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This reproduction is the best copy available Canada's India Policy, 1947-1997 - The Emerging Policy Agenda by Nigmendra Narain A thesis presented to thz University of Waterloo in fuïfiïent of the thesis requirement for the degrec of Master of Arts in Political Science Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1997 O Nigmendra Narain 1997 National Library BibIiathQue natioriale 1*1 of Canada dg Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 3SWellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your lSk Vofm rd- Our fila NOae ré- The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exc1usive licence dowing the exclusive permettant a la National L&rq of Canada to Bîbliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis rior substantiai extracts fiom it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be prïnted or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The University of WaterIoo requires the signatures of al1 persons using or photocopying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. Abstract This thesis examines Canada's india policy between 1947 and 1997, with greater emphasis on the post- 1990 period to differentiate it from previous works. As well its focus is on Canadian foreign policy perspectives of Canada-India relations. First, the thesis examines three scholarly contexts: 1 j niche diplomacy; 2) the business-govemrnent relationship in foreign policy; and, 3) the American factor in Canadian foreign policy. Second, the thesis thernaticaily chronologizes formative and indicative events in Canada's India policy. Third, the thesis critically examines the literature about Canada-India relations and draws analyses and conclusions. FinalIy, the thesis considers the three scholarly contexts in iight of the history of Canada's india policy. The thesis's major findings are: 1) while the America factor impinges less on Canadian foreign policy now, America effects security issues more than others, and a greater problem for Canadians and Indians is that they view each other through American lens and examples; 2) while the Canadian govemment is in control and formulating Canadian foreign policy in the state's interest, business occupies both an adversarial and opportunistic relationship to the government and foreign poiicy; and, 3) niche diplomacy is the best approach for Canada's india policy to engage india, with more emphasis on impact, resuIts and public diplomacy. Acknowledgements To begin with a modification of an old saying, 'if I am able to see far, it is because 1 stood on the shoulders of great teachers.' I am indebted to my supervisor, Professor Andrew Cooper, for his excellent supervision of this thesis, his many recomrnendations on researching and wnting this topic, and his constant encouragement of my endeavour. 1 am aiso indebted to my second- reader, Professor Ashok Kapur, for his suggestions for research paths, discussions of my analysis, his rigourous questions forcing me to 'fine tune' rny thinking, and his many words of encouragement. To both, I am etemally thankful for their hand in and cornmitment to my intellectual and academic development. 1 also want to thank Professor Jim Walker, my extemal examiner from the Department of History, for his precise and important questions which saved me from myself and forced me to reconsider 'what is forgotten' in my thesis. As well, some very important supporting roles were filled by MW-lou Schagena, acting Graduate Secretary and Carol Gray, the Undergraduate Secretq, in helping me through the course year. listening to my issues and also taking time to just talk. Most importantly, Joanne Voisin, the Graduate Secretary, not only guided me through many a maze, but ais0 kept herself two steps ahead to lead me around the many pitfalls that ernerged along my journey, and also provided many a joyous email and verbal exchange. To al1 three, thank you very much your assistance at crucial points. Of my colleagues at the University of Waterloo, Hardy Cojer, Michael Rolfe, Jennifer LMeier,Bipasha Choudhury and especially Michael Freeze provided many an interesting discussion and shared their experïences to hefp me along this endeavour. As well, Professor William Mou1 also had a hand-in sharpening my argumentation and teaching me how to trim rny verbiage. In Toronto, I want to thank Peter Lakin and Robert Nelder for putting up with me while putting me up. As well, I want to thank Jennifer McNenly and her staff at the Canadian institute of Internationai Affairs' John Holrnes Library for their assistance in digging for and gathenng information. Shaun Narine, at the University of Toronto, also provided advice. In London, I want to thank my ever-supportive friends, Chris Rigakos, Dean Frier, Chris Martin, Chris Cubian, Alden Fong, Paul Labrinos, Harry Georgiou for never failing to ask 'how's the thesis coming along?' While Enan Fong, Meredith MacLean and Ron Sloan did the same via email. Thanks for nudging me along, easing my mind when necessary, and providing necessary distractions. Finally, I want to thank my very toving and always amazing family. My mother, Lakshmi, and my brother, Veeresh, supported me emotionally, logistically and especially financially during the end phase of the thesis and never failed to drop everything to help me when 1 needed it. I also want to thank my dog, Asha, for being there for me with a smile, big eyes and a hug - whether taking me on long walks to think about what 1 had wntten or lying on top of my feer: during the late-hours of the night while I typed away. To al1 of the above, I not only ac.knowledge ycirr support adencouragement, but also hope this thesis shows the fruits of your belief in me. For Hirnbai lyer, my materna1 grandmother, for no one better than her dernonstrated to me the best her country, India, hncl to offer combined with a joyotcs love and npprecintion for my country, Canndcz. Table of Conterits Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................................... 1 The Continuum of Canada-India Relations .......................................................... 1 The Ascension of International Trade .................................................................... 7 Justifying the Necessity - A Literature Survey ...................................................4 Diplomats* Accounts ................................................................................ 5 Survey Litenture ......................................................................................6 Security Literature..................................................................................... 7 Development & Nuclear Aid Literature.................................................... 9 Trade Literature......................................................................................... Il Federalism, Civil Society and Cultural Literature ..................................... 13 Canada's lndia Policy ........................................................................................ 15 Differentiating the Thesis ..........................................................................15 LitsO the Thesis .............................................................................................. 16 The Approach ..................................................................................................... 16 C hapter 2: (Re)Visions of Canadian Foreign Policy ............................................ 18 Contexts not Theories ........................................................................................... 18 le Diplomacy .................................................................................................. 18 Just Say 'No* - Why. when and how ................................................. 19 Getting the Most Bang for the Looney .....................................................21 The Big Gamble - Folding Up Rather thm Crishing In .......................... --77 ness idof Foreign Policy ............................................................................... 25 S tate of Control ................ .. .................................................................... 25 DFNT Inc .............................................................................................. 27 Treticherous Business ............................................................................... 28 The America Factor .............................................................................................. 30 Three Questions Stated ......................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3: The Canvas of History .............................................................................. 33 Immigration & Rzcism .................. .... ................................................................33 India's Independence