A HISTORY OF PERSIA BY BRIGADIER-GENERAL SrR PERCY SYKES K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G. GOLD ~U:O .-\LUST O#' TH'E ROYAL CCOG~PKIC:*'r. SOCIE:T\' JOl~T-AU'THOA OP' 'THROUGH OUERTS AN'D OASt,S nr CtNTRAL ,\SI.'\' AND 'THE ClORY or THE SHtA WORLD' ACHAEMElHAH GOLD PATSRA. (From British Museum.) WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS I N TWO. VOLUMES-VOL. II THIRD EDITION /YJTH SUPPLEMENTARY ESSIIYS ·' MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ... 1 . - ! ST. MARTIN'S ~TRE ET , LONDON.:.· 1930 MACMi b LAN 'AND CO., };JMITED LONDON • li<?.M.BAV • CALCUTT A • MA DRAS . MEI,UOURNE T HE l\fACMILLAN COMPANY - · :. - - -- .. ~~W 'YORK • BOSTON • CHICA~O . ' . ·DAI.LAS • SAN FRANC:ISCO •. THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTu. TORONTO PART or A Pa ıt.<rAN HuHTt><c Scaı<E.. (From ;ı Polychrome Terr:ı·cotta. Vnsc in the Hermitaııc Museum.) CONTENTS ! PRELIM!N.\R.Y Ess.w ····· CHAPTER L • PAGE TttE G oLOI!..'I AcE OF IsLAM The Splendour of Haroun-al-Rashid, A.tt. 170-193 (786-8o9)-The Hasanite Prince of Daylam, A.tl. 176 (792.)-The Downfall of the Bar­ mecides- The Death of Haroun-al-Rashid, A.tl. ı 93 (809)-Amin and M a m un, A.H. 19 3-198 (So8-8 ı 3)-Mamun proclaimed Caüph · of the East, A.H. 196 (8ı. ı)-The Campaigns of Tah.ir the Ambidextrous and the Death of Amin-Rebellions in the Wesıern Half of the Caliphate, A.K. 198-ıoı (8 13-8ı6)-The P roclamation of Ali Riıa as Heir-Apparent, A.H. 201 (817)-His Sudden Death, A.H. 203 (8ı8)-Tahir, Viceroy of the East, A.H. 204-207 (8ı9-8n)--:The Later Years o_f Marnun and his Death, A. H. 218 (833)-The .Acts, Science, and Literature under M arnun ~Moslem Exploration and Geography-The M utaıila Sect-Motasim, A.R. :u8-n7 (833-8•p)-The Mamelukes and the Fo unding of Samarra -The Revolt of the J:ıtt or Gypsies-Tlıe Capture of Babek, A.H. 21.2. (837)-The Campaign against the Greeks, A.H. 223 (838)-The Later Years ofMotasim's Reign-Wathik, A.R. 227-232 (8+:ı-8.j.7). CHAPTER LI THE D ECAY oF THE CALIPHATE :'ND THE·.·~ R,Ev ıvA.L o .F P ERSIAN lNDEPEN DE~CE • • _' ' .:. ~..; .. ; ... : f ...:.•: ., · :·, . .. ·: .f ;;;-::.. • • • 1 The Orthodox Reaction under Mu~~v;~il, ~.H. ~n-2+7 (847-86ı) -The P:ılace of Samarra and the: Cypl'efs ·of ".K.ishmar~'TfieiTiıhiri' Dynasty, A.H. 2.05-2 59 (Sıo-871.)-A. Period of ~archy,"A,H.iı47-~56 (86ı-87o)-The Rise of the Saffa.r. Dıfnasty-Motamid, A,H ~ ·~ s€-:ı7.9 ..... (S~o:-892)-The Zanj Insur.rectio~ A.H.' ·zs.s:~70 (8ii9-I SJ)-}'he Bnllıant Career of Yakub bın L~!""'The Ongın of the Ismf!lt ·Sect -The Carmathians-The Rise of ~e Samanid Dynasty-The Career.of Amr-ul-Lais,. A.H. :ı65-29o · (878~J)-::'!h~ Samanid D~?-~2:..~ .. iis VOL. U v b VI HISTORY OF PERSIA J•AGE Zenit~-Its Decay and Downfall-The Ziyarid Dynasıy, A.H. 316-434 (9ı.8-ıa42)-:-The Buwayhid or Daylamite Dynasıy, A. H. 32o-.H7 {932- ıos-5)-The Dynasty of Ghazna, A.H. 35ı-s8ı. (962-1186) . .. CHAPTER- Lll· T HE CoMıNG o~ T~E SEıjux T~RKs • :z8 The Importance of tbe.Seljuks-Their Origin-Masud of Ghazna--,­ The Founding of the Seljuk Dynasty, A.H. 429 (ıo37) -The Career ,of Toghril Beg, A.H. 429-455 (ıoJ7-ı06J)-Malik Kaward of Kernıan, A.H. 433-465 (ıo41-1072)-Alp Arslan, A.H. 455-465 (ıo63-1072)-Tbc Seljuk Empire at its Zenith under Malik Shalı, A.H. 465-485 (ıo72- . 1092)-The Do~:!Jfall of Ni~am ~ui-Mulk-T.he Death of.Malik Shah, A.H. 485 (1092)-The Assassins~The Fatirnid Dynasıy, A.H. 297-567 (909-1171)-The Career of Hasan Sabbah-"The Old Man of the Mountain "-The Initiation of the De,•otees- Mahrnud, A.H. 485 (ı 092); Barkiyaruk, A.H. 487 (ıo94); Malik Shah II., A.H. 498 (ııo4); Mohamed, A.H. 498- 511 (1104- 11 17)-The Sdjuks of Kerman, A.H. 433-583 (ı041-1187)-The Origin of the Crusades-The Firsı Crusade, A.D. ıo9s-ıo99-The Defeat of the First Army by the Seljuks- The Capture of Nicaea and of Antioch by the Crusaders-The Stc:ırrning of Jerusalem, A.H. 492 (1099). CHAPTER Lll! -~ ~ . ·.· . ·-·· -;--·-·-·· . ·TıiE····-. ·..--- Dıs~?._~ıo~- . : ~F. :!!i~.. !:!.~~ı~~··.EMPJRE Sultan Sanjar at the Height of his Farne-An Episode of the Assassi!Js -The Ghorid Dynasty, A.H. 54J-6I:ı (1148-.1215)-The Rise of the Shahs of Khwaraini-Tiie Kara Khitai Dynasty-The Defcat of Sultan Sanjar by the Kara Khitai, A.H. 536 (ı 141)-The Capture of Sultan Sanjar by the Gliuzz, A.B. 548 (1 153)-The Atrocities committed by the Ghuzz -Their Ravages in the Kerrnan Province-The Escape and D eaılı of Sultan Sanjar, A.H. 552 (ı ı 57)-His Character- The Revival of the Caliphate-Tlıe Khwaraım Dynasty at its Zenith-The Atabegs- The . End of a Great.Periiıd. .. • . .. CHAPTER LIV P :usıAN LıTERATURE BEFORE THE MoNG9L !NVASION 5.7 The Birth of Persian Lite'rature...:...Rudagi-AI·Biruni-Avicenna­ Firdausi-The Siasot-Nomo-Nasir-i-Khusru- Omar Khayyam-The Kabus-Nama- Al-Ghazali - Muizzi - Nizami-ai-Arudi-Anwari and Khakani-Nizami-Attar- A Criticism. CHAPTER LV THE Mai-lGoL CATA cLvst:ı· •· 'jO The Awful Nature of the Mangol Invasion-:The Origiıı of the Mongols-Yissugay, the Father of Chengiz Khan-The Rise of Chengiı Khan, A.D. 1175-1206- The Downfall ·of the Kara Khitai Dynasty- CONTENTS vıı I'ACE The Mo ngol Inv:ısion of Turkesıan, A.H. 6.ı s (a ı 8)-The Ouıbreak of Hostilities wiıh Khwarazm-The Invasion · of T r:ınso:d:ın:ı, A.H . 616 (1219)-The Pursuit ofMohamed and his Deaıh, A.H. 617 (ı.ı2o)-The Siege of Urganj, A.H. 617 (1220)-The Devastation of Khorasan, A.H. 6ı7 (ı:ı.zo)- The Demuction of Merv and Nishapur-The Campaign against Jalal-u-Din, A.K. '6ı8 ( ı :ı.u)-The Return to Tartary of Chengiz Khan-The Devastation of Western and North-Western Persia-The Deaılı of Chengiz Kh:ın, A.K. 6z-ı. ( ı :ı.27)-His Character and Genius. CHAPT ER LVI THE ExTtNCTION oF TH! CALIPKATE BY HuLAOU KHAN 86 The Division of the Mongol Empire-Three Great Expeditions­ The Campaign of Jalal-u-Din in India, A.H . 6ı9 (ı:ı.2:ı.)- Hi s Return to Perşia, A.H. 6:ı.o (ı2zJ)-Gbias-u-Din-T he Campaign against the Caliph, A.H. 6u (1:ı.:ı.5)-The Batde of Isfah:ın , A.K. 6:ı.5 (ıı28)-The Single Combats of Jalal-u-Din-His Escapes from the Mongols and his Death, A.H. 6:ı.S (ız3 ı)-The Mongol Campaigns in Asia Minor and Syria-The Kutlugh Khans of Kerman, A.H. 619-703 (ı:ı:ı:ı.- IJOJ)-:- .. Christian-Missions to.the Mongols, A.o: 124s-ızfı_:The Adininistration of Northern Pcrsia before H ulagu Kh:ın-The Aprointmcnt of Hulagu K han to Persia, A.R. 649 (n sı)- The Dynasty ot the Assassins at i ıs Zeni t h-Tiıe Extirpation of the Assassin s, A.H. 6 54 (ız56)-The Sack of Baghdad and the Execution of the Caliph, A.H: 656 (ıı58)-The Last Years of Hulagu K han and his Death, A.H. 663 (ız6s): CHAPTER .. LVII--·----·---- . .. • • .:... ... •• : · •• • • • • • •• • • • : . •• 40 •• ·~ . ·:· ·- TK! HEATHEN IL-KHA.NS OF. P ERSIA • 100 .. Abaga, A.H. 663-6So (ız6s-nSı)-The lnv:ısion from Russia, A.H. · 664 (ı 266)-Hayıon, King of Armenia and Baybars of Egypt, A.H. 66+- 66s (1:ı.66-ı:ı67)-The l nvasion of Khorasan by Borak, A.H. 668 (1270) -Yusuf Sh ah 1., Atabeg of Lu rist:ın-The Devastation of Khwarazm and Transoxiana by Abaga., ·A.H. 671 (127:)-The Battic of Abulistin, A.H. 675 (ıı77)-The Batıle of Hims, A.H. 68o (ı:ı.8ı)-The Intercourse of Abaga with Europe-The Journeyof Marco Polo in Persia, A.D. 1271- Ahmad, A.H. 68o-683 (ıı.8 ı -u84)-The Reign of Arghun, A.H. 683-690 ;~~ ( 1 ı.S+-ız9ı)-Johıi de MonteCorvino-:-Gaykhatu, A.H. 69o-694 (ı:9ı- 1Z95), and Baydu, A,H: ..69+ (ı:ı. 95)-The Return of Marco Polo to Pcrsia, A. o. ı': 9+.' · · · - ·· · CHAPT ER LVIII GHAZAN KHAN, THE G REAT IL-KHAN. l lO The Accession of Gh~zan , A.H. 694 (u95)-H is First Syrian Cam­ paign, A.H. 699 (ı 299)-The Raiding ofSouthern Persia from Transox~ana -The Defeat of the Monı;ols in Syria, A.H. 702 ( 1303)-'-The Relat ıons of Ghaz:ın with Byzantium and the Western Powers~His Reforms-His Buildings and Endowments- Uljaitu, A.H. 703-716 ( ı J04- ı Jı6)-.'\bu Said, A.H. 716-736 (ıJı6-tJ3S)-The Puppet. Il-Khans-The Ja!ayr Dynasty, A.H. 7J6-8t+ (ıJi6-ı4 ıı )-The Muzalfarids, A.H. 7 13-795 (ıJrJ-1393)-The Ku~ts of Hera~ A._K. 643-791 (ız+S- t J89)· V lll HISTORY OF PERSIA --. -:- - CHAPTER . LIX PAGE TAMER_LANE ı ı8 .. .. ': .. :-T.r~nsoxia_n,;ı in. the. ~i~~le . of the Fourteenth · Cen.tury-:-The Fame.: , .·· .. of Ta:.merlanc-'Hıs Bırth: ın· . A,H. ·736 ·(1335) .and hıs ·Early Years-· _· .