DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Persia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Persia A HISTORY OF PERSIA BY BRIGADIER-GENERAL SrR PERCY SYKES K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G. GOLD ~U:O .-\LUST O#' TH'E ROYAL CCOG~PKIC:*'r. SOCIE:T\' JOl~T-AU'THOA OP' 'THROUGH OUERTS AN'D OASt,S nr CtNTRAL ,\SI.'\' AND 'THE ClORY or THE SHtA WORLD' ACHAEMElHAH GOLD PATSRA. (From British Museum.) WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS I N TWO. VOLUMES-VOL. II THIRD EDITION /YJTH SUPPLEMENTARY ESSIIYS ·' MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ... 1 . - ! ST. MARTIN'S ~TRE ET , LONDON.:.· 1930 MACMi b LAN 'AND CO., };JMITED LONDON • li<?.M.BAV • CALCUTT A • MA DRAS . MEI,UOURNE T HE l\fACMILLAN COMPANY - · :. - - -- .. ~~W 'YORK • BOSTON • CHICA~O . ' . ·DAI.LAS • SAN FRANC:ISCO •. THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTu. TORONTO PART or A Pa ıt.<rAN HuHTt><c Scaı<E.. (From ;ı Polychrome Terr:ı·cotta. Vnsc in the Hermitaııc Museum.) CONTENTS ! PRELIM!N.\R.Y Ess.w ····· CHAPTER L • PAGE TttE G oLOI!..'I AcE OF IsLAM The Splendour of Haroun-al-Rashid, A.tt. 170-193 (786-8o9)-The Hasanite Prince of Daylam, A.tl. 176 (792.)-The Downfall of the Bar­ mecides- The Death of Haroun-al-Rashid, A.tl. ı 93 (809)-Amin and M a m un, A.H. 19 3-198 (So8-8 ı 3)-Mamun proclaimed Caüph · of the East, A.H. 196 (8ı. ı)-The Campaigns of Tah.ir the Ambidextrous and the Death of Amin-Rebellions in the Wesıern Half of the Caliphate, A.K. 198-ıoı (8 13-8ı6)-The P roclamation of Ali Riıa as Heir-Apparent, A.H. 201 (817)-His Sudden Death, A.H. 203 (8ı8)-Tahir, Viceroy of the East, A.H. 204-207 (8ı9-8n)--:The Later Years o_f Marnun and his Death, A. H. 218 (833)-The .Acts, Science, and Literature under M arnun ~Moslem Exploration and Geography-The M utaıila Sect-Motasim, A.R. :u8-n7 (833-8•p)-The Mamelukes and the Fo unding of Samarra -The Revolt of the J:ıtt or Gypsies-Tlıe Capture of Babek, A.H. 21.2. (837)-The Campaign against the Greeks, A.H. 223 (838)-The Later Years ofMotasim's Reign-Wathik, A.R. 227-232 (8+:ı-8.j.7). CHAPTER LI THE D ECAY oF THE CALIPHATE :'ND THE·.·~ R,Ev ıvA.L o .F P ERSIAN lNDEPEN DE~CE • • _' ' .:. ~..; .. ; ... : f ...:.•: ., · :·, . .. ·: .f ;;;-::.. • • • 1 The Orthodox Reaction under Mu~~v;~il, ~.H. ~n-2+7 (847-86ı) -The P:ılace of Samarra and the: Cypl'efs ·of ".K.ishmar~'TfieiTiıhiri' Dynasty, A.H. 2.05-2 59 (Sıo-871.)-A. Period of ~archy,"A,H.iı47-~56 (86ı-87o)-The Rise of the Saffa.r. Dıfnasty-Motamid, A,H ~ ·~ s€-:ı7.9 ..... (S~o:-892)-The Zanj Insur.rectio~ A.H.' ·zs.s:~70 (8ii9-I SJ)-}'he Bnllıant Career of Yakub bın L~!""'The Ongın of the Ismf!lt ·Sect -The Carmathians-The Rise of ~e Samanid Dynasty-The Career.of Amr-ul-Lais,. A.H. :ı65-29o · (878~J)-::'!h~ Samanid D~?-~2:..~ .. iis VOL. U v b VI HISTORY OF PERSIA J•AGE Zenit~-Its Decay and Downfall-The Ziyarid Dynasıy, A.H. 316-434 (9ı.8-ıa42)-:-The Buwayhid or Daylamite Dynasıy, A. H. 32o-.H7 {932- ıos-5)-The Dynasty of Ghazna, A.H. 35ı-s8ı. (962-1186) . .. CHAPTER- Lll· T HE CoMıNG o~ T~E SEıjux T~RKs • :z8 The Importance of tbe.Seljuks-Their Origin-Masud of Ghazna--,­ The Founding of the Seljuk Dynasty, A.H. 429 (ıo37) -The Career ,of Toghril Beg, A.H. 429-455 (ıoJ7-ı06J)-Malik Kaward of Kernıan, A.H. 433-465 (ıo41-1072)-Alp Arslan, A.H. 455-465 (ıo63-1072)-Tbc Seljuk Empire at its Zenith under Malik Shalı, A.H. 465-485 (ıo72- . 1092)-The Do~:!Jfall of Ni~am ~ui-Mulk-T.he Death of.Malik Shah, A.H. 485 (1092)-The Assassins~The Fatirnid Dynasıy, A.H. 297-567 (909-1171)-The Career of Hasan Sabbah-"The Old Man of the Mountain "-The Initiation of the De,•otees- Mahrnud, A.H. 485 (ı 092); Barkiyaruk, A.H. 487 (ıo94); Malik Shah II., A.H. 498 (ııo4); Mohamed, A.H. 498- 511 (1104- 11 17)-The Sdjuks of Kerman, A.H. 433-583 (ı041-1187)-The Origin of the Crusades-The Firsı Crusade, A.D. ıo9s-ıo99-The Defeat of the First Army by the Seljuks- The Capture of Nicaea and of Antioch by the Crusaders-The Stc:ırrning of Jerusalem, A.H. 492 (1099). CHAPTER Lll! -~ ~ . ·.· . ·-·· -;--·-·-·· . ·TıiE····-. ·..--- Dıs~?._~ıo~- . : ~F. :!!i~.. !:!.~~ı~~··.EMPJRE Sultan Sanjar at the Height of his Farne-An Episode of the Assassi!Js -The Ghorid Dynasty, A.H. 54J-6I:ı (1148-.1215)-The Rise of the Shahs of Khwaraini-Tiie Kara Khitai Dynasty-The Defcat of Sultan Sanjar by the Kara Khitai, A.H. 536 (ı 141)-The Capture of Sultan Sanjar by the Gliuzz, A.B. 548 (1 153)-The Atrocities committed by the Ghuzz -Their Ravages in the Kerrnan Province-The Escape and D eaılı of Sultan Sanjar, A.H. 552 (ı ı 57)-His Character- The Revival of the Caliphate-Tlıe Khwaraım Dynasty at its Zenith-The Atabegs- The . End of a Great.Periiıd. .. • . .. CHAPTER LIV P :usıAN LıTERATURE BEFORE THE MoNG9L !NVASION 5.7 The Birth of Persian Lite'rature...:...Rudagi-AI·Biruni-Avicenna­ Firdausi-The Siasot-Nomo-Nasir-i-Khusru- Omar Khayyam-The Kabus-Nama- Al-Ghazali - Muizzi - Nizami-ai-Arudi-Anwari and Khakani-Nizami-Attar- A Criticism. CHAPTER LV THE Mai-lGoL CATA cLvst:ı· •· 'jO The Awful Nature of the Mangol Invasion-:The Origiıı of the Mongols-Yissugay, the Father of Chengiz Khan-The Rise of Chengiı Khan, A.D. 1175-1206- The Downfall ·of the Kara Khitai Dynasty- CONTENTS vıı I'ACE The Mo ngol Inv:ısion of Turkesıan, A.H. 6.ı s (a ı 8)-The Ouıbreak of Hostilities wiıh Khwarazm-The Invasion · of T r:ınso:d:ın:ı, A.H . 616 (1219)-The Pursuit ofMohamed and his Deaıh, A.H. 617 (ı.ı2o)-The Siege of Urganj, A.H. 617 (1220)-The Devastation of Khorasan, A.H. 6ı7 (ı:ı.zo)- The Demuction of Merv and Nishapur-The Campaign against Jalal-u-Din, A.K. '6ı8 ( ı :ı.u)-The Return to Tartary of Chengiz Khan-The Devastation of Western and North-Western Persia-The Deaılı of Chengiz Kh:ın, A.K. 6z-ı. ( ı :ı.27)-His Character and Genius. CHAPT ER LVI THE ExTtNCTION oF TH! CALIPKATE BY HuLAOU KHAN 86 The Division of the Mongol Empire-Three Great Expeditions­ The Campaign of Jalal-u-Din in India, A.H . 6ı9 (ı:ı.2:ı.)- Hi s Return to Perşia, A.H. 6:ı.o (ı2zJ)-Gbias-u-Din-T he Campaign against the Caliph, A.H. 6u (1:ı.:ı.5)-The Batde of Isfah:ın , A.K. 6:ı.5 (ıı28)-The Single Combats of Jalal-u-Din-His Escapes from the Mongols and his Death, A.H. 6:ı.S (ız3 ı)-The Mongol Campaigns in Asia Minor and Syria-The Kutlugh Khans of Kerman, A.H. 619-703 (ı:ı:ı:ı.- IJOJ)-:- .. Christian-Missions to.the Mongols, A.o: 124s-ızfı_:The Adininistration of Northern Pcrsia before H ulagu Kh:ın-The Aprointmcnt of Hulagu K han to Persia, A.R. 649 (n sı)- The Dynasty ot the Assassins at i ıs Zeni t h-Tiıe Extirpation of the Assassin s, A.H. 6 54 (ız56)-The Sack of Baghdad and the Execution of the Caliph, A.H: 656 (ıı58)-The Last Years of Hulagu K han and his Death, A.H. 663 (ız6s): CHAPTER .. LVII--·----·---- . .. • • .:... ... •• : · •• • • • • • •• • • • : . •• 40 •• ·~ . ·:· ·- TK! HEATHEN IL-KHA.NS OF. P ERSIA • 100 .. Abaga, A.H. 663-6So (ız6s-nSı)-The lnv:ısion from Russia, A.H. · 664 (ı 266)-Hayıon, King of Armenia and Baybars of Egypt, A.H. 66+- 66s (1:ı.66-ı:ı67)-The l nvasion of Khorasan by Borak, A.H. 668 (1270) -Yusuf Sh ah 1., Atabeg of Lu rist:ın-The Devastation of Khwarazm and Transoxiana by Abaga., ·A.H. 671 (127:)-The Battic of Abulistin, A.H. 675 (ıı77)-The Batıle of Hims, A.H. 68o (ı:ı.8ı)-The Intercourse of Abaga with Europe-The Journeyof Marco Polo in Persia, A.D. 1271- Ahmad, A.H. 68o-683 (ıı.8 ı -u84)-The Reign of Arghun, A.H. 683-690 ;~~ ( 1 ı.S+-ız9ı)-Johıi de MonteCorvino-:-Gaykhatu, A.H. 69o-694 (ı:9ı- 1Z95), and Baydu, A,H: ..69+ (ı:ı. 95)-The Return of Marco Polo to Pcrsia, A. o. ı': 9+.' · · · - ·· · CHAPT ER LVIII GHAZAN KHAN, THE G REAT IL-KHAN. l lO The Accession of Gh~zan , A.H. 694 (u95)-H is First Syrian Cam­ paign, A.H. 699 (ı 299)-The Raiding ofSouthern Persia from Transox~ana -The Defeat of the Monı;ols in Syria, A.H. 702 ( 1303)-'-The Relat ıons of Ghaz:ın with Byzantium and the Western Powers~His Reforms-His Buildings and Endowments- Uljaitu, A.H. 703-716 ( ı J04- ı Jı6)-.'\bu Said, A.H. 716-736 (ıJı6-tJ3S)-The Puppet. Il-Khans-The Ja!ayr Dynasty, A.H. 7J6-8t+ (ıJi6-ı4 ıı )-The Muzalfarids, A.H. 7 13-795 (ıJrJ-1393)-The Ku~ts of Hera~ A._K. 643-791 (ız+S- t J89)· V lll HISTORY OF PERSIA --. -:- - CHAPTER . LIX PAGE TAMER_LANE ı ı8 .. .. ': .. :-T.r~nsoxia_n,;ı in. the. ~i~~le . of the Fourteenth · Cen.tury-:-The Fame.: , .·· .. of Ta:.merlanc-'Hıs Bırth: ın· . A,H. ·736 ·(1335) .and hıs ·Early Years-· _· .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Competing Narratives Between Nomadic People and Their Sedentary Neighbours
    COMPETING NARRATIVES BETWEEN NOMADIC PEOPLE AND THEIR SEDENTARY NEIGHBOURS Studia uralo-altaica 53 Redigunt Katalin Sipőcz András Róna-Tas István Zimonyi Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours Papers of the 7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe Nov. 9–12, 2018 Shanghai University, China Edited by Chen Hao Szeged, 2019 This publication was financially supported by the MTA-ELTE-SZTE Silk Road Research Group © University of Szeged, Department of Altaic Studies, Department of Finno-Ugrian Philology Printed in 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the author or the publisher. Printed by: Innovariant Ltd., H-6750 Algyő, Ipartelep 4. ISBN: 978-963-306-708-6 (printed) ISBN: 978-963-306-714-7 (pdf) ISSN: 0133 4239 Contents István Zimonyi Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Augustí Alemany A Prosopographical Approach to Medieval Eurasian Nomads (II) .............................. 11 Tatiana A. Anikeeva Geography in the Epic Folklore of the Oghuz Turks ...................................................... 37 Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky Changes of Ethnonyms in the Sino-Mongol Bilingual Glossaries from the Yuan to the Qing Era ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Relations of Delhi Sultanate
    FOREIGN RELATIONS OF DELHI SULTANATE ABSTRACT Thesis Submitted For The Degree of Bottor of $f)tlo)8!op|ip IN HISTORY BY ROOHI ABIDA AHMED Und«r th« Supervision ot Prof. K. A. NIZAMI CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIiyi UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1 991 _&.a the^-txtle- o£~my. theals .suggests jut is an attempt to trace the developments in the relations of the Delhi Sultans with their neighbouring countries. In other words the foreign policies of the_ Delhi Sultans have been discussed with special reference to Sultan lltvtmish, the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate and Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under whose reign there is an attempt- to the extend the boundaries of the Indian frontiers. The reigns of Ghyasuddin Tughluq and Jaflaluddin Khalji were comparatively short during which they were busy in establishing their respecjkive dynasties in Hindustan and hence struggling yf(ard for interval peace and order. Therefore titey^did not^,,-!Show any keenness in external affairs and\hewce it was diff­ icult to trace their foreion nia^cies. While discussing the foreign policies of the Delhi Sultans it was necessary to describe the region of the North-West Frontier of Hindustan as v;ell as to discuss the role played by this region and its inhabitants in determining the foreign Policies of the Delhi Bultans, The North­ west Frontier region occupied a position of great strategic as well as economic Importance , and it was therefore necessary for a ruler of Hindustan to maintain effective control over it. The foreign relations of the early Turkish rulers include their relations with the mongols of Central Asia and the Persian Ilkhans, However an attempt has also been made to refer to the commercial and intellectual relations of the Delhi sultans with the outside world.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 the Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan
    ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 THE REGIONS OF SIND . 15 THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING* N. A. Baloch and A. Q. Rafiqi Contents THE RULERS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN AND MULTAN (750–1500) ....... 298 The cAbbasid period and the Fatimid interlude (mid-eighth to the end of the tenth century) ...................................... 298 The Period of the Ghaznavid and Ghurid Sultanates (eleventh and twelfth centuries) . 301 The era of the local independent states ......................... 304 KASHMIR UNDER THE SULTANS OF THE SHAH¯ MIR¯ DYNASTY ....... 310 * See Map 4, 5 and 7, pp. 430–1, 432–3, 437. 297 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 The cAbbasid period Part One THE RULERS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN AND MULTAN (750–1500) (N. A. Baloch) From 750 to 1500, three phases are discernible in the political history of these regions. During the first phase, from the mid-eighth until the end of the tenth century, Sind, Baluchis- tan and Multan – with the exception of the interlude of pro-Fatimid ascendency in Mul- tan during the last quarter of the tenth century – all remained politically linked with the cAbbasid caliphate of Baghdad. (Kashmir was ruled, from the eighth century onwards, by the local, independent, originally non-Muslim dynasties, which had increasing political contacts with the Muslim rulers of Sind and Khurasan.) During the second phase – the eleventh and twelfth centuries – all these regions came within the sphere of influence of the powers based in Ghazna and Ghur. During the third phase –from the thirteenth to the early sixteenth century – they partly became dominions of the Sultanate of Delhi, which was in itself an extension into the subcontinent of the Central Asian power base.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Art Pp001-025 21/5/07 08:53 Page 2
    Spirit &Life Spirit & Life The creation of a museum dedicated to the presentation of Muslim ‘I have been involved in the field of development for nearly four decades. arts and culture – in all their historic, cultural and geographical Masterpieces of Islamic Art This engagement has been grounded in my responsibilities as Imam of diversity – is a key project of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, one the Shia Ismaili Community, and Islam’s message of the fundamental of whose aims is to contribute to education in the fields of arts and from the Aga Khan Museum Collection unity of “din and dunya”, of spirit and life.’ culture. The developing political crises of the last few years have collections museum khan theaga from art ofislamic masterpieces revealed – often dramatically – the considerable lack of knowledge of His Highness the Aga Khan the Muslim world in many Western societies. This ignorance spans at the Annual Meeting of the EBRD all aspects of Islam: its pluralism, the diversity of interpretations Tashkent, 5 May 2003 within the Qur’anic faith, the chronological and geographical extent of its history and culture, as well as the ethnic, linguistic and social Spirit and Life is the title of an exhibition of over 160 masterpieces diversity of its peoples. of Islamic art from the Aga Khan Museum which will open in Toronto, Canada in 2009. This catalogue illustrates all the miniature For this reason, the idea of creating a museum of Muslim arts and paintings, manuscripts, jewellery, ceramics, wood panels and culture in Toronto as an eminently educational institution, with beams, stone carvings, metal objects and other art works in the the aim of informing the North American public of the diversity and exhibition, which spans over a thousand years of history and gives significance of Muslim civilisations naturally arose.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bustan of Sa'di: an Illustrated Persian Manuscript Dated 850/1446
    THE BUSTAN OF SA'Dl: AN ILLUSTRATED PERSIAN MANUSCRIPT DATED 850/1446 NORAH M. TITLEY and M. I. WALEY INTRODUCTION AMONG the notable items acquired in recent years by the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books is a finely calligraphed and illuminated mid-fifteenth- century poetical manuscript in Persian (Or. 14237), containing three miniature paintings. ^ Despite their slightly damaged condition these miniatures are of particular significance for the study of what is an interesting phase in the stylistic development of Persian painting. They belong to a very small group, dating from the 1440s, in which elements associated with the style prevalent at Shiraz (in southern Persia) are intermingled with certain features characteristic of the work produced at Herat and Samarkand (in the north-east, and beyond the borders of modern Iran). Although in recent years several distinguished scholars have written on the Persian painting of this period,^ certain aspects of the subject merit further study; the style represented in Or. 14237 is one of them. Miss Titley's presentation and analysis of the miniatures in this manuscript, which follows, is a significant contribution towards this end. The text contained in the newly acquired manuscript is one of the best-known classics of Persian literature: the Bustdn (meaning 'Herb Garden' or 'Orchard') of Sa'dl of Shiraz {c.i2oo?-c.i2g2). The Bustdn is a poem comprising some 4,000 couplets in which Sa'dl skilfully and elegantly illustrates numerous maxims and ethical principles, using stories and anecdotes. Here, as also in Sa'di's equally celebrated Gulistdn^a. rather similar work, this time in prose interspersed with verses—it is sometimes difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9Th Through 14Th Centuries
    The Abode of Water: Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9th Through 14th Centuries by Amanda Respess A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in the University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Kathryn Babayan, Chair Professor Miranda Brown Assistant Professor Jatin Dua Professor Carla Sinopoli, University of New Mexico Amanda Respess [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4616-701X © Amanda Respess 2020 DEDICATION “...for by reason we have comprehended the manufacture and use of ships, so that we have reached unto distant lands divided from us by the seas; by it we have achieved medicine with its many uses to the body.” - al-Rāzī, The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes, Of the Excellence and Praise of Reason “Whoever has emerged victorious participates to this day in the triumphal procession in which the present rulers step over those who are lying prostrate. According to traditional practice, the spoils are carried along in the procession. They are called cultural treasures, and a historical materialist views them with cautious detachment. For without exception the cultural treasures he surveys have an origin which he cannot contemplate without horror. They owe their existence not only to the efforts of the great minds and talents who have created them, but also to the anonymous toil of their contemporaries.” -Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History For my family. For Khwāja ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī, whose gravestone in China gave the title to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MAKING of the ARTIST in LATE TIMURID PAINTING Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art Series Editor: Professor Robert Hillenbrand
    EDINBURGH STUDIES IN ISLAMIC A RT EDINBURGH STUDIES IN ISLAMIC A RT S E RIES E DITOR:ROBE RT HILLE NBRAND Painting Timurid late in Artist the of Making The S E RIES E DITOR:ROBE RT HILLE NBRAND This series offers readers easy access to the most up-to-date research across the whole range of Islamic art, representing various parts of the Islamic world, media and approaches. Books in the series are academic monographs of intellectual distinction that mark a significant advance in the field. Isfahan and its Palaces Statecraft, Shi ’ ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran Sussan Babaie This beautifully illustrated history of Safavid Isfahan (1501–1722) explores the architectural and urban forms and networks of socio-cultural action that reflected a distinctly early modern and Perso-Shi ’ i practice of kingship. An immense building campaign, initiated in 1590/1, transformed Isfahan from a provincial, medieval and largely Sunni city into an urban-centered representation of the first Imami Shi ’ i empire in the history of Islam. The historical process of Shi ’ ification of Safavid Iran, and the deployment of the arts in situating the shifts in the politico-religious agenda of the imperial household, informs Sussan Babaie’s study of palatial architecture and urban environments of Isfahan and the earlier capitals of Tabriz and Qazvin. Babaie argues that, since the Safavid claim presumed the inheritance both of the charisma of the Shi ’ i Imams and of the aura of royal splendor integral to ancient Persian notions of kingship, a ceremonial regime was gradually devised in which access and proximity to the shah assumed the contours of an institutionalized form of feasting.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnohistory of the Qizilbash in Kabul: Migration, State, and a Shi'a Minority
    ETHNOHISTORY OF THE QIZILBASH IN KABUL: MIGRATION, STATE, AND A SHI’A MINORITY Solaiman M. Fazel Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University May 2017 i Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee __________________________________________ Raymond J. DeMallie, PhD __________________________________________ Anya Peterson Royce, PhD __________________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD __________________________________________ Devin DeWeese, PhD __________________________________________ Ron Sela, PhD Date of Defense ii For my love Megan for the light of my eyes Tamanah and Sohrab and for my esteemed professors who inspired me iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This historical ethnography of Qizilbash communities in Kabul is the result of a painstaking process of multi-sited archival research, in-person interviews, and collection of empirical data from archival sources, memoirs, and memories of the people who once live/lived and experienced the affects of state-formation in Afghanistan. The origin of my study extends beyond the moment I had to pick a research topic for completion of my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. This study grapples with some questions that have occupied my mind since a young age when my parents decided to migrate from Kabul to Los Angeles because of the Soviet-Afghan War of 1980s. I undertook sections of this topic while finishing my Senior Project at UC Santa Barbara and my Master’s thesis at California State University, Fullerton. I can only hope that the questions and analysis offered here reflects my intellectual progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did the Catholic Missionaries Fail to Convert
    PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2454-5899 Gunay Heydarli, 2019 Volume 5 Issue 3, pp. 1003-1019 Date of Publication: 27th November 2019 DOI- https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.53.10031019 This paper can be cited as: Heydarli, G. (2019). Why Did the Catholic Missionaries Fail to Convert the Armenian and Georgian Community of the Safavid Empire in the 17th Century? PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 1003-1019. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. WHY DID THE CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES FAIL TO CONVERT THE ARMENIAN AND GEORGIAN COMMUNITY OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE IN THE 17th CENTURY? Gunay Heydarli Faculty of History, Baku State University, Azerbaijan [email protected] This work was supported by the US Embassy in Azerbaijan Abstract In the early modern period the Protestant Reformation weakened the Roman Catholic Church and it lost its influence over Europe. The Church turned its policy to the East to propagate the faith. For nearly a century, the missionaries were represented in the Safavid provinces and attempted to win the Eastern Christian Population for the Catholic Church. On the other hand,with the flow of Catholic missionaries caused the increase of intercultural and interreligious exchanges. This paper examines the Catholic missionaries’motives to bring the Safavids’ Eastern Christian Community under papal jurisdiction as well as the reception that the Safavid rulers, Armenian Church and Georgian Church offered vis-a- vis this group.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Issues in the Middle East
    CURRENT ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST a graduate class project of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Mahmoud Aboud Alexandra Acosta Idrees Mohamed Ali Anwar Al-Barout Mohammed Al-Hadrami Nageeb Al-Jabowbi Waheed Al-Shami Abdullah Al-Shammari Adel Al-Sheikh Eve Burnett ‘Matankiso Chachane Ahmad Daoudzai Johannes de Millo Naseer Ahmed Faiq Khalid Faqeeh Bobette Jansen Nikolaos Kouroupis Shihana Mohamed Siham Mourabit Chan Pee Lila Ratsifandrihamanana Tania LaumanulupeTupou Sanaa Eltigani Uro Editor Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA May 2009 ISBN: 978-1-61539-567-5 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. The Authors Mahmoud Aboud is the Permanent Representative of Comoros Alexandra Acosta is a Graduate Student from the USA Anwar Al-Barout is Counsellor at the Permanent Mission of the UAE Mohammed Al-Hadhrami is a Graduate Student from Yemen Nageeb Al-Jabowbi is a Graduate Student from Yemen Waheed Al-Shami is a Graduate Student from Yemen Abdullah Al-Shammari is Vice Consul of Saudi Arabia Adel Al-Sheikh is a Graduate Student from Yemen Idrees Mohamed Ali is First Secretary at the Permanent Mission of Sudan Eve Burnett is a Graduate Student from the USA ‘Matankiso Chachane is an Admin Assistant at
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Fragile Areas: Case Studies from Central Asia
    Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance Mapping Fragile Areas: Case Studies from Central Asia Elizaveta Chmykh Eugenia Dorokhova Hine-Wai Loose Kristina Sutkaityte Rebecca Mikova Richard Steyne Sarabeth Murray Edited by dr Grazvydas Jasutis Mapping Fragile Areas: Case Studies from Central Asia About DCAF DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance is dedicated to improving the se- curity of states and their people within a framework of democratic governance, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and gender equality. Since its founding in 2000, DCAF has contributed to making peace and development more sustainable by assisting partner states, and international actors supporting these states, to improve the governance of their security sector through inclusive and participatory reforms. It creates innovative knowledge products, promotes norms and good practices, provides legal and policy advice and supports capacity-building of both state and non-state security sector stakeholders. DCAF’s Foundation Council is comprised of representatives of about 60 member states and the Canton of Geneva. Active in over 80 countries, DCAF is interna- tionally recognized as one of the world’s leading centres of excellence for security sector governance (SSG) and security sector reform (SSR). DCAF is guided by the principles of neutrality, impartiality, local ownership, inclusive participation, and gender equality. For more information visit www.dcaf.ch and follow us on Twitter @DCAF_Geneva. The views and opinions expressed in this study
    [Show full text]