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EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL DEVELOPMENT Information and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management: Linking National and International Efforts in South and Southeast Asia EC-FAO PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME (2000-2002) Tropical Forestry Budget Line B7-6201/1B/98/0531 PROJECT GCP/RAS/173/EC in collaboration with Forestry Department Headquarters, Rome NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN 15 COUNTRIES OF TROPICAL ASIA AN OVERVIEW edited by Paul Vantomme, Annu Markkula and Robin N. Leslie The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The word “countries” appearing in the text refers to countries, territories and areas without distinction. The designations “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The opinions expressed in the articles by contributing authors are not necessarily those of FAO. The EC-FAO Partnership Programme on Information and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management: Linking National and International Efforts in South Asia and Southeast Asia is designed to enhance country capacities to collect and analyze relevant data, and to disseminate and up-to-date information on forestry, and to make this information more readily available for strategic decision making. Thirteen countries in South and Southeast Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam) participate in the Programme. Operating under the guidance of the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (APFC) Working Group on Statistics and Information, the initiative is implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in close partnership with experts from participating countries. It draws on experience gained from similar EC-FAO efforts in Africa, and the Caribbean and Latin America and is funded by the European Commission. Cover Design: Thomas Enters Cover Photo: Paul Vantomme For copies write to: Patrick B. Durst Senior Forestry Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand Printed and published in Bangkok, Thailand © FAO 2002 ISBN 974-90666-0-X 2 FOREWORD This regional study presents an overview of the socio-economic importance of the use of non- wood forest products (NWFP) in 15 countries of Tropical Asia. The document consists of two main parts: (1) presentation of background information on the programme activities and methodology and an analysis of the available information at the regional level; and (2) presentation of data on NWFP at the national level (so-called “country profiles”). Most of the data presented in this report are indicative figures, which have been collected in published and unpublished reports, and therefore do not represent official statistics. The results presented show that qualitative and quantitative information on NWFP at the national level continues to be weak. It is hoped that this report will support the ongoing process of data improvement on NWFP. Improved data are considered to be essential to ensure that the use and importance of NWFP are taken adequately into consideration by decision-makers, land-use planners, politicians or other concerned experts. Additional information and comments from readers to improve data on NWFP in Asian countries would be appreciated very much. Information and comments can be sent to: Non-Wood Forest Products Programme Forest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39-06-570-52746 or –53853; Fax: + 39-0657055618 Internet: http://www.fao.org/forestry/FOP/FOPW/NWFP/nwfp-e.stm This report includes data provided by: M.P. Shiva (Bangladesh, India); D.B. Dhital (Bhutan); Ly Chou Beang (Cambodia); Jiang Chunqian (China); Nurcahyo Adi, Subarudi, Bambang Wiyono and Doddy S. Sukadri (Indonesia); Khamphay Manivong (Lao PDR); Forest Research Institute Malaysia (Malaysia); Khin Maung Lwin (Myanmar); Swoyambhu Man Amatya (Nepal); Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute (Papua New Guinea); Nimfa Torreta (the Philippines); H.M. Bandaratillake (Sri Lanka); Narong Pengpreecha and Watinee Thongchet (Thailand); and An Van Bay (Viet Nam). Various colleagues at FAO headquarters and at the FAO Regional Office in Bangkok have been involved in the compilation, editing and finalization of the NWFP country profiles. Thomas Enters, Ma Qiang, Johan Lejeune, and Sven Walter, contributed to the collection, analysis and editing of the information presented. Their efforts are appreciated. Furthermore, we would like to thank the European Commission for the financial support given for this work through the Tropical Forestry Budget Line B7-6201/97. It is hoped that readers will find this publication useful and that it will contribute to improving data collection on NWFP in Asia. 3 BACKGROUND Scope of the study In most tropical countries, non-wood forest products (NWFP)1 play an important role in the daily lives and well being of the local population. In particular rural and poor people depend on NWFP inter alia as sources of food, fodder, medicines, gums, resins and construction material. In addition to local consumption, NWFP are also important traded commodities on local, regional, national as well as international markets. Traded NWFP contribute to the fulfilment of daily needs and provide employment as well as income. Internationally traded NWFP, such as aromatic oils and medicinal plants, can achieve high prices in comparison with NWFP traded on national markets and thus contribute to the economic development of the respective country. However, very limited statistical data are available on the exploitation, management, consumption and trade of NWFP. Unlike timber and agricultural products, no regular monitoring and evaluation of the resources and socio-economic contribution of NWFP at the national level are being carried out. In the FAO yearbook of forest products, for example, statistical data on NWFP such as cork, tannins, bamboo and various oils are only available from 1954 to 1971 (Chandrasekheran 1995) Consequently information is limited today to selected NWFP of national importance. But even for several of these major NWFP, data are often incomplete and cannot be extrapolated to the national level or compared among countries. FAO assists national governments and institutions to improve the availability of national qualitative and quantitative data related to NWFP. This activity is carried out within the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Information and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management: Linking National and International Efforts in South Asia and South East Asia" (Project GCP/RAS/173/EC), a four-year programme funded by the European Commission (Directorate-General Development). The overall aim of this programme is to strengthen national capacity to collect and compile reliable information on forestry and analyse the forest sector. This report contains the NWFP country profiles compiled for 15 Asian countries at the national level. These country profiles include a standardized text providing the available qualitative and quantitative data on NWFP and a standardized table showing quantitative information. Furthermore, the report includes an analysis of regional data. Methodology Under the EC-FAO Partnership Programme, the available information on NWFP was reviewed and compiled at the national level, in each country, to assess the socio-economic significance and ecological impact of its utilization. Existing data gaps and constraints related to data collection were identified for each country to elaborate practical proposals for improved monitoring of NWFP. In particular, desk studies were carried out to compile draft "country profiles" on NWFP, including information available at FAO headquarters. A standard format for the presentation of information was elaborated showing key information requirements for the evaluation of NWFP. During a regional workshop for data validation, held in January 2002, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the draft country profiles were discussed with country representatives to validate available information and add missing data. 1 NWFP consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded lands and trees outside forests. 4 Kind of information collected To evaluate the socio-economic importance and ecological impact of NWFP exploitation, key information on the products, resources and their economic value has been collected. (a) Product information A standard classification of NWFP does not exist yet. NWFP can be classified in many different ways according to their end use (medicine, drinks, utensils, etc.) or the plant-parts used (roots, leaves, bark, etc.). For further information see Chandrasekehran (1995), Cook (1995), FAO (1992) and Shiva and Mathur (1996) Chandrasekharan (1995) developed a classification of NWFP in accordance with the major international classification systems, such as the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System, the Standard International Trade Classification Rev. 3 and the Provisional Central
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