DOCSLIB.ORG

Pollen Morphology of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pollen Morphology of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia THAI FOREST BULL., BOT. 47(1): 55–68. 2019. DOI https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2019.47.1.09 Pollen morphology of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia WORANART THAMMARONG1,2, PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI3, JOHN A.N. PARNELL4, TREVOR R. HODKINSON4 & PIMWADEE PORNPONGRUNGRUENG1,* ABSTRACT The pollen morphology of four genera and 33 taxa of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia was investigated, including 26 taxa of Barringtonia, one taxon each of Careya and Chydenanthus, and five taxa of Planchonia to determine which, if any, taxonomically important characters were present and the implications they have for the systematics of the family. Acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen samples were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains were found to be monads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, small to medium-sized, syntricolpate or syntricolporate, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal, subprolate, suboblate or spherical in shape with marginal ridges. Marginal grooves and polar cushions are commonly present in most species. The polar ectoaperture may be open or sealed. The mesocolpial sculpturing is perforate-reticulate. The colpial surface is smooth, with sparsely or densely scattered verrucae-gemmae and with clavate to pilate elements scattered or aligned in longitudinal rows. The results indicated that pollen morphological characters can be used for identification and classification of some closely related species in the genus Barringtonia. KEYWORDS: Barringtonia, Brazil nut family, Careya, Chydenanthus, Planchonia, pollen, taxonomy Accepted for publication: 21 March 2019. Published online: 17 April 2019 INTRODUCTION base into a short or long staminal ring and an inferior or half-inferior ovary. The family Lecythidaceae is placed in the order Ericales (APG, 1998, 2016; Schönenberger et al., The classification of the family remains 2005; Reveal & Chase, 2011). It is a family of small uncertain: There is a conflict in the classifications to large trees, shrubs or rarely herbs with 22 genera of the APG (2003, 2016), that included the and 325 species (Prance, 2012), distributed mainly Napoleonaceae and Scytopetalaceae in the in the moist lowland Neotropics, tropical west and Lecythidaceae, and Prance and Mori (2004) who east Africa and tropical Asia to north Australia recognised the three as distinct families and divided (Prance & Mori, 2004). Ecologically, many species the Lecythidaceae into three subfamilies; are found in swampy forest areas, montane evergreen Barringtonioideae (Planchonioideae), Foetidoideae and mixed deciduous forests, while a few species and Lecythidoideae. The latter system was supported occur in open areas. They can be found from sea by molecular work (Mori et al., 2007). Only subfamily level to 3,500 m in altitude (Thammarong, 2017). Barringtonioideae occurs in Southeast Asia, where The family is characterised by alternate simple leaves, it contains about 70 species in five genera racemose or paniculate inflorescences or solitary (Thammarong, 2017). Taxonomic information on flowers that are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic or Southeast Asian Lecythidaceae is, unfortunately, zygomorphic with numerous stamens connate at limited to considerations of species diversity and 1 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 2 Botanical Garden Organization, Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens, P.O. Box 7, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand. 3 Department of Biology and Center of Excellence on Biodiversity (BDC), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 4 Herbarium, Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. * Corresponding author: [email protected] © 2019 Forest Herbarium 56 THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) VOL. 47 NO. 1 morphology. This is problematic, as the circumscrip- made on 5–15 grains per taxon. Terminology and tion of some complex groups of Lecythidaceae taxa pollen size classes follow Walker & Doyle (1975), based on morphology may be exceptionally difficult Tsou (1994) and Hesse et al. (2009); herbarium (Prance & Mori, 1979; Mori & Prance, 1990; Prance abbreviations follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, & Kartawinata, 2013). In other words, gross 2018, continuously updated). morphology by itself is insufficient to resolve the taxonomic problems in this family. However, pollen RESULTS morphological characteristics have proven to be diagnostic at species level in some genera in The common pollen morphological characters Lecythidaceae such as Allantoma Miers, Barringtonia of each of the studied genera are described below J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Bertholletia Bonpl., Careya and the palynological features of each species are Roxb., Cariniana Casar., Chydenanthus Miers, summarised in Table 2. The outline of Southeast Couratari Aubl., Corythophora R.Knuth, Couroupita Asian Lecythidaceae pollen features is shown in Fig. Aubl., Crateranthus Baker f., Eschweilera Mart. ex 1A–B. Additionally, the definition of some special DC., Foetidia Comm. ex Lam., Grias L., Gustavia L., pollen characters, such as the state of marginal Lecythis Loefl.,Petersianthus Merr. and Planchonia grooves, is shown and explained in Fig. 1C–G and Blume (Erdtman, 1952; Muller, 1972, 1973, 1979; the type of polar ectoaperture in Fig. 1H–I. Tsou, 1994; John & Kuriakose, 2012). Pollen mor- Barringtonia (Figs. 2–6A–F) phological characters are also useful for separating and explaining subfamilial relationships in Pollen grains are monads, radially symmetrical, Lecythidaceae (Muller, 1972). Moreover, most isopolar, of small to medium size (Polar axis (P) = members of Barringtonioideae have specific pollen 22.0–49.0 µm, Equatorial axis (E) = 22.0–49.0 µm), characters that differentiate them from all other suboblate, subprolate, spherical, prolate spheroidal Angiosperms, i.e. marginal ridges, marginal grooves and oblate spheroidal and syntricolpate except in B. and a syntricolpate grain (Tsou, 1994). Therefore, thailandica Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. where it is this study aimed to investigate pollen morphological syntricolporate. Marginal ridges and marginal grooves characters of the Southeast Asian Lecythidaceae in are usually present except in B. acutangula subsp. order to determine diagnostic features and evaluate spicata (Blume) Payens, B. racemosa (L.) Spreng., their taxonomic implications. B. schmidtii Warb. ex Craib and B. thailandica. Marginal grooves, when present, are usually of medium size, though they are long in B. laxiflora MATERIAL AND METHODS Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. and B. tomentosa Pollen grain features of four genera and 33 Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. where they are long. taxa of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia were Polar cushions are present. Polar ectoaperture sealed examined using compound light microscopy (LM) or open. Colpial surface is usually smooth or has and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The list sparsely or densely scattered verrucae-gemmae of voucher specimens included in this study is given elements. Mesocolpial sculpturing is perforate- in Table 1 and includes 26 taxa of Barringtonia, one reticulate. taxon each of Careya and Chydenanthus, and five taxa of Planchonia. The pollen samples were taken Careya (Fig. 6G–I) from field collections and herbarium specimens kept Pollen grains are monads, radially symmetrical, at BO, HN and K. Voucher specimens from fieldwork isopolar, of medium size (P = 35.0–38.0 µm, E = were deposited in KKU. Pollen from field collections 40.0–48.0 µm), suboblate and syntricolporate. were acetolysed according to Erdtman (1960), while Marginal ridges and marginal grooves are present. pollen from herbarium specimens were studied Marginal grooves are circular. Polar cushions are directly. The acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen absent. Polar ectoaperture open. Colpial surface has grains were examined and photographed using LM clavate to pilate elements scattered at the polar area (Olympus CH3, Optical Co., Ltd) and a Leo 1450 and aligned in longitudinal rows at the equatorial area. VP (Cambridge, UK) SEM. Measurements were Mesocolpial sculpturing is perforate-reticulate. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF LECYTHIDACEAE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (W. THAMMARONG, P. CHANTARANOTHAI, J.A.N. PARNELL, T.R. HODKINSON & P. PORNPONGRUNGRUENG) 57 Table 1. List of plant materials included in this study. Species Voucher 1. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. subsp. acutangula Thailand, Phangnga, W. Thammarong 536 (KKU) 2. B. acutangula subsp. spicata (Blume) Payens Thailand, Songkhla, W. Thammarong 521 (KKU) 3. B. asiatica (L.) Kurz Thailand, Trang, W. Thammarong 527 (KKU) 4. B. augusta Wall. ex Kurz Thailand, Trat, W. Thammarong 543 (KKU) 5. B. calyptrocalyx var. mollis Lauterb. Indonesia, Moluccas, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 5126 (BO) 6. B. confusa Lütjeh. & Ooststr. Indonesia, Ambon, S.N. (BO-0123478) 7. B. conoidea Griff. Indonesia, Banka, H.A.B. Bunnemeijer 2088 (BO) 8. B. curranii Merr. Philippines, Palawan, A.D.E. Elmer 13033 (BO) 9. B. fusiformis King Malaysia, Pahang, M.R. Henderson 24848 (BO) 10. B. gigantostachya var. megistophylla (Merr.) Payens Indonesia, Menubar, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 5385 (BO) 11. B. lanceolata (Ridl.) Payens Indonesia, Saggau, A. Elsener 215 (BO) 12. B. laxiflora Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. Vietnam, Thua Thien Hue, N.T. Hiep et al. 1351 (HN) 13. B. longipes Gagnep. Laos, Bolikhamxai, A.F.G. Kerr 20758 (K) 14. B. longisepala Payens
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CGGJ Vansteenis
    BIBLIOGRAPHY : ALGAE 3957 X. Bibliography C.G.G.J. van Steenis (continued from page 3864) The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes 8 General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. a) Algae: ABDUS M & Ulva a SALAM, A. Y.S.A.KHAN, patengansis, new species from Bang- ladesh. Phykos 19 (1980) 129-131, 4 fig. ADEY ,w. H., R.A.TOWNSEND & w„T„ BOYKINS, The crustose coralline algae (Rho- dophyta: Corallinaceae) of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithson„Contr„ Marine Sci. no 15 (1982) 1-74, 47 fig. 10 new) 29 new); to subfamilies and genera (1 and spp. (several key genera; keys to species„ BANDO,T„, S.WATANABE & T„NAKANO, Desmids from soil of paddyfields collect- ed in Java and Sumatra. Tukar-Menukar 1 (1982) 7-23, 4 fig. 85 species listed and annotated; no novelties. *CHRISTIANSON,I.G., M.N.CLAYTON & B.M.ALLENDER (eds.), B.FUHRER (photogr.), Seaweeds of Australia. A.H.& A.W.Reed Pty Ltd., Sydney (1981) 112 pp., 186 col.pl. Magnificent atlas; text only with the phyla; ample captions; some seagrasses included. CORDERO Jr,P.A„ Studies on Philippine marine red algae. Nat.Mus.Philip., Manila (1981) 258 pp., 28 pi., 1 map, 265 fig. Thesis (Kyoto); keys and descriptions of 259 spp„, half of them new to the Philippines; 1 new species. A preliminary study of the ethnobotany of Philippine edible sea- weeds, especially from Ilocos Norte and Cagayan Provinces. Acta Manillana A 21 (31) (1982) 54-79. Chemical analysis; scientific and local names; indication of uses and storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
    Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and
    [Show full text]
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem
    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecythidaceae (G.T
    Flora Malesiana, Series I, Volume 21 (2013) 1–118 LECYTHIDACEAE (G.T. Prance, Kew & E.K. Kartawinata, Bogor)1 Lecythidaceae A.Rich. in Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 9 (1825) 259 (‘Lécythidées’), nom. cons.; Poit., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 13 (1835) 141; Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 30, 2 (1874) 157; Nied. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 7 (1892) 30; R.Knuth in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.219, Heft 105 (1939) 26; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 257; R.J.F.Hend., Fl. Australia 8 (1982) 1; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya ed. 3, 1 (1988) 349; S.A.Mori & Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 21, 2 (1990) 1; Chantar., Kew Bull. 50 (1995) 677; Pinard, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 101; H.N.Qin & Prance, Fl. China 13 (2007) 293; Prance in Kiew et al., Fl. Penins. Malaysia, Ser. 2, 3 (2012) 175. — Myrtaceae tribus Lecythideae (A.Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC., Prodr. 3 (1828) 288. — Myrtaceae subtribus Eulecythideae Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 1, 2 (1865) 695, nom. inval. — Type: Lecythis Loefl. Napoleaeonaceae A.Rich. in Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 11 (1827) 432. — Lecythi- daceae subfam. Napoleonoideae Nied. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 7 (1893) 33. — Type: Napoleonaea P.Beauv. Scytopetalaceae Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1 (1897) 242. — Lecythidaceae subfam. Scytopetaloideae (Engl.) O.Appel, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 121 (1996) 225. — Type: Scytopetalum Pierre ex Engl. Lecythidaceae subfam. Foetidioideae Nied. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat Pflanzenfam. 3, 7 (1892) 29. — Foetidiaceae (Nied.) Airy Shaw in Willis & Airy Shaw, Dict. Fl. Pl., ed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synopsis of the Pre-Human Avifauna of the Mascarene Islands
    – 195 – Paleornithological Research 2013 Proceed. 8th Inter nat. Meeting Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution Ursula B. Göhlich & Andreas Kroh (Eds) A synopsis of the pre-human avifauna of the Mascarene Islands JULIAN P. HUME Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK Abstract — The isolated Mascarene Islands of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues are situated in the south- western Indian Ocean. All are volcanic in origin and have never been connected to each other or any other land mass. Despite their comparatively close proximity to each other, each island differs topographically and the islands have generally distinct avifaunas. The Mascarenes remained pristine until recently, resulting in some documentation of their ecology being made before they rapidly suffered severe degradation by humans. The first major fossil discoveries were made in 1865 on Mauritius and on Rodrigues and in the late 20th century on Réunion. However, for both Mauritius and Rodrigues, the documented fossil record initially was biased toward larger, non-passerine bird species, especially the dodo Raphus cucullatus and solitaire Pezophaps solitaria. This paper provides a synopsis of the fossil Mascarene avifauna, which demonstrates that it was more diverse than previously realised. Therefore, as the islands have suffered severe anthropogenic changes and the fossil record is far from complete, any conclusions based on present avian biogeography must be viewed with caution. Key words: Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, ecological history, biogeography, extinction Introduction ily described or illustrated in ships’ logs and journals, which became the source material for The Mascarene Islands of Mauritius, Réunion popular articles and books and, along with col- and Rodrigues are situated in the south-western lected specimens, enabled monographs such as Indian Ocean (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Grateful Recognition Promotion of Palynological Studies at The
    Pollen morphologicalevidence for subdivision and affinities of Lecythidaceae Jan Muller Rijksherbarium, Leiden Summary A in is of demarcation subdivision ofthe pollen types encountered Lecythidaceae proposed. The presence a and line between an original colpate a derived syncolpate pollen type is confirmed. The significance of pollen characters for taxonomic subdivision is evaluated and it is concluded that the subdivision proposed in by Niedenzu 1892 agrees best with the pollen evidence. Pollen morphology does not yet provide any clear indications of wider affinities of the family, except in a negative sense. Introduction of In his monograph the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae), Payens (1967) stated, after reviewing the various proposals for subdivision by former authors, that 'a satisfactory be taxonomie subdivision of the family is still wanting and may not even possible'. Although some of these authors, notably Niedenzu (1892) and Pichon (1945), paid attention to pollen morphology, it was Erdtman (1952) who first pointed out that a line the characterized the clear demarcation runs through family, one part being by syntricolpate Planchonia pollen type, the other by the tricolpate Lecythis type. This Melchior who based his evidence was not taken into account by (1964), subdivision of the family on Pichon (194s). this character In the following it will be attempted to evaluate the significance of for taxonomicsubdivision in Lecythidaceae and in addition to comment briefly on the wider affinities of this family as far as these can be deduced from pollen morphology. This note is dedicated to Professor Van Steenis on the occasion of his retirement and in grateful recognition of his promotion of palynological studies at the Rijksherbarium.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies on Careya Arborea Roxb
    The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2016; 5(1): 27-34 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article Pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical and ISSN 2230-480X pharmacological studies on Careya arborea Roxb.; A review JPHYTO 2016; 5(1): 27-34 January- February Hafiz Abdul Khaliq* © 2016, All rights reserved ABSTRACT Since the birth of humans on this planet, plants have been utilized for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various ailments. C. arborea belonging to family Lecythidaceae is one the most utilized plants. It is a tree Hafiz Abdul Khaliq having large sessile yellowish flowers and large green berry type fruits with persistent style and calyx. Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Traditionally is has been used to treat cough and cold, infertility, jaundice developed after delivery, piles, Zakariya University Multan, blood dysentery, scorpion sting, sores in intestine, bed sores, ear pain, snake bite, inflammation, ulcer, Pakistan spermatorrhoea and wounds in humans and corneal opacity and weakness in animals. Many pharmacological activities of this plant are reported viz. antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, CNS depressant and anticoagulant. Various phenolic compounds, sterols, terpenes, saponins and tannins have been isolated from this plant. Pharmacognostic studies for its authentication have also been carried out. Hamdard Ghutti® is one of the available polyherbal formulations containing C. arborea. This review provides adequate information about ethnomedicinal uses, general morphology, pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters, phytoconstituents, pharmacological properties, and available formulations of this plant. Keywords: Careya arborea, Wild guava, Kumbhi, Ghutti, Jigrine. INTRODUCTION Plants are the most important and the oldest source of medicines. Information from fossil records reveals the use of plants as medicines some 60,000 years ago [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Index Xylariorum 4.1
    Index Xylariorum 4.1 Compiled by Anna H. Lynch and Peter E. Gasson (version March 2010), and updated by IAWA under supervision of Frederic Lens (March 2016). Argentina SUCURSAL: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "B. Rivadavia" (BA/BAw), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina. (updated 01/02/2016). Curator: Dr. ROBERTO R. PUJANA (comparative anatomy of extant and fossil woods), [email protected]. Collection: about 1000 specimens, 250 genera. Specialisation: Argentina, Paraguay. Herbarium vouchers: Yes; about 100,000; 92% of wood specimens vouchered. Periodical or serial publications: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Samples for sectioning: Yes. Microscope slides: Yes. Exchange: Yes. Wanted: Woods from Argentina and Paraguay. Catalogue: A catalogue of the wood collection is available on request from the curator. LA PLATA: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Argentina. (new wood collection since 01/02/2016). Curator: DRA. SILVIA MONTEOLIVA and PROF. STELLA MARIS RIVIERA (wood anatomy, identification), [email protected]. Collection: about 1000 specimens, 250 genera. Specialisation: Argentina Periodical or serial publications: Revista Facultad de Agronomía La Plata Samples for sectioning: Yes. Microscope slides: Yes. 1 Exchange: Yes. Wanted: woods from Argentina. Catalogue: A catalogue of the wood collection is available on request from the curator: www.maderasenargentina.com.ar TUCUMAN: Xiloteca of the Herbarium of the Fundation Miguel Lillo (LILw), Foundation Miguel Lillo - Institut Miguel Lillo, (LILw), Miguel Lillo 251, Tucuman, Argentina. (updated 05/08/2002). Foundation: 1910. Curator: MARIA EUGENIA GUANTAY, Lic. Ciencias Biologicas (anatomy of wood of Myrtaceae), [email protected]. Collection: 1,319 specimens, 224 genera.
    [Show full text]
  • (BIAS) of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane in Tanzania Case Study
    47 Monitoring and Assessment Bioenergy Environmental Impact Analysis (BIAS) of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane ioenergy in Tanzania Case Study: SEKAB/Bagamoyo B Climate Change Bernd Franke, Sven Gärtner, Susanne Köppen, Guido Reinhardt – IFEU, Germany Mugassa S.T. Rubindamayugi - University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Andrew Gordon-Maclean – Consultant, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Environment Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 2010 The conclusions given in this report are considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships in the Order Ericales S.L.: Analyses of Molecular Data from Five Genes from the Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes1
    American Journal of Botany 89(4): 677±687. 2002. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ORDER ERICALES S.L.: ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR DATA FROM FIVE GENES FROM THE PLASTID AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES1 ARNE A. ANDERBERG,2,5 CATARINA RYDIN,3 AND MARI KAÈ LLERSJOÈ 4 2Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Systematic Botany, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 4Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phylogenetic interrelationships in the enlarged order Ericales were investigated by jackknife analysis of a combination of DNA sequences from the plastid genes rbcL, ndhF, atpB, and the mitochondrial genes atp1 and matR. Several well-supported groups were identi®ed, but neither a combination of all gene sequences nor any one alone fully resolved the relationships between all major clades in Ericales. All investigated families except Theaceae were found to be monophyletic. Four families, Marcgraviaceae, Balsaminaceae, Pellicieraceae, and Tetrameristaceae form a monophyletic group that is the sister of the remaining families. On the next higher level, Fouquieriaceae and Polemoniaceae form a clade that is sister to the majority of families that form a group with eight supported clades between which the interrelationships are unresolved: Theaceae-Ternstroemioideae with Ficalhoa, Sladenia, and Pentaphylacaceae; Theaceae-Theoideae; Ebenaceae and Lissocarpaceae; Symplocaceae; Maesaceae, Theophrastaceae, Primulaceae, and Myrsinaceae; Styr- acaceae and Diapensiaceae; Lecythidaceae and Sapotaceae; Actinidiaceae, Roridulaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae, and Ericaceae. Key words: atpB; atp1; cladistics; DNA; Ericales; jackknife; matR; ndhF; phylogeny; rbcL. Understanding of phylogenetic relationships among angio- was available for them at the time, viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Names in Sanskrit: a Comparative Philological Investigation D
    DOI: 10.21276/sajb Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB) ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) Sch. Acad. J. Biosci., 2017; 5(6):446-452 ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) ©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources) www.saspublisher.com Review Article Plant Names in Sanskrit: A Comparative Philological Investigation D. A. Patil1, S. K. Tayade2 1Post-Graduate Department of Botany, L. K. Dr. P. R. Ghogery Science College, Dhule-424 005, India 2Post-Graduate Department of Botany, P.S.G.V.P. Mandal’s Arts, Science and Commerce College, Shahada, District- Nandurbar – 425409, India *Corresponding author S. K. Tayade Email: [email protected] Abstract: Philological study helps trace genesis and development of names. Present study is aimed at revealing Sanskrit plant names in philological perspective. The same plants are also studied on the similar line having common names in other Indian languages viz. Marathi and Hindi, and as also in English. The bases of common plant names are then comparatively discussed. Thus as many as 50 plant species are critically studied revealing their commonalities and differences in bases of common names in different languages. At the same, heritability and rich wisdom of our ancients is thereby divulged. Keywords: Plant Names, Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi, English, Philology. INTRODUCTION: again finding out the bases or reasons of coining names. Dependency of man on plant world has The present author and his associates during botanical perforce taught him many facts of life, whether material ethnobotanical forays interpreted bases of common or cultural life. Communication was a prime necessity names in different languages [1-10].Our attempts to for his cultural life, and therefore he named the objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Trees of Bangalore by S. Karthikeyan
    FLOWERING TREES OF BANGALORE S.Karthikeyan Email : [email protected] Website : www.wildwanderer.com 1 FFFLOWERING TTTREES Bangalore’s charm as a Garden City may have diminished. However, some of the trees that perhaps earned its name are still to be seen and cherished. For those of us who would want to simply immerse ourselves in that moment appreciating the beauty of each of these flowering trees that dot Bangalore it really does not matter …we will continue to do so. For those who would want to have more information about these trees, I have tried to put together some, along with pictures for 56 species that are often seen. This includes similar / related species that are dealt under a main species. Hope you find it useful. Note : • Flowering seasons mentioned in the following pages are from available literature. Onset of flowering is, however, subject to prevailing environmental conditions and location. • All vernacular names mentioned are Kannada names. 2 AAACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This compilation is a result of several years of observation, reading books on the topic, and interacting with experts and other like-minded people. The effort started with a series of postings on bngbirds as and when I observed a species in bloom. In the process about two dozen species were covered. Due to popular request from several subscribers to bngbirds this series was repeated with some additions. And recently the same content was suitably edited and posted on www.wildwanderer.com . Here again, it met with an overwhelming response. This prompted and encouraged me to add some more species taking the total to over 50 species.
    [Show full text]