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Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products

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Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products Environmental Project No. 615 2001 Miljøprojekt Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products Torben Madsen, Helle Buchardt Boyd, Dorthe Nylén, Anne Rathmann Pedersen, Gitte I. Petersen and Flemming Simonsen CETOX The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark. Contents PREFACE 7 SUMMARY 9 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 12 2 CONSUMPTION OF DETERGENT AND CLEANING PRODUCTS 15 3 ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 17 3.1 ALKYL SULFATES 17 3.1.1 Occurrence in the environment 17 3.1.2 Environmental fate 18 3.1.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 20 3.1.4 Effects on human health 22 3.2 ALKYL ETHER SULFATES 24 3.2.1 Occurrence in the environment 24 3.2.2 Environmental fate 25 3.2.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 26 3.2.4 Effects on human health 28 3.3 LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATES 28 3.3.1 Occurrence in the environment 29 3.3.2 Environmental fate 29 3.3.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 31 3.3.4 Effects on human health 35 3.4 SECONDARY ALKANE SULFONATES 36 3.4.1 Environmental fate 36 3.4.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 37 3.4.3 Effects on human health 38 3.5 α-OLEFINE SULFONATES (AOS) 38 3.5.1 Environmental fate 39 3.5.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 39 3.5.3 Effects on human health 40 3.6 SULFOSUCCINATES 40 3.6.1 Environmental fate 41 3.6.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 41 3.6.3 Effects on human health 42 3.7 FATTY ACID SOAPS 42 3.7.1 Occurrence in the environment 42 3.7.2 Environmental fate 42 3.7.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 43 3.7.4 Effects on human health 45 4 NONIONIC SURFACTANTS 47 4.1 ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATES AND ALCOHOL ALKOXYLATES 47 4.1.1 Occurrence in the environment 48 4.1.2 Environmental fate 48 4.1.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 54 4.1.4 Effects on human health 59 4.2 BLOCK COPOLYMERS 62 4.2.1 Environmental fate 62 4.2.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 62 4.3 ALKYL GLYCOSIDES AND GLUCOSE AMIDES 62 4.3.1 Environmental fate 63 4.3.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 65 3 4.3.3 Effects on human health 66 4.4 FATTY ACID AMIDES 66 4.4.1 Environmental fate 67 4.4.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 68 4.4.3 Effects on human health 69 5 CATIONIC SURFACTANTS 71 5.1 ALKYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM SALTS 71 5.1.1 Environmental fate 72 5.1.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 73 5.1.3 Effects on human health 74 5.2 DIALKYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM SALTS 76 5.2.1 Environmental fate 77 5.2.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 78 5.2.3 Effects on human health 80 5.3 ALKYLDIMETHYLBENZYLAMMONIUM SALTS 80 5.3.1 Environmental fate 80 5.3.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 81 5.3.3 Effects on human health 81 5.4 ALKYL ESTER AMMONIUM SALTS 83 5.4.1 Environmental fate 83 5.4.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 84 5.4.3 Effects on human health 85 6 AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANTS 87 6.1 BETAINES 87 6.1.1 Environmental fate 88 6.1.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 89 6.1.3 Effects on human health 89 6.2 IMIDAZOLINE DERIVATIVES 90 6.2.1 Environmental fate 91 6.2.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 92 6.2.3 Effects on human health 92 7 COMPLEXING AGENTS 95 7.1 PHOSPHATES 95 7.1.1 Environmental fate and effects 95 7.1.2 Effects on human health 96 7.2 PHOSPHONATES 96 7.2.1 Occurrence in the environment 97 7.2.2 Environmental fate 97 7.2.3 Effects on the aquatic environment 97 7.2.4 Effects on human health 99 7.3 POLYCARBOXYLATES 100 7.3.1 Environmental fate 101 7.3.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 102 7.3.3 Effects on human health 102 7.4 SODIUM CITRATE 103 7.4.1 Environmental fate 103 7.4.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 103 7.4.3 Effects on human health 103 7.5 ZEOLITES 104 7.5.1 Environmental fate 104 7.5.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 104 7.5.3 Effects on human health 105 7.6 EDTA AND EDTA TETRASODIUM SALT 105 7.6.1 Environmental fate 105 7.6.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 106 7.6.3 Effects on human health 106 7.7 TRISODIUMNITRILOTRIACETATE (NTA) 108 7.7.1 Environmental fate 108 7.7.2 Effects on the aquatic environment 109 4 7.7.3 Effects on human health 109 8 PRESERVATIVES 113 8.1 ISOTHIAZOLINONES 113 8.1.1 Kathon 113 8.1.2 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one 117 8.2 PARABENS 119 8.3 NITROSUBSTITUTED COMPOUNDS 123 8.3.1 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol) 123 8.3.2 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane 126 8.4 HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS 127 8.4.1 Chloroacetamide 127 8.4.2 5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol (Triclosan) 128 8.4.3 Methyldibromoglutaronitrile 129 8.5 OTHER PRESERVATIVES 129 8.5.1 1,3,5-Triazine - 1,3,5 (2H,4H,6H)-triethanol (THT) (Grotan) 129 8.5.2 Formaldehyde 131 8.5.3 Diazolidinylurea 133 8.5.4 Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate 133 9 BLEACHING AGENTS 135 9.1 TETRAACETYL ETHYLENEDIAMINE 135 9.1.1 Environmental fate and effects 135 9.1.2 Effects on human health 135 9.2 PERBORATES AND PERCARBONATES 136 9.2.1 Environmental fate and effects 136 9.2.2 Effects on human health 137 9.3 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE 138 9.3.1 Environmental fate and effects 138 9.3.2 Effects on human health 139 9.4 DICHLOROISOCYANURATES 140 9.4.1 Environmental fate and effects 140 9.4.2 Effects on human health 141 10 ACIDS AND BASES 143 10.1 ACETIC ACID 143 10.2 CITRIC ACID 143 10.3 SULFAMIC ACID 144 10.4 PHOSPHORIC ACID 144 10.5 SULFURIC ACID 145 10.6 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 145 10.7 SODIUM CARBONATE 146 10.8 SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE 146 10.9 SODIUM HYDROXIDE 147 11 SOLVENTS 149 11.1 ETHANOL 149 11.2 ISOPROPANOL (PROPAN-2-OL) 149 11.3 2-BUTOXY ETHANOL (BUTYL GLYCOL) 150 11.4 1-DECANOL 150 11.5 BUTOXY DIGLYCOL 151 11.6 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 151 11.7 GLYCEROL 152 11.8 2-AMINO ETHANOL 152 11.9 DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL 153 12 FRAGRANCES 155 12.1 POTENTIAL HAZARD TO HEALTH 155 12.2 POLYCYCLIC MUSKS 157 12.3 CAMPHENE 160 12.4 2-PINENE 160 12.5 D-LIMONENE 160 5 12.6 CAMPHOR 161 12.7 COUMARIN 161 12.8 TERPINEOL 161 12.9 α-HEXYLCINNAMALDEHYDE 161 12.10 EUCALYPTUS OILS 161 13 METHODS FOR RANKING OF SUBSTANCES AND INGREDIENTS 163 13.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT 163 13.2 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT 165 14 REFERENCES 175 APPENDIX ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTS Part 1 BIODEGRADABILITY - Anaerobic biodegradability tests Ready biodegradability tests PART 2 TOXICITY - Aquatic toxicity tests 6 Preface The present report is the result of a project funded by the Council for recycling and cleaner technology. The project was initiated in January 1998. The report contains a compilation of data describing the environmental and health related properties of substances in detergents, a presentation of new data from ecotoxicological laboratory tests, and an assessment of the potential hazards of the substances to the environment and human health. The report was prepared by CETOX (Centre for Integrated Environment and Toxicology) which is a ‘centre without walls’ between DHI Water & Environment and Danish Toxicology Center. The project was followed by a steering committee, which held six meetings during the project period. The steering committee was composed of the following members: Lise Emmy Møller (chairman) Danish EPA Jens E. Hansen Novadan A/S Poul Gammelgaard P. Brøste A/S Knud E. Dan Knud E. Dan Aps. Torben Nielsen NOPA A/S Anders Reckweg BASF A/S Susanne Bjørkholt Association for Soap and Detergent Industries Erling Albrectsen The Danish Consumer Information Center Jette Lassen National Working Environment Authority Dorthe Nylén CETOX, Danish Toxicology Center Torben Madsen CETOX, DHI Water & Environment We thank the members of the steering committee for their contributions and co-operation during the project. Hørsholm, 18 December, 2000, Torben Madsen, CETOX 7 8 Summary This report reviews the literature describing the inherent environmental and health properties of substances in household detergents and cosmetic detergent products. These products are used in high volumes, and the total annual consumption exceeded 70,000 tons in Denmark (in 1997) and 9,000,000 tons in Europe (in 1998). The review contains an up- to-date presentation of the available data and includes the following groups of substances: Anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, complexing agents, preservatives, bleaching agents, acids and bases, solvents, and fragrances. The main emphasis is directed towards the four groups of surface active agents, i.e. anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants. The outcome of the study is a compilation of data and information organized in specific chapters for each of the substance groups described above.
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