397 0.620 0.736 4 Carex limosa 0.474 0.574 0.744 4 Carex magellanica 0.603 0.635 0.876 5 Carex maritima 0.686 0.333 0.763 4 Carex montana 0.200 0.579 0.613 4 Carex nigra 0.095 0.154 0.181 1 Carex ornithopoda 0.000 0.308 0.308 2 Carex otrubae 0.127 0.221 0.255 1 Carex ovalis 0.142 0.198 0.244 1 Carex pallescens 0.328 0.347 0.477 3 Carex panicea 0.111 0.152 0.188 1 Carex paniculata 0.258 0.350 0.435 2 Carex pauciflora 0.418 0.363 0.554 3 Carex pendula 0.079 0.444 0.451 3 Carex pilulifera 0.208 0.297 0.363 2 Carex pseudocyperus 0.333 0.380 0.505 3 Carex pulicaris 0.199 0.227 0.302 2 Carex punctata 0.538 0.613 0.816 5 Carex rariflora 0.222 0.462 0.512 3 Carex remota 0.097 0.212 0.233 1 Carex riparia 0.155 0.321 0.357 2 Carex rostrata 0.197 0.272 0.336 2 Carex rupestris 0.222 0.417 0.472 3 Carex saxatilis 0.380 0.295 0.481 3 Carex saxatilis x vesicaria (C. x grahamii) 0.500 0.500 0.707 4 Carex strigosa 0.236 0.491 0.544 3 Carex sylvatica 0.122 0.236 0.266 2 Carex vaginata 0.333 0.407 0.526 3 Carex vesicaria 0.530 0.524 0.745 4 Carex viridula 0.116 0.198 0.229 1 Carex vulpina 0.500 0.182 0.532 3 Carlina vulgaris 0.305 0.244 0.391 2 Carpinus betulus 0.189 0.446 0.484 3 Carpobrotus edulis 0.313 0.389 0.499 3 Carum carvi 0.911 0.766 1.190 5 Carum verticillatum 0.179 0.355 0.398 2 Castanea sativa 0.150 0.357 0.387 2 Catabrosa aquatica 0.589 0.557 0.811 5 Catapodium marinum 0.246 0.478 0.538 3

Page 5 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Catapodium rigidum 0.203 0.390 0.440 2 Centaurea aspera 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Centaurea calcitrapa 0.841 0.300 0.893 5 Centaurea cyanus 0.693 0.699 0.985 5 Centaurea jacea 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Centaurea nigra 0.031 0.056 0.064 1 Centaurea scabiosa 0.202 0.226 0.304 2 Centaurea solstitialis 0.991 0.857 1.310 5 Centaurium erythraea 0.110 0.227 0.252 1 Centaurium littorale 0.431 0.492 0.654 4 Centaurium pulchellum 0.357 0.472 0.592 3 Centranthus ruber 0.135 0.464 0.484 3 Cephalanthera damasonium 0.389 0.191 0.433 2 Cephalanthera longifolia 0.625 0.438 0.763 4 Cerastium alpinum 0.409 0.133 0.430 2 Cerastium arcticum 0.441 0.321 0.546 3 Cerastium arvense 0.466 0.352 0.584 3 Cerastium cerastoides 0.211 0.211 0.298 2 Cerastium diffusum 0.321 0.491 0.587 3 Cerastium fontanum 0.011 0.046 0.047 1 Cerastium glomeratum 0.086 0.249 0.264 1 Cerastium pumilum 0.583 0.574 0.819 5 Cerastium semidecandrum 0.343 0.529 0.630 4 Cerastium tomentosum 0.284 0.774 0.824 5 Ceratocapnos claviculata 0.222 0.448 0.500 3 Ceratochloa carinata 0.353 0.861 0.930 5 Ceratochloa cathartica 0.780 0.864 1.164 5 Ceratophyllum demersum 0.218 0.507 0.552 3 Ceratophyllum submersum 0.534 0.661 0.850 5 Ceterach officinarum 0.234 0.293 0.375 2 Chaenorhinum minus 0.370 0.364 0.519 3 Chaerophyllum temulum 0.120 0.129 0.176 1 Chamaemelum nobile 0.495 0.345 0.603 3 Chamerion angustifolium 0.038 0.085 0.093 1 Chelidonium majus 0.151 0.142 0.207 1 Chenopodium album agg. 0.106 0.111 0.154 1 Chenopodium bonus-henricus 0.551 0.355 0.655 4 Chenopodium chenopodioides 0.611 0.563 0.831 5 Chenopodium ficifolium 0.215 0.680 0.713 4 Chenopodium glaucum 0.870 0.750 1.148 5 Chenopodium hybridum 0.573 0.562 0.802 4 Chenopodium murale 0.797 0.640 1.022 5 Chenopodium polyspermum 0.185 0.437 0.475 3 Chenopodium rubrum 0.139 0.451 0.472 3 Chenopodium urbicum 0.990 0.900 1.338 5 Chenopodium vulvaria 0.939 0.750 1.202 5 Chrysanthemum segetum 0.521 0.347 0.626 4 Chrysosplenium alternifolium 0.323 0.544 0.633 4 Chrysosplenium oppositifolium 0.094 0.144 0.172 1 Cicendia filiformis 0.559 0.318 0.643 4 Cichorium intybus 0.512 0.394 0.646 4 Cicuta virosa 0.130 0.437 0.456 3 Circaea alpina x lutetiana (C. x intermedia) 0.399 0.578 0.702 4 Circaea lutetiana 0.074 0.121 0.142 1 Cirsium acaule 0.214 0.210 0.300 2 Cirsium arvense 0.022 0.063 0.066 1 Cirsium dissectum 0.344 0.410 0.536 3

Page 6 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Cirsium eriophorum 0.267 0.355 0.444 3 Cirsium heterophyllum 0.319 0.331 0.460 3 Cirsium palustre 0.027 0.066 0.071 1 Cirsium tuberosum 0.125 0.500 0.515 3 Cirsium vulgare 0.018 0.053 0.056 1 Cladium mariscus 0.273 0.393 0.478 3 Claytonia perfoliata 0.351 0.544 0.648 4 Claytonia sibirica 0.224 0.563 0.606 4 Clematis vitalba 0.104 0.238 0.260 1 Clinopodium acinos 0.527 0.257 0.587 3 Clinopodium ascendens 0.323 0.435 0.542 3 Clinopodium calamintha 0.338 0.283 0.441 3 Clinopodium vulgare 0.233 0.219 0.320 2 Cochlearia anglica 0.240 0.350 0.425 2 Cochlearia danica 0.201 0.773 0.798 4 Cochlearia officinalis sens.lat. 0.193 0.280 0.340 2 Coeloglossum viride 0.561 0.402 0.690 4 Coincya monensis 0.389 0.571 0.691 4 Colchicum autumnale 0.455 0.502 0.678 4 Conium maculatum 0.127 0.233 0.266 2 Conopodium majus 0.068 0.111 0.131 1 Convallaria majalis 0.463 0.586 0.747 4 Convolvulus arvensis 0.129 0.130 0.183 1 Conyza canadensis 0.088 0.454 0.463 3 Corallorhiza trifida 0.424 0.655 0.780 4 Cornus sanguinea 0.096 0.216 0.236 1 Cornus suecica 0.335 0.300 0.450 3 Coronopus didymus 0.118 0.561 0.573 3 Coronopus squamatus 0.103 0.303 0.320 2 Corrigiola litoralis 0.917 0.750 1.184 5 Corylus avellana 0.053 0.071 0.089 1 Corynephorus canescens 0.333 0.368 0.497 3 Cotoneaster microphyllus agg. 0.438 0.747 0.866 5 Cotoneaster simonsii 0.357 0.867 0.938 5 Crambe maritima 0.211 0.397 0.449 3 Crassula tillaea 0.178 0.565 0.592 3 Crataegus laevigata 0.219 0.412 0.466 3 Crataegus monogyna 0.047 0.051 0.069 1 Crepis biennis 0.602 0.657 0.892 5 Crepis capillaris 0.093 0.142 0.170 1 Crepis mollis 0.781 0.500 0.928 5 Crepis paludosa 0.153 0.227 0.273 2 Crepis vesicaria 0.061 0.323 0.328 2 Crithmum maritimum 0.151 0.337 0.369 2 Crocosmia aurea x pottsii (C. x crocosmiiflora) 0.230 0.752 0.786 4 Crocus nudiflorus 0.583 0.746 0.947 5 Crocus vernus 0.480 0.952 1.066 5 Cruciata laevipes 0.167 0.144 0.221 1 Cryptogramma crispa 0.368 0.310 0.481 3 Cuscuta epithymum 0.534 0.327 0.626 4 Cuscuta europaea 0.273 0.347 0.441 3 Cyclamen hederifolium 0.594 0.946 1.117 5 Cymbalaria muralis 0.109 0.192 0.221 1 Cynodon dactylon 0.618 0.618 0.873 5 Cynoglossum germanicum 0.636 0.333 0.718 4 Cynoglossum officinale 0.427 0.288 0.515 3 Cynosurus cristatus 0.031 0.056 0.064 1

Page 7 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Cynosurus echinatus 0.884 0.758 1.164 5 Cyperus fuscus 0.444 0.167 0.475 3 Cyperus longus 0.500 0.865 0.999 5 Cystopteris fragilis 0.343 0.317 0.467 3 Cystopteris montana 0.375 0.231 0.440 3 Cytisus scoparius 0.088 0.168 0.189 1 Daboecia cantabrica 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Dactylis glomerata 0.027 0.054 0.060 1 Dactylorhiza fuchsii 0.128 0.260 0.290 2 Dactylorhiza incarnata 0.461 0.495 0.677 4 Dactylorhiza maculata 0.217 0.258 0.337 2 Dactylorhiza majalis 0.688 0.545 0.878 5 Dactylorhiza praetermissa 0.232 0.507 0.557 3 Dactylorhiza purpurella 0.250 0.449 0.514 3 Dactylorhiza traunsteineri 0.286 0.630 0.691 4 Damasonium alisma 0.636 0.333 0.718 4 Danthonia decumbens 0.204 0.242 0.317 2 Daphne laureola 0.221 0.364 0.426 2 Daphne mezereum 0.639 0.662 0.920 5 Datura stramonium 0.627 0.590 0.861 5 Daucus carota 0.159 0.175 0.237 1 Deschampsia cespitosa 0.036 0.067 0.076 1 Deschampsia flexuosa 0.095 0.153 0.180 1 Deschampsia setacea 0.597 0.627 0.866 5 Descurainia sophia 0.519 0.540 0.749 4 Dianthus armeria 0.829 0.683 1.074 5 Dianthus deltoides 0.624 0.600 0.866 5 Dianthus gratianopolitanus 0.500 0.625 0.800 4 Digitalis purpurea 0.034 0.129 0.133 1 Diphasiastrum alpinum 0.323 0.304 0.444 3 Diplotaxis muralis 0.407 0.435 0.596 3 Diplotaxis tenuifolia 0.475 0.530 0.712 4 Dipsacus fullonum sens.lat. 0.048 0.315 0.319 2 Dipsacus pilosus 0.353 0.458 0.579 3 Doronicum pardalianches 0.349 0.600 0.694 4 Doronicum plantagineum 0.811 0.756 1.109 5 Draba incana 0.404 0.262 0.482 3 Draba muralis 0.623 0.636 0.890 5 Draba norvegica 0.350 0.381 0.517 3 Drosera anglica 0.323 0.213 0.387 2 Drosera intermedia 0.478 0.453 0.658 4 Drosera rotundifolia 0.155 0.175 0.234 1 Dryas octopetala 0.234 0.169 0.288 2 Dryopteris aemula 0.330 0.419 0.533 3 Dryopteris affinis 0.083 0.460 0.468 3 Dryopteris carthusiana 0.353 0.590 0.688 4 Dryopteris cristata 0.786 0.571 0.972 5 Dryopteris dilatata 0.037 0.144 0.149 1 Dryopteris filix-mas agg. 0.026 0.055 0.061 1 Dryopteris oreades 0.517 0.623 0.810 5 Dryopteris submontana 0.238 0.333 0.410 2 Echinochloa crus-galli 0.731 0.834 1.109 5 Echium plantagineum 0.708 0.794 1.064 5 Echium vulgare 0.349 0.408 0.537 3 Elatine hexandra 0.444 0.729 0.854 5 Elatine hydropiper 0.222 0.667 0.703 4 Eleocharis acicularis 0.541 0.576 0.791 4

Page 8 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Eleocharis multicaulis 0.293 0.493 0.574 3 Eleocharis palustris 0.116 0.260 0.285 2 Eleocharis parvula 0.500 0.500 0.707 4 Eleocharis quinqueflora 0.334 0.442 0.554 3 Eleocharis uniglumis 0.457 0.637 0.784 4 Eleogiton fluitans 0.344 0.515 0.619 4 Elodea canadensis 0.210 0.377 0.432 2 Elymus caninus 0.261 0.408 0.485 3 Elytrigia atherica 0.145 0.357 0.385 2 Elytrigia juncea 0.283 0.326 0.432 2 Elytrigia repens 0.079 0.138 0.159 1 Empetrum nigrum 0.133 0.204 0.243 1 Epilobium alsinifolium 0.480 0.445 0.655 4 Epilobium anagallidifolium 0.421 0.295 0.514 3 Epilobium brunnescens 0.220 0.574 0.614 4 Epilobium ciliatum 0.054 0.668 0.670 4 Epilobium hirsutum 0.038 0.149 0.153 1 Epilobium lanceolatum 0.452 0.542 0.706 4 Epilobium montanum 0.058 0.081 0.100 1 Epilobium obscurum 0.252 0.376 0.453 3 Epilobium palustre 0.149 0.209 0.257 1 Epilobium parviflorum 0.177 0.218 0.281 2 Epilobium roseum 0.596 0.628 0.865 5 Epilobium tetragonum 0.191 0.582 0.612 4 Epipactis atrorubens 0.200 0.333 0.389 2 Epipactis helleborine 0.294 0.418 0.510 3 Epipactis leptochila 0.429 0.556 0.702 4 Epipactis palustris 0.463 0.448 0.644 4 Epipactis phyllanthes 0.406 0.518 0.658 4 Epipactis purpurata 0.397 0.451 0.601 3 Equisetum arvense 0.039 0.097 0.104 1 Equisetum fluviatile 0.138 0.249 0.285 2 Equisetum hyemale 0.523 0.637 0.824 5 Equisetum palustre 0.160 0.246 0.293 2 Equisetum pratense 0.597 0.659 0.889 5 Equisetum sylvaticum 0.254 0.304 0.396 2 Equisetum telmateia 0.164 0.370 0.404 2 Equisetum variegatum 0.461 0.489 0.672 4 Eranthis hyemalis 0.404 0.737 0.840 5 Erica ciliaris 0.333 0.294 0.445 3 Erica cinerea 0.138 0.108 0.175 1 Erica tetralix 0.122 0.095 0.154 1 Erica vagans 0.654 0.654 0.925 5 Erigeron acer 0.256 0.437 0.506 3 Erigeron borealis 0.333 0.200 0.389 2 Erigeron karvinskianus 0.219 0.812 0.841 5 Erinus alpinus 0.485 0.787 0.924 5 Eriocaulon aquaticum 0.000 0.222 0.222 1 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.150 0.142 0.207 1 Eriophorum gracile 0.667 0.571 0.878 5 Eriophorum latifolium 0.513 0.640 0.820 5 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.152 0.206 0.256 1 Erodium cicutarium agg. 0.218 0.310 0.379 2 Erodium maritimum 0.193 0.409 0.452 3 Erodium moschatum 0.582 0.707 0.916 5 Erophila verna sens.lat. 0.185 0.341 0.388 2 Erucastrum gallicum 0.673 0.698 0.970 5

Page 9 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Eryngium campestre 0.875 0.818 1.198 5 Eryngium maritimum 0.365 0.218 0.425 2 Erysimum cheiranthoides 0.448 0.418 0.613 4 Erysimum cheiri 0.337 0.613 0.700 4 Escallonia macrantha 0.565 0.925 1.084 5 Euonymus europaeus 0.122 0.282 0.307 2 Eupatorium cannabinum 0.115 0.206 0.236 1 Euphorbia amygdaloides 0.127 0.209 0.244 1 Euphorbia corallioides 0.714 0.750 1.036 5 Euphorbia cyparissias 0.681 0.825 1.070 5 Euphorbia dulcis 0.815 0.878 1.198 5 Euphorbia esula agg. 0.517 0.616 0.804 4 Euphorbia exigua 0.401 0.266 0.481 3 Euphorbia helioscopia 0.167 0.162 0.233 1 Euphorbia lathyris 0.331 0.743 0.814 5 Euphorbia paralias 0.339 0.311 0.460 3 Euphorbia peplus 0.120 0.200 0.233 1 Euphorbia platyphyllos 0.530 0.534 0.752 4 Euphorbia portlandica 0.187 0.250 0.312 2 Euphorbia serrulata 0.143 0.842 0.854 5 Euphrasia officinalis agg. 0.137 0.077 0.158 1 Fagopyrum esculentum 0.815 0.799 1.141 5 Fagus sylvatica 0.066 0.081 0.104 1 Fallopia convolvulus 0.209 0.134 0.248 1 Fallopia dumetorum 0.379 0.250 0.454 3 Fallopia japonica 0.104 0.446 0.458 3 Fallopia sachalinensis 0.517 0.735 0.899 5 Festuca altissima 0.345 0.623 0.712 4 Festuca arundinacea 0.113 0.435 0.449 3 Festuca gigantea 0.095 0.273 0.289 2 Festuca heterophylla 0.970 0.976 1.376 5 Festuca ovina agg. 0.078 0.113 0.137 1 Festuca pratensis 0.230 0.306 0.382 2 Festuca rubra agg. 0.022 0.133 0.134 1 Festuca vivipara 0.080 0.257 0.269 2 Filago gallica 0.600 0.600 0.849 5 Filago lutescens 0.704 0.636 0.949 5 Filago minima 0.486 0.399 0.628 4 Filago pyramidata 0.735 0.438 0.856 5 Filago vulgaris 0.522 0.395 0.654 4 Filipendula ulmaria 0.028 0.055 0.062 1 Filipendula vulgaris 0.305 0.398 0.501 3 Foeniculum vulgare 0.207 0.547 0.585 3 Fragaria vesca 0.118 0.090 0.149 1 Fragaria x ananassa 0.676 0.766 1.022 5 Frangula alnus 0.322 0.394 0.509 3 Frankenia laevis 0.438 0.486 0.654 4 Fraxinus excelsior 0.043 0.048 0.065 1 Fritillaria meleagris 0.519 0.729 0.895 5 Fuchsia magellanica 0.410 0.788 0.888 5 Fumaria bastardii 0.527 0.656 0.842 5 Fumaria capreolata 0.488 0.614 0.784 4 Fumaria densiflora 0.480 0.462 0.666 4 Fumaria muralis 0.265 0.645 0.697 4 Fumaria occidentalis 0.174 0.240 0.296 2 Fumaria officinalis 0.183 0.236 0.299 2 Fumaria parviflora 0.559 0.447 0.716 4

Page 10 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Fumaria purpurea 0.553 0.650 0.854 5 Fumaria reuteri 0.889 0.750 1.163 5 Fumaria vaillantii 0.557 0.460 0.723 4 Gagea lutea 0.418 0.525 0.671 4 Galanthus nivalis 0.170 0.676 0.697 4 Galeopsis angustifolia 0.825 0.398 0.915 5 Galeopsis speciosa 0.616 0.394 0.731 4 Galeopsis tetrahit agg. 0.135 0.151 0.202 1 Galinsoga parviflora 0.489 0.664 0.825 5 Galinsoga quadriradiata 0.406 0.675 0.788 4 Galium aparine 0.033 0.065 0.073 1 Galium boreale 0.284 0.266 0.389 2 Galium mollugo 0.149 0.272 0.310 2 Galium odoratum 0.248 0.256 0.357 2 Galium palustre 0.051 0.098 0.110 1 Galium parisiense 0.657 0.520 0.838 5 Galium pumilum 0.882 0.714 1.135 5 Galium saxatile 0.065 0.116 0.133 1 Galium spurium 0.944 0.667 1.156 5 Galium sterneri 0.276 0.544 0.610 4 Galium tricornutum 0.967 0.667 1.174 5 Galium uliginosum 0.350 0.427 0.552 3 Galium verum 0.099 0.095 0.138 1 Gastridium ventricosum 0.667 0.576 0.881 5 Genista anglica 0.474 0.343 0.585 3 Genista pilosa 0.286 0.091 0.300 2 Genista tinctoria 0.370 0.315 0.486 3 Gentiana pneumonanthe 0.283 0.208 0.351 2 Gentiana verna 0.200 0.429 0.473 3 Gentianella amarella 0.324 0.269 0.421 2 Gentianella anglica 0.387 0.343 0.517 3 Gentianella campestris 0.531 0.375 0.650 4 Gentianella germanica 0.200 0.130 0.239 1 Geranium columbinum 0.357 0.391 0.530 3 Geranium dissectum 0.104 0.179 0.207 1 Geranium endressii 0.642 0.880 1.090 5 Geranium lucidum 0.173 0.525 0.553 3 Geranium molle 0.116 0.147 0.187 1 Geranium phaeum 0.688 0.648 0.945 5 Geranium pratense 0.188 0.317 0.368 2 Geranium purpureum 0.452 0.564 0.723 4 Geranium pusillum 0.298 0.435 0.527 3 Geranium pyrenaicum 0.151 0.483 0.506 3 Geranium robertianum 0.039 0.064 0.075 1 Geranium rotundifolium 0.242 0.680 0.722 4 Geranium sanguineum 0.356 0.607 0.704 4 Geranium sylvaticum 0.216 0.228 0.315 2 Geranium versicolor 0.477 0.680 0.830 5 Geum rivale 0.179 0.175 0.250 1 Geum urbanum 0.048 0.071 0.085 1 Gladiolus illyricus 0.375 0.286 0.471 3 Glaucium flavum 0.348 0.330 0.479 3 Glaux maritima 0.141 0.178 0.226 1 Glechoma hederacea 0.061 0.083 0.103 1 Glyceria declinata 0.330 0.635 0.715 4 Glyceria fluitans 0.066 0.171 0.183 1 Glyceria maxima 0.089 0.348 0.359 2

Page 11 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Glyceria notata 0.336 0.484 0.589 3 Gnaphalium luteoalbum 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Gnaphalium norvegicum 0.000 0.563 0.563 3 Gnaphalium supinum 0.359 0.231 0.427 2 Gnaphalium sylvaticum 0.715 0.393 0.816 5 Gnaphalium uliginosum 0.120 0.285 0.309 2 Goodyera repens 0.370 0.340 0.503 3 Groenlandia densa 0.600 0.434 0.741 4 Gymnadenia conopsea 0.388 0.353 0.525 3 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 0.318 0.384 0.499 3 Gymnocarpium robertianum 0.394 0.328 0.513 3 Hammarbya paludosa 0.742 0.735 1.044 5 Hedera helix 0.049 0.059 0.076 1 Helianthemum apenninum 0.200 0.333 0.389 2 Helianthemum nummularium 0.201 0.167 0.261 1 Helianthemum oelandicum 0.000 0.059 0.059 1 Helictotrichon pratense 0.287 0.457 0.540 3 Helictotrichon pubescens 0.296 0.450 0.538 3 Helleborus foetidus 0.458 0.676 0.816 5 Helleborus viridis 0.474 0.494 0.685 4 Heracleum mantegazzianum 0.298 0.717 0.777 4 Heracleum sphondylium 0.028 0.062 0.068 1 Herminium monorchis 0.462 0.125 0.478 3 Herniaria glabra 0.357 0.735 0.817 5 Hesperis matronalis 0.295 0.598 0.667 4 Hierochloe odorata 0.000 0.400 0.400 2 Himantoglossum hircinum 0.859 0.500 0.994 5 Hippocrepis comosa 0.209 0.162 0.265 2 Hippophae rhamnoides 0.342 0.668 0.750 4 Hippuris vulgaris 0.358 0.451 0.576 3 Holcus lanatus 0.013 0.052 0.054 1 Holcus mollis 0.066 0.189 0.200 1 Honckenya peploides 0.249 0.229 0.338 2 Hordelymus europaeus 0.398 0.495 0.635 4 Hordeum marinum 0.591 0.433 0.733 4 Hordeum murinum 0.092 0.210 0.230 1 Hordeum secalinum 0.170 0.257 0.308 2 Hornungia petraea 0.172 0.385 0.421 2 Hottonia palustris 0.450 0.395 0.599 3 Humulus lupulus 0.132 0.237 0.271 2 Huperzia selago 0.277 0.303 0.410 2 Hyacinthoides non-scripta 0.062 0.094 0.112 1 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 0.479 0.341 0.588 3 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 0.184 0.209 0.278 2 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 0.360 0.276 0.454 3 Hymenophyllum wilsonii 0.372 0.264 0.456 3 Hyoscyamus niger 0.639 0.482 0.800 4 Hypericum androsaemum 0.173 0.428 0.462 3 Hypericum androsaemum x hircinum (H. x inodorum) 0.828 0.957 1.265 5 Hypericum calycinum 0.493 0.677 0.838 5 Hypericum elodes 0.332 0.326 0.465 3 Hypericum hircinum 0.652 0.864 1.083 5 Hypericum hirsutum 0.134 0.227 0.264 2 Hypericum humifusum 0.292 0.331 0.442 3 Hypericum linariifolium 0.429 0.500 0.659 4 Hypericum maculatum 0.372 0.745 0.833 5 Hypericum montanum 0.465 0.411 0.620 4

Page 12 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Hypericum pulchrum 0.103 0.146 0.179 1 Hypericum tetrapterum 0.124 0.166 0.207 1 Hypericum undulatum 0.255 0.268 0.370 2 Hypochaeris glabra 0.570 0.404 0.698 4 Hypochaeris maculata 0.273 0.200 0.338 2 Hypochaeris radicata 0.029 0.073 0.078 1 Iberis amara 0.688 0.455 0.825 5 Ilex aquifolium 0.061 0.119 0.134 1 Illecebrum verticillatum 0.538 0.294 0.614 4 Impatiens capensis 0.226 0.509 0.557 3 Impatiens glandulifera 0.139 0.546 0.563 3 Impatiens noli-tangere 0.653 0.519 0.834 5 Impatiens parviflora 0.381 0.492 0.622 4 Inula conyzae 0.233 0.321 0.397 2 Inula crithmoides 0.171 0.292 0.339 2 Inula helenium 0.701 0.648 0.954 5 Iris foetidissima 0.125 0.549 0.563 3 Iris pseudacorus 0.060 0.126 0.139 1 Iris versicolor 0.636 0.826 1.043 5 Isatis tinctoria 0.700 0.919 1.155 5 Isoetes echinospora 0.545 0.717 0.901 5 Isoetes lacustris 0.294 0.589 0.659 4 Isolepis cernua 0.465 0.580 0.743 4 Isolepis setacea 0.312 0.469 0.563 3 Jasione montana 0.316 0.194 0.370 2 Juncus acutiflorus 0.103 0.286 0.304 2 Juncus acutus 0.111 0.172 0.205 1 Juncus alpinoarticulatus 0.407 0.385 0.560 3 Juncus articulatus 0.034 0.116 0.120 1 Juncus balticus 0.333 0.259 0.422 2 Juncus biglumis 0.429 0.368 0.565 3 Juncus bufonius sens.lat. 0.050 0.139 0.148 1 Juncus bulbosus 0.108 0.238 0.261 1 Juncus castaneus 0.500 0.350 0.610 4 Juncus compressus 0.658 0.533 0.847 5 Juncus conglomeratus 0.079 0.196 0.211 1 Juncus effusus 0.009 0.056 0.057 1 Juncus filiformis 0.833 0.950 1.264 5 Juncus gerardii 0.157 0.260 0.304 2 Juncus inflexus 0.041 0.163 0.168 1 Juncus maritimus 0.281 0.317 0.423 2 Juncus subnodulosus 0.382 0.506 0.633 4 Juncus tenuis 0.293 0.545 0.619 4 Juncus trifidus 0.270 0.237 0.359 2 Juncus triglumis 0.312 0.281 0.420 2 Juniperus communis 0.277 0.305 0.412 2 Kickxia elatine 0.227 0.309 0.384 2 Kickxia spuria 0.281 0.376 0.469 3 Knautia arvensis 0.178 0.144 0.229 1 Kobresia simpliciuscula 0.200 0.692 0.721 4 Koeleria macrantha 0.282 0.339 0.441 3 Koenigia islandica 0.000 0.167 0.167 1 Laburnum anagyroides 0.335 0.861 0.924 5 Lactuca saligna 0.833 0.000 0.833 5 Lactuca serriola 0.057 0.688 0.690 4 Lactuca virosa 0.257 0.595 0.648 4 Lagurus ovatus 0.800 0.941 1.235 5

Page 13 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Lamiastrum galeobdolon 0.058 0.377 0.382 2 Lamium album 0.098 0.108 0.146 1 Lamium amplexicaule 0.334 0.399 0.521 3 Lamium confertum 0.585 0.575 0.821 5 Lamium hybridum 0.331 0.664 0.742 4 Lamium purpureum 0.127 0.101 0.162 1 Lapsana communis 0.053 0.079 0.095 1 Larix decidua 0.185 0.647 0.674 4 Lathraea squamaria 0.375 0.396 0.545 3 Lathyrus aphaca 0.732 0.554 0.918 5 Lathyrus japonicus 0.441 0.345 0.560 3 Lathyrus linifolius 0.188 0.156 0.245 1 Lathyrus nissolia 0.256 0.485 0.549 3 Lathyrus palustris 0.353 0.500 0.612 4 Lathyrus pratensis 0.035 0.068 0.076 1 Lathyrus sylvestris 0.493 0.498 0.701 4 Lathyrus tuberosus 0.812 0.714 1.081 5 Lavatera arborea 0.153 0.566 0.587 3 Lavatera cretica 0.667 0.727 0.987 5 Ledum palustre 0.400 0.538 0.671 4 Leersia oryzoides 0.364 0.000 0.364 2 Legousia hybrida 0.419 0.374 0.561 3 Lemna gibba 0.366 0.478 0.602 3 Lemna minor 0.069 0.233 0.243 1 Lemna trisulca 0.267 0.341 0.433 2 Leontodon autumnalis 0.026 0.092 0.096 1 Leontodon hispidus 0.125 0.142 0.189 1 Leontodon saxatilis 0.247 0.390 0.462 3 Leonurus cardiaca 0.943 0.737 1.197 5 Lepidium campestre 0.576 0.541 0.790 4 Lepidium draba 0.248 0.376 0.451 3 Lepidium heterophyllum 0.416 0.422 0.593 3 Lepidium latifolium 0.384 0.717 0.813 5 Lepidium ruderale 0.565 0.620 0.839 5 Leucanthemum vulgare 0.101 0.076 0.126 1 Leucojum aestivum 0.554 0.901 1.057 5 Leucojum vernum 0.500 0.886 1.018 5 Leymus arenarius 0.215 0.399 0.453 3 Ligusticum scoticum 0.349 0.372 0.510 3 Ligustrum vulgare 0.169 0.173 0.242 1 Lilium martagon 0.609 0.775 0.986 5 Limonium bellidifolium 0.167 0.167 0.236 1 Limonium binervosum agg. 0.216 0.360 0.420 2 Limonium humile 0.237 0.328 0.405 2 Limonium vulgare 0.238 0.238 0.337 2 Limosella aquatica 0.618 0.824 1.030 5 Linaria purpurea 0.126 0.770 0.780 4 Linaria repens 0.557 0.665 0.868 5 Linaria supina 0.636 0.692 0.940 5 Linaria vulgaris 0.151 0.139 0.205 1 Linnaea borealis 0.645 0.686 0.942 5 Linum bienne 0.441 0.529 0.689 4 Linum catharticum 0.112 0.140 0.180 1 Linum perenne 0.333 0.563 0.654 4 Liparis loeselii 0.417 0.125 0.435 2 Listera cordata 0.434 0.462 0.634 4 Listera ovata 0.261 0.280 0.383 2

Page 14 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Lithospermum arvense 0.615 0.313 0.690 4 Lithospermum officinale 0.357 0.325 0.483 3 Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum 0.600 0.520 0.794 4 Littorella uniflora 0.190 0.390 0.434 2 Lobelia dortmanna 0.171 0.288 0.335 2 Lobelia urens 0.500 0.375 0.625 4 Lobularia maritima 0.400 0.804 0.898 5 Loiseleuria procumbens 0.343 0.246 0.422 2 Lolium multiflorum 0.349 0.299 0.459 3 Lolium perenne 0.041 0.059 0.072 1 Lolium temulentum 0.966 0.765 1.232 5 Lonicera caprifolium 0.898 0.857 1.242 5 Lonicera periclymenum 0.052 0.091 0.105 1 Lonicera xylosteum 0.694 0.802 1.060 5 Lotus angustissimus 0.577 0.522 0.778 4 Lotus corniculatus 0.013 0.047 0.049 1 Lotus glaber 0.538 0.506 0.739 4 Lotus pedunculatus 0.073 0.141 0.159 1 Lotus subbiflorus 0.235 0.391 0.456 3 Ludwigia palustris 0.500 0.625 0.800 4 Lupinus arboreus 0.330 0.766 0.834 5 Lupinus nootkatensis 0.574 0.333 0.664 4 Luronium natans 0.444 0.561 0.716 4 Luzula arcuata 0.467 0.200 0.508 3 Luzula campestris 0.088 0.121 0.149 1 Luzula forsteri 0.232 0.406 0.468 3 Luzula luzuloides 0.925 0.939 1.318 5 Luzula multiflora 0.091 0.189 0.210 1 Luzula pilosa 0.178 0.228 0.289 2 Luzula spicata 0.331 0.185 0.380 2 Luzula sylvatica 0.106 0.202 0.228 1 Lychnis flos-cuculi 0.099 0.100 0.140 1 Lychnis viscaria 0.333 0.368 0.497 3 Lycium 0.312 0.442 0.541 3 Lycopodiella inundata 0.532 0.400 0.666 4 Lycopodium annotinum 0.532 0.494 0.726 4 Lycopodium clavatum 0.481 0.474 0.675 4 Lycopus europaeus 0.104 0.221 0.244 1 Lysimachia ciliata 0.864 0.769 1.157 5 Lysimachia nemorum 0.106 0.140 0.175 1 Lysimachia nummularia 0.206 0.318 0.379 2 Lysimachia punctata 0.345 0.921 0.983 5 Lysimachia terrestris 0.667 0.500 0.833 5 Lysimachia thyrsiflora 0.286 0.500 0.576 3 Lysimachia vulgaris 0.293 0.440 0.529 3 Lythrum hyssopifolium 0.931 0.846 1.258 5 Lythrum portula 0.371 0.520 0.638 4 Lythrum salicaria 0.141 0.242 0.280 2 Mahonia aquifolium 0.272 0.646 0.701 4 Maianthemum bifolium 0.286 0.545 0.616 4 Malus sylvestris sens.lat. 0.084 0.261 0.274 2 Malva moschata 0.195 0.302 0.360 2 Malva neglecta 0.261 0.333 0.423 2 Malva sylvestris 0.092 0.157 0.182 1 Marrubium vulgare 0.744 0.474 0.882 5 Matricaria discoidea 0.048 0.063 0.079 1 Matricaria recutita 0.154 0.424 0.451 3

Page 15 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Matthiola incana 0.415 0.671 0.789 4 Meconopsis cambrica 0.230 0.678 0.716 4 Medicago arabica 0.153 0.434 0.460 3 Medicago lupulina 0.087 0.127 0.154 1 Medicago minima 0.732 0.333 0.804 4 Medicago polymorpha 0.645 0.444 0.783 4 Medicago sativa 0.320 0.322 0.454 3 Melampyrum arvense 0.833 0.714 1.098 5 Melampyrum cristatum 0.571 0.200 0.605 4 Melampyrum pratense 0.278 0.234 0.363 2 Melampyrum sylvaticum 0.818 0.714 1.086 5 Melica nutans 0.481 0.522 0.710 4 Melica uniflora 0.127 0.244 0.275 2 Melilotus albus 0.451 0.505 0.677 4 Melilotus altissimus 0.241 0.491 0.547 3 Melilotus indicus 0.790 0.636 1.015 5 Melilotus officinalis 0.284 0.400 0.491 3 Melissa officinalis 0.378 0.735 0.826 5 Melittis melissophyllum 0.378 0.282 0.471 3 Mentha aquatica 0.061 0.115 0.130 1 Mentha arvensis 0.348 0.258 0.433 2 Mentha pulegium 0.775 0.705 1.048 5 Mentha spicata 0.409 0.697 0.808 5 Mentha suaveolens 0.744 0.748 1.055 5 Menyanthes trifoliata 0.224 0.319 0.390 2 Mercurialis annua 0.211 0.395 0.448 3 Mercurialis perennis 0.062 0.076 0.098 1 Mertensia maritima 0.530 0.443 0.691 4 Meum athamanticum 0.395 0.333 0.517 3 Mibora minima 0.500 0.500 0.707 4 Milium effusum 0.193 0.368 0.416 2 Mimulus 0.291 0.320 0.433 2 Minuartia hybrida 0.799 0.616 1.009 5 Minuartia rubella 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 Minuartia sedoides 0.404 0.150 0.430 2 Minuartia verna 0.250 0.176 0.306 2 Misopates orontium 0.563 0.463 0.728 4 Moehringia trinervia 0.112 0.158 0.193 1 Moenchia erecta 0.505 0.432 0.665 4 Molinia caerulea 0.108 0.156 0.190 1 Moneses uniflora 0.400 0.500 0.640 4 Monotropa hypopitys 0.656 0.500 0.825 5 Montia fontana 0.164 0.275 0.320 2 Muscari neglectum 0.605 0.872 1.061 5 Mycelis muralis 0.155 0.282 0.322 2 Myosotis alpestris 0.286 0.000 0.286 2 Myosotis arvensis 0.075 0.106 0.130 1 Myosotis discolor 0.274 0.374 0.464 3 Myosotis laxa 0.175 0.326 0.370 2 Myosotis ramosissima 0.304 0.432 0.528 3 Myosotis scorpioides 0.146 0.146 0.206 1 Myosotis secunda 0.254 0.435 0.503 3 Myosotis stolonifera 0.220 0.557 0.599 3 Myosotis sylvatica 0.218 0.624 0.661 4 Myosoton aquaticum 0.173 0.303 0.349 2 Myosurus minimus 0.607 0.530 0.806 4 Myrica gale 0.180 0.133 0.224 1

Page 16 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Myriophyllum alterniflorum 0.266 0.542 0.603 3 Myriophyllum spicatum 0.338 0.534 0.631 4 Myriophyllum verticillatum 0.592 0.459 0.749 4 Myrrhis odorata 0.216 0.287 0.359 2 Najas flexilis 0.400 0.667 0.777 4 Narcissus pseudonarcissus 0.326 0.571 0.658 4 Nardus stricta 0.128 0.135 0.186 1 Narthecium ossifragum 0.112 0.176 0.209 1 Neottia nidus-avis 0.573 0.491 0.755 4 Nepeta cataria 0.661 0.509 0.834 5 Nuphar lutea 0.204 0.301 0.363 2 Nuphar pumila 0.435 0.740 0.858 5 Nymphaea alba 0.228 0.500 0.549 3 Nymphoides peltata 0.330 0.847 0.909 5 Odontites vernus 0.158 0.190 0.247 1 Oenanthe aquatica 0.402 0.413 0.576 3 Oenanthe crocata 0.087 0.203 0.221 1 Oenanthe fistulosa 0.471 0.325 0.572 3 Oenanthe fluviatilis 0.461 0.567 0.731 4 Oenanthe lachenalii 0.360 0.375 0.520 3 Oenanthe pimpinelloides 0.146 0.403 0.429 2 Oenanthe silaifolia 0.423 0.595 0.730 4 Oenothera 0.218 0.515 0.559 3 Onobrychis viciifolia 0.462 0.393 0.607 4 Ononis reclinata 0.333 0.556 0.648 4 Ononis repens 0.201 0.238 0.311 2 Ononis spinosa 0.368 0.287 0.466 3 Onopordum acanthium 0.458 0.641 0.787 4 Ophioglossum vulgatum sens.lat. 0.377 0.571 0.684 4 Ophrys apifera 0.170 0.468 0.498 3 Ophrys insectifera 0.514 0.227 0.562 3 Ophrys sphegodes 0.579 0.556 0.802 4 Orchis mascula 0.276 0.270 0.386 2 Orchis morio 0.469 0.372 0.599 3 Orchis purpurea 0.375 0.063 0.380 2 Orchis ustulata 0.647 0.250 0.694 4 Oreopteris limbosperma 0.185 0.270 0.327 2 Origanum vulgare 0.250 0.347 0.427 2 Ornithogalum angustifolium 0.400 0.644 0.758 4 Ornithogalum nutans 0.773 0.783 1.100 5 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum 0.500 0.579 0.765 4 Ornithopus perpusillus 0.283 0.360 0.457 3 Orobanche alba 0.509 0.435 0.670 4 Orobanche caryophyllacea 0.200 0.200 0.283 2 Orobanche elatior 0.309 0.305 0.434 2 Orobanche hederae 0.336 0.470 0.578 3 Orobanche minor 0.272 0.344 0.439 2 Orobanche purpurea 0.364 0.650 0.745 4 Orobanche rapum-genistae 0.739 0.721 1.032 5 Orthilia secunda 0.544 0.509 0.745 4 Osmunda regalis 0.323 0.532 0.623 4 Oxalis acetosella 0.073 0.077 0.106 1 Oxalis corniculata 0.396 0.712 0.815 5 Oxalis stricta 0.720 0.746 1.036 5 Oxyria digyna 0.351 0.252 0.433 2 Oxytropis halleri 0.000 0.200 0.200 1 Papaver argemone 0.605 0.367 0.707 4

Page 17 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Papaver dubium 0.182 0.322 0.369 2 Papaver hybridum 0.494 0.484 0.692 4 Papaver rhoeas 0.111 0.159 0.194 1 Papaver somniferum 0.157 0.643 0.662 4 Parapholis incurva 0.328 0.423 0.536 3 Parapholis strigosa 0.298 0.431 0.524 3 Parentucellia viscosa 0.374 0.596 0.703 4 Parietaria judaica 0.135 0.277 0.308 2 Paris quadrifolia 0.386 0.336 0.512 3 Parnassia palustris 0.325 0.259 0.415 2 Pastinaca sativa 0.193 0.236 0.305 2 Pedicularis palustris 0.326 0.284 0.432 2 Pedicularis sylvatica 0.204 0.130 0.241 1 Pentaglottis sempervirens 0.157 0.531 0.553 3 Persicaria amphibia 0.128 0.267 0.296 2 Persicaria bistorta 0.375 0.400 0.548 3 Persicaria hydropiper 0.168 0.210 0.269 2 Persicaria lapathifolia 0.177 0.276 0.328 2 Persicaria maculosa 0.091 0.082 0.122 1 Persicaria minor 0.691 0.717 0.996 5 Persicaria mitis 0.679 0.534 0.864 5 Persicaria vivipara 0.287 0.238 0.373 2 Persicaria wallichii 0.529 0.686 0.866 5 Petasites albus 0.467 0.542 0.716 4 Petasites fragrans 0.184 0.448 0.484 3 Petasites hybridus 0.165 0.249 0.299 2 Petrorhagia prolifera sens.lat. 0.714 0.429 0.833 5 Petroselinum crispum 0.728 0.725 1.028 5 Petroselinum segetum 0.443 0.547 0.703 4 Peucedanum officinale 0.200 0.500 0.539 3 Peucedanum ostruthium 0.692 0.726 1.003 5 Peucedanum palustre 0.269 0.269 0.381 2 Phalaris arundinacea 0.064 0.151 0.164 1 Phalaris canariensis 0.563 0.590 0.815 5 Phegopteris connectilis 0.214 0.290 0.361 2 Phleum alpinum 0.429 0.294 0.520 3 Phleum arenarium 0.390 0.310 0.499 3 Phleum phleoides 0.167 0.091 0.190 1 Phleum pratense sens.lat. 0.083 0.119 0.145 1 Phragmites australis 0.110 0.254 0.277 2 Phyllitis scolopendrium 0.100 0.253 0.272 2 Physospermum cornubiense 0.100 0.182 0.208 1 Phyteuma orbiculare 0.220 0.200 0.297 2 Phyteuma spicatum 0.600 0.000 0.600 3 Picris echioides 0.079 0.375 0.383 2 Picris hieracioides 0.319 0.416 0.524 3 Pilosella officinarum 0.073 0.086 0.113 1 Pilularia globulifera 0.593 0.632 0.866 5 Pimpinella major 0.236 0.313 0.392 2 Pimpinella saxifraga 0.133 0.192 0.234 1 Pinguicula lusitanica 0.329 0.221 0.396 2 Pinguicula vulgaris 0.165 0.142 0.217 1 Pinus sylvestris 0.099 0.209 0.231 1 Plantago coronopus 0.127 0.282 0.309 2 Plantago lanceolata 0.009 0.042 0.043 1 Plantago major 0.028 0.052 0.059 1 Plantago maritima 0.115 0.188 0.221 1

Page 18 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Plantago media 0.207 0.169 0.267 2 Platanthera bifolia 0.632 0.432 0.766 4 Platanthera chlorantha 0.469 0.407 0.621 4 Poa alpina 0.408 0.341 0.532 3 Poa annua 0.022 0.060 0.064 1 Poa bulbosa 0.289 0.571 0.641 4 Poa chaixii 0.667 0.692 0.961 5 Poa compressa 0.495 0.604 0.781 4 Poa glauca 0.395 0.235 0.460 3 Poa infirma 0.091 0.804 0.809 5 Poa nemoralis 0.235 0.370 0.438 2 Poa palustris 0.868 0.710 1.121 5 Poa pratensis sens.lat. 0.045 0.097 0.107 1 Poa trivialis 0.055 0.154 0.164 1 Polemonium caeruleum 0.660 0.833 1.063 5 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 0.500 0.500 0.707 4 Polygala amarella 0.500 0.455 0.676 4 Polygala calcarea 0.179 0.137 0.225 1 Polygala serpyllifolia 0.179 0.209 0.275 2 Polygala vulgaris 0.325 0.268 0.421 2 Polygonatum multiflorum 0.484 0.606 0.776 4 Polygonatum odoratum 0.385 0.556 0.676 4 Polygonum aviculare agg. 0.068 0.074 0.100 1 Polygonum maritimum 0.600 0.714 0.933 5 Polygonum oxyspermum 0.564 0.621 0.839 5 Polypodium vulgare sens.lat. 0.084 0.148 0.170 1 Polypogon monspeliensis 0.638 0.769 0.999 5 Polypogon viridis 0.833 0.960 1.271 5 Polystichum aculeatum 0.293 0.475 0.558 3 Polystichum lonchitis 0.384 0.227 0.446 3 Polystichum setiferum 0.147 0.536 0.556 3 Populus alba x tremula (P. x canescens) 0.315 0.575 0.656 4 Populus deltoides x nigra (P. x canadensis) 0.269 0.665 0.718 4 Populus nigra sens.lat. 0.464 0.638 0.789 4 Populus tremula 0.170 0.360 0.398 2 Potamogeton acutifolius 0.583 0.615 0.848 5 Potamogeton alpinus 0.619 0.711 0.943 5 Potamogeton berchtoldii 0.493 0.750 0.898 5 Potamogeton coloratus 0.492 0.545 0.734 4 Potamogeton compressus 0.800 0.519 0.953 5 Potamogeton epihydrus 0.000 0.143 0.143 1 Potamogeton filiformis 0.365 0.600 0.702 4 Potamogeton friesii 0.652 0.495 0.818 5 Potamogeton gramineus 0.436 0.638 0.773 4 Potamogeton lucens 0.375 0.517 0.638 4 Potamogeton nodosus 0.333 0.200 0.389 2 Potamogeton obtusifolius 0.514 0.723 0.888 5 Potamogeton praelongus 0.588 0.588 0.831 5 Potamogeton pusillus 0.426 0.636 0.766 4 Potamogeton rutilus 0.286 0.444 0.528 3 Potamogeton trichoides 0.657 0.776 1.017 5 Potentilla anglica 0.387 0.500 0.632 4 Potentilla anserina 0.038 0.065 0.076 1 Potentilla argentea 0.471 0.362 0.594 3 Potentilla crantzii 0.246 0.235 0.341 2 Potentilla erecta 0.051 0.065 0.083 1 Potentilla fruticosa 0.167 0.904 0.919 5

Page 19 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Potentilla neumanniana 0.319 0.329 0.458 3 Potentilla norvegica 0.875 0.710 1.127 5 Potentilla palustris 0.196 0.273 0.336 2 Potentilla recta 0.725 0.853 1.120 5 Potentilla reptans 0.074 0.090 0.116 1 Potentilla sterilis 0.089 0.143 0.168 1 Primula elatior 0.257 0.316 0.407 2 Primula farinosa 0.239 0.115 0.266 2 Primula scotica 0.310 0.259 0.404 2 Primula veris 0.128 0.191 0.230 1 Primula vulgaris 0.057 0.111 0.124 1 Prunella laciniata 0.870 0.333 0.931 5 Prunella vulgaris 0.017 0.046 0.049 1 Prunus avium 0.117 0.373 0.391 2 Prunus cerasifera 0.317 0.856 0.913 5 Prunus cerasus 0.761 0.712 1.043 5 Prunus domestica 0.168 0.596 0.619 4 Prunus laurocerasus 0.174 0.882 0.899 5 Prunus padus 0.251 0.459 0.523 3 Prunus spinosa 0.049 0.163 0.171 1 Pseudofumaria lutea 0.259 0.464 0.531 3 Pseudorchis albida 0.663 0.564 0.870 5 Pteridium aquilinum 0.040 0.044 0.059 1 Puccinellia distans 0.272 0.801 0.846 5 Puccinellia fasciculata 0.395 0.281 0.485 3 Puccinellia maritima 0.241 0.298 0.383 2 Puccinellia rupestris 0.444 0.384 0.587 3 Pulicaria dysenterica 0.062 0.176 0.187 1 Pulicaria vulgaris 0.684 0.500 0.847 5 Pulmonaria longifolia 0.348 0.375 0.511 3 Pulmonaria officinalis 0.625 0.848 1.053 5 Pulsatilla vulgaris 0.474 0.310 0.566 3 Pyrola media 0.561 0.333 0.653 4 Pyrola minor 0.500 0.467 0.684 4 Pyrola rotundifolia 0.537 0.563 0.779 4 Pyrus communis sens.lat. 0.488 0.756 0.900 5 Quercus cerris 0.188 0.672 0.697 4 Quercus ilex 0.232 0.737 0.773 4 Quercus petraea 0.203 0.323 0.382 2 Quercus robur 0.075 0.092 0.119 1 Radiola linoides 0.536 0.432 0.689 4 Ranunculus acris 0.014 0.036 0.039 1 Ranunculus aquatilis sens.lat. 0.445 0.329 0.553 3 Ranunculus arvensis 0.806 0.325 0.869 5 Ranunculus auricomus 0.232 0.287 0.369 2 Ranunculus baudotii 0.416 0.485 0.639 4 Ranunculus bulbosus 0.132 0.163 0.210 1 Ranunculus circinatus 0.472 0.484 0.676 4 Ranunculus ficaria 0.066 0.124 0.141 1 Ranunculus flammula 0.071 0.084 0.110 1 Ranunculus flammula x reptans (R. x levenensis) 0.857 0.923 1.260 5 Ranunculus fluitans 0.449 0.825 0.939 5 Ranunculus hederaceus 0.344 0.454 0.570 3 Ranunculus lingua 0.420 0.742 0.853 5 Ranunculus omiophyllus 0.271 0.488 0.558 3 Ranunculus parviflorus 0.419 0.484 0.640 4 Ranunculus repens 0.018 0.047 0.050 1

Page 20 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Ranunculus sardous 0.435 0.561 0.710 4 Ranunculus sceleratus 0.110 0.227 0.253 1 Ranunculus trichophyllus 0.509 0.577 0.770 4 Ranunculus tripartitus 0.810 0.636 1.030 5 Raphanus raphanistrum 0.353 0.252 0.434 2 Rapistrum rugosum 0.613 0.691 0.924 5 Reseda lutea 0.205 0.396 0.445 3 Reseda luteola 0.101 0.334 0.349 2 Rhamnus cathartica 0.177 0.297 0.346 2 Rhinanthus angustifolius 0.583 0.545 0.799 4 Rhinanthus minor 0.130 0.152 0.200 1 Rhododendron ponticum 0.097 0.458 0.468 3 Rhynchospora alba 0.388 0.390 0.550 3 Rhynchospora fusca 0.385 0.429 0.576 3 Ribes alpinum 0.500 0.646 0.817 5 Ribes nigrum 0.305 0.630 0.700 4 Ribes rubrum 0.158 0.515 0.538 3 Ribes spicatum 0.754 0.761 1.071 5 Ribes uva-crispa 0.127 0.313 0.338 2 Rorippa amphibia 0.285 0.400 0.491 3 Rorippa austriaca 0.762 0.773 1.085 5 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg. 0.111 0.133 0.173 1 Rorippa palustris sens. lat.B1322 0.278 0.460 0.538 3 Rorippa sylvestris 0.359 0.575 0.677 4 Rosa arvensis 0.074 0.170 0.186 1 Rosa pimpinellifolia 0.318 0.416 0.524 3 Rubia peregrina 0.078 0.261 0.272 2 Rubus caesius 0.235 0.288 0.372 2 Rubus chamaemorus 0.262 0.241 0.356 2 Rubus fruticosus agg. 0.036 0.066 0.075 1 Rubus idaeus 0.094 0.155 0.182 1 Rubus saxatilis 0.378 0.423 0.567 3 Rumex acetosa 0.012 0.052 0.054 1 Rumex acetosella 0.059 0.067 0.090 1 Rumex conglomeratus 0.121 0.265 0.291 2 Rumex crispus 0.055 0.099 0.113 1 Rumex hydrolapathum 0.210 0.307 0.373 2 Rumex longifolius 0.346 0.616 0.706 4 Rumex maritimus 0.488 0.632 0.798 4 Rumex obtusifolius 0.037 0.091 0.099 1 Rumex palustris 0.478 0.604 0.770 4 Rumex patientia 0.538 0.455 0.705 4 Rumex pseudoalpinus 0.564 0.522 0.769 4 Rumex pulcher 0.364 0.508 0.625 4 Rumex rupestris 0.400 0.286 0.492 3 Rumex sanguineus 0.061 0.250 0.257 1 Ruppia cirrhosa 0.643 0.583 0.868 5 Ruppia maritima 0.538 0.532 0.756 4 Ruscus aculeatus 0.301 0.545 0.623 4 Sagina apetala 0.248 0.376 0.450 3 Sagina maritima 0.477 0.542 0.722 4 Sagina nodosa 0.488 0.377 0.617 4 Sagina procumbens 0.025 0.082 0.086 1 Sagina procumbens x saginoides (S. x normaniana) 0.429 0.579 0.720 4 Sagina saginoides 0.588 0.333 0.676 4 Sagina subulata 0.433 0.435 0.614 4 Sagittaria sagittifolia 0.267 0.278 0.385 2

Page 21 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Salicornia 0.351 0.254 0.433 2 Salicornia pusilla 0.520 0.500 0.721 4 Salix alba 0.192 0.304 0.360 2 Salix arbuscula 0.519 0.500 0.720 4 Salix aurita 0.194 0.289 0.348 2 Salix caprea 0.073 0.174 0.188 1 Salix cinerea 0.056 0.165 0.175 1 Salix fragilis 0.121 0.259 0.286 2 Salix herbacea 0.265 0.283 0.388 2 Salix lanata 0.000 0.091 0.091 1 Salix lapponum 0.419 0.218 0.472 3 Salix myrsinifolia 0.627 0.799 1.015 5 Salix myrsinites 0.500 0.342 0.606 4 Salix pentandra 0.457 0.559 0.723 4 Salix phylicifolia 0.475 0.523 0.706 4 Salix purpurea 0.460 0.543 0.712 4 Salix repens 0.308 0.344 0.462 3 Salix reticulata 0.278 0.188 0.335 2 Salix triandra 0.477 0.550 0.728 4 Salix viminalis 0.192 0.356 0.405 2 Salsola kali 0.419 0.362 0.553 3 Salvia pratensis 0.649 0.500 0.819 5 Salvia verbenaca 0.399 0.374 0.546 3 Salvia verticillata 0.983 0.941 1.361 5 Sambucus ebulus 0.522 0.559 0.765 4 Sambucus nigra 0.061 0.065 0.090 1 Sambucus racemosa 0.333 0.594 0.681 4 Samolus valerandi 0.333 0.351 0.483 3 Sanguisorba minor 0.175 0.268 0.320 2 Sanguisorba officinalis 0.180 0.258 0.314 2 Sanicula europaea 0.169 0.133 0.215 1 Saponaria officinalis 0.327 0.479 0.580 3 Sarcocornia perennis 0.200 0.172 0.264 2 Saussurea alpina 0.369 0.312 0.483 3 Saxifraga aizoides 0.194 0.135 0.237 1 Saxifraga cespitosa 0.444 0.375 0.582 3 Saxifraga granulata 0.310 0.367 0.481 3 Saxifraga hirculus 0.400 0.143 0.425 2 Saxifraga hirsuta 0.600 0.925 1.102 5 Saxifraga hypnoides 0.345 0.313 0.465 3 Saxifraga nivalis 0.417 0.263 0.493 3 Saxifraga oppositifolia 0.280 0.248 0.373 2 Saxifraga rivularis 0.091 0.286 0.300 2 Saxifraga stellaris 0.227 0.180 0.290 2 Saxifraga tridactylites 0.285 0.374 0.470 3 Scabiosa columbaria 0.275 0.227 0.356 2 Scandix pecten-veneris 0.772 0.236 0.807 4 Schoenoplectus lacustris 0.239 0.441 0.501 3 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 0.352 0.573 0.672 4 Schoenus nigricans 0.289 0.281 0.403 2 Scilla autumnalis 0.273 0.111 0.294 2 Scilla verna 0.152 0.307 0.343 2 Scirpoides holoschoenus 0.200 0.429 0.473 3 Scirpus sylvaticus 0.381 0.482 0.614 4 Scleranthus annuus 0.716 0.390 0.815 5 Scleranthus perennis 0.167 0.000 0.167 1 Scrophularia auriculata 0.084 0.172 0.191 1

Page 22 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Scrophularia nodosa 0.078 0.118 0.141 1 Scrophularia scorodonia 0.143 0.547 0.566 3 Scrophularia umbrosa 0.338 0.598 0.687 4 Scrophularia vernalis 0.389 0.593 0.709 4 Scutellaria galericulata 0.234 0.279 0.364 2 Scutellaria minor 0.282 0.400 0.489 3 Securigera varia 0.660 0.847 1.074 5 Sedum acre 0.174 0.234 0.292 2 Sedum album 0.264 0.681 0.730 4 Sedum anglicum 0.174 0.257 0.311 2 Sedum dasyphyllum 0.519 0.638 0.823 5 Sedum forsterianum 0.555 0.807 0.979 5 Sedum rosea 0.248 0.258 0.358 2 Sedum rupestre 0.316 0.722 0.788 4 Sedum spurium 0.549 0.907 1.060 5 Sedum telephium 0.342 0.385 0.515 3 Sedum villosum 0.400 0.234 0.463 3 Selaginella selaginoides 0.220 0.239 0.324 2 Senecio aquaticus 0.209 0.188 0.281 2 Senecio cineraria 0.269 0.916 0.954 5 Senecio erucifolius 0.125 0.250 0.279 2 Senecio fluviatilis 0.547 0.600 0.812 5 Senecio jacobaea 0.024 0.055 0.061 1 Senecio squalidus 0.140 0.399 0.423 2 Senecio sylvaticus 0.233 0.349 0.420 2 Senecio viscosus 0.224 0.424 0.480 3 Senecio vulgaris 0.080 0.066 0.104 1 Seriphidium maritimum 0.274 0.237 0.363 2 Serratula tinctoria 0.278 0.348 0.445 3 Sesleria caerulea 0.098 0.141 0.172 1 Setaria viridis 0.702 0.821 1.080 5 Sherardia arvensis 0.310 0.261 0.405 2 Sibbaldia procumbens 0.400 0.222 0.458 3 Sibthorpia europaea 0.247 0.274 0.369 2 Silaum silaus 0.226 0.254 0.340 2 Silene acaulis 0.268 0.221 0.347 2 Silene conica 0.617 0.308 0.689 4 Silene dioica 0.064 0.091 0.111 1 Silene gallica 0.837 0.530 0.991 5 Silene latifolia 0.158 0.134 0.207 1 Silene noctiflora 0.634 0.326 0.713 4 Silene nutans 0.395 0.278 0.483 3 Silene otites 0.615 0.444 0.759 4 Silene uniflora 0.217 0.254 0.334 2 Silene vulgaris 0.262 0.162 0.308 2 Silybum marianum 0.631 0.672 0.922 5 Sinapis alba 0.570 0.512 0.767 4 Sinapis arvensis 0.202 0.100 0.225 1 Sison amomum 0.165 0.251 0.300 2 Sisymbrium altissimum 0.557 0.480 0.736 4 Sisymbrium irio 0.824 0.850 1.184 5 Sisymbrium officinale 0.081 0.148 0.169 1 Sisymbrium orientale 0.485 0.529 0.718 4 Sisyrinchium bermudiana 0.936 0.813 1.240 5 Sium latifolium 0.672 0.302 0.736 4 Smyrnium olusatrum 0.132 0.415 0.436 2 Solanum dulcamara 0.047 0.136 0.144 1

Page 23 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Solanum nigrum 0.118 0.332 0.353 2 Soleirolia soleirolii 0.210 0.731 0.760 4 Solidago virgaurea 0.203 0.178 0.270 2 Sonchus arvensis 0.087 0.154 0.177 1 Sonchus asper 0.048 0.154 0.162 1 Sonchus oleraceus 0.092 0.126 0.156 1 Sonchus palustris 0.333 0.455 0.564 3 Sorbus aria agg. 0.322 0.543 0.631 4 Sorbus aucuparia 0.037 0.150 0.154 1 Sorbus torminalis 0.238 0.405 0.470 3 Sparganium angustifolium 0.153 0.624 0.642 4 Sparganium emersum 0.357 0.547 0.653 4 Sparganium erectum 0.086 0.242 0.257 1 Sparganium natans 0.567 0.607 0.831 5 Spartina alterniflora 0.714 0.600 0.933 5 Spartina anglica sens. lat. 0.129 0.283 0.311 2 Spartina maritima 0.436 0.241 0.498 3 Spergula arvensis 0.272 0.119 0.297 2 Spergularia bocconei 0.714 0.600 0.933 5 Spergularia marina 0.201 0.633 0.664 4 Spergularia media 0.280 0.337 0.438 2 Spergularia rubra 0.407 0.507 0.651 4 Spergularia rupicola 0.115 0.330 0.350 2 Spiraea 0.460 0.787 0.912 5 Spiranthes romanzoffiana 0.222 0.563 0.605 3 Spiranthes spiralis 0.437 0.311 0.536 3 Spirodela polyrhiza 0.441 0.489 0.658 4 Stachys arvensis 0.460 0.359 0.583 3 Stachys germanica 0.800 0.667 1.041 5 Stachys officinalis 0.132 0.141 0.193 1 Stachys palustris 0.141 0.225 0.266 2 Stachys sylvatica 0.042 0.065 0.077 1 Stellaria graminea 0.059 0.122 0.135 1 Stellaria holostea 0.072 0.092 0.117 1 Stellaria media agg. 0.036 0.063 0.072 1 Stellaria neglecta 0.366 0.539 0.652 4 Stellaria nemorum 0.244 0.408 0.475 3 Stellaria pallida 0.417 0.690 0.806 4 Stellaria palustris 0.607 0.500 0.786 4 Stellaria uliginosa 0.101 0.154 0.185 1 Stratiotes aloides 0.565 0.847 1.018 5 Suaeda maritima 0.251 0.243 0.350 2 Suaeda vera 0.282 0.282 0.399 2 Subularia aquatica 0.462 0.667 0.811 5 Succisa pratensis 0.087 0.102 0.134 1 Symphoricarpos albus 0.107 0.435 0.448 3 Symphytum officinale sens. lat. 0.096 0.238 0.256 1 Symphytum orientale 0.405 0.776 0.875 5 Symphytum tuberosum 0.361 0.481 0.601 3 Syringa vulgaris 0.271 0.882 0.923 5 Tamarix gallica 0.147 0.555 0.574 3 Tamus communis 0.044 0.096 0.105 1 Tanacetum parthenium 0.157 0.279 0.320 2 Tanacetum vulgare 0.219 0.285 0.359 2 Taraxacum 0.022 0.052 0.057 1 Taxus baccata 0.120 0.351 0.371 2 Teesdalia nudicaulis 0.478 0.371 0.605 3

Page 24 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Tephroseris integrifolia 0.347 0.093 0.359 2 Tetragonolobus maritimus 0.556 0.467 0.726 4 Teucrium botrys 0.400 0.000 0.400 2 Teucrium chamaedrys 0.667 0.556 0.868 5 Teucrium scordium 0.667 0.000 0.667 4 Teucrium scorodonia 0.089 0.098 0.132 1 Thalictrum alpinum 0.252 0.269 0.368 2 Thalictrum flavum 0.368 0.353 0.510 3 Thalictrum minus 0.311 0.525 0.610 4 Thelypteris palustris 0.437 0.395 0.589 3 Thesium humifusum 0.247 0.255 0.355 2 Thlaspi arvense 0.225 0.363 0.427 2 Thlaspi caerulescens 0.186 0.255 0.316 2 Thlaspi perfoliatum 0.650 0.222 0.687 4 Thymus polytrichus 0.128 0.142 0.191 1 Thymus pulegioides 0.389 0.394 0.554 3 Thymus serpyllum 0.167 0.000 0.167 1 Tilia cordata 0.273 0.658 0.712 4 Tilia cordata x platyphyllos (T. x europaea) 0.178 0.313 0.360 2 Tilia platyphyllos 0.535 0.863 1.015 5 Tofieldia pusilla 0.312 0.286 0.423 2 Torilis arvensis 0.837 0.558 1.006 5 Torilis japonica 0.086 0.118 0.146 1 Torilis nodosa 0.470 0.485 0.676 4 Tragopogon porrifolius 0.589 0.784 0.980 5 Tragopogon pratensis 0.086 0.152 0.175 1 Trichomanes speciosum 0.000 0.963 0.963 5 Trichophorum cespitosum 0.141 0.205 0.249 1 Trientalis europaea 0.222 0.268 0.348 2 Trifolium arvense 0.336 0.438 0.552 3 Trifolium campestre 0.169 0.205 0.266 2 Trifolium dubium 0.072 0.121 0.141 1 Trifolium fragiferum 0.369 0.295 0.472 3 Trifolium glomeratum 0.595 0.614 0.855 5 Trifolium hybridum 0.343 0.369 0.503 3 Trifolium incarnatum 0.921 0.836 1.244 5 Trifolium medium 0.255 0.278 0.377 2 Trifolium micranthum 0.310 0.529 0.613 4 Trifolium ochroleucon 0.349 0.123 0.370 2 Trifolium ornithopodioides 0.304 0.500 0.585 3 Trifolium pratense 0.036 0.056 0.067 1 Trifolium repens 0.011 0.046 0.047 1 Trifolium scabrum 0.402 0.397 0.564 3 Trifolium squamosum 0.456 0.413 0.615 4 Trifolium stellatum 0.833 0.667 1.067 5 Trifolium striatum 0.399 0.473 0.619 4 Trifolium subterraneum 0.367 0.430 0.566 3 Trifolium suffocatum 0.404 0.500 0.643 4 Triglochin maritimum 0.185 0.208 0.278 2 Triglochin palustre 0.258 0.322 0.412 2 Trinia glauca 0.000 0.167 0.167 1 Tripleurospermum maritimum sens.lat. 0.097 0.180 0.205 1 Trisetum flavescens 0.107 0.201 0.227 1 Trollius europaeus 0.341 0.289 0.447 3 Tulipa sylvestris 0.780 0.714 1.058 5 Tussilago farfara 0.057 0.065 0.087 1 Typha angustifolia 0.352 0.517 0.626 4

Page 25 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Typha latifolia 0.063 0.320 0.326 2 Ulex europaeus 0.051 0.077 0.092 1 Ulex gallii 0.108 0.294 0.313 2 Ulex minor 0.270 0.418 0.497 3 Ulmus glabra 0.091 0.137 0.164 1 Ulmus minor sensu Stace 0.361 0.590 0.692 4 Ulmus procera 0.226 0.255 0.341 2 Umbilicus rupestris 0.096 0.209 0.230 1 Urtica dioica 0.021 0.046 0.050 1 Urtica urens 0.271 0.268 0.381 2 Utricularia intermedia sens.lat. 0.380 0.551 0.669 4 Utricularia minor 0.452 0.569 0.726 4 Utricularia vulgaris sens.lat. 0.507 0.652 0.826 5 Vaccinium microcarpum 0.559 0.769 0.951 5 Vaccinium myrtillus 0.078 0.094 0.122 1 Vaccinium oxycoccos 0.259 0.435 0.506 3 Vaccinium uliginosum 0.320 0.301 0.439 2 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.208 0.293 0.359 2 Valeriana dioica 0.333 0.311 0.456 3 Valeriana officinalis 0.094 0.108 0.143 1 Valeriana pyrenaica 0.496 0.472 0.685 4 Valerianella carinata 0.338 0.776 0.847 5 Valerianella dentata 0.652 0.365 0.748 4 Valerianella eriocarpa 0.857 0.750 1.139 5 Valerianella locusta 0.360 0.441 0.569 3 Valerianella rimosa 0.971 0.889 1.317 5 Vallisneria spiralis 1.000 1.000 1.414 5 Verbascum blattaria 0.780 0.766 1.093 5 Verbascum lychnitis 0.591 0.578 0.827 5 Verbascum nigrum 0.415 0.481 0.635 4 Verbascum phlomoides 0.663 0.810 1.046 5 Verbascum pulverulentum 0.269 0.672 0.724 4 Verbascum thapsus 0.127 0.273 0.301 2 Verbascum virgatum 0.667 0.753 1.006 5 Verbena officinalis 0.311 0.326 0.450 3 Veronica agrestis 0.489 0.520 0.714 4 Veronica alpina 0.250 0.100 0.269 2 Veronica anagallis-aquatica 0.301 0.419 0.516 3 Veronica arvensis 0.087 0.178 0.198 1 Veronica beccabunga 0.060 0.105 0.121 1 Veronica catenata 0.263 0.450 0.521 3 Veronica chamaedrys 0.031 0.046 0.055 1 Veronica filiformis 0.120 0.573 0.585 3 Veronica fruticans 0.462 0.533 0.705 4 Veronica hederifolia 0.097 0.285 0.301 2 Veronica montana 0.092 0.282 0.297 2 Veronica officinalis 0.117 0.114 0.163 1 Veronica peregrina 0.816 0.847 1.177 5 Veronica persica 0.112 0.157 0.193 1 Veronica polita 0.422 0.524 0.673 4 Veronica scutellata 0.349 0.434 0.557 3 Veronica serpyllifolia 0.051 0.143 0.152 1 Veronica spicata 0.217 0.333 0.398 2 Veronica triphyllos 0.667 0.000 0.667 4 Veronica verna 0.667 0.000 0.667 4 Viburnum lantana 0.168 0.380 0.416 2 Viburnum opulus 0.113 0.199 0.229 1

Page 26 Annex 5. Extinction proportion (Apparent extinctions/No. of 1930-69 squares), Colonisation proportion (Apparent colonisations/No. of 1987-99 squares), Dynamism index and Dynamism score (see section 3.4 of text). NAME Extinction Colonisation Dynamism Dynamism proportion proportion Index Score Vicia bithynica 0.704 0.628 0.943 5 Vicia cracca 0.051 0.074 0.090 1 Vicia hirsuta 0.126 0.238 0.270 2 Vicia lathyroides 0.466 0.473 0.664 4 Vicia lutea 0.724 0.604 0.942 5 Vicia orobus 0.559 0.536 0.774 4 Vicia parviflora 0.768 0.635 0.996 5 Vicia sativa 0.101 0.210 0.233 1 Vicia sepium 0.073 0.097 0.121 1 Vicia sylvatica 0.509 0.451 0.680 4 Vicia tetrasperma 0.184 0.394 0.435 2 Vinca major 0.141 0.524 0.543 3 Vinca minor 0.286 0.473 0.553 3 Viola arvensis 0.160 0.219 0.271 2 Viola canina 0.610 0.556 0.826 5 Viola hirta 0.235 0.254 0.346 2 Viola lactea 0.524 0.294 0.601 3 Viola lutea 0.337 0.269 0.431 2 Viola odorata 0.145 0.230 0.272 2 Viola palustris 0.112 0.175 0.208 1 Viola persicifolia 0.778 0.500 0.925 5 Viola reichenbachiana 0.185 0.349 0.395 2 Viola riviniana 0.020 0.083 0.085 1 Viola tricolor 0.510 0.384 0.638 4 Viscum album 0.211 0.529 0.569 3 Vulpia bromoides 0.292 0.418 0.510 3 Vulpia ciliata 0.383 0.655 0.759 4 Vulpia fasciculata 0.290 0.482 0.563 3 Vulpia myuros 0.303 0.648 0.715 4 Vulpia unilateralis 0.667 0.500 0.833 5 Wahlenbergia hederacea 0.316 0.327 0.455 3 Wolffia arrhiza 0.423 0.444 0.614 4 Woodsia alpina 0.308 0.400 0.505 3 Woodsia ilvensis 0.429 0.333 0.543 3 Zannichellia palustris 0.380 0.505 0.632 4 Zostera angustifolia 0.551 0.404 0.683 4 Zostera marina 0.630 0.514 0.814 5 Zostera noltei 0.636 0.569 0.854 5

Page 27 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Acer campestre ns Arum maculatum sig Acer pseudoplatanus ns Asperula cynanchica Too_few Achillea millefolium sig Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Too_few Achillea ptarmica sig Asplenium trichomanes Too_few Adoxa moschatellina Too_few Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum Too_few Aegopodium podagraria sig Athyrium filix-femina ns Aesculus hippocastanum ns Avena fatua ns Aethusa cynapium ns Avena sativa sig Agrimonia eupatoria ns Ballota nigra sig Agrostis canina sens.lat. sig Barbarea vulgaris ns Agrostis capillaris sig Bellis perennis sig Agrostis curtisii Too_few Berula erecta Too_few Agrostis gigantea sig Beta spp. ns Agrostis stolonifera sig Betula pendula Too_few Agrostis vinealis Too_few Betula pubescens Too_few Aira caryophyllea ns Bidens cernua Too_few Aira praecox ns Bidens tripartita Too_few Ajuga reptans sig Blackstonia perfoliata Too_few Alchemilla alpina ns Blechnum spicant ns Alchemilla glabra Too_few Brachypodium pinnatum sig Alchemilla vulgaris agg. sig Brachypodium sylvaticum ns Alisma plantago-aquatica Too_few Brassica nigra Too_few Alliaria petiolata sig Brassica oleracea (cultivated) ns Allium cepa ns Brassica rapa sig Allium ursinum ns Briza media ns Alnus glutinosa sig Bromopsis erecta Too_few Alopecurus geniculatus ns Bromopsis ramosa ns Alopecurus myosuroides ns Bromus commutatus Too_few Alopecurus pratensis sig Bromus hordeaceus sig Ammophila arenaria ns Bromus racemosus ns Anagallis arvensis sig Bryonia dioica ns Anagallis tenella ns Butomus umbellatus Too_few Anchusa arvensis Too_few Calamagrostis epigejos Too_few Anemone nemorosa sig Calluna vulgaris sig Angelica sylvestris sig Caltha palustris ns Anisantha sterilis sig Calystegia sepium sig Antennaria dioica ns Calystegia soldanella Too_few Anthemis cotula Too_few Campanula glomerata Too_few Anthoxanthum odoratum ns Campanula latifolia Too_few Anthriscus caucalis Too_few Campanula rotundifolia ns Anthriscus sylvestris sig Capsella bursa-pastoris sig Anthyllis vulneraria Too_few Cardamine amara ns Apium graveolens Too_few Cardamine hirsuta Too_few Apium nodiflorum ns Cardamine hirsuta/flexuosa sig Aquilegia vulgaris Too_few Cardamine pratensis ns Arabidopsis thaliana Too_few Cardamine sp. Too_few Arabis hirsuta Too_few Carduus crispus Too_few Arctostaphylos alpinus Too_few Carduus nutans ns Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ns Carex acutiformis Too_few Arenaria serpyllifolia sig Carex aquatilis Too_few Armeria maritima ns Carex arenaria Too_few Arrhenatherum elatius ns Carex bigelowii sig Artemisia vulgaris ns Carex binervis sig

Page 1 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Carex caryophyllea sig Cirsium palustre sig Carex curta ns Cirsium vulgare sig Carex dioica ns Claytonia perfoliata Too_few Carex distans Too_few Claytonia sibirica Too_few Carex disticha Too_few Clematis vitalba ns Carex divulsa Too_few Clinopodium acinos Too_few Carex echinata sig Clinopodium vulgare Too_few Carex flacca sig Cochlearia officinalis sens.lat. Too_few Carex hirta sig Coeloglossum viride Too_few Carex hostiana Too_few Conium maculatum sig Carex laevigata Too_few Conopodium majus sig Carex limosa Too_few Convolvulus arvensis sig Carex nigra ns Conyza canadensis Too_few Carex otrubae Too_few Cornus sanguinea ns Carex ovalis sig Cornus suecica Too_few Carex pallescens sig Coronopus squamatus sig Carex panicea sig Corylus avellana ns Carex paniculata Too_few Cotoneaster horizontalis sens.str. Too_few Carex pauciflora Too_few Cotoneaster integrifolius Too_few Carex pendula Too_few Crataegus laevigata Too_few Carex pilulifera sig Crataegus monogyna ns Carex pulicaris/serotina ns Crepis capillaris ns Carex remota ns Crepis paludosa sig Carex riparia Too_few Cruciata laevipes ns Carex rostrata ns Cuscuta epithymum ns Carex sylvatica ns Cymbalaria muralis Too_few Carex viridula subsp.brachyrrhyncha ns Cynoglossum officinale Too_few Carex viridula subsp.oedocarpa ns Cynosurus cristatus sig Carlina vulgaris Too_few Cytisus scoparius sig Carpinus betulus Too_few Dactylis glomerata sig Carum verticillatum Too_few Dactylorhiza fuchsii Too_few Castanea sativa Too_few Dactylorhiza maculata sig Catapodium rigidum Too_few Danthonia decumbens sig Centaurea calcitrapa Too_few Daucus carota ns Centaurea nigra sig Deschampsia cespitosa ns Centaurea scabiosa Too_few Deschampsia flexuosa sig Centaurium erythraea Too_few Digitalis purpurea ns Cerastium arvense sig Diphasiastrum alpinum Too_few Cerastium fontanum sig Diphasiastrum complanatum Too_few Cerastium glomeratum ns Diplotaxis muralis Too_few Ceratocapnos claviculata Too_few Dipsacus fullonum Too_few Chaerophyllum temulum sig Doronicum pardalianches Too_few Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ns Drosera intermedia ns Chamerion angustifolium ns Drosera longifolia Too_few Chelidonium majus Too_few Drosera rotundifolia sig Chenopodium album agg. Too_few Dryopteris aemula Too_few Chenopodium album/polyspermum sig Dryopteris affinis ns Chrysanthemum segetum Too_few Dryopteris carthusiana Too_few Chrysosplenium oppositifolium ns Dryopteris dilatata sig Circaea lutetiana ns Dryopteris filix-mas sig Cirsium acaule Too_few Echium vulgare Too_few Cirsium arvense sig Eleocharis multicaulis Too_few Cirsium heterophyllum Too_few Eleocharis palustris ns

Page 2 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Eleocharis quinqueflora Too_few Galium boreale Too_few Eleocharis uniglumis Too_few Galium mollugo ns Elymus caninus ns Galium odoratum Too_few Elytrigia atherica Too_few Galium palustre ns Elytrigia juncea Too_few Galium pumilum Too_few Elytrigia repens sig Galium saxatile sig Empetrum nigrum ns Galium tricornutum Too_few Epilobium anagallidifolium Too_few Galium uliginosum ns Epilobium brunnescens sig Galium verum ns Epilobium ciliatum Too_few Genista anglica ns Epilobium hirsutum ns Gentianella amarella Too_few Epilobium lanceolatum Too_few Gentianella campestris Too_few Epilobium palustre ns Geranium dissectum sig Epilobium parviflorum Too_few Geranium molle ns Equisetum arvense ns Geranium pratense ns Equisetum fluviatile ns Geranium pusillum Too_few Equisetum palustre sig Geranium robertianum ns Equisetum sylvaticum Too_few Geranium sylvaticum sig Erica cinerea sig Geum rivale sig Erica tetralix sig Geum urbanum sig Eriophorum angustifolium ns Glaux maritima Too_few Eriophorum vaginatum ns Glechoma hederacea ns Erodium cicutarium agg. Too_few Glyceria declinata ns Erophila verna sens.lat. Too_few Glyceria fluitans ns Erysimum cheiranthoides Too_few Glyceria maxima ns Euonymus europaeus Too_few Glyceria notata Too_few Eupatorium cannabinum ns Gnaphalium sylvaticum Too_few Euphorbia exigua Too_few Gnaphalium uliginosum ns Euphorbia helioscopia Too_few Gymnadenia conopsea ns Euphrasia officinalis agg. ns Gymnocarpium dryopteris Too_few Fagus sylvatica ns Hedera helix sig Fallopia convolvulus sig Helianthemum nummularium Too_few Fallopia japonica Too_few Helictotrichon pratense ns Festuca arundinacea ns Helictotrichon pubescens sig Festuca gigantea ns Heracleum sphondylium sig Festuca ovina agg. sig Hippocrepis comosa Too_few Festuca pratensis ns Hippuris vulgaris Too_few Festulolium loliaceum) Too_few Holcus lanatus sig Festuca rubra agg. sig Holcus mollis sig Festuca vivipara ns Hordelymus europaeus Too_few Filago lutescens Too_few Hordeum distichon sig Filago vulgaris Too_few Hordeum marinum Too_few Filipendula ulmaria sig Hordeum murinum sig Filipendula vulgaris ns Hordeum secalinum ns Foeniculum vulgare Too_few Humulus lupulus Too_few Fragaria vesca ns Huperzia selago ns Frangula alnus Too_few Hyacinthoides non-scripta sig Fraxinus excelsior sig Hydrocotyle vulgaris ns Fumaria capreolata Too_few Hypericum androsaemum Too_few Fumaria officinalis sig Hypericum hirsutum Too_few Galeopsis speciosa Too_few Hypericum humifusum ns Galeopsis tetrahit agg. ns Hypericum maculatum Too_few Galium aparine sig Hypericum perforatum ns

Page 3 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Hypericum pulchrum sig Luzula multiflora Too_few Hypericum tetrapterum ns Luzula pilosa ns Ilex aquifolium ns Luzula sylvatica ns Impatiens glandulifera Too_few Lychnis flos-cuculi ns Iris pseudacorus ns Lycopodium annotinum Too_few Isolepis setacea Too_few Lycopodium clavatum Too_few Jasione montana Too_few Lycopus europaeus Too_few Juglans regia ns Lysimachia nemorum sig Juncus articulatus/acutiflora ns Lysimachia nummularia sig Juncus bufonius sens.lat. sig Lythrum salicaria ns Juncus bufonius/bulbosus Too_few Malus sylvestris ns Juncus bulbosus ns Malva moschata Too_few Juncus compressus Too_few Malva neglecta Too_few Juncus conglomeratus sig Malva pusilla Too_few Juncus effusus sig Malva sylvestris sig Juncus gerardii Too_few Matricaria discoidea sig Juncus inflexus ns Matricaria recutita Too_few Juncus squarrosus ns Meconopsis cambrica Too_few Juncus tenuis Too_few Medicago arabica Too_few Juniperus communis ns Medicago lupulina ns Kickxia spuria Too_few Medicago polymorpha Too_few Knautia arvensis ns Medicago sativa Too_few Koeleria macrantha sig Melampyrum pratense ns Laburnum anagyroides ns Melica uniflora ns Lactuca serriola ns Melittis melissophyllum Too_few Lamiastrum galeobdolon ns Mentha arvensis Too_few Lamium album ns Menyanthes trifoliata ns Lamium purpureum sig Mercurialis perennis ns Lapsana communis ns Milium effusum Too_few Lathyrus linifolius sig Mimulus guttatus Too_few Lathyrus nissolia Too_few Mimulus luteus Too_few Lathyrus pratensis sig Moehringia trinervia sig Lemna minor ns Molinia caerulea sig Lemna trisulca Too_few Montia fontana sig Leontodon autumnalis ns Mycelis muralis Too_few Lepidium draba Too_few Myosotis discolor Too_few Lepidium ruderale Too_few Myosotis laxa Too_few Leucanthemum vulgare sig Myosotis ramosissima Too_few Ligustrum ovalifolium ns Myosotis scorpioides ns Ligustrum vulgare ns Myosoton aquaticum Too_few Limonium vulgare Too_few Myrica gale sig Linaria vulgaris Too_few Myrrhis odorata Too_few Linum catharticum ns Nardus stricta sig Listera cordata ns Narthecium ossifragum sig Listera ovata Too_few Nuphar lutea Too_few Lolium multiflorum ns Nymphaea alba Too_few Lolium perenne sig Odontites vernus sig Lonicera periclymenum ns Oenanthe crocata ns Lotus corniculatus sig Oenanthe fistulosa Too_few Lotus glaber Too_few Oenanthe pimpinelloides Too_few Lotus pedunculatus ns Ononis repens Too_few Luzula campestris Too_few Onopordum acanthium Too_few Luzula campestris/multiflora ns Ophioglossum azoricum Too_few

Page 4 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Ophioglossum vulgatum Too_few Polygonatum multiflorum Too_few Orchis mascula Too_few Polygonum arenastrum Too_few Oreopteris limbosperma ns Polygonum aviculare agg. sig Origanum vulgare Too_few Polygonum nodosum sig Ornithopus perpusillus Too_few Polypodium vulgare sens.lat. ns Orobanche minor Too_few Polystichum aculeatum Too_few Osmunda regalis Too_few Populus nigra ns Oxalis acetosella ns Populus tremula Too_few Oxyria digyna Too_few Potamogeton natans sig Papaver dubium Too_few Potamogeton perfoliatus Too_few Papaver rhoeas sig Potamogeton polygonifolius sig Papaver somniferum Too_few Potentilla anglica Too_few Parnassia palustris Too_few Potentilla anserina sig Pastinaca sativa Too_few Potentilla erecta sig Pedicularis palustris sig Potentilla palustris Too_few Pedicularis sylvatica sig Potentilla reptans ns Persicaria amphibia ns Potentilla sterilis ns Persicaria bistorta Too_few Primula elatior Too_few Persicaria hydropiper ns Primula veris sig Persicaria maculosa sig Primula vulgaris sig Petasites hybridus ns Prunella vulgaris sig Phalaris arundinacea ns Prunus avium Too_few Phegopteris connectilis ns Prunus domestica Too_few Phleum pratense sens.lat. sig Prunus laurocerasus Too_few Phragmites australis ns Prunus padus Too_few Phyllitis scolopendrium ns Prunus spinosa ns Phyteuma orbiculare Too_few Pseudotsuga menziesii ns Picea abies ns Pteridium aquilinum sig Picea sitchensis sig Puccinellia distans Too_few Picris echioides ns Pulicaria dysenterica ns Picris hieracioides Too_few Quercus cerris Too_few Pilosella officinarum sig Quercus robur Too_few Pimpinella major Too_few Ranunculus acris ns Pimpinella saxifraga ns Ranunculus bulbosus sig Pimpinella sp. Too_few Ranunculus ficaria sig Pinguicula lusitanica Too_few Ranunculus flammula ns Pinguicula vulgaris ns Ranunculus hederaceus ns Pinus contorta ns Ranunculus parviflorus Too_few Pinus nigra ns Ranunculus repens sig Pinus sylvestris ns Ranunculus sceleratus Too_few Pisum sativum ns Rape sig Plantago coronopus sig Raphanus raphanistrum subsp.maritimus Too_few Plantago lanceolata sig Reseda lutea Too_few Plantago major sig Reseda luteola Too_few Plantago maritima ns Rhamnus cathartica Too_few Plantago media Too_few Rhinanthus minor sig Platanthera chlorantha Too_few Rhododendron ponticum Too_few Poa annua sig Rhynchospora alba ns Poa compressa Too_few Ribes rubrum ns Poa nemoralis Too_few Ribes uva-crispa Too_few Poa pratensis sens.lat. ns Rorippa amphibia Too_few Poa trivialis sig Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg. sig Polygala vulgaris/serpyllifolia ns Rorippa palustris Too_few

Page 5 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Rorippa sylvestris Too_few Silene latifolia ns Rosa rubiginosa Too_few Silene vulgaris ns Rosa tomentosa Too_few Sinapis arvensis sig Rubia peregrina Too_few Sison amomum Too_few Rubus caesius Too_few Sisymbrium officinale ns Rubus chamaemorus ns Smyrnium olusatrum Too_few Rubus fruticosus agg. ns Solanum dulcamara/nigra ns Rubus idaeus sig Solanum nigrum Too_few Rumex acetosa sig Solanum tuberosum ns Rumex acetosella sig Solidago virgaurea sig Rumex conglomeratus/sanguineus ns Sonchus arvensis ns Rumex crispus sig Sonchus asper ns Rumex hydrolapathum ns Sonchus oleraceus ns Rumex longifolius ns Sorbus aria Too_few Rumex obtusifolius sig Sorbus aucuparia ns Salix atrocinerea Too_few Sparganium erectum ns Salix aurita ns Spergula arvensis/Spergularia rupicola ns Salix caprea ns Spergularia marina Too_few Salix cinerea ns Spergularia rubra Too_few Salix fragilis Too_few Stachys arvensis Too_few Salix herbacea Too_few Stachys officinalis ns Salix lapponum Too_few Stachys palustris ns Salix phylicifolia Too_few Stachys sylvatica sig Salix repens agg. ns Stellaria graminea sig Sambucus nigra sig Stellaria holostea ns Sanguisorba major Too_few Stellaria media sig Sanguisorba minor Too_few Stellaria neglecta Too_few Sanicula europaea sig Stellaria uliginosa ns Saxifraga aizoides Too_few Subularia aquatica Too_few Saxifraga oppositifolia Too_few Succisa pratensis sig Saxifraga stellaris Too_few Symphoricarpos albus Too_few Scabiosa columbaria ns Symphytum officinale Too_few Schoenoplectus lacustris Too_few Tamus communis ns Schoenus nigricans sig Tanacetum vulgare Too_few Scilla verna Too_few Taraxacum agg. sig Scrophularia auriculata ns Taxus baccata Too_few Scrophularia nodosa ns Teucrium scorodonia ns Scutellaria galericulata ns Thalictrum alpinum ns Scutellaria minor Too_few Thalictrum minus Too_few Sedum anglicum/acre ns Thymus praecox/serpyllum ns Selaginella selaginoides ns Tilia x vulgaris ns Senecio aquaticus ns Torilis japonica sig Senecio erucifolius Too_few Torilis nodosa Too_few Senecio jacobaea sig Tragopogon pratensis ns Senecio squalidus ns Trichophorum cespitosum sig Senecio viscosus sig Trientalis europaea ns Senecio vulgaris ns Trifolium arvense Too_few Serratula tinctoria Too_few Trifolium campestre ns Seseli libanotis Too_few Trifolium dubium ns Sherardia arvensis ns Trifolium fragiferum Too_few Silaum silaus Too_few Trifolium medium Too_few Silene acaulis Too_few Trifolium micranthum Too_few Silene dioica ns Trifolium ornithopodioides Too_few

Page 6 Annex 6. The species reported by the New Atlas and the Countyrside Survey, identifying those which show significant differences, do not show significant differences or have too few records to be included in the analysis.

Name Result Name Result Trifolium pratense sig Trifolium repens sig Triglochin palustre Too_few Tripleurospermum maritimum/inodorum ns Trisetum flavescens sig Triticum aestivum sig Tsuga heterophylla ns Tussilago farfara ns Typha latifolia sig Ulex europaeus sig Ulex gallii ns Ulmus sp. ns Umbilicus rupestris ns Urtica dioica ns Urtica urens Too_few Vaccinium myrtillus ns Vaccinium oxycoccos Too_few Vaccinium uliginosum Too_few Vaccinium vitis-idaea ns Valeriana dioica Too_few Valeriana officinalis ns Verbascum thapsus Too_few Veronica agrestis Too_few Veronica anagallis-aquatica Too_few Veronica arvensis ns Veronica beccabunga ns Veronica chamaedrys sig Veronica filiformis Too_few Veronica hederifolia Too_few Veronica montana sig Veronica officinalis sig Veronica persica sig Veronica polita ns Veronica scutellata Too_few Veronica serpyllifolia sig Viburnum lantana Too_few Viburnum opulus Too_few Vicia cracca ns Vicia hirsuta ns Vicia sativa sig Vicia sepium sig Vicia tetrasperma Too_few Vicia villosa Too_few Vinca minor Too_few Viola arvensis ns Viola canina Too_few Viola hirta ns Viola odorata Too_few Viola palustris ns Viola riviniana/reichenbiana sig Viola tricolor sig Vulpia bromoides ns Wahlenbergia hederacea Too_few

Page 7 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change X IV Triticum aestivum 5.143 * 0 7 0.000 7 + X IV Avena sativa 4.267 * 12 3 0.000 15 - X VI Viola riviniana/reichenbiana 4.000 * 19 12 55.000 9 - X III Rape 4.000 * 1 8 0.000 9 + All All Chenopodium album/polyspermum 6.776 ** 62 43 7.609 85 - All All Picea sitchensis 6.780 ** 29 48 14.493 59 + X All Polygonum nodosum 4.900 * 9 1 0.000 10 - All All Cardamine hirsuta/flexuosa 4.266 * 65 90 10.791 124 + RSH VI Viola riviniana/reichenbiana 5.818 * 19 10 45.000 11 - RSH All Potamogeton polygonifolius 8.100 ** 10 0 0.000 10 - X IV Hordeum distichon 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + X III Triticum aestivum 7.692 ** 1 12 0.000 13 + X I Hordeum distichon 31.720 *** 87 35 19.608 82 - X I Rape 11.130 *** 4 21 4.167 23 + All All Potamogeton natans 5.143 * 7 0 0.000 7 - X I Sinapis arvensis -1.759 4.500 * 14 4 0.000 18 - X I Viola tricolor -1.518 5.143 * 7 0 0.000 7 - X I Fallopia convolvulus -1.307 6.050 * 17 5 4.762 20 - X VII Pedicularis sylvatica -1.282 4.267 * 7 16 21.053 15 + X IV Leucanthemum vulgare -1.143 4.083 * 10 2 0.000 12 - X I Lamium purpureum -1.092 9.633 ** 27 9 9.091 30 - X IV Cerastium arvense -1.051 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - RSH III Capsella bursa-pastoris -1.010 4.083 * 10 2 0.000 12 - X I Capsella bursa-pastoris -1.010 8.654 ** 25 9 13.333 26 - All All Sanicula europaea -0.979 4.900 * 10 2 9.091 10 - RSH II Persicaria maculosa -0.952 7.111 ** 9 0 0.000 9 - X I Persicaria maculosa -0.952 23.361 *** 36 6 7.692 36 - X VIII Erica cinerea -0.941 3.879 * 90 74 47.748 58 - RSH All Lathyrus linifolius -0.929 10.083 ** 12 0 0.000 12 - RSH VIII Erica tetralix -0.915 8.100 ** 19 9 47.368 10 - X VIII Erica tetralix -0.915 20.891 *** 147 115 70.130 46 - X All Solidago virgaurea -0.887 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X VIII Pedicularis palustris -0.882 5.818 * 12 3 15.385 11 -

Page 1 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change X All Veronica officinalis -0.836 4.558 * 35 20 12.245 43 - All All Arenaria serpyllifolia -0.764 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + X VIII Carex echinata -0.755 4.000 * 53 38 30.000 49 - X VI Carex echinata -0.755 5.143 * 1 8 12.500 7 + RSH V Sambucus nigra -0.748 4.654 * 26 14 21.212 26 - All All Myrica gale -0.746 4.447 * 58 44 45.714 38 - X IV Anagallis arvensis -0.733 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + RSH III Fraxinus excelsior -0.733 4.000 * 1 8 0.000 9 + RSH II Fraxinus excelsior -0.733 7.259 ** 9 24 10.000 27 + X IV Pteridium aquilinum -0.709 6.750 ** 21 11 45.455 12 - RSH VI Anemone nemorosa -0.705 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X I Convolvulus arvensis -0.698 5.281 * 27 13 11.111 32 - RSH All Convolvulus arvensis -0.698 5.311 * 41 60 24.691 61 + X I Polygonum aviculare agg. -0.696 49.613 *** 83 19 12.088 80 - RSH All Geum rivale -0.696 4.267 * 12 3 0.000 15 - RSH VII Nardus stricta -0.680 6.857 ** 54 41 63.793 21 - X VII Nardus stricta -0.680 4.000 * 62 51 63.768 25 - RSH III Hedera helix -0.652 6.750 ** 1 11 0.000 12 + RSH All Achillea ptarmica -0.647 5.760 * 21 8 7.407 25 - RSH II Chaerophyllum temulum -0.641 4.167 * 1 7 14.286 6 + X VIII Calluna vulgaris -0.638 8.522 ** 188 173 88.021 23 - RSH VII Calluna vulgaris -0.638 4.321 * 46 34 48.148 28 - RSH All Rumex acetosella -0.622 8.491 ** 46 23 9.524 57 - X VII Rumex acetosella -0.622 8.643 ** 14 2 6.667 14 - X VIII Pilosella officinarum -0.587 18.050 *** 20 0 0.000 20 - X IV Pilosella officinarum -0.587 5.063 * 15 5 11.111 16 - X VIII Succisa pratensis -0.569 4.558 * 36 51 33.846 43 + RSH IV Ajuga reptans -0.558 6.125 * 11 3 27.273 8 - RSH All Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg. -0.556 6.857 ** 17 4 0.000 21 - X VII Drosera rotundifolia -0.555 4.000 * 2 9 10.000 9 + RSH IV Geum urbanum -0.533 4.167 * 1 7 14.286 6 + RSH VI Geum urbanum -0.533 4.167 * 8 2 25.000 6 - X VIII Schoenus nigricans -0.525 6.750 ** 2 12 7.692 12 +

Page 2 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change All All Carex pallescens -0.506 5.818 * 10 1 0.000 11 - RSH IV Veronica chamaedrys -0.501 7.031 ** 37 21 28.889 32 - X IV Veronica chamaedrys -0.501 12.410 *** 53 30 36.066 39 - X IV Potentilla erecta -0.495 8.258 ** 35 18 26.190 31 - RSH IV Potentilla erecta -0.495 7.840 ** 29 14 26.471 25 - All All Rhinanthus minor -0.494 13.829 *** 29 6 82.857 6 + X III Matricaria discoidea -0.487 12.960 *** 24 5 7.407 25 - X IV Matricaria discoidea -0.487 6.750 ** 11 1 0.000 12 - X I Matricaria discoidea -0.487 67.953 *** 89 12 8.602 85 - RSH IV Matricaria discoidea -0.487 12.190 *** 20 3 4.545 21 - RSH III Matricaria discoidea -0.487 14.769 *** 44 19 23.529 39 - RSH II Stachys sylvatica -0.485 6.036 * 25 11 12.500 28 - RSH III Stachys sylvatica -0.485 6.125 * 0 8 0.000 8 + RSH III Ranunculus bulbosus -0.479 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - RSH III Torilis japonica -0.479 4.083 * 10 2 0.000 12 - RSH All Lysimachia nemorum -0.464 7.259 ** 25 10 12.903 27 - All All Odontites vernus -0.464 4.050 * 6 16 4.762 20 + RSH All Aegopodium podagraria -0.455 7.042 ** 8 22 11.111 24 + RSH All Geranium sylvaticum -0.452 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X IV Vicia sepium -0.430 7.563 ** 15 3 5.882 16 - X All Dactylorhiza maculata -0.416 4.339 * 60 43 27.160 59 - RSH All Dactylorhiza maculata -0.416 4.167 * 7 1 14.286 6 - RSH V Hyacinthoides non-scripta -0.412 4.083 * 10 2 0.000 12 - X All Papaver rhoeas -0.408 4.500 * 15 5 5.263 18 - RSH VII Danthonia decumbens -0.403 5.263 * 16 5 5.000 19 - RSH All Moehringia trinervia -0.402 4.000 * 9 2 10.000 9 - X IV Bromus hordeaceus -0.374 4.966 * 26 13 14.706 29 - X I Bromus hordeaceus -0.374 7.111 ** 0 9 0.000 9 + X I Veronica persica -0.369 6.894 ** 36 17 6.000 47 - RSH All Veronica persica -0.369 4.267 * 12 3 0.000 15 - RSH All Ballota nigra -0.366 5.882 * 3 14 0.000 17 + All All Molinia caerulea -0.342 4.137 * 258 235 61.639 117 - X I Fumaria officinalis -0.338 8.643 ** 13 1 0.000 14 -

Page 3 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change All All Ulex europaeus -0.338 12.121 *** 40 19 28.261 33 - X IV Phleum pratense sens.lat. -0.327 16.554 *** 80 44 25.253 74 - X I Phleum pratense sens.lat. -0.327 7.840 ** 7 22 7.407 25 + X VIII Hypericum pulchrum -0.325 5.143 * 9 2 22.222 7 - All All Alnus glutinosa -0.323 4.364 * 21 34 25.000 33 + X VII Narthecium ossifragum -0.320 4.083 * 7 15 29.412 12 + RSH All Primula veris -0.320 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X VIII Trichophorum cespitosum -0.314 4.114 * 139 126 76.667 35 - X VIII Carex panicea -0.306 14.019 *** 66 94 50.943 52 + RSH VIII Carex panicea -0.306 4.923 * 8 17 31.579 13 + RSH VII Carex panicea -0.306 8.036 ** 14 30 22.222 28 + X VII Carex panicea -0.306 6.500 * 24 38 40.909 26 + RSH All Malva sylvestris -0.301 5.882 * 7 18 19.048 17 + X All Koeleria macrantha -0.293 4.923 * 2 11 0.000 13 + X III Lolium perenne -0.292 18.382 *** 148 122 77.632 34 - RSH III Lolium perenne -0.292 17.361 *** 107 81 67.857 36 - X VII Lolium perenne -0.292 5.882 * 4 15 5.556 17 + X I Lolium perenne -0.292 5.311 * 36 55 19.737 61 + RSH V Arum maculatum -0.275 15.059 *** 22 5 22.727 17 - RSH VI Crepis paludosa -0.267 5.143 * 8 1 12.500 7 - X IV Centaurea nigra -0.245 9.025 ** 40 20 20.000 40 - RSH IV Centaurea nigra -0.245 7.225 ** 41 23 23.077 40 - X IV Potentilla anserina -0.226 4.762 * 21 10 19.231 21 - RSH III Potentilla anserina -0.226 10.227 ** 26 10 24.138 22 - X All Deschampsia flexuosa -0.225 4.240 * 143 121 43.478 104 - X All Carex ovalis -0.207 6.036 * 9 23 6.667 28 + X VIII Carex bigelowii -0.197 7.111 ** 12 3 25.000 9 - X All Carex caryophyllea -0.197 4.900 * 2 10 9.091 10 + RSH IV Anthriscus sylvestris -0.191 8.450 ** 7 21 16.667 20 + RSH III Anthriscus sylvestris -0.191 10.298 ** 26 49 22.951 47 + X IV Conopodium majus -0.191 10.563 ** 23 9 33.333 16 - X IV Trifolium pratense -0.180 11.755 *** 64 39 35.526 49 - RSH IV Trifolium pratense -0.180 7.682 ** 27 13 29.032 22 -

Page 4 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change RSH IV Lathyrus pratensis -0.171 8.757 ** 36 17 17.778 37 - X IV Lathyrus pratensis -0.171 17.391 *** 30 9 25.806 23 - X VIII Carex binervis -0.166 4.321 * 16 28 22.222 28 + RSH IV Festuca ovina agg. -0.153 12.042 *** 25 7 14.286 24 - X IV Festuca ovina agg. -0.153 17.357 *** 42 14 14.286 42 - RSH VI Festuca ovina agg. -0.153 4.167 * 10 4 40.000 6 - X VII Festuca ovina agg. -0.153 27.225 *** 68 34 43.662 40 - X VII Galium saxatile -0.153 6.036 * 64 50 60.563 28 - X All Trisetum flavescens -0.134 4.923 * 4 13 13.333 13 + RSH VI Filipendula ulmaria -0.095 7.111 ** 13 4 30.769 9 - RSH II Filipendula ulmaria -0.095 6.857 ** 31 18 40.000 21 - All All Rubus idaeus -0.094 5.263 * 19 8 17.391 19 - X III Galium aparine -0.093 4.500 * 4 14 0.000 18 + X III Geranium dissectum -0.092 4.923 * 2 11 0.000 13 + X I Geranium dissectum -0.092 4.900 * 1 9 0.000 10 + X IV Dactylis glomerata -0.057 12.368 *** 116 86 49.630 68 - RSH III Dactylis glomerata -0.057 5.600 * 95 80 66.667 35 - X III Dactylis glomerata -0.057 6.224 * 73 53 36.957 58 - RSH All Hordeum murinum -0.041 4.762 * 6 17 4.545 21 + X VII Carex pilulifera -0.035 10.240 ** 24 7 10.714 25 - X VIII Carex pilulifera -0.035 4.050 * 18 8 13.043 20 - X VI Carex pilulifera -0.035 4.083 * 10 2 0.000 12 - RSH All Lysimachia nummularia -0.023 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + RSH III Conium maculatum -0.022 7.111 ** 9 0 0.000 9 - RSH II Conium maculatum -0.022 5.786 * 12 2 0.000 14 - RSH IV Conium maculatum -0.022 6.125 * 8 0 0.000 8 - X All Conium maculatum -0.022 5.143 * 7 0 0.000 7 - RSH IV Stellaria graminea -0.018 6.722 ** 15 3 0.000 18 - X I Elytrigia repens -0.015 6.891 ** 51 29 11.111 64 - RSH V Elytrigia repens -0.015 10.452 ** 20 39 31.111 31 + All All Alchemilla vulgaris agg. -0.012 9.375 ** 22 2 23.077 20 - All All Cytisus scoparius 0.003 4.083 * 13 5 20.000 12 - X VII Cynosurus cristatus 0.016 6.750 ** 11 21 45.455 12 +

Page 5 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change X III Cynosurus cristatus 0.016 6.759 ** 12 27 14.706 29 + RSH IV Cynosurus cristatus 0.016 4.558 * 41 26 21.818 43 - X IV Cynosurus cristatus 0.016 10.473 ** 121 96 59.559 55 - RSH V Alliaria petiolata 0.031 5.786 * 15 5 17.647 14 - All All Dryopteris filix-mas agg. 0.032 4.819 * 67 46 15.306 83 - X I Stellaria media agg. 0.033 53.443 *** 104 31 16.379 97 - RSH II Stellaria media agg. 0.033 10.756 ** 37 14 6.250 45 - RSH III Stellaria media agg. 0.033 4.033 * 25 13 11.765 30 - X III Stellaria media agg. 0.033 3.938 * 68 51 29.348 65 - X I Anisantha sterilis 0.050 9.091 ** 1 12 8.333 11 + RSH III Anisantha sterilis 0.050 4.083 * 3 11 7.692 12 + RSH V Anisantha sterilis 0.050 5.042 * 12 24 20.000 24 + RSH III Heracleum sphondylium 0.075 5.357 * 54 38 37.313 42 - RSH V Heracleum sphondylium 0.075 8.500 ** 40 22 29.167 34 - RSH II Heracleum sphondylium 0.075 12.321 *** 98 66 35.537 78 - X IV Alopecurus pratensis 0.085 4.971 * 14 28 10.526 34 + X IV Plantago major 0.088 10.868 *** 55 30 23.188 53 - X III Plantago major 0.088 11.574 *** 48 22 12.903 54 - X I Senecio jacobaea 0.113 10.563 ** 1 15 0.000 16 + X III Senecio jacobaea 0.113 5.882 * 5 16 10.526 17 + All All Rumex crispus 0.114 5.134 * 115 87 17.442 142 - RSH II Angelica sylvestris 0.124 9.600 ** 15 2 6.250 15 - RSH VII Angelica sylvestris 0.124 5.143 * 0 7 0.000 7 + X VII Montia fontana 0.144 5.143 * 0 7 0.000 7 + X IV Cirsium palustre 0.146 9.375 ** 36 20 40.000 24 - X All Brachypodium pinnatum 0.146 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + X VII Ranunculus ficaria 0.157 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + RSH V Ranunculus ficaria 0.157 5.143 * 7 0 0.000 7 - RSH III Plantago coronopus 0.160 5.143 * 0 7 0.000 7 + X All Primula vulgaris 0.162 11.250 *** 24 8 23.077 20 - All All Carex hirta 0.171 4.500 * 4 14 0.000 18 + All All Equisetum palustre 0.179 7.042 ** 5 19 0.000 24 + RSH IV Vicia sativa 0.190 7.111 ** 10 1 10.000 9 -

Page 6 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change X IV Achillea millefolium 0.293 8.266 ** 88 64 40.741 64 - RSH VII Achillea millefolium 0.293 10.083 ** 17 5 29.412 12 - RSH IV Achillea millefolium 0.293 9.587 ** 48 26 23.333 46 - X All Coronopus squamatus 0.333 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + All All Helictotrichon pubescens 0.347 4.083 * 12 4 14.286 12 - X III Taraxacum 0.431 4.063 * 60 77 37.000 63 + X I Taraxacum 0.431 14.700 *** 8 30 11.765 30 + X IV Taraxacum 0.431 12.645 *** 123 91 47.586 76 - RSH I Taraxacum 0.431 4.167 * 1 7 14.286 6 + X IV Cirsium arvense 0.472 5.143 * 90 71 43.750 63 - RSH V Veronica montana 0.481 5.143 * 8 1 12.500 7 - X VII Carex flacca 0.532 4.167 * 1 7 14.286 6 + X VIII Carex flacca 0.532 4.900 * 1 9 0.000 10 + RSH VI Ranunculus repens 0.546 4.923 * 16 7 27.778 13 - X VIII Ranunculus repens 0.546 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + RSH IV Ranunculus repens 0.546 4.830 * 89 72 50.467 53 - X III Ranunculus repens 0.546 5.311 * 100 81 49.587 61 - X IV Ranunculus repens 0.546 16.364 *** 159 128 67.836 55 - X IV Prunella vulgaris 0.598 7.603 ** 61 39 26.582 58 - RSH IV Prunella vulgaris 0.598 7.758 ** 39 22 29.787 33 - All All Senecio viscosus 0.631 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X I Rumex obtusifolius 0.655 8.205 ** 17 37 10.204 44 + RSH II Rumex obtusifolius 0.655 10.721 ** 69 41 23.596 68 - RSH All Calystegia sepium 0.693 14.450 *** 3 21 9.091 20 + All All Brassica rapa 0.742 5.063 * 14 4 5.882 16 - RSH III Cirsium vulgare 0.797 5.939 * 26 11 5.714 33 - X IV Cirsium vulgare 0.797 5.311 * 71 52 33.696 61 - RSH II Cirsium vulgare 0.797 11.605 *** 33 11 7.317 38 - X IV Veronica serpyllifolia 0.797 5.939 * 38 23 29.787 33 - RSH VI Holcus mollis 0.803 4.500 * 17 7 14.286 18 - RSH IV Holcus mollis 0.803 8.481 ** 47 25 16.129 52 - RSH V Holcus mollis 0.803 11.130 *** 23 6 11.538 23 - X I Poa annua 0.835 10.400 ** 84 57 36.893 65 -

Page 7 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change RSH III Poa annua 0.835 5.641 * 80 60 37.255 64 - X III Poa annua 0.835 6.127 * 90 67 33.051 79 - RSH All Juncus conglomeratus 0.842 4.114 * 25 12 2.778 35 - X III Bellis perennis 0.891 9.121 ** 57 33 21.622 58 - RSH IV Bellis perennis 0.891 6.261 * 30 17 34.286 23 - X IV Bellis perennis 0.891 37.041 *** 107 54 37.607 73 - X I Bellis perennis 0.891 4.900 * 3 11 16.667 10 + RSH All Typha latifolia 1.010 4.167 * 6 0 0.000 6 - X VI Juncus effusus 1.059 5.882 * 5 16 10.526 17 + RSH IV Lotus corniculatus 1.093 5.333 * 23 10 10.000 27 - X IV Lotus corniculatus 1.093 21.787 *** 62 29 31.884 47 - RSH III Poa trivialis 1.099 7.603 ** 54 32 19.444 58 - X VII Poa trivialis 1.099 4.500 * 6 16 10.000 18 + RSH II Poa trivialis 1.099 16.900 *** 86 46 18.919 90 - RSH IV Poa trivialis 1.099 5.470 * 65 45 25.000 66 - RSH V Poa trivialis 1.099 6.919 ** 36 19 19.565 37 - All All Juncus bufonius sens.lat. 1.128 10.298 ** 12 35 0.000 47 + RSH II Agrostis capillaris 1.279 4.645 * 25 12 8.824 31 - X III Agrostis capillaris 1.279 12.023 *** 19 43 16.981 44 + RSH VII Agrostis capillaris 1.279 5.633 * 59 45 55.224 30 - X IV Agrostis capillaris 1.279 10.721 ** 147 119 59.281 68 - X III Trifolium repens 1.315 11.758 *** 126 98 56.643 62 - X IV Trifolium repens 1.315 7.848 ** 171 151 75.000 46 - RSH III Trifolium repens 1.315 24.453 *** 80 43 39.773 53 - X I Trifolium repens 1.315 4.024 * 27 41 23.636 42 + X All Dryopteris dilatata 1.323 5.143 * 0 7 0.000 7 + X VIII Rumex acetosa 1.323 10.083 ** 0 12 0.000 12 + X III Rumex acetosa 1.323 4.447 * 21 35 19.149 38 + X IV Rumex acetosa 1.323 11.045 *** 115 87 50.746 66 - X All Agrostis canina sens.lat. 1.325 5.058 * 117 88 13.889 155 - RSH VI Agrostis canina sens.lat. 1.325 6.125 * 8 0 0.000 8 - RSH VIII Agrostis canina sens.lat. 1.325 8.643 ** 17 5 22.222 14 - X VIII Holcus lanatus 1.340 4.050 * 10 20 20.000 20 +

Page 8 ANNEX 7. Comparison of trends revealed by analysis of the New Atlas and Countryside Survey datasets. For details of the Plot Types and Vegetation Aggregate classes, see text.

Atlas Plot Vegetation Change CS chi- % stayed Direction Type aggregate Plant species Index sqr Sig n 1978 n 1998 same n changed of change X I Holcus lanatus 1.340 14.694 *** 8 32 5.263 36 + X IV Holcus lanatus 1.340 11.256 *** 174 151 76.630 43 - X IV Plantago lanceolata 1.354 50.704 *** 123 62 44.531 71 - RSH IV Plantago lanceolata 1.354 17.333 *** 77 50 53.012 39 - RSH VII Plantago lanceolata 1.354 5.500 * 36 24 46.341 22 - X All Agrostis gigantea 1.392 4.000 * 8 1 0.000 9 - RSH All Agrostis gigantea 1.392 4.923 * 11 2 0.000 13 - X IV Cerastium fontanum 1.405 18.013 *** 161 123 57.778 76 - RSH IV Cerastium fontanum 1.405 12.444 *** 75 46 31.522 63 - RSH All Epilobium brunnescens 1.419 4.167 * 0 6 0.000 6 + X VII Festuca rubra agg. 2.963 13.081 *** 18 41 22.917 37 + RSH All Festuca rubra agg. 2.963 5.672 * 194 228 37.459 192 + X I Festuca rubra agg. 2.963 5.818 * 1 10 0.000 11 + X VIII Festuca rubra agg. 2.963 10.321 ** 6 24 3.448 28 + RSH VII Agrostis stolonifera 3.658 7.314 ** 17 34 18.605 35 + RSH V Agrostis stolonifera 3.658 6.036 * 7 21 0.000 28 + RSH IV Agrostis stolonifera 3.658 5.311 * 57 76 37.113 61 + X VIII Agrostis stolonifera 3.658 31.114 *** 3 41 0.000 44 + X VII Agrostis stolonifera 3.658 6.500 * 8 22 7.143 26 +

Page 9 Annex 8

Annex 8. Suggested reasons for differences between results obtained by New Atlas and Countryside Survey analyses

In the Atlas part of the Atlas/CS comparison, '+' indicates a change index greater than 0.5, '-' a value less than -0.5 and 0 an intermediate value. In the CS part, '+' indicates a significant increase between 1978 and 1998, and '-' a significant decline

Species which have declined according to the Atlas analysis but are unchanged in the CS dataset are allocated to one of four change classes:

Class 1 change: species frequent in the north and west of Britain, declining in the south and east but too rare by 1978 to be picked up in CS surveys Class 2 change: species frequent in the south and east of Britain, declining in the north and west but too rare by 1978 to be picked up in CS surveys Class 3 change: species which have declined throughout their British range according to the Atlas survey; it is unclear why this has not been shown up in the CS dataset Class 4 change: species still frequent in their heartlands, where they would have been surveyed by CS, but declining around the fringes of their range throughout Britain

Species Atlas/CS Reason Achillea ptarmica -/- Fertilisation, drainage, ploughing of permanent grassland Carex pallescens -/- Increase in pH?/improvement/afforestation Geum rivale -/- Overgrowth of streams Myrica gale -/- Drainage (Atlas)/lack of grazing (CS) Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg. -/- Falling water tables, drainage etc. Rumex acetosella -/- ? (Atlas)/intensification (CS) Sanicula europaea -/- Increase of woodland undergrowth and hedgerow loss Solidago virgaurea -/- Eutrophication and loss of heathland rides Veronica officinalis -/- Destruction of semi-natural habitats in lowlands Arenaria serpyllifolia -/+ Loss of arable in south west and central Wales(Atlas)/?(CS) Convolvulus arvensis -/+ Loss of arable in south west and central Wales(Atlas)/disturbance(CS) Agrimonia eupatoria -/0 Class 2 change Aira caryophyllea -/0 Class 3 change Ajuga reptans -/0 Class 4 change Alchemilla alpina -/0 Class 4 change Anagallis arvensis -/0 Class 2 change

Page 1 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Anagallis tenella -/0 Class 1 change Anemone nemorosa -/0 Class 4 change Antennaria dioica -/0 Class 1 change Arctostaphylos uva-ursi -/0 Class 3 change Briza media -/0 Class 4 change Bryonia dioica -/0 Class 2 change Calluna vulgaris -/0 Class 1 change Campanula rotundifolia -/0 Class 4 change Capsella bursa-pastoris -/0 Class 2 change Carex echinata -/0 Class 1 change Cerastium arvense -/0 Class 3 change Chaerophyllum temulum -/0 Class 2 change Corylus avellana -/0 Class 4 change Crataegus monogyna -/0 Class 2 change Cruciata laevipes -/0 Class 1 change Cuscuta epithymum -/0 Class 3 change Daucus carota -/0 Class 2 change Drosera rotundifolia -/0 Class 1 change Erica cinerea -/0 Class 1 change Erica tetralix -/0 Class 1 change Eriophorum angustifolium -/0 Class 1 change Euphrasia officinalis agg. -/0 Class 1 change Fagus sylvatica -/0 Class 2 change Fallopia convolvulus -/0 Class 2 change Fragaria vesca -/0 Class 3 change Fraxinus excelsior -/0 Class 2 change Galeopsis tetrahit agg. -/0 Class 4 change Galium verum -/0 Class 4 change Genista anglica -/0 Class 1 change Geum urbanum -/0 Class 2 change

Page 2 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Glechoma hederacea -/0 Class 2 change Gymnadenia conopsea -/0 Class 3 change Hedera helix -/0 Class 2 change Hydrocotyle vulgaris -/0 Class 1 change Knautia arvensis -/0 Class 4 change Lamium album -/0 Class 2 change Lamium purpureum -/0 Class 2 change Lathyrus linifolius -/0 Class 4 change Leucanthemum vulgare -/0 Class 2 change Ligustrum vulgare -/0 Class 2 change Lolium multiflorum -/0 Class 3 change Lychnis flos-cuculi -/0 Class 4 change Melampyrum pratense -/0 Class 3 change Mercurialis perennis -/0 Class 4 change Myosotis scorpioides -/0 Class 4 change Nardus stricta -/0 Class 1 change Oxalis acetosella -/0 Class 1 change Pedicularis palustris -/0 Class 1 change Pedicularis sylvatica -/0 Class 1 change Persicaria maculosa -/0 Class 2 change Pilosella officinarum -/0 Class 2 change Pinguicula vulgaris -/0 Class 1 change Polygonum aviculare agg. -/0 Class 2 change Potentilla reptans -/0 Class 2 change Pteridium aquilinum -/0 Class 4 change Ranunculus flammula -/0 Class 1 change Sambucus nigra -/0 Class 2 change Scabiosa columbaria -/0 Class 3 change Schoenus nigricans -/0 Class 1 change Senecio aquaticus -/0 Class 1 change

Page 3 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Senecio vulgaris -/0 Class 2 change Sherardia arvensis -/0 Class 2 change Silene latifolia -/0 Class 2 change Silene vulgaris -/0 Class 3 change Sinapis arvensis -/0 Class 2 change Stachys officinalis -/0 Class 4 change Stellaria holostea -/0 Class 3 change Succisa pratensis -/0 Class 1 change Teucrium scorodonia -/0 Class 4 change Tussilago farfara -/0 Class 2 change Vaccinium myrtillus -/0 Class 1 change Valeriana officinalis -/0 Class 1 change Viola tricolor -/0 Class 3 change Agrostis canina sens.lat. +/- Recorder effects (Atlas)/lack of grazing (CS) Agrostis gigantea +/- Recorder effects (Atlas)/recorder changes (CS) but in opposite direction Brassica rapa +/- Recorder effects (Atlas)/crop intensification (CS) Juncus conglomeratus +/- Recorder effects (Atlas)/crop intensification (CS) Typha latifolia +/- Eutrophication (Atlas)/?(CS) Calystegia sepium +/+ Neglect and overgrowth of hedges Dryopteris dilatata +/+ Denser, less managed native woods; planting of conifers Epilobium brunnescens +/+ Expanding alien Festuca rubra agg. +/+ Overlooked by recorders in earlier surveys? Juncus bufonius sens.lat. +/+ Recorder effects and/or increasing disturbance Senecio viscosus +/+ Alien spreading from original strongholds into countryside Aesculus hippocastanum +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Agrostis capillaris +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Agrostis stolonifera +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Alopecurus geniculatus +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Anthoxanthum odoratum +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Avena fatua +/0 Spread northwards and westwards in England and in Scotland

Page 4 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Bellis perennis +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Brassica oleracea +/0 Better recording, and spreading inland as alien Bromus racemosus +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Carex flacca +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Cerastium fontanum +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Cerastium glomeratum +/0 Better recording and genuine spread in disturbed, nutrient-rich habitats Cirsium vulgare +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Digitalis purpurea +/0 Spread as garden escape outside natural range Dryopteris affinis +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Eleocharis palustris +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Festuca arundinacea +/0 Better recording in New Atlas? Glyceria declinata +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Glyceria fluitans +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Glyceria maxima +/0 Spread northwards by planting and escapes Gnaphalium uliginosum +/0 Better recording and spread due to increase in disturbed habitats Holcus lanatus +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Holcus mollis +/0 Increase along line from Severn to Wash - why? Juncus acutiflorus +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Juncus effusus +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Laburnum anagyroides +/0 Increased recording of alien trees and spreading alien in wild Lactuca serriola +/0 Spreading alien - climate warming Lamiastrum galeobdolon +/0 Increasing as garden escape Lemna minor +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Leontodon autumnalis +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Lotus corniculatus +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Malus sylvestris sens.lat. +/0 Taxonomic problems complicate interpretation Picris echioides +/0 Alien that has consolidated its range Plantago lanceolata +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Poa annua +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Poa pratensis sens.lat. +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index

Page 5 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Poa trivialis +/0 Gap-filling and spread into Highlands of Scotland Populus nigra sens.lat. +/0 ? Prunella vulgaris +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Ranunculus repens +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Ribes rubrum +/0 Better recording in New Atlas Rumex acetosa +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Rumex longifolius +/0 Spreading along roadsides - also better recording Rumex obtusifolius +/0 Gap-filling or increase in Scottish Highlands Salix cinerea +/0 Gap-filling, or may be spreading especially in south Senecio squalidus +/0 Alien spreading from its original stronghold into the countryside Sonchus asper +/0 Spread north and west Sorbus aucuparia +/0 More records of planted trees outside native range Trifolium repens +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Veronica serpyllifolia +/0 Gap-filling in common species has disproportionate effect on index Alchemilla vulgaris agg. 0/- Intensification(CS) Conium maculatum 0/- ? Cytisus scoparius 0/- Destruction of acidic habitat Dactylorhiza maculata 0/- Intensification(CS) masked in Atlas by better recording Deschampsia flexuosa 0/- Destruction of acidic habitat Dryopteris filix-mas agg. 0/- ? Geranium sylvaticum 0/- Neglect of verges Helictotrichon pubescens 0/- Intensification & reseeding of pastures Lysimachia nemorum 0/- Overgrowth of streamsides and tracks Moehringia trinervia 0/- Deep shade cast by hedges and trees reduced Molinia caerulea 0/- Destruction of acidic habitat and drainage Papaver rhoeas 0/- Intensification of arable Primula veris 0/- Gone from old verges Primula vulgaris 0/- Decline in woods due to deer Rhinanthus minor 0/- Intensification of pastures Rubus idaeus 0/- ?

Page 6 Annex 8

Species Atlas/CS Reason Rumex crispus 0/- Overlooked by recorders in some surveys? Ulex europaeus 0/- Destruction of acidic habitat Veronica persica 0/- ? Aegopodium podagraria 0/+ Spread alongside boundaries Alnus glutinosa 0/+ Planting? Ballota nigra 0/+ Spread alongside boundaries Brachypodium pinnatum 0/+ Lack of grazing Carex caryophyllea 0/+ Overlooked by recorders in earlier surveys? Carex hirta 0/+ Recorder effects; ranker grasslands Carex ovalis 0/+ Overlooked by recorders in earlier surveys? Coronopus squamatus 0/+ Intensification Equisetum palustre 0/+ Overlooked by recorders in earlier surveys? Hordeum murinum 0/+ Warming of climate? Koeleria macrantha 0/+ Overlooked by recorders in earlier surveys? Lysimachia nummularia 0/+ Spread alongside disturbed hedgerows Malva sylvestris 0/+ Neglected hedges Odontites vernus 0/+ ? Trisetum flavescens 0/+ Recorder effects or possibly reseeded pastures

Page 7