Mechanical Engineering Magazine Advisory Board Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Harry Armen; Leroy S

Mechanical Technology that moves the world THE MAGAZINE OF ASME No.02 138

VERY SPECIAL DELIVERY NANOSCALE PACKAGING GOES STRAIGHT TO THE GENES

A ROBOT TO PROTECT THE DOCTOR PAGE 10

HIGH-SPEED LINK (OR DIVIDER) PAGE 36

PAINTING THE ROAD FOR SAFETY PAGE 42 ASME.ORG FEBRUARY 2016 SIMULATION FOR EVERYONE

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Got Mushrooms? Make Batteries A HUSBAND-AND-WIFE ENGINEERING TEAM AT the University of California at Riverside has developed a new kind of lithium-ion battery anode using portobello mushrooms.

LOSING WEIGHT TO Engineering and GET TO MARS Public Policy U.S. REP. JERRY MCNERNEY IS one of the few members NEW ULTRALIGHT METAL has one aerospace company pon- of Congress with a dering applications in the manufacturing of jetliners that technical back- could greatly reduce the weight of aircraft. Boeing calls ground. An ASME it “the lightest metal ever.” Developed by HRL Laborato- Fellow, he talks ries, the material is made from a microlattice core that about energy and Ais 99.99 percent air and has absorption properties that enable it to workforce issues spring back into shape. The metal was created as part of a NASA as public policy. materials-development program aiming to reduce the mass of spacecraft destined for Mars.

NEXT MONTH ON ASME.ORG

3-D Printed Bridges THE POWER OF DUAL-FUEL DIESEL ENGINES THE MUCH-TOUTED BENEFITS The high cost of diesel fuel, combined OF 3-D printing—afford- with an abundance of low-cost natural ability, flexibility, and gas, is driving R&D investment in dual- rapid production—have fuel natural gas/diesel engines. largely been unavail- able for large-scale CAN STANDARDS BENEFIT ADDITIVE projects. Amsterdam- MANUFACTURING? An interview based MX3D, however, is with Dave Edstrom, CTO at now aiming to build the Memex, about the challenges the indus- world’s first 3-D printed try faces in establishing standards for bridge. additive manufacturing. TABLE OF CONTENTS 02138

FEATURES Mechanical Technology that moves the world THE MAGAZINE OF ASME No.02 138

VERY SPECIAL DELIVERY NANOSCALE PACKAGING GOES STRAIGHT TO THE GENES Tracks in the Fields

A ROBOT TO PROTECT THE DOCTOR PAGE 10

HIGH-SPEED LINK (OR DIVIDER) PAGE 36

PAINTING THE ROAD FOR SAFETY PAGE A high-speed rail line to link two 42 ASME.ORG FEBRUARY 2016 cities could extend like a wall ON THE COVER from Dallas to Houston.

30 NANO PACKAGING BY BRIDGET MINTZ TESTA New delivery systems take treatment directly to the cells that need it. BY ALAN S. BROWN 36

Easier on the Doctor A robot keeps cardiologists out of the way of X-rays. XX BY JACK THORNTON 10 ONE-On-ONE 18 Charles Champion, executive VP of engineering at Airbus, in pursuit of “perfect flight.”

BY JOHN MARTIN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.03

42 Hold Your Lane They are a basic safety device, but it was a long road to getting guidelines painted on the pavement.

BY HENRY PETROSKI

DEpartments

6 Editorial 8 Letters 10 Tech Buzz 16 Patent Watch 22 Hot Labs 26 Vault 64 28 Trending 50 Software 3 Faces Only 52 Hardware Puzzling over a question of 58 Resource File geometry, an engineering student 59 Positions Open invented a new gaming device. 61 Ad Index BY JAMES PERO 62 ASME News MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.04

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FROM THE EDITOR

// FOLLOW @JOHNFALCIONI MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.06

GETTING IT RIGHT

t may not have been the seminal engi- right.” Harry Hutchinson, the magazine’s Ineering moment that was Apollo 11’s executive editor, is retiring, and to say landing on the moon, but a few weeks the magazine will never be the same is an Editor-in-Chief John G. ago—just before last year ticked away— understatement. Falcioni (r.) with recently SpaceX gently and safely landed a Falcon Anyone who ever contributed to the retired Executive Editor 9 rocket back on the ground. magazine with a letter or personal note, Harry Hutchinson Even if you’re not a fan of space of trav- or who may have pitched a story, has Photo: Wilfred Haywood/ASME el, that was a remarkable moment and a most likely interacted with Harry. If you’re dazzling engineering feat. Only through a regular reader, you’ve interacted with the prism of science fiction had a rocket him, too. Harry sprinkles his editorial deft ever landed safely back on Earth. Several in every piece of copy he touches—he’s a previous attempts at a safe landing had master at his craft. turned into fiery explosions. Harry’s also a colorful character the The Falcon 9 is no bottle rocket. It’s likes of which you’re not likely to find a 15-story, nine-engine missile that around much anymore. He possesses produces 1.5 million pounds of thrust and an encyclopedic knowledge of Old and can lug a heavy payload. In this case, it Middle English and is eager to delve into was carrying 11 small data-relay satel- the private lives of people you’re not likely lites for low-Earth orbit. to have ever heard of, let alone know Just a few weeks before the success- anything about. He’s rarely seen with- ful touchdown, I met Lars Blackmore, out a tie and Fedora, even on his travels the principal rocket landing engineer at to Southeast Asia. He’s also a kind and SpaceX, which is owned by the innovator humble man who befriends the needy on Elon Musk. Blackmore is responsible for the streets of New York with friendship entry, descent, and landing of the Falcon and assistance. And when he sold his FEEDBACK 9, yet he had no qualms talking about the New Jersey house last year, at closing Landing a rocket spectacular failures. He stood firm on the he gave the buyers a check, “just in case back on Earth was conviction that it was only a matter of time they need to fix the place up a bit.” But if a remarkable feat. before he and his team would get it right. you’re one of his writers, and he thinks What do you think Blackmore spoke eloquently about the you’re not getting it right, he’ll let you lies ahead this year? Email me. commitment to excellence that Musk know it, in no uncertain terms. [email protected] preaches to his team and the dedication On a relative scale, the impact Harry that is necessary to make sure that even has made on the magazine when he the minor details of each of his algo- landed here, is no less brilliant than rithms are exact. Blackmore landing Falcon 9. Harry’s kept As I write this month’s column, his eye focused steadfastly on you, the Blackmore’s comments on attention to reader: Always understanding what you detail resonate strongly. For the past need to know, and lobbying to publish 17 years I have been privileged to work what you want to read. with an individual who, above all else, Thanks for getting it right all these has always placed a priority on “getting it years, Harry. ME

LETTERS & COMMENTS

Mechanical I hope that colleges and universities Technology that moves the world THE MAGAZINE OF ASME DECEMBER 2015 across the nation continue to produce No.12 137 highly qualified and well educated en- Reader Cabak gineering scientists and technologists. of the puts the value of en- ENGINESFUTURE gineering to industry Both will be needed in ever-increasing

CUTTING DOWN ON EMISSIONS in perspective. numbers as our global society contin- WITHOUT SACRIFICING POWER ues to advance into tomorrow. One reader values engineering technologists. Another Jared Jensen, P.E., Houston STORING ENERGY UNDERGROUND PAGE 36

HAWAII’S SOLAR CHALLENGE PAGE 42 suggests licensed P.E.s may help DYNAMIC SYSTEMS & CONTROL PAGE 57 ASME.ORG DECEMBER 2015 ensure ethical behavior. ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES To the Editor: Volkswagen’s deception of the EPA was probably rooted in a culture that demanded results and diffused problem-solving ability, and hands-on personal responsibility. The punitive CONGRATULATIONS, COLLEAGUE skills to enter careers in the design, in- consequences of this deception will be To the Editor: I would like to congratu- stallation, manufacturing, testing, eval- a monetary fine borne by stockholders late Webb Marner for his Honorary uation, technical sales, or maintenance and the termination of a few executives. Membership award (November, ASME of mechanical systems. … Graduates The engineering discipline has long 2015 Honors), and I wish him many of associate degree programs typically had a process for ensuring public more years of active work. I remember have strengths in specifying, install- safety and ethical behavior, namely Webb from my work with HTRI and as a ing, fabricating, testing, documenting, the connection of engineering work to past member of ASME-HTD. operating, selling, or maintaining basic a licensed Professional Engineer. P.E. mechanical systems, whereas bac- certification ensures that one person George Vago, Life Member, West Orange, N.J. calaureate degree graduates typically carries the weight and responsibility have strengths in the analysis, applied for technical decisions. This approach design, development, implementation, avoids groupthink and reckless wander- KUDOS TO TECHNOLOGISTS or oversight of more advanced me- ings down ethical wormholes. To the Editor: The September 2015 chanical systems and processes.” I have had to contend with many issue has been folded open and sit- These skills are what many busi- ethical dilemmas during my thirty-year ting on my desk with two sentences nesses are scrambling to find in today’s career and in most cases I did not have circled: “Engineering schools should modern economy. Additionally, many the option to make an individual stand be graduating engineering scientists, with mechanical engineering degrees but rather I had to rely on gentle per- not engineering technologists. There will eventually find themselves in more suasion. Persuasion didn’t always work. is nothing to prevent the former from applications-based technology posi- The ethical challenges with which en- becoming entrepreneurs, innovators, tions. They will fill roles with a skill set gineers contend are one of the darkest and idea creators.” (From “To MOOC, similar to what ABET lists for mechani- areas of our profession. We understand or Not to MOOC, That is the Question” cal engineering technology degree products and systems far better than by Mohamed Gad-el-Hak.) programs. management yet are often not the ones Because I am a member of the Some of the most intelligent indi- who control elements related to safety Engineering Technology Accreditation viduals I have ever worked with have and standards compliance. The industry Commission at ABET, this statement been the technologists of the nuclear exemption for P.E. licensure needs to immediately caught my attention. It Navy and oil and gas industry. The best be reevaluated and allow engineers to questions the value of a technology trainers and instructors are often tech- do their work with a sense of individual education and training program in nologists with a combination of formal responsibility. today’s high-tech environment. training and hands-on experience. I would like to answer that the value Mechanical engineering technology Thomas Ask, Cogan Station, Pa. of mechanical engineering technology fills the important gap between high- is high. I quote from the ABET Criteria level design engineering and vocational THE STUFF OF LIFE for Accrediting Engineering Technology technology end users by bringing the Programs, 2015-2016: science into a usable form. The U.S. To the editor: "Entropy and the Envi- “An accreditable program in Me- industry and economy would both grind ronment" (Energy, December 2015) chanical Engineering Technology will to a screeching halt if technologists made some good points but omitted prepare graduates with knowledge, suddenly became rare. some others. So-called greenhouse MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.09

FEEDBACK gases, especially CO2, are important to their business plans. When the folks in Send us your letters and com- all life and not pollutants. The ordered management and accounting can make ments via hard copy or e-mail [email protected] wood log will be restored by Mother millions for a firm by simply transferring (subject line "Letters and Comments"). Please Nature through the actions of sunlight, a number from one column to another, include full name, address and phone number. water, and importantly, carbon dioxide. it is a challenge for the engineering We reserve the right to edit for clarity, style, It is not difficult to imagine at all, as department to show matching value to and length. We regret that unpublished letters the author claims. But the presence of the bottom line. carbon dioxide is necessary to all life. Given the complicated and convoluted cannot be acknowledged or returned. matrix of state and federal tax codes, George E. Cort, Montrose, Colo. a single tax expert can make more every moment. But when it is needed, it money for a company than an army may be a matter of life or death. of engineers. Those of us who make a BAD TREATMENT living and enjoy the work we do consider Jerry Cabak, Santa Cruz, Calif. To the Editor: I'd like to comment on ourselves pretty lucky. two articles in the December 2015 issue. In regards to hands-free car phones TOUGH LOVE In regards to Llewellyn King's article (Tech Buzz, “Even Hands-Free Interac- (Comment, “U.S. Loves Engineers, tions Are Distracting”), there is a finite To the Editor: “U.S. Loves Engineers, Treats Them Badly”), there is more to limit to which technology will ever be Treats Them Badly” (Comment, the tough slogging of engineers than the able to reduce distraction. The simple December 2015) is a great article. It’s cavalier life of public projects. fact that a driver who is in conversation about time someone like King focused The mindset in society doesn't have with someone removed from the car and attention on this important, largely a high regard for creativity and produc- road scene means that 100 percent of ignored issue. tivity. And few companies look beyond the driver's attention is not on driving. the next quarter when considering A 100 percent focus may not be needed Robert S. Dunham, San Diego, Calif.

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INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGIST, PROTECT THYSELF

inimally invasive heart procedures the procedures in the catheterization labs develop spinal problems, some so can quite literally save lives. But lab contributes to an increased cancer painful and debilitating that they are es- Msome cardiac interventions, such risk. And the heavy, lead-lined protec- sentially career-ending. as angioplasties (formally known as tive aprons worn to shield the workers Corindus Vascular Robotics in percutaneous coronary intervention) and can lead to chronic back and hip strain. Waltham, Mass., believes it has a prom- stent placements, can create serious Indeed, some studies indicate that ising solution. Its CorPath System re- health problems for the 60 percent of workers in ceived FDA a 510(k) clearance in October cardiologists and their interventional 2015 for use in radial-artery access PCI. staff. cardio Traditionally, angioplasties started Radiation from the from the femoral artery in the upper leg X-rays used to guide or groin. But data show that procedures performed via the radial artery in the wrist are safer for patients. CorPath robotically assists in catheter manipulation for this type of procedure. A joystick-driven control steers the catheter wire tip through the patient’s radial artery into the coronary arteries. With visual guidance from X-rays, blockages can be cleared and stents inserted to hold the arteries open. “About five millimeters of the wire’s

A robot (left) guides a wire through a patient's radial artery to reach the heart. A technician operates the robot from a remote cockpit (see illustration at top). Images: Corindus MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.11

tip is bent so it can be steered by simply rotating the back end—with robotic as- CHINA INVESTIGATES sistance—while watching X-rays of the procedure from the safety of a radiation- shielded cockpit,” said Brett Prince, DUMPING CHARGES Corindus marketing vice president. By sitting in a cockpit, Prince said, cardiologists are removed from the irradi- AGAINST U.S. AND JAPAN ated environment. That means they don’t have to wear lead aprons that may weigh CHINA'S MINISTRY OF COMMERCE is investigating imports of as much as 40 pounds. an iron-based alloy from the United States and Japan “Thousands of cardiac interventions to see if low prices constitute dumping in the Chinese have been performed with robotic assis- market, according to a report by Xinhua, the state- tance,” Prince said, “and more are done every day. Recently, some of these have owned news agency. been transmitted live at physicians’ confer- inhua said the ministry nounced provisional anti-dumping ences to demonstrate the system’s ability Xhas issued a statement of measures on methyl methacrylate to work in complex cases.” its intentions. It will try to imported from Singapore, Thailand, CorPath systems cost about $400,000 determine whether imports of iron- and Japan. Importers of the prod- and can be installed in a hospital’s cardiac based amorphous alloy ribbon, uct, which is used in plastic, paint, cath lab in two days. which were allegedly at "lower than and adhesives, were instructed to CorPath’s initial clinical trials took normal" prices, have damaged place deposits with Chinese cus- place in 2011, and initial FDA approval or affected domestic producers' toms ranging from 6.8 percent to occurred within seven months. Recent interest. 34.6 percent of the imports’ value clinical trials focused on Radial PCI at Iron-based amorphous alloy starting on August 1, 2015. Spectrum Health in Grand Rapids, Mich., ribbon is used in electrical equip- The ministry said companies and St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Cen- ment, including power distribution from the three countries had ter in Syracuse, N.Y. Those trials saw transformers and motors. dumped the chemical into the 100 percent success, according to the China has taken action on dump- Chinese market and the imports company. ing charges several times over the caused substantial damage to the “Everything done with CorPath in the past year. domestic industry. cardiac cath labs was thoroughly docu- The ministry decided in August When anti-dumping tariffs of 2 mented for the FDA and all the materials 2015 to impose anti-dumping mea- to 20.1 percent on purified tere- and the robotic components used in the sures on optical fiber preforms im- phthalic acid from the Republic of most recent trial had prior FDA clear- ported from Japan and the U.S. The Korea and Thailand were due to ex- ances,” Prince said. “All of the hardware ministry told domestic importers of pire in August, the ministry agreed driven by CorPath is standard interven- fiber optics from the two countries to a request by domestic producers tional devices available commercially so to pay anti-dumping tariffs ranging to re-examine the case with a pos- physicians can use whichever device they from 8 percent to 41.7 percent to sibility of extending the duties. deem appropriate for their patient.” customs. On the other hand, the United A big plus for robotically assisted The ruling affected products States has accused China of dump- procedures, Prince said, is that they help with Harmonization System Code ing products in the U.S. market. interventional cardiologists undertake 70022010, but excluded those with Products under tariff include solar ever more complex procedures to prevent a diameter smaller than 60 mil- photovoltaic panels. In June 2015, heart attacks, and save lives when attacks limeters. Optical fiber preform is U.S. steelmakers petitioned their do occur. ME a piece of glass, which is drawn to government for tariffs to offset make optical fiber. dumping by companies in China JACK THORNTON is a writer based in Santa Fe, N.M. In July 2015, the ministry an- and several other countries. ME TECH BUZZ MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.12

ORGANS This microfluidic device is lined with living human cells and mimics complex organ physiology. ON CHIPS Photo: Wyss Institute have in my bag a kidney and a brain.” diseases, and new drugs. Industry and federal health research agencies are investing IThe plenary presentation by National in the technology as a promising way out of today’s expensive, slow, and failure-prone Institutes of Health director Francis drug approval process. Collins at a recent biotechnology confer- The first organs on chips developed using microengineering technologies for cell ence may have started on a macabre biology applications came from researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically note, but no living creatures were harmed Inspired Engineering. They are microfluidic systems embedded using advanced micro- in its making. Rather, Collins carried fabrication technologies into translucent polymer chips. Hollow microfluidic channels in his bag two thumb-drive-size plastic are lined with living human cells grown in culture to reflect the make-up of an organ chips that could put hordes of mice and or tissue. other laboratory animals out of work. New microchip technologies have enabled engineers to construct structures that His talk marked recapitulate the complex interactions between the coming of age IT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO CREATE A CHIP THAT multiple tissue types in an organ. For example, it is of organ-on-a-chip CAN MEASURE THE DYNAMIC BIOCHEMICAL, now possible to create a lung on a chip to measure technology. The the dynamic biochemical, biophysical, and biome- chips can recreate BIOPHYSICAL, AND BIOMECHANICAL chanical relationships between lung tissue and complex biological RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LUNG TISSUE AND the blood vessels feeding into it. Such processes functions of both THE BLOOD VESSELS FEEDING INTO IT. enable not only diagnosis but prediction of a dis- healthy and disease process over time. The Wyss Institute team is eased human cells, giving scientists a currently working to build and link 10 human organs on chips to reproduce whole-body new view of their mechanical properties, physiology—a human on a chip. biochemical microenvironment, and 3-D Wyss’s organs on chips took first prize at the 2015 Design of the Year competition at molecular structure. If they continue London’s Design Museum—the first medical device so honored. on their current trajectory, organs on Organ-on-a-chip pioneer and Wyss founding director Donald Ingber views the tech- chips could fundamentally alter how nology as a sorely needed fix to a drug development process that is “broken.” life scientists study human physiology, It currently costs millions of dollars to test any compound for continued on p.15 » ENGINEERS START HERE Access 500,000 in-stock electronics products, custom services, tools and expertise—all in one place. Plus, count on customer service that goes above & beyond to deliver your needs. Complete engineering solutions start at Newark element14.

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MICROGRIDS WHERE THE BIG GRIDS DON’T GO SAMUEL EGBU USED TO PAY 50 naira (32 cents) to charge his weight with two panels that deliver nearly 3 kWh per day. It has a stainless steel phone battery in Umuagwu, a village in Rivers State, Nigeria. frame and an enclosure of high-density Or sometimes he would wait with his dead phone in the small polyethylene plastic. crowds gathered around a neighbor’s portable generator. The new models also include mostly off-the-shelf components, and the lectricity was scarce until solar into remote communities where they designs are intentionally fluid, open to E power changed the community. powered homes through the battery adaptation to suit changing conditions in “Life used to be very difficult and packs. The kits were composed almost communities and countries around the uncomfortable in the village because there entirely of off-the-shelf parts configured world. Each station can expand to deploy was no light,” Egbu said. “As soon as it is for efficiency and portability. more panels and charge more batteries. dusk, everybody retires to their houses.” Today, 10 of the units are still running. “You can couple them together and Now he charges his phone at his own One of the original 15 was destroyed in a drive big loads. We’re taking a broader home using a large rechargeable battery. riot and the others are under repair after look than just home lighting,” Larsen The battery draws its charge from a solar heat and humidity rotted the wood floors said. “We’re trying to be more than just a photovoltaic array in the neighboring of their chassis. The poor mix of wood lighting company. We’re looking not just at community of Egbeke. lighting, but at clean water, water purifi- Street lights, powered by the solar ar- cation, education, refrigeration, pumping. ray, shine on the main street of Umuag- We build somewhat larger systems to wu for the first time. handle those loads.” “We now feel like we are living in the Smart Village has since branched into big cities,” Egbu said. Kenya, Cameroon, South Sudan, and The PV array and the battery kit are Nigeria. part of an electrification pilot project by In Nigeria, GVE is deploying 24 kW of Green Village Electricity to deliver power solar power to three different villages to to households not connected to a central put power in 200 homes. In September, grid or traditional power plants. The Nigeria’s Bank of Industry invested more Nigerian company uses technology and than $675,000 in the company and Smart a business plan developed in the United Village added an additional $65,500 to States by IEEE Smart Village. Smart Vil- The IEEE Smart Village SunBlazer Lite is fund the pilot program. If it is successful, lage proposes to work with GVE and other designed to provide reliable energy to off- the Bank of Industry plans to fund an ex- partners to light up places like Umuagwu grid communities around the world. pansion that would reach 200,000 homes and Egbeke all over the world. The goal Photo: IEEE Foundation in the next five years, according to Ifeanyi is to deliver electricity and educational with a wet climate is one lesson learned Orajaka, chief executive officer of GVE. services to 50 million people by 2025. from that first project. “So far from the pilot projects we have The project started small in Haiti after Now Sunblazer is in its second and third deployed, the business model has proven the earthquake in 2010. Ray Larsen, a generations, Sunblazer II and Sunblazer to be very sustainable as well as very Smart Village co-founder, and his col- Lite. Both new models are lighter and scalable,” Orajaka said. leagues helped deliver 15 solar micro- more portable than the first, and their The service appears to be working, as grids in trailers to communities that had panels are more efficient. customers spend less and receive more. never been on a central power grid. Sunblazer II includes six 300-watt pan- “Before now I spend about 450 naira The power stations, which they called els that deliver 9 kWh of electricity per day daily (for 3 liters of fuel) but now I spend Sunblazers, shipped as kits of panels in equatorial sun. The panels store power 200 naira and yet I have a better value for that produce 4 kilowatt-hours of electric- in four station batteries that can charge a my money, I have longer hours of elec- ity per day, plus 40 to 80 12-volt lead-acid portable household battery pack in about tricity and without generator noise and battery packs. Local technicians cut and four hours. The chassis is steel tubing fumes,” one customer told Orajaka. ME welded frames and wired the panels. with a floor of sealed plywood or steel. Then they hauled the finished products Sunblazer Lite is about half the size and ROB GOODIER, ENGINEERINGFORCHANGE.ORG MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.15

continued from page 12 » ORGANS ON A CHIP enticing researchers to try them out. dates before they enter human trials. The Animal testing is still entrenched in the agency is often characterized as slow to therapeutic potential. From synthesis to drug development process and will be embrace new technologies, but the FDA approval, the process typically drags out for some time. The U.S. Food and Drug has shown strong support for chip-based over 10 years. For every drug that makes Administration still requires exhaustive alternatives. it through the pipeline to FDA approval, as preclinical animal testing of drug candi- MICHAEL MACRAE, ASME.ORG many as nine others fizzle out along the way because they failed in human clinical trials. Factoring in the cost of those duds, the pretax costs of developing each new NEW VERSION! approved drug shoots up to an average of $2.6 billion, according to the Tufts Cen- ter for the Study of Drug Development. If organ-on-chip technologies prove capable of accelerating the pace of drug testing, producing more reliable data, and reducing the financial and ethical drawbacks of preclinical research, everyone could win. For decades, scientists and drug companies have relied on animals from mice to monkeys to help them test the safety and effectiveness of new compounds. The Humane Society of the United States reports an estimated 25 million vertebrate animals are used in research, testing, and education in the U.S. each year. Many, if not most, of these animals either perish during an experiment or are euthanized afterward. Research on non-human primates—mankind’s clos- est physiological relatives—is especially controversial. The search for alternative methods is fueled both by animal welfare issues and by bioengineering advances. Three-dimensional bioprinting is now used to create highly detailed facsimiles of malignant tumor cells and the diverse constituents in their immediate orbits. These duplicates of the tumor microenvi- Over 100 new features & Over 500,000 registered users ronment create the possibility of printing improvements in Origin 2016! worldwide in: ◾ 6,000+ Companies including an exact copy of a living patient’s tumor FOR A FREE 60-DAY EVALUATION, and measuring its response to vari- 120+ Fortune Global 500 GO TO ORIGINLAB.COM/DEMO ◾ 6,500+ Colleges & Universities ous treatment combinations, while the AND ENTER CODE: 6951 ◾ patient waits. 3,000+ Government Agencies & Research Labs In silico simulation applies high-end computational chemistry algorithms and 3-D computer graphics for all-virtual drug discovery and screening. None 20+ years serving the scientiﬁc of these techniques is mature enough & engineering community to supplant animal models, but rapid advances and lower equipment costs are TECH BUZZ // PATENT WATCH BY KIRK TESKA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.16

AN INTELLECT WITHOUT BORDERS The patent record of Nikola Tesla is evidence of a restless mind that respected few boundaries.

aerial vehicle patents for another Patent immersed in the flow. Watch column. According to this 1898 The Tesla turbine, which uses closely patent, Tesla was the first to remotely spaced parallel discs instead of blades, control a boat or other vessel. He dem- is itself the subject of patent 1,061,206, onstrated a radio-controlled boat at the dated May 6, 1913. Electrical Exhibition in Madison Square Some of Tesla’s inventions improved Garden in the same year. already existing technologies. For exam- nventor Nikola Tesla won numerous Tesla won two patents in 1928, Nos. ple, in Patent Nos. 514,169 and 517,900 Ipatents during his life, most of which 1,655,113 and 1,655,114, for an aircraft issued in 1894, the inventor describes re- relate to electrical systems. His name which takes off and lands in a helicopter ciprocating engines that gain in efficiency is associated with motors, lamps, power configuration and pivots once airborne to by eliminating the conventional flywheel transmission, and many other devices. fly like an airplane. and replacing it with a spring. Tesla’s inventiveness crossed many dis- Tesla Patent No. 1,329,559 (1920) is for Another involved a new kind of water ciplines, including mechanical engineer- a one-way valve with no moving parts. fountain. In Patent No. 1,113,716 (1914), a ing, as evidenced by the following Tesla The internal geometry of the device large mass of water was moved upwards patents. permits a liquid to flow through a central overflowing a funnel shaped conduit in In Patent No. 514,972 (1894), the elec- channel in one direction. A series of the fountain. tric motor of a rail vehicle is inductively diverters called partitions and curving The patent record proves that Tesla powered by a wire buried between the channels called buckets reverses the practiced in different disciplines well train tracks. A conductive plate extends flow coming from the opposite direction. before “cross-disciplinary engineering” downward from the rail vehicle and is Patent No. 568,177 (1896) discloses became a buzzword. Maybe he invented positioned closely adjacent to the buried an apparatus for producing ozone using that too. ME wire. The benefits of such a design, another of Tesla’s inventions, a high- compared to an overhead pantograph frequency electricity generator. KIRK TESKA is the author of Patent Project Manage- style power collector (invented in 1879) Tesla also liked meters. Patent No. ment and Patent Savvy for Managers, is an adjunct law included lower electrical losses. 1,314,718 (1919) is for a speedometer for professor at Suffolk University Law School, and is the I came across Tesla Patent No. 613,809 a ship. Patent No. 1,365,547 (1921) is for managing partner of Iandiorio Teska & Coleman, LLP, when searching for historical unmanned a flow meter, which uses a Tesla turbine an intellectual property law firm in Waltham, Mass.

Tesla 1920 Patent No. 1,329,559 is for a one-way valve devoid of moving parts. As shown in Fig. 1 of the patent, fluid can freely flow from fitting 5 to fitting 4 along pathway 7 but not in reverse due to “buckets” 2 and “partitions” 3. ABSTRACT DEADLINE: MONDAY, MARCH 7

INNOVATION ONE GREAT 20 ++240 AT ITS = LEARNING tracks topics FINEST EXPERIENCE

TECHNICAL PROGRAM TOPICS INCLUDE:

Acoustics, Vibration, and Wave Propagation Advances in Aerospace Technology Advanced Manufacturing Biomedical & Biotechnology Engineering Dynamics, Vibration, and Control Education and Globalization Emerging Technologies Energy Fluids Engineering Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering Materials: Genetics to Structures Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Fluids Micro- and Nano- Systems Engineering and Packaging Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Systems, Design, and Complexity Transportation Systems

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IMECE CONFERENCE EXHIBITION Nov 11 – 17, 2016 Nov 13 – 16, 2016 ONE GREAT LEARNING EXPERIENCE. INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona CONGRESS & EXPOSITION

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) TECH BUZZ || ONE-ON-ONE BY JOHN MARTIN

ME: What got you interested in engineering? C.C: I love the math and physics, and trying to understand how things work. I also love aircraft. I love to see planes flying. I remember going to all these air shows and seeing the planes. I built model aircraft and read aviation history. I was just an aviation fan.

ME: What is the number-one engineering challenge at Airbus today? C.C: We've got to deliver to our customers and to our commitments. Engineering in Airbus is around 13,000 people spread across the world. It's all about flexibility and agility, and what the market wants. How can I find a technical solution that makes Q&A sense for the customer, and how can I marshal the resources and make the program happen in a time scale that makes sense for the market? CHARLES

ME: How has engineering changed during your career? CHAMPION C.C: We've got access to data and digitalization, and new ways of working like crowdsourcing. We are AS EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT for engineering at moving from a very structured approach towards Airbus, Charles Champion is responsible for a range empowered teams, which is a big change for an or- of activities: research, design, product development, ganization like Airbus. We’re developing an internal integration and flight-testing, and continued product approach we call “Sprint,” where you go much faster with a smaller team over a limited period of time, airworthiness. In March 2015 he added a new role as with fast testing and rapid prototyping. Actually, this president of Airbus Operations SAS, the aircraft man- is what they did in the ’40s and ’50s. You see that ufacturing division. Champion began his career as an spirit coming back. aerodynamics engineer. He ran the Airbus single-aisle aircraft final assembly lines from 1988 to 1992, includ- ME: What’s next in aviation? C.C: The goal is the “perfect flight.” We did one from ing the development of the A321 final assembly line in Toulouse to Stockholm. You take off with just enough Hamburg. He also headed the program for the A380— thrust for the runway and conditions, climb gently, the largest commercial aircraft flying today—until that cruise, and glide quietly, in continuous descent, to plane’s certification in 2006. landing. Integration with air traffic management will be key: how do you manage your flow of aircraft for a perfect flight with every plane that takes off in the duced. Do you see parallels? world? The vision, the ambition, is that half of the C.C: Opera puts together people of various skills—singers, musicians, savings in the years to come will come from better the chorus—for an end result that is much more than the sum of the management, reducing the waste in the system today. individual talents. In engineering we also have a lot of individual talents. My challenge is to get an aircraft which is far better than the sum ME: Any advice for engineers in today’s workplace? of the skills, so at the end we have something we can be proud of. C.C: I would say, develop engineering judgment. Some people believe you can design an aircraft on the ME: Would you be willing to share with readers a window into your computer, 3-D print it, and it will fly. It’s nothing like personality? that. An aircraft is a sum of compromises. You need C.C: I’m very curious. I love to travel to places where everything is engineering judgment to make the right choices. mind-boggling at first, but if you listen to people and don’t impose your views on a subject, you learn to look at things from a different angle. I ME: I understand you enjoy opera. Engineering think engineering is about people, too. ME and opera share similar meanings in their Latin roots: gignere, to produce, and opus, work pro- JOHN MARTIN is a writer based in Ithaca, N.Y. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.19 Precision Components

This nanometers-thick plate of aluminum oxide is held Photo Etched Parts between two gloved fingers. • Components as thin as .0005" • Eliminates cost of hard tooling • Eliminates burring and stress • Short lead times • Prototype through production • In-house forming, laminating, and plating

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raphene sheets are today's “it” made out of plastic. The first time we saw Gmaterial, prized for mechanical it, I could hardly believe it.” strength as well as interesting Indeed, instead of curling or clumping, electrical properties. But on their own, the corrugated plates spring back to their these single atom-thick sheets will curl up original shape after being bent and twisted. or clump. And don’t even think about pick- Also, when held firm on one end, the plates ing one up unless it’s mounted on a much remain rigid rather than sagging like a thin thicker backing or in a frame. sheet of plastic. Now, researchers at the University of The plates are also less prone to stick- Pennsylvania in Philadelphia have pro- ing to the side of a surface due to Van der duced a plate of super-thin material that Waals forces. The honeycomb structure can be picked up and held between two doesn’t provide for as many surface-to- fingers. These plates aren’t quite as thin surface contact points as a simple plane. as graphene, but at 25 to 100 nm thick, The material has intriguing potential for they are much thinner than a wavelength aerospace and micro-mechanical applica- of light. tions, where strength and light weight are ISO 9001 REGISTERED The plates are made of aluminum oxide, critical properties. which is deposited one atomic layer at a “The wings of insects are a few microns Download our time to achieve precise control of thickness thick, and can’t be thinner because they’re Capabilities Brochure and a distinctive honeycomb shape. made of cells,” Bargatin said. “The thin- www.tech-etch.com “Aluminum oxide is actually a ceramic, nest man-made wing material I know of so something that is ordinarily pretty is made by depositing a Mylar film on a brittle,” said lead researcher Igor Bargatin, frame, and it’s about half a micron thick. an assistant professor at Penn’s School Our plates can be ten or more times thin- of Engineering and Applied Science. “You ner than that, and don’t need a frame at all. TECH-ETCH, INC. would expect it, from daily experience, As a result, they weigh as little as a tenth of [email protected] to crack very easily. But the plates bend, a gram per square meter.” Plymouth, MA • TEL 508-747-0300 twist, deform, and recover their shape in The team published its findings in the such a way that you would think they are journal Nature Communications. ME TECH BUZZ HOUSE BACKING FOR NUCLEAR R&D

ore than 20 sponsors, includ- validate supercomputing models and a for research in the University of Texas Sys- Ming key members of the House means for the private sector to team with tem and a former chairman of the Nuclear Science, Space, and Technology the national laboratories to develop proto- Regulatory Commission, told the hearing, Committee, are backing a bill that calls on types of advanced reactors at DOE sites. “Nations such as China, Russia, South the Department of Energy to establish pro- According to Weber, the test reactor Korea, and India are moving aggressively grams to support public-private research will involve the use of fast neutrons for to develop export oriented nuclear product into advanced nuclear reactors. researching materials and fuels, and the offerings. If the U.S. is not in a position to The goal is to keep the U.S. competitive only place where that is currently available compete, we will lose our international in the nuclear energy field. for civilian use is in Russia. influence on key safety and security issues Randy Weber, a Texas Republican who John F. Kotek, Acting Assistant Secretary and forgo significant economic and job chairs the Energy Subcommittee, intro- for Nuclear Energy, told a hearing that the creation opportunities.” duced the Nuclear Energy Innovation DOE has already begun some activities Ray A. Rothrock, partner emeritus in Capabilities Act, designated H.R. 4084. mentioned in the bill. An Energy Innova- Venrock, a venture capital firm, said the Co-sponsors include Lamar Smith, chair- tion Hub centered at Oak Ridge National bill “would be irrelevant today if it were not man of the House Science Committee, and Laboratory has been established to provide for the fact that we found over 40 nuclear the committee’s ranking member, Eddie modeling and simulation of reactors. energy startups in North America. These Bernice Johnson. “With respect to a new versatile neutron companies are backed by at least $1.6 bil- The bill would have the Department of source,” Kotek said, “DOE is evaluating the lion private capital dollars.” Energy use its supercomputing power to potential need for a new research reactor The text of opening statements and re- simulate advanced reactors. It also calls capability.” cording of the hearing are available online for the DOE to complete a test reactor to Dale E. Klein, associate vice chancellor at http://tinyurl.com/HouseNuclearR-D. ME WAVE POWER INSTALLED OFF AUSTRALIA

n Australian energy company, backed by state and federal The bioWAVE funding, has placed the hardware to test its system for A unit, on the harnessing waves to generate electricity. docks. Photo: The company, BioPower Systems, has placed a 250 kW pilot BioPower Systems unit in Australia’s Southern Ocean, near Port Fairy, Victoria. The unit, called bioWAVE, oscillates under the ocean swells. A proprietary O-Drive power take-off module converts the irregular mechanical power of the waves into regular alternating current for the grid. According to a statement, the project has been in development for three years at a cost of $21 million. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency, or ARENA, has contributed $11 million and the Victoria government has added $5 million. According to BPS, the bioWAVE system was lifted into place by a crane mounted on a ship. The entire installation process took about five hours. The system will be connected to the electrical into electricity that is fed into the grid via an undersea cable. The grid for the demonstration. design was inspired by undersea plants and the entire device can The structure was angled slightly, piercing the surface like a lie flat on the seabed out of harm’s way during bad weather. diver to avoid any impacts from the waves, before being leveled According to the company’s CEO, Timothy Finnigan, “Installa- out and landed on the seabed, BPS reported. Divers monitored tion of the bioWAVE in the Southern Ocean marks the culmina- the process from below to ensure accurate placement. tion of an intensive development phase, and the beginning of a The bioWAVE device is a 26 meters high. Its oscillating testing and demonstration phase for bioWAVE. We will now turn structure is designed to sway back and forth beneath the ocean our attention to commissioning the plant for operation, and we swell in order to capture energy from the waves and convert it aim to be delivering electricity into the grid very soon.” ME MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.21 Visit omega.com The Most Powerful PID Controller on the Market is RUSSIAN NUCLEAR Now Also the Easiest to Use Introducing the OMEGA® PLANTS ABROAD PLATINUMTM Series Easy and Intuitive to Use RUSSIA WILL CONTINUE TO PARTICIPATE Temperature and Process Controllers in the construction of the first nuclear power plant in Vietnam, even though the launch of the project has been delayed, according to a report by Tass. Meanwhile, a deal for Russia to build a 4.8 gigawatt CNPt Series nuclear plant in Egypt has taken another step forward. Starts at The plant in Vietnam is one of two planned for Ninh Thuan $205 province. Rosatom, the Russian nuclear power company, is currently working with the Vietnamese government to build the first two units at the plant known as Ninh Thuan 1. The long-range plan is to build a total of four units, which will s Universal Input Supports have a capacity of 1,000 MW each, at the site. Thermocouples, RTDs, The second plant, Ninh Thuan 2, will have the same capac- Thermistors, Analog Current, ity and will be built by a Japanese consortium. and Bidirectional Voltage According to Tass, Russia’s First Deputy Prime Minister s High Performance (20 Samples Igor Shuvalov said, “The Vietnamese government confirms Per Second with 24 Bit ADC) that it’s still interested in cooperation with the Russian and High Accuracy Federation regarding the issue and the Ninh Thuan 1 nuclear s Full Autotune PID with power project will happen.” Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Control According to Shuvalov, “For Vietnam this is a very chal- s Up to 99 Chainable Ramp and lenging project as everyone remembers the Fukushima Soak Programs with Up to 16 Segments Each tragedy.” He said Russian experts will appear at Vietnamese par- s No Jumpers to Set, Totally Firmware Conﬁgurable liamentary hearings to assure officials of the safety of the 2016 technology. s USB Communications Come Standard on Every Model, According to a statement by Rosatom, the latest devel- Ethernet and Serial Also Available FINALISTS opment in the Egyptian project is the signing of additional agreements for the partnership between the two countries. The plant, to be built at Dabaa, is scheduled for completion in Visit omega.com/cnpt_series 2022 and will have four units generating 1,200 MW each. It is the largest joint project of Russia and Egypt since construction of the Aswan Dam, which was completed in 1970. Egypt’s Minister of Electricity and Energy and the director general of Rosatom signed an agreement for collaboration in the construction and operation of the nuclear power plant. The Russian and Egyptian regulatory bodies for nuclear With and radiological safety also have signed a memorandum of USB port. understanding covering further development of the nuclear infrastructure. Documents specified questions of nuclear fuel supply, and obligations in operation, maintenance and repair of nuclear 1-888-826-6342 omega.com power units. Russian and Egyptian officials signed an earlier agree- © COPYRIGHT 2016 OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ® ment, covering specifications of the nuclear power plant and Prices listed are those in effect at the time of publication and are subject to change without notice. Please contact OMEGA’s sales department for current prices. key areas of cooperation, in February 2015. ME TECH BUZZ || HOT LABS BY MARK CRAWFORD

The biomechanics lab's research includes improvements in manual wheelchair propulsion techniques. Photo: USC Biomechanics Research Lab

SAFETY

f you want to perform like the best, you have to learn from the Ibest. That’s the philosophy at the University of Southern Cali- FACTOR fornia Biomechanics Research Laboratory, where researchers study individuals with a high level of skill acquired through years of practice, including elite athletes, performing artists, and HUMAN-FACTORS ENGINEERING GOES people in technically demanding work environments, such as beyond physical, chemical, and me- dental hygienists. chanical properties of matter to take into The goal is to combine results from these studies with modeling simulation approaches to identify ways people can improve account the physical and psychological how they perform various tasks, both routine and exceptional. impacts of a product on the person who “We have used these methods to improve the take-off me- uses it. How can a product be improved chanics of national team divers and horizontal jumpers, the landing mechanics of gymnasts and volleyball players, and the to become safer, more comfortable, or turning mechanics of dancers, golfers, and older adults,” said more efficient to use? This softer side of lab director Jill L. McNitt-Gray. “We have also improved manual design can’t be taken for granted and is wheelchair propulsion techniques for individuals with spinal-cord injuries.” the subject of a great deal of study. This McNitt-Gray and her team capture key features of human month we touch base with two university movement using sensors and high-speed motion capture tools. labs studying human factors to make the Wearable inertial measurement units quantify motion (acceleration, angular velocity, orientation). Piezoelectric force plates world a safer place. embedded in the flooring measure reaction forces during contact MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.23

“For example, when working with our Paralympic sprinters, ROLE MODELING we can provide information about how they accelerated their THE LAB University of Southern California Biomechanics Research Labora- bodies during the first few steps of the sprint start by integrat- tory, Los Angeles; Jill L. McNitt-Gray, director. ing the high-speed video and reaction forces measured during contact with the ground,” McNitt-Gray said. “This information OBJECTIVE To improve physical performance and reduce the risk of injury can be used between attempts to clarify and track improve- during strenuous physical activity by optimizing the interaction of the ments in how horizontal impulse generated during foot contact nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and the physical environment. contributes to increases in horizontal velocity of the body. We can also make personalized changes to a training program and/ DEVELOPMENT Real-time feedback and analytical tools (sensors, elec- or the fit of an assistive device to improve performance and trodes, high-speed motion cameras, piezoelectric force plates) for evaluat- reduce the risk of injury.” ing the stresses involved during physical movement. The lab is also using biomechanics to engage and stimulate the next generation of STEM (science, technology, engineering, with the ground. Electrodes allow researchers to monitor the and mathematics) students. Graduate students work with local on-and-off patterns of muscles activated during the perfor- K-12 teachers to engage students in the study of how the body mance of the task. These same tools can be used to provide works. These efforts have ranged from after-school workshops real-time and immediate feedback to the clinician, performer, and volunteering in the classroom to summer camps for female and researcher. students who want to improve athletic skills. ME

daptive cruise control, which is a system designed to A maintain a safe distance between vehicles, is touted as a major safety advance. But too often drivers don’t use ACC as intended. “There are many limitations associated with ACC systems,” said Linda Ng Boyle, director of the Human Factors and Sta- tistical Modeling Laboratory at the University of Washington in Seattle. “Our studies show that over 50 percent of drivers who own vehicles with this system are not aware of the limitations.” Boyle’s lab is conducting a research project funded by the National Science Foundation to study how drivers interact with ACC. Boyle and her team used data from on-road studies of new ACC users in natural driving environments, driving simulator Researchers studied how subjects operating a driving simulator studies that replicated at-risk driving scenarios, and drivers’ as- behaved when adaptive cruise control was in use. Photo: University of Washington sessments of their driving habits and perceptions. Instrumenta- tion in the car and simulator recorded speed, acceleration, and clude evaluating naturalistic driving behaviors and performance how quickly the drivers braked while the ACC was in use. of commercial vehicle drivers and how much text drivers can A statistical technique called cluster analysis was used to read and input while driving without decreasing their safety. group drivers according to various driving performance mea- In addition to driver behavior, Boyle said the lab also looks at sures. This revealed which drivers were more likely to set their operator behavior in health care and manufacturing. cruise speeds at higher-than-posted limits and initiate closer “Our focus has moved toward the design of increasingly gap settings. autonomous systems, given that “There are different types of MALADAPTIVE DRIVERS the human is still in the loop ACC users,” Boyle said, “those and will most likely be involved THE LAB Human Factors and Statistical Modeling Laboratory, who are more likely to take risks for many years to come,” Boyle University of Washington, Seattle; Linda Ng Boyle, director. and those who use ACC more con- said. “We look at designing and servatively. Those who are more OBJECTIVE To enhance driver/operator safety by using appropriate understanding the interaction of risky may over-trust ACC and analytical tools to reduce the risk of injuries and fatalities. systems that are adapting to the use it in situations they should human, as the human is adapting not—for example, assuming the DEVELOPMENT Primary research for developing guidelines for to the system.” ME ACC system will take control in driver distraction, and to identify intervention methods that can help situations when it may not.” drivers get to their destinations safely. MARK CRAWFORD is a geologist and Current research projects in- writer based in Madison, Wis. ADVERTISEMENT

JAMES WATT INTERNATIONAL GOLD MEDAL The James Watt International Gold Medal is a prestigious award that recognises the lifetime achievements of engineers from across the globe. Having such a wide remit and scope, it's no surprise to fi nd that previous winners have been hugely impressive individuals with truly distinguished careers. That was certainly the case when Professor Richard Parry-Jones, CBE BSc FREng FIMechE FRSS, was awarded the James Watt Interna- tional Gold Medal for his contributions to vehicle development in the areas of driving dynamics and refi nement, and for his technical vision PRESTIGE and guidance to steer the UK automotive industry towards a prosper- ous and successful world-class future. Parry-Jones has enjoyed a stellar career, having graduated with a AWARDS 2016 First in mechanical engineering at Salford University in 1969, and going on to join the research and development centre at Ford's Dunton plant The Institution of Mechanical Engineers is com- in Essex, UK. He is credited with transforming the appeal of Ford cars, making them wonderfully connected, responsive and smooth, through mitted to recognising excellence and encouraging meticulous attention to detail in the development of vehicle attributes. the highest standards in mechanical engineering. His team developed a set of industry-leading metrics, and of particular importance was the way the dynamic performance was measured That’s why it awards more than 400 prizes for using objective data. He devised the ‘50m test’ to help evaluators focus outstanding merit and achievement in a variety on how to sensitise themselves to understanding the subtle nuances of many dimensions of human/vehicle interaction. of fi elds and areas of expertise. These accolades Following his retirement from Ford in 2008, Parry-Jones leveraged include the Prestige Awards – an eminent collec- his experience into a wider variety of roles which include technology consulting, industrial non-executive directorships and public service, tion of prizes that celebrate excellent engineering, and he has been actively involved in the development of industrial policy through the Automotive Council UK, which he chaired jointly in academia and professional practices. with the then BIS (UK Department of Business Innovation and Skills) The Prestige Awards act to champion engineers who can truly be said to have improved the world, or advanced the discipline of mechanical JAMES CLAYTON PRIZE engineering. There is real breadth to the Prestige First awarded seventy years ago, the James Clayton Prize is re- Awards. They cover individuals and organisations garded as the most prestigious annual award made by the Institution to a member(s) of the Institution in any grade (Affi liate to Fellow), recog- and all grades of membership and non-members nising exceptional contribution to mechanical engineering and related from across the world. They provide a unique science, technology and invention. Achievement is best demonstrated by way of a recent product or research project, or experimental work, opportunity for individuals or groups to share the from either an industrial or academic source in any geographic location results of their work with a wider audience and over a typical period circa the past 5 years. Andy Cowell CEng FIMechE, the managing director of Mercedes truly celebrate their achievements. AMG High Performance Powertrains Ltd, clinched the award for his outstanding contributions to engine design and development in the Formula One world, especially V10, V8 and the new V6 with Hybrid Energy Recovery System. He was also been recognised for his inspirational leadership at Mercedes-Benz. ANDY After graduating from Lancaster University, Cowell joined Cosworth Racing on its graduate scheme before specialising in the design and COWELL development of Formula One engines. By 1999, Cowell was leading the engine project group responsible for the top end of the innovative CK engine as raced by Stewart Ford. After a year spent with BMW Motorsport, where he managed the engineering group responsible for the concept and detail of the 2001 engine used by Williams BMW, he returned to Cosworth as principal engineer for F1 design and development, managing the new engine projects in 2001 and 2003. Cowell then joined Mercedes-Ilmor in 2004 as principal engineer for the FQ V10 engine project. He was then Chief Engineer on the V8 ADVERTISEMENT

Secretary of State, the Rt Hon. Vince Cable. Such an extensive and varied career means that Parry-Jones is regarded as one of the world's most highly-respected engineers. But despite his achievements, Parry-Jones remains a modest individual, and he says that he was astonished to have received the accolade. “I found out I had won by letter from the President of the Institution. I am not usually speechless, but this time I was!” he says. PROFESSOR He was pleased and fl attered, if slightly wary of sharing the honour of this prize with other such RICHARD eminent engineers. “When I compared what I have PARRY-JONES done with some of the previous winners, I didn’t re- ally feel that I was in the same league, but my peers had nominated and voted for me, and out of respect for them I humbly accepted.” THE INSTITUTION IS KEEN TO RECOGNISE APPLICATION DETAILS: INNOVATION AND EXCELLENCE IN ACADEMIA, The Institution awards every two years a Gold Medal to an eminent engineer AND DOES SO THROUGH ITS WIDE RANGE OF who has attained worldwide recognition in mechanical engineering in any direction PRESTIGE AWARDS. - science and research, invention, and production. The award is open to Institution If you have an engineer or an organisation who you members as well as non-members. think are worthy of nomination or indeed would like Closing date for all application is 31 March 2016. Find out more at to nominate yourself (James Clayton Prize), then now imeche.org/prestigeawards. is the time to act. Applications for the 2016 awards are now open, with a closing date of 31 March 2016. The winners and their respective nominators project before taking on responsibility for the technical and programme leadership of will be invited to celebrate their achievements at a all engine projects, including the KERS hybrid. He was engineering and programme ceremony and annual dinner held in London. director for Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines from 2008 until 2013, when he became Managing Director of Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains. OTHER PRESTIGE AWARDS INCLUDE: Cowell has always been an active member of the Institution, and has supported • Alastair Graham-Bryce Award – Awarded to an the Formula Student automotive competition for many years. So he was delighted when the Institution recognised his achievements, awarding him the James Clayton individual or group making a signifi cant contribu- Prize for his contribution to modern engineering science. “It was a complete surprise tion to the encouragement of young people to- to learn that I had won, and not something I ever imagined I would be awarded with. wards a career in engineering. Eligibility: Members Looking at the list of previous recipients, it’s humbling to think the Institution regards and non-members. Prize: £5,000 me as worthy of being added to such a prestigious list. • IMechE Award for Risk Reduction in Me- “I’ve had the good fortune to work with some exceptionally talented engineers, both past and at present. It’s exciting to be achieving things in the future that today chanical Engineering – Awarded to any eminent people believe are impossible. Engineers have the opportunity to amaze the world.” engineer who has contributed the most in the understanding and/or reduction of risk in any area APPLICATION DETAILS: of mechanical engineering. Eligibility: Members Awarded to a member(s) of the Institution in any grade (Affi liate to Fellow) for an and non-members. Prize: £1,000 exceptional contribution to mechanical engineering and related science, technology • Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal and George and invention. Candidates are permitted to self-nominate. All nominations must be Stephenson Gold Medal - Awarded for the best supported by a Proposer and Seconder. The prize comes with a £10,000 award. original papers published by the Institution in the Closing date for applications is 31 March 2016. Find out more at imeche.org/prestigeawards past 12 months. Eligibility: Members and non- members. Prize: Gold medals • The Verena Winifred Holmes Award – To recognise individuals who have achieved by undertaking a unique challenge or experience to benefi t people from groups with different needs, or those with a past record of disadvantage or low participation. Eligibility: Members of the Institution. Prize: £1,500

For details on all of the awards on offer and eligibility criteria, please visit imeche.org/prestigeawards or E: [email protected] T: +44 (0)1284 717887 TECH BUZZ // VAULT FEBRUARY 1976 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.26

LOOKING BACK

Accused of catering to the nuclear industry, the editors of the magazine said they wanted “to give NUCLEAR both sides of the story,” when they published an article by Ralph Nader POWER: in February 1976. MORE THAN A TECHNOLOGICAL TESTING IN DEPTH Ralph Nader’s article appeared in Mechanical Engineering ISSUE during the age of underground testing of nuclear weapons. On January 3, 1976, the Nevada Test Site saw its deepest under- By Ralph Nader, Public Citizen Inc. ground test. The United States exploded a nuclear device with an 800 kiloton yield at a depth of 1,452 meters. There were a few A leading environmental and tests elsewhere at greater depth. The deepest was conducted in September 1969 in Colorado at 2,570 meters, with a yield of 40 consumer-protection advocate kt. A 5 kt device was detonated at 1,790 meters under Alaska in presented objections raised by November 1971. opponents of nuclear power. Baneberry, with a yield of ten kilotons, was buried about 278 meters beneath the surface. When lthough the national debate on nuclear power is intensify- detonated on Dec, 18, 1970 at the Aing, some engineers and scientists view the nuclear issue as Nevada Test Site, it merely a technical one. Technologists such as Ralph Lapp and released radioactive Norman Rasmussen condescendingly dismiss all doubts. If ordinary material into the people will just leave nuclear power to the “experts,” they feel, all the atmosphere. Photo: National problems will be solved or disappear. Nuclear Security Of course, this technical elitism has been severely undercut by Administration / more than 2,000 scientists and engineers who recently stated that Nevada Site Office the risks of nuclear power were “altogether too great” and urged a national energy policy based on energy conservation and nonnuclear power. But although this scientific controversy exists, the debate on nuclear power cannot be based on technical issues alone. Nuclear power concerns about reactor safety. But these hopes were is fraught with, if not dominated by, issues that are institutional and not realized. The severe weaknesses of the report have political rather than technical. There are technical issues, to be sure, contributed to greater skepticism over nuclear power. but even these are ridden with controversy and unresolved problems. At the outset, it should be emphasized that the Reactor safety is one example of an unsettled technical question. In report, Reactor Safety Study, only presumed to cover August 1974, the Atomic Energy Commission released a draft report nuclear reactors themselves. The report did not cover which concluded that the chances of a major nuclear reactor accident the transportation of radioactive materials by truck, were equivalent to the chances of a meteor striking a large city. From rail, and barge; the disposal of radioactive wastes; the the fanfare with which the report was released, it is evident that the risks of sabotage, theft, or terrorism; fuel reprocessing AEC and the nuclear industry hoped the report would lay to rest all plants; or uranium mining processes and wastes. ME

TECH BUZZ // TRENDING

TECHNOLOGY BY THE NUMBERS: SNAPSHOT

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Smart drug delivery or targeted drug delivery is a BIOTECH collection of technologies that will improve the concentration of a drug and absorption by the tissue or organ it is intended for. This manner of drug delivery will result in fewer side effects and improve therapeutic potential. Some of the ON TARGET major areas of focus are oncology, autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary disease, and ocular disorders. These diseases currently have a high need New technologies that can deliver for advanced drug delivery technologies that will improve the safety, effectiveness, and efficiency therapeutic chemicals to the cells they of the drugs that are being administered. need to treat are reaching the marketplace. DEVELOPMENTS veryone knows you need to be pretty sharp to • This market is growing rapidly due to the steady E growth of nanotechnology, biomarker discovery, be a doctor, but these days the drugs themselves and genetic engineering. are getting smart. By increasing the concentration and • Researches in nanocarriers, cell surface recep- absorption of therapeutic drugs by the tissue or organ they tors, and biodegradable materials will improve the efficacy and efficiency of the drug that is being are intended for, pharmaceutical companies are improving delivered. the effectiveness of medication while reducing the poten- • Novel developments are also emerging in tial side effects. targeted drug delivery in terms of improving the Last year Frost & Sullivan, the The report shows that targeted drug type of physical administration of the drug (oral, market research and consulting firm delivery patents are on the rise, with injectable, or non-injectable). These will also based in San Antonio, Texas, looked at both the U.S. and China each issuing have a direct impact in improving the safety and a suite of what it called the health care more than 3,900 from 2012 to 2014. efficacy of the drugs that are currently available technologies of the future, and targeted Frost & Sullivan predicts revenues in the market. drug delivery was in the top ten. Ac- for pharmaceutical companies from —Frost & Sullivan, Top Health and Wellness cording to Frost & Sullivan, advances in targeted drug delivery systems will Technologies in 2015 nanotechnology, biomarker discovery, increase from $160 billion in 2015 to and genetic engineering have contrib- $230 billion in 2020. uted to the technology’s growth. The report states that nanoscale sys- “Novel developments are also tems will be the predominant means 16,072 emerging in targeted drug delivery in for delivering these drugs to the target terms of improving the type of physical tissues. Abraxane is one example of administration of the drug (oral, inject- a nanoparticle-based drug delivery TOTAL PATENTS/ able, or non-injectable),” the report product developed for carrying cancer PUBLICATIONS states. “These will also have a direct therapeutics. 2013-2015 impact in improving the safety and “Certain blockbuster drugs that efficacy of the drugs that are currently performed well in clinical trials did available in the market.” not meet expectations when utilized in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.29

$160B $230B 5-YEAR ESTIMATED REVENUE GROWTH

250

200

150

100

PROJECTED GLOBAL REVENUE (BILLION U.S. DOLLARS) REVENUE (BILLION U.S. GLOBAL PROJECTED 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: Frost & Sullivan real patients, largely due to poor TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY PATENTS — TOP 6 JURISDICTIONS drug delivery techniques and lack of bio- compatibility,” the report says. “Pharma- ceutical companies are heavily investing in this space; they want customized drug delivery platforms developed from well- validated technologies so that they can move into the personalized medicine era with ease.” But while Frost & Sullivan is bullish on this sector, it did have a note of caution. “There are currently no long-term study results on the potential hazards of nanotechnology-based therapeutics,” the report says. “This lack of knowledge has left many skeptical in the industry, which UNITED STATES: 3,954 CHINA: 3,927 negatively impacts its growth.” For more information on this field, turn JAPAN: 1,697 AUSTRALIA: 992 to this month’s cover feature, "Neat Little Packages," on page 30. ME CANADA: 814 SOUTH KOREA: 783 JEFFREY WINTERS COVER STORY // BIOENGINEERING F30

NEAT LITTLE PACKAGES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.31

Engineering creates delivery systems that harness genetic medicine—even as researchers still struggle to understand it. By Alan S. Brown

hen Layla Richards was only 14 weeks immune cells targeted only leukemia cells. Qasim old, she was diagnosed with acute also found a way to boost the immune cell’s resis- lymphoblastic leukemia, a type of tance to a powerful drug used in the treatment. cancer that kills three quarters of the When Layla’s parents were told about Qasim’s infants who contract it. Her doctors work, they were adamant about going ahead with atW Great Ormond Street Hospital in London im- what was a treatment that had never been tested mediately started the standard treatment—cheon humans. motherapy to kill the cancer and a bone marrow “We didn’t want to accept palliative care, and transplant so her body could replace her damaged so we asked the doctors to try anything for our blood cells—and hoped for the best. daughter, even if it hadn’t been tried before,” her Seven weeks later, the cancer returned. mother, Lisa Foley, said. The doctors then tried an experimental treat- At that point, however, Qasim had just begun ment. That also failed. the laborious process of treating enough immune The doctors told her parents that Layla faced cells to test for safety on humans. He had only certain death and gently suggested palliative care. enough to fi ll one vial. Layla was injected with 1 In another part of Great Ormond Street Hospi- ml of the experimental cells. tal, Waseem Qasim, a professor of cell and gene Within a few weeks, Layla’s health improved. therapy at University College London, was treating After two months she was without cancer and mice by genetically modifying their immune cells. had received a bone marrow transplant so that Immune cells are nature’s fi rst line of defense she could begin making her own immune cells. against disease. They are designed to attack any One month later, in the fall of 2015, Layla returned foreign body. Unless they are a very, very close home. match, immune cells transplanted from one animal Stories of genetics-based cures like this make into another will also attack their new host. it seem as if we live in an age of medical wonders. Working with mice, Qasim had shown he could And to a certain degree, we do. But for all the ad- genetically modify immune cells from donors vanced proposals for treating intractable disease, so they would ignore their new host. He did says Matthew Porteus, associate professor of that through use of an artifi cial enzyme called pediatrics at Stanford Medical Center, there is still TALEN (for "transcription activator-like effector one pressing problem. He and his colleagues need nuclease"). Like a pair of robotic scissors, TALEN better delivery systems. hunts down and cuts DNA at a pre-programmed “You can have the fanciest ideas and molecules,” location. Once the DNA is cut, Qasim can add or said Porteus, who himself was the fi rst researcher subtract genetic material or even an entire gene. to modify genes in human cells at rates high That enables him to alter the DNA’s code, and enough to cure diseases. “But if you can’t get them therefore the cell’s behavior. into the cell, they are no use,” he said. Instead of going after the host, Qasim’s altered Better delivery systems will take engineers. pH

The Package Self-degredation Pharmaceutical companies do that Although the with doxorubicin, a cancer treatment that Image: Zhen Gu cancer drug that also Layla Richards re- causes heart disease. ceived was a fi rst, the Zhen Gu's DNA "nanoclew" has ligands on Entangling the drug concept of genetically its surface that bind to receptors on the in liposomes, sac-like modifying cells in a surface of cancer cells. It is then absorbed structures made from Petri dish and inject- inside the cancer cell, whose acidic en- fatty acids, keeps it ing them into a pa- vironment destroys the polymer sheath from interacting with tient, as Qasim did, is containing enzymes that slice through the heart cells or other tis- fairly standard. Ideally, DNA cocoon, spilling anticancer drugs into sues. And because the though, physicians the cancer cell and killing it. liposomes are smaller would like to deliver than 100 nanometers genetic medicine to in diameter, the body’s cells inside the body. It is the only way to attack immune system ignores them. They are small cancer and disease where they live. It would also enough to pass through the leaky blood vessels make it easier to treat genetic diseases by chang- that surround tumors, and cancer cells have no ing the DNA in cells that continue to divide and mechanism to remove them. multiply. The fact that fatty acids are common molecules Doing that, however, increases the diffi culty helped allay Food and Drug Administration for delivery systems. In addition to convincing concerns about the packaging, Saltzman said. the targeted cells to open up and accept a gene- Doxorubicin became the fi rst FDA-approved altering payload—no mean feat—in-body systems nanomedicine in 1995. must fi rst fi nd the right cells and also protect their Since then, packaging has grown a great deal package from the body’s immune system. more sophisticated. Saltzman’s work is a case in Fortunately, researchers have been learning point. He prefers to work with synthetic poly- how to do that for more than 20 years while de- mers, for example, because they offer a great deal veloping nanoscale drug delivery systems. Those of fl exibility. The polymers enable him to pack- solutions have now moved into the mainstream, age two or more medicines at a time and control said Mark Saltzman, a Yale University profes- precisely how fast the packages will release their sor of biomedical and chemical engineering and payloads. Also, since artifi cial materials do not physiology. Saltzman has published more than trigger immune responses, he can deliver very 300 papers in the fi eld. high doses of medication without a reaction. “The pharmaceutical industry was built on Saltzman draws on decades of research to target the notion that if you fi nd the right chemical or specifi c types of tissues or cells. compound, everything is going to be okay. If it “People have been studying cancer for a long has dangerous side effects or lacks effectiveness, time,” Saltzman said, “and some characteristics you just tune the drug’s chemistry,” Saltzman of cancer cells are well known. For example, they said. “What’s different now is that we can achieve reproduce rapidly, and need to accumulate folate greater safety and effectiveness by changing the molecules to make DNA. We put folate on the packaging instead.” surface of our molecules, and cancer cells think MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.33

“You can have the fanciest ideas and molecules, but if you they are folate and are dosing every day, ingest them. We also every week, or even every put cell-penetrating can’t get them into the cell, month, it is a problem.” peptides on the surface Arcturus’s solution to speed uptake once they are no use.” is a biodegradable lipid the cell recognizes the with a temporary charge, package.” — Matthew Porteus, associate professor just enough to wrap Saltzman developed of pediatrics at Stanford Medical Center medicines and RNA in a a range of approaches loose, yarn-like bundle. to deliver cancer drugs. Yet many of these tech- When the bundle reaches the targeted cell, the niques would adapt easily for genetic medicine. In cell engulfs it, trapping it in a small sac that travels fact, many researchers are already putting them to into the cell. By the time that sac breaks down, the work. lipid has fallen apart, releasing its medicines or RNA to go to work in the cell. To target specifi c cells, Arcturus follows The Ball of Yarn Saltzman’s playbook. It decorates the LUNAR surface with different molecules, and also changes Arcturus Therapeutics in San Diego bills itself its size, shape, and charge. as an RNA medicines company. Cells use RNA This yields some surprisingly sophisticated to carry instructions encoded in the DNA to systems. For example, Arcturus attaches small um- ribosomes, structures inside the cells that build brella–like structures to LUNAR. They hook onto proteins to spec; by interfering with that process, liver tissue, allowing the package to break free and RNA medicines can disrupt the formation of pro- enter the cells. teins that cause disease and tumor growth. “A lot of this sounds like science fi ction, but it’s In June, Arcturus signed an agreement to com- real,” Payne said. mercialize RNA medicines with Janssen Pharma- It must seem that way to Andre Watson, chief ceuticals, a Johnson & Johnson company. technology offi cer of Ligandal, a fl edgling Sili- Arcturus wants to package these RNA medi- con Valley startup building delivery systems for cines using a fatty acid-based nanoparticle system, genetic medicines. a delivery technology that it calls “lipid-enabled Three years ago, Watson was an undergraduate and unlocked nucleic acid modifi ed RNA” (so that at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute looking for a its acronym can be LUNAR). project he could work on in graduate school. A The company says this is an advance over professor pointed him towards delivery systems. previous lipid-based delivery systems. In those Watson quickly hit upon the strategy of build- systems, lipids were made from permanently ing a multilayer package. The outside layer would charged molecules called quaternary amines; their target specifi c types of cells. Once inside, it would positive charge held negatively charged medicines disintegrate, leaving behind a second package con- and RNA molecules in place. Unfortunately, the taining scissor enzymes and genetic material. charged particles accumulated in body tissues the Watson makes both shells from peptides. way balloons with a static charge stick to a wall. “Peptides are the way biology presents informa- “That’s not a problem if you deliver one or two tion. They dictate where things go inside the doses,” said Arcturus CEO Joe Payne. “But if you cell,” he said. Watson leverages this by programming the peptide shell to carry its genetic payload into the cell nucleus, where DNA creates RNA. By target- ing the nucleus and tuning his peptide package to disintegrate slowly, Watson can fl ood the DNA with active genetic material for weeks at a time. As a result, he claims he can achieve gene replace- ment rates that are much higher than standard processes. Watson came to Silicon Valley with $1,500, but Ligandal has lined up $500,000 in angel invest- ments. The company is working with several leading researchers and pharmaceutical fi rms, and plans to begin publishing results soon, he said. If Watson is still trying to build his reputation, Zhen Gu has begun to establish one. He was named one of MIT Technology Review’s 2015 list “This is the most important “35 Innovators Under 35,” in part for an injectable nanoparticle package that breaks down and releases insulin when it encounters high levels of question for genome editing, sugar in the bloodstream. Gu, an assistant professor in University of how to raise the percentage North Carolina-North Carolina State University’s Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, is of template-based repairs.” now seeking to do something similar by packaging genetic materials in DNA. Gang Bao, ASME Fellow, He calls his system a nanoclew, after a clew of yarn, because it looks like a tightly wound ball of Nanomedicine Center for Nucleoprotein DNA. The DNA is shaped to hold gene-cutting Machines, Rice University. material as well as polyester groups that give it an electrical charge that promotes uptake in cells. At the cellular level, Gu’s DNA creations look good enough to eat, and cells do ingest them. The DNA, although biocompatible, is artifi cial and does not trigger an immune response. To test the system, Gu’s team gave mice tumors that had been modifi ed to produce green fl uorescent proteins. The researchers then programmed their nanoclews to cut out the DNA that made those proteins. According to Gu, about one third of the cancer cells stopped fl uorescing after treatment. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.35

The Template editing, how to raise the percentage of template- based repairs,” Bao said. “We must learn to control The human body is made up of a couple of hun- which type of repair the cell selects, or how to sepa- dred different types of cells—blood, brain, muscle, rate the properly corrected cells from those with skin, and so on, not even counting the microbial end-to-end repairs so they do not compete with hitchhikers—and it is improbable that any one type each other when we replace them in the patient.” of packaging will reach them all. As engineers test Bao is also tackling another template repair the design of delivery systems, they will fi nd them- problem, when scissor enzymes sometimes make selves working with scientists to understand how the wrong cut. CRISPR targets DNA by looking for all the pieces fi t together. a specifi c sequence of 20 pairs of molecular build- The gaps in science’s understanding come across ing blocks that form DNA. Human DNA contains 3 clearly when talking with Gang Bao, an ASME billion pairs, so that sequence is likely to appear in Fellow who heads the Nanomedicine Center for Nu- several different places. Scissor enzymes also may cleoprotein Machines at Rice University in Houston. sometimes settle for getting 19 out of 20 pairs right. Bao has been working on genetic cures for sickle Bao calls this off-target cleaving, and it could cell anemia. It is a promising application for genetic lead to unwanted mutations and unexpected side therapy, since a single mutation in a single gene in effects. He is developing a web-based tool that will just one type of stem cell causes the disease. This rank DNA segments by their vulnerability to off- gives Bao a very specifi c target to attack. target cleaving. His game plan sounds simple: remove the stem “We can show researchers the problem, but we cells that make blood cells from the bone marrow; do not have a way to fi x it yet,” he said. splice in a gene segment to fi x the mutation; and then inject the modifi ed cells back into the bone marrow so they can produce healthy red blood The Future cells. Executing the plan has proven diffi cult, which is one reason why Bao has been working on the Bao’s realism is bracing when set against the rise problem since 2008. of venture capital-backed genetic medicine compa- For instance, Bao uses CRISPR—a powerful, low- nies. The technology is risky. This is why Ligandal’s cost genome-editing technology—to break DNA Andre Watson describes the ideal test subject as strands. Cells repair 95 percent of those breaks by someone in the late stages of a rare, lethal disease. rejoining the broken ends the way we might tie a Most other researchers would agree. broken shoelace. Often, this introduces small muta- Yet the future is coming fast. Watson, for ex- tions into the gene, destroying its ability to produce ample, imagines that clinics 30 years from now RNA. This technique helps eliminate unwanted or will sequence patients’ genomes and biopsy their dangerous proteins. conditions, and prescribe treatments that target the The other 5 percent of the time, however, cells precise cause of disease. use a molecular template to build and then insert That may seem like more fi ction than science. But a new gene into the missing gap. Bao hopes to take this time last year, so were the genetically modifi ed advantage of this mechanism to alter genes and immune cells that cured Layla Richards’s cancer. reprogram anemic stem cells to make healthy red blood cells. ALAN S. BROWN is associate editor at Mechanical Engineering “This is the most important question for genome magazine. A privately funded high-speed rail line promises to whisk passengers DALLAS from Houston to Dallas at 200 mph.

HOUSTON But building the project may divide rural areas even as it unites cities.

PRAIRIE HOME The countryside in Ellis County, Texas, shown here, could soon be split by the grade-separated tracks of the Texas Central Railway. The high speed line will use Japanese bullet-train technology (opposite). Photo (opposite): Texas Central Railway MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.37

3dŮbcdͨ@Nbdi;X[ScgNcRS[XVWdSRd_WSNbdWNdNWXVWΌc`SSR It’s easy to believe in high-speed rail bNX[gNiΏdWSGShNc5S^dbN[ΏgNcV_X^Vd_dbNfS[dWb_eVWbebN[ when you are sitting in jammed trafﬁ c 7[[Xc5_e^diͨGShNcͨgWSbS;X[Sc[XfScͥ7[[Xc5_e^diXcYecd on Houston’s Katy Freeway—all 26 lanes of it—or wasting four hours at c_edW_T6N[[Ncͨ`Nbd_TdWS]X[[X_^Ό`Sbc_^6N[[NcΌ8_bdJ_bdW DFW for a 90-minute ﬂ ight. High- @Sdb_`[ShͨN^RXdcSQ_^_]iXcR_]X^NdSRPidWSQXdiͥ speed rail, such as that in Europe, GWSQ_e^diWNRPSS^dWScXdS_TdWSX[[ΌTNdSRN^R[_^VΌcX^QS Japan, and now China, is promoted as QN^QS[SRFe`SbQ_^ReQdX^VFe`Sb5_[[XRSbͨNVXVN^dXQ`NbdXQ[S beautiful, comfortable, quiet, pleasant, NQQS[SbNd_bdWNdWNRPSVe^d_PSQNbfSR_ed convenient, and, of course, fast, none _TdWSe^RSb[iX^VQWN[ZͥGWS`[NQScdX[[ of which can be said about any mode of transportation ^SSRSRRSfS[_`]S^dͼd_VSdXd_ed_T in the U.S. In Europe, dWScWNR_gc_T6N[[NcͨͽcNXR;X[Scͨ bankers take the Eu- gW_XcNfSdSbN^[_PPiXcdN^R rostar from London [_QN[P__cdSbͥ to Paris for lunch ͼG5EcSS]SRd__ŬSbNVbSNd (it’s just two hours _``_bde^Xdid_PbX^VPecX^Scc away) and then dWSbSͨͽWScNXRͥͼJSg_bZSR head back. Shouldn’t we _^N^SQ_^_]XQRSfS[_`]S^d be as civilized ce]]XdT_b7[[Xc5_e^diX^f_[fX^V when we travel, e^XfSbcXdXScͨV_fSb^]S^dͨ rather than hold- By Bridget PecX^SccͨN^RdWSQXdXScͥͽ;X[Sc ing our shoes at T_b]SRNVb_e`ͨGShNc5_^QSb^SR the airport security Mintz Testa 5XdXkS^cͨd_W_[RdWSSQ_^_]XQ checkpoint? But while high-speed rail RSfS[_`]S^dce]]Xdͥ;SdW_eVWddWSGShNc backers have spent decades trying to 5S^dbN[g_e[R`[NiNPXVb_[SX^WXc`[N^cͥ get Americans on board, it has been 4edNTdSb;X[ScN^RWXcVb_e`NddS^RSRdWSŮbcdG5E a losing battle up to now. Amtrak’s ]SSdX^VX^6N[[Ncͨ;X[SccNXRͨͼ

built between metropolitan suburbs; those along the way. A train that serves every ven more problematic are the lines then connect to existing railroads to city—decelerating to a stop, then slowly tracks. Standard-issue freight bring trains (at slower speeds) to stations accelerating back to running speed—would track, with its joints and in the center of the city. A high-speed take forever. connections and curves, can’t trip from Paris to Marseilles, for instance, Unfortunately for businessmen in places handle a train going 200 mph. travels more than 400 miles before making like Ellis County, that means watching the The track needs tighter toler- its fi rst stop, bypassing every other city train whiz past. ances and welded joints to keep the trains from shaking themselves apart. Indeed, engineering the Etracks is one of the biggest challenges in building the TC. “Texas soils have high clay content,” said Shaun McCabe, Texas Central vice TRAILS FOR RAILS president of engineering and environ- Several routes between Houston and Dallas mental. “[This produces] high shrinkage DALLAS were studied by the Texas Central Railway, all of and swelling. Because the track has strict which incorporated existing rail or utility rights of way. The route chosen (in yellow) is a series tolerances, there will be geotechnical chal- of long straightaways and gentle curves. lenges related to civil structures and cor- Image: Texas Central Railway responding performance criteria relative to the track. The track must be relatively fl at. We can’t have shrinkage and swelling UPRR Corridor that has an impact on the track geometry. BNSF Corridor Utility Corridor We’ll investigate innovative technologies to IH 45 Corridor ensure stability both for situations where the track is elevated via a viaduct or on an embankment.” Those technologies include various methods to stabilize the soil, such as geo-membranes, which are fabrics that cover the ground to minimize changes in moisture content. Other techniques include driving pilings or using retained engineered fi ll, where each type of fi ll is designed to address specifi c soil issues. Other challenges are related to the physics of high-speed travel. For instance, to keep down radial acceleration—the force that would push passengers against the wall of the car or throw trains clean off the tracks—high-speed rail alignments have HOUSTON curves so gentle that they look like straight lines. According to a 2015 study commis- sioned by the Texas Central, “In order to support the desired operating speed of 205 mph, the HSR curves would need to have a minimum radius of 17,060 feet.” (Because radial acceleration goes up by the square of the velocity, a track for a hypothetical 300 mph train would need a radius of curvature of more than 7 miles.) The route that the Texas Central is developing runs along utility corridors in the counties between Houston and Dallas. According to Ellis County Commissioner Lane Grayson, the utility corridor route is going to cut the county into mul- n spite of the political objections tiple, virtually isolated segments. “We’ll be greatly impacted,” Grayson said, and technological challenges, “with emergency and school bus routes and farmers who may have to travel maybe the best argument in favor of 10 to 20 miles to get to their property. Even if we do have elevated sections [of high-speed rail in the U.S. is the cost the rail], we don’t know if we can get the big farm equipment under it.” of the alternatives. The prospect of taking more time for farmers to reach their fi elds than “Our population forecast is 50 for London bankers to get to their Paris lunch dates has led to opposition to million by 2050,” said Orville Thom- the project in every county along the TC route—except for Harris and Dallas as, a spokesperson for the California counties, initially the only places where stations were planned. But in Octo- High-Speed Rail Authority, which ber, the company announced a station for northern Grimes County, between is building a Los Angeles-to-San the college towns of Huntsville and College Station. IFrancisco line scheduled to begin limited So, a small victory for “fl yover counties,” but at a cost measured in time. service in 2022. California’s current popu- “A stop is about seven minutes,” McCabe said, “including stop and start.” lation is about 38 million, Thomas said, and already travel on the state’s congested exas Central Railway chose the Japanese Shinkansen (almost Interstate Highway System is rising fi ve perfectly rhymes with Wisconsin) bullet train technology times faster than the rate at which capacity for its trainsets and rail. The Japanese bullet train was the is being added. Flights between Los Ange- fi rst operating high-speed railroad in the world when it was les and the Bay Area are the most-delayed inaugurated in 1964, and it has “demonstrated best-in-class in the country. performance and safety with 50 years of no passenger fatalities If the state built enough new highways as a result of derailments or train-on-train collisions,” McCabe and airports to handle the worsening said. “Nobody else in the world has a perfect safety record.” The Shinkansen established the basic technological template for high-speed rail. Electric power Tis supplied by overhead lines via a pantograph, the trainsets are lightweight and streamlined, and the trains run over newly built dedicated track. A version of tilting technology, which enables trains to lean into curves and thus take them at higher speeds, was introduced in Japan in the 1970s, but was refi ned elsewhere and is now fairly universal. Distribution of the motors has differed from system to system, with some using a power car (an electric version of the old steam locomotive) at the front and back, while others distribute the propulsion units along each of the passenger cars. Since TC is a private venture, it can disregard standard government requirements for minimum U.S. content or States-side manufacture of the equipment. That means the Texas Central can be pragmatic about where its initial buy of 15 eight-car trainsets will be manufactured. The current plan is for all the power and passenger cars to be made in Japan. However, for the Texas Central, Mc- Cabe said, “The cars are a very small part of the project costs. We are focused on bringing $10 billion to Texas in jobs for civil works alone.” However, should TC accept any federal funds—which, as of now, is not yet determined—McCabe said, “We’re aware of the government’s requirements related to different loan programs and will continue to investigate potential sources of capital investment.”

SLOW TRAFFIC OR FAST TRAIN California is building a high-speed rail system; one station is illustrated in the photo at the top of the opposite page. While track for bullet trains requires a grade separation, congested freeways (see inset) create much the same sort of barrier. Photo (bottom): Texas Central Railway. Photo (top of opposite page): California High-Speed Rail Authority MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.41

traffi c from popula- does is almost the same as we conduct business and conceive of the tion growth—which those big railroad berms,” national geography. some state politicians said Raphael Clemente, That is, of course, if the companies build- want instead of building executive director of the ing high-speed rail lines can fi nd the right the HSR system—the downtown development alignments between cities without alienat- California High-Speed Rail authority for West Palm Beach, ing residents, businesses, and farmers along Authority says it would cost where in 2017 a privately owned, the way. more than twice as much as construct- faster-than-Amtrak rail project called All Right now, the HSR reality is gnarly ing the rail system. It would also, according Aboard Florida will connect the city with and controversial. But if it can meet the to the Authority, mean building 4,300 new Miami and Orlando. technological, logistical, and even political highway lane miles, 115 additional airport “To get from my neighborhood to down- challenges, it could change the nation. ME gates, and four new airport runways, which town, you must cross an eight-lane road,” would total an estimated $158 billion. Op- Clemente said. “It splits my city in half.” BRIDGET MINTZ TESTA is a freelance writer based erations and maintenance on new highway Inter-regional passenger car travel and in Houston and a frequent contributor to Mechanical lanes would cost $132.8 billion for more three- to fi ve-hour air fl ights—the kinds of Engineering magazine. than 50 years. trips high-speed rail aims to supplant—are And highway building can create the increasingly plagued by delays, hassles, kind of displacement that rail opponents and bureaucratic security theater. Ahn in Texas and elsewhere object to. “Cars and Einhorn-Russell at UMass-Boston provide almost universal freedom of move- believe high-speed rail can compete in that ment, but what car-based development market, potentially transforming the way

BILLION THE COST FOR CALIFORNIA TO BUILD AND MAINTAIN THE ROAD AND AIRPORT $291 INFRASTRUCTURE. HIGH-SPEED RAIL CAN REPLACE THAT FOR ABOUT $70 BILLION.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.43

BY HENRY PETROSKI

Infrastructure is a vast, often invisible web, shaped by inspired ideas and politics-driven choices. Understanding the story behind those choices, such as how our roads got their white and yellow stripes, will help us build a better infrastructure in the future.

rying to follow barely visible that they could be used reliably winter and snow are virtually highway lines is a frustration only in regions of temperate cli- synonymous. Where salt is used to T drivers have experienced mate, for snowplow blades tended keep roads clear of snow and ice, on many a road, in good weather to slice the markers right off the its whitish residue masks painted and bad, in day and nighttime pavement. A variety of raised and lane markings. During the winter conditions, especially where the depressed reflective lane mark- of 2014, the Wisconsin Depart- lines have become all but totally ings has since been developed, ment of Transportation tested an erased by the rubber tires of traffic but problems with keeping them orange-colored reflective epoxy relentlessly driving across them. undamaged, uncovered, and in paint at several locations around This is not a new problem, place remain. the Milwaukee Zoo interstate and as long ago as the 1930s the The visibility of pavement highway interchange to determine California Department of Trans- markings has thus continued to if that color was more readily portation—familiarly known be problematic, especially where visible than the federally man- as Caltrans—began looking for improved ways to mark highway pavement. However, it was not until the greatly increased traffic and traffic accidents brought about by the postwar boom that serious research began under the direction of the Caltrans engineer Elbert Dysart Botts. The result was slightly raised round pavement markers that came to be known as Botts’ dots. When these white ceramic objects were used in place of or in addition to painted lane markings, they not Botts' dots (above and left) and only projected out of standing reflective orange stimsonite markers augment or replace water on the road but could also painted lines. They are be felt and heard when a driver’s damaged by snowplows and tires ran over the line they formed. cannot be used where it snows. The problem with Botts’ dots was supposed to be understood that an PEDESTRIAN ZONE: Crosswalks are automobile was to hug the right believed to have been painted on the streets of New York City for side of the road when encounter- more than 100 years. ing a vehicle coming the other way. However, when approaching a tight curve to the left, some drivers were accustomed to cutting the corner and so driving on the left side as they rounded it. This was of little conse- quence when traffic was slow and sparse, of course, but if a fast-moving vehicle coming the other way was hugging the inside of the same curve, the vehicles would encounter each other in a sudden game of chicken that would leave little time to react and escape a collision. Before there were standardized road signs, especially dangerous curves were marked by local residents in an ad hoc way. A “horror sign” might have featured the image of the grim reaper and the words “Just Around Curve” or a skull and crossbones and the warning “Danger—Go Slo.” Such notices were expected to serve as adequate reminders and warnings to the driver to proceed with caution. Marking the road to keep moving vehicles from encroaching upon one another’s space is actually an old idea. About five hundred years ago, a road near Mexico City had its centerline defined by stones of a lighter color than the rest of the pavement. This practice persists in some European cities to this day. In the late nineteenth century, bridges on which a collision would likely do damage not only to the vehicles involved but also to the bridge dated white and yellow pavement be reviewed by the Federal High- structure itself had lines painted on markings even under light snow way Administration, which as his- their road surfaces to lower the risk. accumulation and in dark and rainy tory shows tends to move slowly. It was also important to control conditions. Drivers did find the As late as 1917, pavements on rural automobiles at crossroads and bright orange an improvement, but highways were unadorned with cross streets and to separate motor the results of the test remained to lines or stripes of any kind. It was vehicles and pedestrians. As early MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.45

The American reinvention of the highway centerline, attributed to Edward N. Hines, has been described as “the most important single traffic safety device in the history of auto transportation.” as 1907, stop lines were painted on was “white 8 in. center lines upon roads in Portsmouth, Virginia; the the black surface of the road upon first crosswalks are believed to have the more dangerous curves, with an been painted in 1911 on the streets arrow pointing down the right hand of New York City. The American side of the road at either end.” He reinvention of the highway center- believed that drivers responded to line dates from the early twentieth the white line because they had be- century and is commonly attributed come accustomed to obeying similar to Edward N. Hines, a charter mem- devices controlling traffic in cities. ber of the Wayne County, Michigan, The result was an “immediate reduc- Road Commission, on which he tion in the number of accidents.” served from 1906 until his death in Sawyer acknowledged, however, 1938. It is Hines’s idea that has been that the centerline was not a pana- described in the trade magazine cea; it worked on that road because Michigan Roads & Construction as of its “smooth black surface,” which “the most important single traffic allowed the white line to “stand out safety device in the history of auto in sharp relief.” To maintain that transportation.” Among Hines’s condition of visibility, the highway other notable achievements was patrolman touched up the line every instituting the construction of the Saturday morning, something not HIGH VISIBILITY: The Wisconsin Department first full mile of concrete roadway, of Transportation has studied whether practical on today’s interstates. which was placed in Detroit in 1909. stripes in orange reflective epoxy paint Clearly the goal of road safety Two years later, Hines is said to have (left) mark lane boundaries better than would be better served if the design observed a milk wagon leaking some standard yellow or white stripes. of road markings and signs did not of its contents and leaving a white weight tax laws, along with a good vary from urban to rural roads, from stripe behind it as it progressed deal of its other basic highway legis- state highway to state highway. down the road. This gave Hines the lation. As he wrote in the September Following studies, conferences, and idea for the modern centerline, the 1920 issue of Municipal and County reports, the American Association first of which was painted on River Engineering, “the handling of motor of State Highway Officials and the Road in Trenton, Michigan, just traffic upon our main trunk high- National Conference on Street and south of Detroit. ways through the country is rapidly Highway Safety issued in the late The first centerline on a rural becoming as serious a problem as 1920s manuals for signs and control highway is believed to have been traffic control has ever been in our devices on rural and urban roads and painted in 1917 in milk white on the cities.” It was, therefore, necessary streets. But two separate manuals portion of the Marquette–Negaunee to adopt methods of urban traffic did not help standardization, and Road known as Dead Man’s Curve, control in rural areas. Sawyer related so in 1932 a Joint Committee on which is located on Michigan’s Up- how traffic between the towns of Uniform Traffic Control Devices per Peninsula. The line was the work Marquette and Ishpeming, farther was formed, and in 1935 it published of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, who was down the road past Negaunee, had in mimeographed form the first veteran superintendent of the county “become heavy enough to make Manual on Uniform Traffic Control board of road commissioners and travel dangerous unless some means Devices, known as MUTCD, which had drafted the state’s first gas and of control is adopted.” His means soon became an American standard. DO NOT PASS: Double solid stripes in places such as blind curves or crests of hills and bridges are designed to help prevent accidents.

As important as keeping vehicles from crossing over the centerline is, preventing them from veering off the side of the road is equally imperative.

The great demand for the manual caused a printed version to be issued in 1937; the 166-page document covered signs, markings, signals, and islands. (The latest edition, published in 2009, is 864 pages long.) The first manual did not require centerlines everywhere. They needed to be painted only on hill-crest approaches with limited sight lines; tight or restricted-view curves; and pavements wider than forty feet. The acceptable colors for the lines were white, yellow, or black, the choice being dependent on which pro- vided the greatest contrast against the pavement, whose color could vary from coal black for asphalt to almost white for concrete. (Such considerations remain important the Oregonian newspaper incidental- changed, and public pressure caused and dictate that lane markings on ly noted that the claim that the high- the highway commission to reverse concrete-surfaced bridges consist of way centerline originated in Oregon itself. However, after two years of white lines painted over wider and was unsubstantiated, attributing the trying out white, yellow was rein- longer black ones. Concrete taxiways concept to “several states” that had stated. And then just two years later, and runways at airports are typically “hit on the idea independently at in 1958, the Bureau of Public Roads marked with yellow or white lines about the same time.” However, in a decided on white as the standard outlined in black.) letter to the editor, Peter V. Rexford, for lines marking the new interstate By 1954, forty-seven of the then a retired captain of the Multnomah highway system. If Oregon did not forty-eight states had adopted white County Sheriff’s Office, claimed conform, it stood to lose at least as the standard color for the highway that “the first yellow centerline ever $300 million in federal funds. Citing centerline. The holdout was Oregon, painted on pavement” was done a series of tests that found yellow whose highway department believed under his direction in April 1917. He to be the safest color deer hunters yellow to be the more visible color. may have been correct that it was the could wear, the Oregonian editors Indeed, it is easier to see under a first yellow centerline. argued for keeping yellow lines on dusting of newly fallen snow, but the Oregon citizens were not happy roads under the sole jurisdiction of State Highway Commission capitu- that at midcentury their traditional the State Highway Department. As lated. In an editorial on the matter, yellow road markings had been for the interstates and U.S. highways, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.47

the yellow lines would have to be changed to white. Soon the federal government reversed itself. The 1971 edition of the MUTCD declared a new standard for marking two-way roads, whether containing a median or not. To emphasize that they separated traffic moving in opposite directions, all centerlines were to be painted yellow. Where there was a median, the line marking the left edge of the leftmost of two or more lanes was to be yellow. White was to be reserved for regulating traffic moving in the same direction. Thus, broken white lines would continue to separate adjacent lanes carrying traffic in Yellow stripes divide traffic even on highways where the median is impassable. the same direction. Oregon had to change its roadway colors again, but line, which aggravated the glare of on the right side of the road to mark this time it did so gladly. approaching headlights and caused its edge. In dense fog a navigator As important as keeping vehicles a driver to veer to the right toward might have to stick his head out the from crossing over the centerline is, the shoulder and often go off the passenger window, but that would preventing them from veering off the road. Dorr convinced the Connecti- be safer than the driver exposing his side of the road is equally impera- cut highway department to paint an head to oncoming traffic. In 1956, to tive. The solid white line that marks experimental right-edge line on a implement his idea more efficiently, the right-hand edge is thus consid- four-mile stretch of the Merritt Park- White developed a prototype edge- ered another significant innovation. way. When the line proved to help line machine employing a subcom- Although the idea may have been on drivers stay centered in their lane, pact Crosley automobile chassis. He the minds of many in the early 1950s, the entire parkway was so painted, was encouraged to do this because, it was the chemist and metallurgist along with many additional miles of whereas the 1948 manual had rec- John Van Nostrand Dorr who was the state’s busiest roads. Other states ommended against the use of edge prompted by his wife to do more soon followed. markings generally, a 1954 revision than talk about it. The Dorrs, like a Whereas wheeled contraptions modified the prohibition. The white lot of drivers using dark rural roads attributable to numerous Rube Gold- line delineating the pavement’s at night, tended to hug the center- bergs were used to paint highway right-hand edge was explicitly ad- centerlines as early as the 1920s, the vocated in the 1961 manual, and the invention of an edge-line machine 1978 edition made it required for all NOTE: This essay is attributed to one John Edward multilane rural highways. Such stan- is adapted from the White, who worked for the Ohio dardization, while it may take time book, The Road Tak- Department of Transportation. One to be codified, certainly does make en: The History and day, while driving down a highway our highways safer and less stressful Future of America’s in dense fog, White was having diffi- to navigate. ME Infrastructure, which culty seeing the road. To drive on, he will be published this had to hang his head out the window HENRY PETROSKI, an ASME Fellow, is the month by Bloomsbury. to keep the median line in view. Aleksandar S. Vesic professor of civil engineering Copyright © 2016 by Apparently independent of Dorr, he and a professor of history at Duke University. The Henry Petroski. conceived of painting a white line Road Taken is his 19th book. SPRING 2016 ASME TRAINING COURSES FOR ENGINEERS AND TECHNICAL PROFESSIONALS

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PD591 Developing Conﬂ ict Resolution Best Practices 10-11 Mar Visit: PD721 Optimization of Plant Layouts Utilizing 3D go.asme.org/springtraining CAD/CAE Systems 10-11 Mar or scan with a smart device: Visit: go.asme.org/lasvegas9 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) MARCH 2016 – COPENHAGEN, DENMARK (Continued) APRIL 2016 – NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA USA (Continued) MasterClass Courses: Pressure Technology and Piping PD633 Overview of Nuclear Codes and Standards for MC121 Design by Analysis Requirements in ASME Boiler Nuclear Power Plants ASME STANDARDS COURSE 11-13 Apr and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 2 – PD674 International Business Ethics and Foreign Corrupt Alternative Rules ASME STANDARDS COURSE 14-15 Mar Practices Act 11-13 Apr MC113 Techniques & Methods Used in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 PD683 Probabilistic Structural Analysis, Design and for Advanced Fitness-For-Service (FFS) Assessments Reliability-Risk Assessment 11-13 Apr ASME STANDARDS COURSE 16 Mar PD620 Core Engineering Management 11-14 Apr MC104 Bases and Application of Heat Exchanger Mechanical Design Rules in Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Pressure Vessel Code ASME STANDARDS COURSE 17-18 Mar Facility Components Per BPV Code, Section III ASME STANDARDS COURSE 11-14 Apr MC135 Using ASME Codes to Meet the EU Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) ASME STANDARDS COURSE / NEW! 17-18 Mar PD764 Introduction to Hydraulic Systems 11-14 Apr …AND MORE TO BE ANNOUNCED PD771 Boiler Operation and Maintenance with Inspection, Repairs and Alterations Combo Course Visit: go.asme.org/masterclass (combines PD769 and PD770) SAVE UP TO $575! 11-14 Apr PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Combo Course MARCH 2016 – ORLANDO, FLORIDA USA ASME STANDARDS COURSE (combines PD441 PD382 How to Predict Thermal-Hydraulic Loads on and PD442) TOP SELLER SAVE UP TO $680! 11-15 Apr Pressure Vessels and Piping 21-22 Mar PD602 Elevator and Escalator Combo Course PD567 Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Composite (combines PD100 and PD102) SAVE UP TO $905! 11-15 Apr Structure, Energy and Machine Applications 21-22 Mar PD665 BPV Code, Section I: Power Boilers PD624 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 21-22 Mar ASME STANDARDS COURSE 11-15 Apr PD692 Communication Essentials for Engineers 21-22 Mar PD681 International Business Ethics and Foreign Corrupt PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension Practices Act Combo Course (combines PD674 of Piping, Vessels and Tanks ASME STANDARDS COURSE 21-23 Mar and PD680) SAVE UP TO $650! 11-15 Apr PD515 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for PD770 Inspection, Repairs and Alterations of Boilers Gages and Fixtures 21-23 Mar ASME STANDARDS COURSE 13-14 Apr PD702 Process Safety and Risk Management for PD102 ASME A17.1 Safety Code and A17.2 Inspection Mechanical Engineers 21-23 Mar Requirements ASME STANDARDS COURSE 13-15 Apr PD711 ASME NQA-1 and DOE Quality Assurance Rule 10 PD621 Grade 91 and Other Creep Strength Enhanced CFR 830 ASME STANDARDS COURSE 21-23 Mar Ferritic Steels 13-15 Apr PD763 Centrifugal Pumps: Testing, Design and Analysis 21-23 Mar PD441 Inspections, Repairs and Alterations of Pressure Equipment ASME STANDARDS COURSE 14-15 Apr PD359 Practical Welding Technology 21-24 Mar PD680 Understanding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 14-15 Apr PD622 BPV Code: Plant Equipment Requirements ASME STANDARDS COURSE 21-24 Mar Visit: go.asme.org/neworleans4 PD013 B31.1 Power Piping Code ASME STANDARDS COURSE 21-25 Mar PD192 BPV Code, Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components ASME STANDARDS COURSE 21-25 Mar PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY AND APRIL 11–14, 2016 PD673 Design and Selection of Heat Exchangers 24-25 Mar STANDARDS TRAINING WEEK DENVER, COLORADO PD584 Centrifugal Compressor Performance Analysis 24-26 Mar A must attend training event led by Visit: go.asme.org/orlando3 Pipeline Experts and Code Authorities.

APRIL 2016 – NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA USA Courses and highlights include: • NEW! Pipeline Integrity Issues, Mitigation, Prevention & Repair • (Plenary Session) Pipeline using ASME B31.8S Standard PD100 Introduction to the Maintenance and Inspection Safety: Implications of of Elevators and Escalators 11-12 Apr Proposed Rule Making (recent • ASME B31.4 & B31.8, Liquids NPRMs) and Gas Pipelines PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination • Onshore Pipeline Design and • ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME STANDARDS COURSE 11-12 Apr Construction – A Practical Code Approach PD531 Leadership and Organizational Management 11-12 Apr • Bolted Joint Assembly • NEW! Pipeline Stress Corrosion Principles Per PCC-1-2013 PD769 Boiler Operation & Maintenance ASME STANDARDS COURSE 11-12 Apr Cracking (SCC) Management • NEW! Integrity and Repair of PD395 API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness-for-Service 11-13 Apr • NEW! Pipeline Defect Process Piping and Tanks Assessment PD410 Detail Engineering of Piping Systems 11-13 Apr • Practical Welding Technology • NEW! Integrity Management • In-Line Inspections for of Natural Gas Pipelines using PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Pipelines Fabrication of Pressure Vessels ASME B31.8S Standard ASME STANDARDS COURSE / TOP SELLER 11-13 Apr For information and to register, type in any browser: PD506 Effective Management of Research & Development go.asme.org/pipelinetraining Teams and Organizations 11-13 Apr

REGISTER NOW: North America +1.800.843.2763 / Europe +32.2.743.1543 / Middle East +971.4428.0315 TOOLS//SOFTWARE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | MONTH 2016 | P.050

3-D DESIGN

DASSAULT SYSTÈMES, PARIS.

olidWorks 2016 is the recently released update to Dassault’s portfolio of 3-D design and Sengineering applications. The company says it has added several frequently requested features, LQFOXGLQJWKHDELOLW\WRÁDWWHQDQ\ surface, validate design performance, and create images suitable for marketing use. The new version also enables users to create super-smooth EOHQGVRU´FXUYDWXUHFRQWLQXRXVµÀOOHWVIDVWHUWKDQEHIRUHIRUDOOÀOOHWW\SHVLQFOXGLQJDV\PPHWULFDQG variable sizes. The user interface has also been updated.

CUSTOMIZABLE DRAFTING TOOL track the source history. This capability is designed to company says, and shares the same API as the desk- give multiple departments a single place to manage top version. This could allow developers the ability to COREL, OTTAWA. BOMs and 3-D CAD data. For a limited time, Hawk Ridge use code written in C++, Lisp, or DCL to build mobile Systems is offering a free trial of xBOM for qualified applications. CorelCAD 2016, the latest version of Corel’s CAD ap- PDM users. plication, offers new customizable 2-D drafting tools, native .DWG file support, and improved 3-D design STEEL FABRICATION capabilities. Among the new features are quick input, DWG FOR IPHONES which establishes a command interface in projects AVEVA, CAMBRIDGE, U.K. using the cursor in the drawing area, annotative GRAEBERT GMBH, BERLIN. scaling, which enables important text to be readable The maker of applications for power and process regardless of the scale of the drawing, and the ability plants has released new enhancements to its Aveva to align dimension lines with consistent distances Bocad product range for structural steel detailing from surrounding shapes to achieve perfectly aligned software. Aveva Bocad features a plate and bar technical drawings. In addition to the new features nesting capability for more efficient planning and use included in the desktop versions of CorelCAD 2016, the of materials. The new nesting engine increases ef- application includes free access to a one-year license ficiency in materials usage by enabling more parts to of the all-new CorelCAD Mobile for Android tablets. be cut from the same amount of steel. It also enables more efficient procurement and scheduling. In addition elements of Aveva Bocad can now be brought into MANAGING MATERIALS Aveva Marine production tools to fabricate detailed ship and offshore designs. HAWK RIDGE SYSTEMS, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIF. Graebert, a developer of CAD software, solutions, and Anew release of xBOM, an application designed and services, has released ARES Touch for iOS, an applica- CFD FOR WINDOWS optimized to process bills of materials within the Solid- tion to enable the creation and modification of DWG Works PDM environment, is intended to enable users to drawings on Apple iPhones and iPads. The company ESI-OPENCFD, PARIS. manage their BOMs within their current infrastructure is offering one year of ARES Touch to customers who without the need for costly product lifecycle manage- purchase its ARES Commander desktop CAD software. OpenCFD recently offered OpenFOAM binaries for ment systems. SolidWorks Enterprise PDM users can The mobile application offers a full-featured set of Windows versions 7 and 8. OpenFOAM is a free, open- merge BOM data from PDM, Excel, and CSV files and CAD tools to create or modify DWG drawings, the source computational fluid dynamics software pack- MECHANICALMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING | |FEBRUARY MONTH 2016 2016 | |P. P.05151

age for use in many areas of engineering and science. well as the addition of a new chamfering operation. The software is designed to solve complex fluid flows A number of significant upgrades have been made to involving chemical reactions, turbulence and heat the operations function, which the company says is a SUBMISSIONS transfer, electromagnetics, and many other scenarios. quick and easy way to develop complex toolpaths. Submit electronic files of new products It includes tools for meshing, notably snappyHexMesh, and images by e-mail to memag@ a parallelized mesher for complex CAD geometries, asme.org. Use subject line “New Products.” ME does and for pre- and post-processing. The company says SLICE OPTIMIZATION not test or endorse the products described here. the Windows version will produce the same results as the original Linux-based product. TDM SOLUTIONS, BARCELONA. adding a small overlap between geometries. Max- Manufacturers working with cutting tools need to well V3.2 can now save the render in PSD format in PLANS AND IMAGES get the maximum amount of parts out of each slab of 8, 16, and 32 bits, and supports multi-layered PSDs material. RhinoNest, recently upgraded to version 4.0, so channels and light buffers can be embedded as AUTODESK, SAN RAFAEL, CALIF. is a software tool designed devolve a finished product separated passes. into the sum of its cuttable parts, and uses an algorithm to optimize the placement of those parts onto a panel for cutting. These slices can even be derived DEFORMATION MONITORING from a complex solid, useful for making laminated objects. The software is capable of both importing TRIMBLE, CAPE TOWN. and exporting HPGL files, which are commonly used in cutting and milling machines. The latest version of Trimble’s deformation monitoring software—Trimble 4D Control version 4.5—features new add-on capabilities, such as support for non- An application previously known as iDraw, Graphic is a 3-D RENDERING Trimble total stations and frequency domain analysis full-featured vector design and illustration application based on fast Fourier transform calculations. These for the iPad, iPhone, and Macintosh computer that has NEXT LIMIT TECHNOLOGIES, MADRID. improvements are intended to enable better analysis recently been released by Autodesk. Designs can be of complex data communicated from a broad range created in Graphic and shared across all devices, the Version 3.2 of the Maxwell Rendering Suite has of sensors. Version 4.5 also provides users with company says, and users can now quickly view and added the ability to use a fisheye lens when output- improved functionality for data processing and visu- edit their designs from anywhere using the new iPhone ting images for virtual reality headsets such as alization. Custom views, webcams, 3-D scenes, and version. The software supports pressure-sensitive input Oculus Rift. The company says that due to a new high-frequency charts allow the complex data on the from Wacom tablets and Force Touch trackpads. Graphic nested priority method for nested dielectrics, it is condition and behavior of land and structures such as can be used to create everything from dimensioned- now possible to render a complex surface features buildings, dams, mines, and bridges to be presented in to-scale floor plans, product mockups, user-interface of water, glass, and ice without numerical issues by more meaningful ways. designs, and artwork for media. It can import and export vector designs to other Autodesk products, such as Fu- sion 360. Users may also export bitmap and vector files GRAPHICS RENDERING to other applications that accept PNG, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, SVG, PSD, AI, and PDF formats. REDWAY3D, PARIS.

REDsdk is a C++ programming CAM WITH A PRE-FINISH PLUNGE toolkit dedicated to image visual- ization. It covers all the graphics VERO SOFTWARE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, U.K. features for real-time 2-D, 3-D, and photo-realistic rendering The Edgecam 2016 R1 computer-aided manufacturing using a single integrated API. software contains more than 30 enhancements to Its hybrid rendering technol- its CAD and CAM functionality for milling, turning, ogy can use graphics hardware and machining. Turners now have a pre-finish plunge or run in full software mode. option found in the finishing grooving cycle, and five The publisher, Redway3D, has more milling CAM cycles have been upgraded to use released version 4.1, introducing next generation on-line documentation and the addition of realistic material images and help tooltips. Roughing, profiling, turning, with light conservation. The new release runs on any Windows version, from Windows 2000 to Windows 10 with and 4- and 5-axis commands have been enhanced, as native 32-bit and 64-bit support, as well as Linux 32 and 64-bit and MacOS X 64-bit. TOOLS//HARDWARE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | MONTH 2016 | P.052

BRUSH TERMINALS

AMPHENOL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP, SIDNEY, N.Y.

The manufacturer says it has taken a brush terminal designed for harsh military and aerospace applications and adapted it for heavy equipment, mining, medical, rail transit and other industrial markets. The Amphenol high vibration brush is designed to withstand vibrations of at least 53.8 grms at 8 hours per axis and 2,000 Hz. Intermeshing two small wire bundles together assures 14 to 70 points of contact per mated pair. The size 22 signal terminals can accommodate up to size 16 gauge cable or a PCB tail and are rated up to 5 A continuous. The AHVB terminal series exhibits zero fretting and can handle up to 100,000 mating cycles.

SUBMERSIBLE LEVEL TRANSMITTERS

BLUE RIBBON CORP., GRAND ISLAND, N.Y. DRIPLESS The Model BC001 Birdcage Series of submersible level transmitters are made of 316 stainless steel for harsh environments. An integral 3-inch sensing diaphragm ATOMIZING NOZZLES eliminates process media clogging. The design also allows the Birdcage to read true level depth within foam. A protective EXAIR CORP., CINCINNATI. stand-off baffle plate protects against effluent sensor damage, o-drip external mix atomizing spray nozzles work particularly from particulate like standard atomizing nozzles do, but stop liquid matter. The dual sealed cable ÁRZZKHQFRPSUHVVHGDLULVVKXWRII7KH\DUH entry is designed to prevent leakage. The Hytrel cable with UHFRPPHQGHGIRUXVHRQDSSOLFDWLRQVZKHUHGULSV N integral vent is impervious FDQGDPDJHVHDOLQJRUPDWLQJVXUIDFHVRUUXLQWKH to many chemicals found in DSSHDUDQFHRIDSURGXFW7KH\FDQDOVRSUHYHQWZDVWHRI effluent waste. Units are offered H[SHQVLYHFRDWLQJVDQGFKHPLFDOV7KHQR]]OHVDUHDYDLODEOH with standard surge protection LQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOLTXLGSDWWHUQVURXQGQDUURZDQJOHÁDW against lightning or voltage spikes. The Model BC001 also IDQDQGZLGHDQJOHÁDWIDQ([WHUQDOQR]]OHVFDQEHXVHGRQ features an intrinsically safe OLTXLGVXSWRFHQWLSRLVH7KHSURGXFWVDUH&(FRPSOLDQW option for continued reliability DQGIUHHRIFRQÁLFWPLQHUDOV3ULFHVVWDUWDW within hazardous locations. MECHANICALMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING | |FEBRUARY MONTH 2016 2016 | |P. P.05353

SMART DEFROST CONTROL SEAL TESTING SERVICE

CENTURY REFRIGERATION, PRYOR, OKLA. BAL SEAL ENGINEERING INC., FOOTHILL RANCH, CALIF.

The Centinel intelligent defrost control system consists of a microprocessor-driven A new test service offers to verify performance of Bal Seal low-friction spring- controller, four temperature sensors, and a suction transducer. It is designed to energized seals used in rotary/face applications. The service is intended to improve energy efficiency, eliminate icing and fogging, and reduce operating costs. help OEMs and suppliers eliminate costs, delays, and complications associ- According to Century, the microprocessor, paired with the advanced temperature ated with in-house or outsourced seal testing. Rotary/face seals are frequently sensors, controls the system better than mechani- used in dynamic housings and mounts to protect electronics and other internal cal controls. The system uses a self-learning components from environmental contaminants. To minimize stick-slip and algorithm that allows it to meet motor torque require- automatically adjust to ments, the seals must exhibit changing system conditions very low friction, but also and so customizing it to minimize leakage over long each individual evapora- periods of exposure. Test tor. The controller is not equipment measures friction refrigerant-specific and and leak rate using customer- can be configured for defined hardware tolerances use with mechanical or and operating conditions, electronic expansion including pressure and speed. valves in a wide range of Fixtures can accommodate refrigeration applications. seals up to 22 in. OD.

ROBOTIC END-EFFECTORS Measure all six components of force and torque in a compact, rugged sensor.

Interface Structure—high-strength alloy provides IP60, IP65, and IP68 environmental protection as needed

Low-noise Electronics—interfaces for Ethernet, PCI, USB, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, CAN, EtherCAT, Wireless, and more

Sensing Beams and Flexures—designed for high stiffness and overload protection

The F/T Sensor outperforms traditional load cells, instantly providing all loading data in every axis. Engineered for high overload protection and low noise, it’s the ultimate force/torque sensor. Only from ATI.

www.ati-ia.com/mes 919.772.0115 HARDWARE

STAINLESS BALL BEARINGS

EDT CORP., VANCOUVER, WASH.

The manufacturer has expanded its offerings of stainless ball bearings and classified them in three price levels: Value Bearings, Choice Bearings, and Classic Bearings. It is a new addition to the high performance plane bearings for which the company is most noted. The bearings are made of 440 stainless and are available greased or with food-grade lubricant. Value Bearings are designed for general use in severe service environments at an economical price. The Choice series are eccentric lock bearings with a 304 stainless steel locking collar. The Classic series are set-screw locking, wide inner ring inserts that EDT has offered customers for years. They now include EDT’s custom anti-rotation pin that allows drop-in fit to most manufacturers’ housings.

GAS PRESSURE REGULATION

MARSH BELLOFRAM CORP., NEWELL, W.VA.

The Type T99 industrial gas pressure reducing regulators are designed to help maintain consistent inlet pressures to downstream equipment. Recom- mended applications include natural gas distribution systems; gas supply to industrial boilers, furnaces, and ovens; plant air service; oxygen and ammonia service; and large commercial establishments such as shopping centers and schools. The regulators feature tight shutoff, in which a heavy main INTERLOCKING SAFETY SWITCHES spring is working through a lever to provide a high seat AUTOMATIONDIRECT, CUMMING, GA. loading force. Regulator loading pressure bleeds INCH and MK1 miniature tongue interlock safety switches are downstream through the designed to fit leading edge, hinged, or lift-off machine guards. pilot via the downstream Mounting profile ranges from 16.5 mm to 22 mm. The switches control line. No atmo- have rotating heads with dual actuator entry and force guided spheric bleed occurs normally closed contacts. They are available with plastic or when the regulator is shut off. The valve disk and orifice may stainless steel housings and with M16, M12 quick disconnect or be inspected without removing the body from the pipeline. half-inch NPT threaded connections. Another series, designated HC, consists of shaft hinge interlock switches with solid or hollow shafts. Some have two normally closed slow-action contacts and others have one normally open contact and one normally closed slow-action, make-before-break contact. Switches start at $29.50; actuator keys are sold separately starting at $6.50. SUBMISSIONS Backed with a one-year warranty, interlocking safety switches Submit electronic files of new products and images by e-mail to [email protected]. are cULus approved and are CE, RoHS and Reach compliant. Use subject line “New Products.” ME does not test or endorse the products described here. MECHANICALMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING | |FEBRUARY MONTH 2016 2016 | |P. P.05555

FLIGHT-QUALIFIED PRESSURE SENSOR available upon request. Units incorporate stainless steel housings and 15-5 wetted parts. Inconel or Hastelloy material is an GP:50 NY LTD., GRAND ISLAND, N.Y. option for wider media compatibility. The Model 7202 is also offered with an improved optional compensated temperature The Model 7202 flight-qualified pressure range from -65 °F to +250 °F, as well as an optional integral transducer measures static pressures from RTD temperature output. The transducer is 1.5 inches (38.09 0 to 15,000 psia (0 to 1,034 bar) with 0.30% mm) long and weighs less than 5 ounces (141.7 grams). Its FSO accuracy. Accuracy to 0.05% FSO is optional. overall design meets both MIL-STD-810F and MIL-STD-461, as A 0.1 to 5.1 V dc output is standard. Other formats are well as J-001/NASA 8739.3 soldering workmanship standards.

IS THE ANSWER TO MY DESIGN

METALWORKING FLUIDS CHALLENGE ALWAYS MILACRON HOLDINGS CORP., CINCINNATI.

Cimpulse 51MP, Cimpulse 45MP, and Cimpulse 33MP, A PART NUMBER? new fluids in the Cimcool family, are designed to allow metalworking shops to utilize one fluid in their Ask Smalley. We don’t want you operations. The fluids have been formulated for use to settle for ordinary wave springs in both high-pressure systems and standard flood or retaining rings. Our engineers applications. According to Milacron, a Cimpulse fluid deliver technical collaboration and can in most cases be used to replace all the different customization far beyond what’s fluids being used in a plant. Cimpulse metalworking in a typical parts catalog—doing fluids utilize a hybrid blend of lubricants to enhance whatever it takes to meet your mix stability and reduce tool wear as well as provide unique performance requirements. long sump life.

Stamped Ring Constant Section Ring EPOXY FOR CORROSIVE CONDITIONS Spirolox® Ring

KALENBORN ABRESIST CORP., URBANA, IND. Smalley retaining rings eliminate the protruding ears that interfere with assemblies, while providing Kalpoxy 255 is a 100% solids epoxy coating for tough a 360-degree retaining surface. And their unique corrosive and erosive conditions. It is formulated design means no special with aliphatic (straight chain) curing agents to obtain tools are required. flexible and light colored films and avoid the handling Visit smalley.com problems of aromatic polyamines. It is solvent-free for your no-charge for odor-free application and curing and elimination of test samples. osmotic blistering. The epoxy tolerates substandard surfaces and can be applied and cured under water. It can be used in marine and offshore applications, power generation, and heavy-duty lining in heat exchange equipment and steel exposed to chemical or physical abuse. The coating can also be used in THE ENGINEER’S CHOICE™ heavy-duty linings for steel and concrete that require extreme resistance to aggressive chemicals such as 50% caustic soda or 98% sulfuric acid. 2016 CONFERENCES

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Personal CNC ■ Prototyping The Department of Ocean Engineering at Texas A&M University, a department in the Dwight Look College ■ Custom Manufacturing of Engineering, invites applications for a non-tenure ■ R&D track faculty position in the Offshore and Coastal DEPARTMENT OF BIOENGINEERING Systems Engineering program (OSCSE) at the In- ■ Education structional Assistant Professor level. This position PROFESSOR & DEPARTMENT CHAIR ■ Home/Business is located at our Galveston campus. The successful applicant will be expected to teach approximately Applications are invited for the position of 3 Axis Mill three classes in each of the fall and spring semesters chair and professor. Candidates must have packages starting at relevant to his/her specific expertise and may devel- $10,485 op and teach elective courses in his/her specialty; an earned doctorate in bioengineering or (plus shipping) teaching during the summer semester is negotiable a related field and be eligible for a tenured includes 3 axis mill, deluxe stand, on an as-needed basis. In addition to teaching, the machine arm, and more appointment at the rank of full professor. position is expected to participate in departmental The successful applicant should have Enable Your Ideas and university service efforts, to be active in the www.tormach.com profession, to supervise and mentor students and to appropriate administrative experience, interact in a collegial way with current faculty. For including disciplinary research/education more information on the department, please visit and mentoring students, faculty and staff. TORMACH https://engineering.tamu.edu/ocean Please see http://bioengineering.gmu.edu Applicants must have at a minimum, an earned for information about the department. bachelors and a graduate degree (masters) in engineering from an institution recognized in the field. Applicants should submit a cover letter, curriculum Applicants should apply for position num- vitae, teaching statement and a list of four (can be ber F9261z at http://jobs.gmu.edu and between 3-5) references (including postal address- upload a cover letter, CV, vision statement es, phone numbers and email addresses) by applying for this specific position at www.tamuengineer- (attached as 'Other Doc'), and the names ingjobs.com. of three professional references with EEOC Statement contact information. The review of appli- The members of Texas A&M Engineering are all Equal Op- cations will begin February 15, 2016 and portunity/Affirmative Action/Veterans/Disability employers committed to diversity. It is the policy of these members to will continue until the position is filled. recruit, hire, train and promote without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, veteran status, sexual orientation or gender identity. EO/AA/Vet/Disabled Employer

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COMMANDS $45 FOR ELECTRONIC .PDF/ $55 FOR Technology that moves the worldE positions and to the mission of George THE N E MAGAZINE NGI OF ASME G N No. I Technology that moves the world PRINTED BOOK 04 NE PLEASE USE PAYPAL: [email protected] Mason University. For a more complete 137 ER MAGAZINETHE IN OF ASME G No.03 and specific list of qualifications please 137 UC MERCED is recruiting for FOUR AS- visit http://jobs.gmu.edu and apply to one SISTANT PROFESSOR POSITIONS as part MecMe of the following position numbers: hanhaana of a cluster hire in the area of Computational THE DIGITAL HEART Taking thE E icacac TRANSFORMERS RESHORED Hydraulic Fracturinghydro l ADVANCED SIMULATIONS PROMISE SAFER SURGERY PA N GE 36 Out of F000Az, F001Az or F002Az. The review of AND IMPROVED MEDICAL DEVICES. Sciences and Data Analytics. Topics of interest GLOBAL GAS TURBINE NEWS G PA TRACKING THE SOLAR IMPULSE GE 47 I PAGE 28 DYNAMIC SYSTEMS & CONTROL N

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To purchase or receive information from our Wright State University (WSU) is looking to fill one tenure-track faculty posi- February 2016 advertisers, go to http://me.hotims.com, tion in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. The open visit the advertiser’s website, or call a number listed below. position is in the solid mechanics/mechanical/aerospace design area. Persons involved in the general fields mechanics/mechanical/aerospace design are in- PAGE WEBSITE PHONE vited to apply. The opening is at the assistant professor level; however, exceptional candidates at the associate or full professor level will also be con- sidered. Successful candidates will be expected to develop an independently ASME 2016 Conferences 56-57 asme.org/events funded research program and teach courses in Mechanical Engineering at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Applicants must have an earned PhD in ASME IMECE 17 go.asme.org/imece Mechanical Engineering or related discipline. Applicants for assistant professor are expected to show propensity for scholarship, generating an independent ASME Insurance C3 asmeinsurance.com/life research program, and teaching. Consideration for higher ranks must demonstrate significant additional experience, high visibility in their field, as well as ASME NEMB Conference 59 asme.org/events/nemb promise for future growth in scholarship, sponsored research, and teaching commensurate with the level sought. Applicants must apply through the Wright ASME SmartBrief 27 go.asme.org/smartbrief State University website https://jobs.wright.edu/ by February 28, 2016 for first consideration. Review of applications continue until the position is filled. ASME Pipeline Technology 60 go.asme.org/pipelinetraining WSU is a public institution of nearly 18,000 students located in a technologically & Standards Training Week rich region of southwestern Ohio adjacent to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and within driving distance of multiple major aerospace and automotive manu- ASME Training facturers and NASA Glenn. & Development 48-49 go.asme.org/training 800-843-2763 Wright State University, an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, is committed to an inclusive environment and strongly encourages applications ATI Industrial Automation 53 ati-ia.com/mes 919-772-0115 from minorities, females, veterans and individuals with disabilities. CD-adapco 9 cd-adapco.com Apply here Applicants must apply through Wright State University website https://jobs. Computer Engineering, Inc. 58 thinkcei.com/dc wright.edu/ by February 28, 2016 for first consideration. COMSOL, Inc. C2, 59 comsol.com

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Omega Engineering, Inc. 21 & 58 omega.com 888-826-6342 TENURE-TRACK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR POSITION IN OCEAN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY Origin Lab Corporation 15 originlab.com/demo The Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering at Florida Atlantic University is seeking an outstanding candidate for a tenure-track faculty position at the Assistant Professor level in the PHD, Inc. 58 phdinc.com/optimax area of Naval Architecture/Ocean Engineering. Preference will be given to candidates with strong qualifications in ocean wave mechanics with application to ship hydrodynamics or offshore Proto Labs, Inc. 5, 7 & 58 go.protolabs.com/me6ea structures, and with experience in use of computational fluid dynamics in these areas. go.protolabs.com/me6dm Applicants must have an earned doctoral degree in Naval Architecture/Ocean Engineering or a related field. He/She is expected to be able to teach undergraduate and graduate level courses in hydrodynamics, ocean wave mechanics, offshore structures, computational fluid dynamics, Reell Precision Mfg Corp. 58 [email protected] 651-486-3333 physical oceanography, and specialized topics in his/her field of expertise; to supervise graduate student research; and to develop and grow a strong, externally funded research program. A Smalley Steel Ring, Inc. 55 & 59 smalley.com successful candidate will have excellent communication skills and is expected to contribute to and play a leadership role in advancing research and teaching in his/her respective area of Tech-Etch, Inc. 19 tech-etch.com 508-747-0300 expertise and to contribute to the diversity of the University’s academic community. Florida Atlantic University is a state-funded university, established in 1964 and is Tormach, Inc. 59 tormach.com designated under the Carnegie Classification as a high research university. The College of Engineering and Computer Science is one of FAU’s ten colleges. The Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering has an enrollment of more than 350 ME and 200 OE undergraduate US Air Force C4 airforce.com students and 50 OE and 30 ME graduate students pursuing B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Ocean Engineering and in Mechanical Engineering. The faculty conduct funded research in a broad range of areas, including acoustics, hydrodynamics and physical oceanography, marine vehicles, and marine materials. The ocean engineering program at FAU was established in 1965 RECRUITMENT as the first undergraduate ocean engineering program in the country. SeaTech, FAU’s Institute for Ocean and Systems Engineering, where the position will be located, is a 50,000 sq. ft. facility at the FAU Dania Beach site that houses the department’s oceanfront laboratories and classrooms Florida Atlantic University ...... 61 as well as a computational laboratory for students. More information about the department can be found at: www.ome.fau.edu George Mason University ...... 59 & 60 Interested applicants should submit a detailed curriculum vita, statements of research and teaching interests, and names and contact information of at least three professional references. An accompanying 2-page, NSF-style CV will be helpful. All applicants for this position are Lamar University ...... 60 required to complete the application online at Florida Atlantic University’s web site: https://jobs.fau.edu and submit all supporting application materials, prepared in PDF format, online. Texas A&M University ...... 59 Review of applications will begin January 11, 2016 and will continue until the position is filled. Florida Atlantic University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution and all qualified applicants will UC Merced ...... 60 receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability status, protected veterans status or any other characteristic protected by law. Wright State University...... 61 ASME NEWS

SUBMISSIONS FOR GUERRERO SAYS YOUNG SPECIAL ISSUE ON SIMULATION ENGINEERS NEED INSPIRATION The editorial board for ASME’s Jour- uring his President’s Luncheon address programs, engaging conferences such as the nal of Mechanical Design is ac- Dat the ASME International Mechanical recent Additive Manufacturing + 3D Print- cepting papers for a special issue Engineering Congress and Exposition ing Conferences in India and Boston, and covering simulation-based design. in Houston in November, ASME President the Engineering for Change program and The special issue, scheduled to Julio C. Guerrero passionately argued that ASME’s Engineering for Global Develop- be published later this year, will today’s engineers have the responsibility to ment initiatives, which aim to help inhabit- concentrate on uncertainty quan- inspire young people to become engineers ants in the world’s underdeveloped regions. tification, propagation, and design and members of the Society. “We need to inspire students and young using probabilistic and non- “We need to inspire students and young engineers to share our love for engineering probabilistic methods—a field engineers to share our love and passion for and life,” he concluded. “We need to take that has experienced significant engineering and life,” our role as members, growth in the past decade. Design Guerrero said. “We are volunteers, leaders of under uncertainty has implications right now shaping the our organization very in decision making as well as future of our society thoroughly. And we and our planet.” need to work together.” reliability, quality, safety, and risk Guerrero asked the Prior to Guerrero’s tolerance of many products. audience to imagine a speech, Judy Vance, Other topics of interest include scenario where an engi- chair of the ASME computational techniques for neering student sees an Committee on Hon- uncertainty quantification and ASME booth at a con- ors, presented Society propagation; design for resil- ference and begins to awards to 14 engineer- ience; fusion of simulation and contemplate whether ing leaders during the experimental data for design under to join ASME. “He or luncheon, including uncertainty; lifecycle analysis she will face this funda- David T. Blackstock, re- and design under uncertainty; mental question that all cipient of the Per Bruel methodologies for design under of us have faced at least Gold Medal for Noise uncertainty using probabilistic once in our lives, which ASME President Julio C. Guerrero (left) with Control and Acoustics; and non-probabilistic methods; is: ‘Why? Why should I 2015 Outstanding Student Section Advisor Andy Walker, win- model verification, validation, and join ASME?’ … How we Award recipient Selin Arslan. ner of the Thomas calibration; and multidisciplinary help them answer the A. Edison Patent analysis and optimization under question is very important,” he said. Award; George W. Sutton, recipient of the uncertainty; risk- and safety- “The engineers that will come after us Nancy Deloye Fitzroy and Roland V. Fitzroy based design and optimization; will face a profession that will be very Medal; Thomas D. Gillespie, recipient of the and uncertainty propagation and multi-disciplinary,” he continued. “Me- Soichiro Honda Medal; and Parnia Moham- quantification through multiple chanical engineers are not anymore just madi, Liping Liu, and Pradeep Sharma, the pressure vessels, engines, and nuts and winners of the Melville Medal. scales and disciplines. bolts. As you know, ASME has 32 techni- Others receiving awards at the lun- Submissions for the “Special cal divisions and two institutes. And the cheon were Thomas C. Heil, winner of the Issue on Simulation-Based Design technologies that we deal with run through Performance Test Codes Medal; Ahmed Under Uncertainty” are due Feb. robotics, nanotechnology, ﬂuid mechanics F. Ghoniem, recipient of the James Harry 29. … all of that. We at ASME have tools that Potter Gold Medal; Kaufui V. Wong, win- For more information on can help us to help the students and the ner of the Dixy Lee Ray Award; Dewey H. the Journal of Mechanical Design, young engineers to handle the challenges Hodges, recipient of the Spirit of St. Louis visit http://journaltool.asme. they will face in their careers.” Medal; Peter A. Molvie, recipient of the org and select “Mechanical Guerrero focused on what ASME was J. Hall Taylor Medal; John H. Lau, win- Design” from the menu on the left doing to inspire students and early career ner of the Worcester Reed Warner Medal; side of the page. ME engineers, including the Society’s codes and and Jinkook Lee, winner of the Henry R. standards and professional development Worthington Medal. ME MECHANICALMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING | |FEBRUARY MONTH 2016 2016 | |P. P.06363

ASME 2015 Student ASME CELEBRATES Design Competition winners: The WolfTank NSF ENGINEERING team from North Carolina State University RESEARCH in Raleigh. CENTERS

ASME, together with IEEE-USA and the Optical Society of America, hosted an event recognizing the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the National Science Foundation’s Engineering Research Centers. The 57 centers around the nation integrate engineering research and education with technological innovation with the intent to improve STUDENT INNOVATORS SEND economic performance and national security. Nearly 200 spin-off companies and more than 730 patents have ROBOTS TO THE RESCUE resulted from activity at the centers. eventeen teams of young engineer- “We definitely didn’t think we were During the event at the Cannon Sinnovators from around the world going to win, considering last night,” said House Office Building Caucus Room competed in the finals of the ASME Michael Suguitan, the team leader and on Capitol Hill on October 16 currently 2015 Student Design Competition in No- pilot for the WolfTank team, after the NSF-supported centers showcased vember in Houston. Top honors were won event. “One of our servos had burned out demonstrations and research findings by the WolfTank team from North Carolina unexpectedly, so we had to modify it into a related to engineering discovery, tech- State University in Raleigh. continuous rotation servo. We ripped out nologies, and tools that have resulted The competition challenged the student all its guts, replaced the board with an elec- in high-impact achievements and teams with the task to design and build a tronic speed controller, and ran it just like a addressed national priorities. Three scaled-down transport robot vehicle. Each continuous rotation motor. And it worked!” finalists from the program’s Perfect had to race over difficult terrain simulating Another North Carolina State team Pitch Contest explained their research a landscape after a natural disaster. Each finished third with its Rescue Rover. Sec- in the context of societal needs and robot was to deliver a payload of emergen- ond place went to a team from McNeese the broader impact of their success. cy supplies and return in good condition. University of Lake Charles, La. ME ASME PRESS TO START NEW IMPRINT WITH WILEY

SME and global technical publisher John Wiley & Sons Control in Mechanical Engineering Systems by Cho Wing Sol- AInc. have begun to develop and publish a collection of omon To of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, is scheduled mechanical engineering books under the co-branded to be published in April. The book is an introductory text- Wiley-ASME Press Series imprint. New titles under the book covering dynamics and controls of engineering systems, imprint, which will carry both the Wiley and the ASME Press with a specific focus on mechanical engineering systems. logos, will be released early this year. Copies of the book can be pre-ordered on the Wiley website. Books published under the new Wiley-ASME Press Series ASME and Wiley also plan on releasing two additional ti- will target a diverse audience, from industry analysts, re- tles—Nonlinear Regression Modeling by Russ Rhinehart from searchers, and professional engineers in industry to educa- Oklahoma State University and Fundamentals of Mechanical tors and upper-level undergraduate and post-graduate-level Vibrations by Liang-Wu Cai of Kansas State University—un- students. der the new imprint in the first half of 2016. ASME and Wiley plan to publish 10 new titles per year, In addition to the creation of the new co-branded imprint, with the potential to increase this number in future years. the agreement will enable ASME members to receive a 20 The first title in the series, Introduction to Dynamics and percent discount on all Wiley books. ME INPUT OUTPUT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | FEBRUARY 2016 | P.64 THREE-FACED The simplest Platonic solid, the tetrahedron, has four faces, each an equilateral triangle. How, then, can you build a solid object that will roll and randomly turn up one of only three faces?

he puzzle intrigued Joseph Tou- Tmanios, a mechanical engineering student at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark. He said it started in his freshman year, while he and a friend were playing a game that involved rolling dice of various shapes. They started speculating: Was it possible to make a three-sided die? With a solar panel on each face, one side can always be The friend said no. Toumanios, on the other hand, found exposed to the sun. It could supply more power than a cube the challenge of a three-faced die irresistible. He learned 3-D arrangement, and be simpler than a sphere. modeling software so he could try to create one. Rolling two Trice could change the game of craps. There What began as a light-hearted diversion ended with two is a one-in-six chance of rolling the most common number, workable solutions, which Toumanios calls Trice. He has seven, with a pair of six-sided dice. There is a one-in-three printed a few prototypes of each design and has even applied chance of rolling a four with a pair of Trice. for a patent. Toumanios currently has six working prototypes (three of Both designs are essentially cubes adapted to show only each design), generated by 3-D printing. The fi rst two were three faces. The fi rst orients each face on a plane diagonally created to realize the physical design and the other four were joining two sides of the cube. created with slight adjustments in size so that they may be The second uses a wire-frame cube. The surfaces that more clearly seen and used. present the numbers are on a prism connected diagonally Toumanios said he would like to sell the design to a across the void inside the wire-frame. company one day, but he said his main target right now is Both versions of Trice will roll and bounce like conven- “to get the design out there, to the degree that it’s a common tional six-sided dice. Trice are unbiased and always display a household object, familiar to the average person. Kind of single number, randomly rolled and face up. like a deck of cards, or a sponge.” Toumanios said that the solution was always in his head, He said one avenue may be to fi nd a casino willing to hear but it took him six or seven months to fully develop the two the statistics behind a new dice-based game that could draw designs. It took another six months of working through theo- in a new crowd of players. retical and experimental data to build a statistical case for “It could be made for beginners or those willing to take Trice—that they are a better design than a triangular prism, more of a risk depending on dice quantity,” he said. “Plus any object with curved edges, or even a six-sided die with they would be able to sell the dice exclusively from their two sets of numbers. casino.” Toumanios, now a junior, said that the three-sided dice could But marketing his idea is almost an afterthought. He said be a good addition to Dungeons & Dragons and other role- his true purpose in taking on the design challenge was not to playing games. Publishers of the games could add Trice to their create something to sell, but to create something new. ME dice collections, and sell them in various colors and styles. JAMES PERO He also believes that the form can be used in a satellite. Life moves quickly When was the last time you reevaluated your life insurance coverage?

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