Report Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Italian Products

Date Dec 9, 2011

Report Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Italian products

EuroConsumers

EnviroPlanning AB Lilla Bommen 5 C, SE-411 04 Göteborg, Sweden Visitor address Lilla Bommen 5 C Telephone +46 31 771 87 40 Telefax +46 31 771 87 41 Web site www.enviroplanning.se e-mail [email protected]

Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Date Dec 9, 2011 Italian products Version Final Doc.no 4084-01\10\01\Report.doc

About the report

Title Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Italian products

Version 001

Date December 9, 2011

Client Euroconsumers Servizi Editoriali S.R.L. Via Valassina, 22 20159 MILANO Italy

Project number 4084-01

Document number 4084-01\10\01\Report.doc

Cover photo Helena Norin

Report written by Helena Norin and Niklas Hanson

Report reviewed by Jenny Robinson

Report verified by Helena Norin

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Summary

Euroconsumers is preparing a review of liquid soaps on the Italian market. One part of this review looks at the environmental properties of the ingredients in the chosen products. EnviroPlanning has been hired to assess the environmental properties of the ingredients in order to identify and list ten or more of the most un-wanted ingredients. Severe health aspects of the ingredients are also taken into account when establishing the list.

The following ingredients are considered as the most unwanted in the examined 27 soaps:

 BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

 Methylchloroisothiazolinone

 Zinc Oxide

 Methylisothiazolinone

 Limonene

 Lauric Acid

 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol

 Benzyl Benzoate

 Butylphenyl Methylpropional

 Disodium EDTA

 Formaldehyde

The review shows that the liquid soaps on the Italian market have a wide range of ingredients. It is possible to find liquid soaps containing both very few and very many hazardous ingredients. The following soaps are the best choices for consumers wanting to avoid hazardous ingredients.

 NEUTROMED (ET-27216-0011-EA)

 CIEN (ET-27216-0012-PT)

 HENO DE PRAVIA (ET-27216-0018-DO)

 DIA (ET-27216-0022-PT)

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Table of contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 General information ...... 1

2 Legislation for soaps ...... 1

3 Environmental hazard and risk evaluation of liquid soaps ...... 1 3.1 Screening for environmentally hazardous properties ...... 2 3.2 Determining the most hazardous ingredients ...... 5 3.3 Environmental risk of liquid soaps ...... 7

4 Ingredients in liquid soaps ...... 9

5 Description of Top-10 most hazardous ingredients ...... 10

6 Data gaps ...... 14

7 Discussion ...... 14

8 Conclusions ...... 15

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Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Date Dec 9, 2011 Italian products Version Final Doc.no 4084-01\10\01\Report.doc

1 Introduction

1.1 General information

2 Legislation for soaps

Soaps are considered as cosmetics in the European legislation. Currently, there is a European directive (76/768/EEC) which all cosmetics products should live up to. This directive will in 2013 be replaced by a European regulation (EC No 1223/2009). Both current and future legislation cover health aspects and require that safety assessment is carried out for all cosmetic products to ensure safe products. The regulation however does not cover the environmental properties of the ingredients used. Regarding preservatives, UV filters and colouring agents the directive contains lists of those substances allowed to be used in cosmetic products. The directive as well as the regulation also contains lists of prohibited ingredients, which is present on the cosmetics packaging.

3 Environmental hazard and risk evaluation of liquid soaps

A total of 24 different types and brands of liquid soaps and three soap bars were evaluated in regards to environmental hazardous properties. In total all the soaps contained 141 chemical substances (ingredients). Each of the soaps contained between 12 and 27 ingredients. The ingredients were compiled in a database in Microsoft Excel™. The CAS-number (Chemical Abstract Services) for each substance was retrieved from the CosIng database (the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients). The list of all the reviewed liquid soaps and ingredients is shown in Appendix A.

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Out of the 27 soaps that were evaluated, nine included one or several colorants. Colorants are a group of substances that are not biodegradable and may therefore pose an environmental hazard. Colorants do not contribute to the function of the soaps, and it can be argued that they are undesirable from an environmental perspective. However, many of the colorants are accepted as food additives and the available information on their environmental properties is very scarce. Therefor further investigation will not be made on these substances in this report.

3.1 Screening for environmentally hazardous properties

An initial screening of the ingredients was performed to separate suspected environmentally hazardous substances from those that can be assumed to have no, or negligible, environmental effect. The CAS-number for each chemical was used to search in the REACH registration dossier on the website of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA, 2011) and the database Chemical Substances (Prevent, 2011). The information retrieved from these databases regarding environmental fate and biological effect of the chemicals was used in the screening process.

Soap is a product for which the different ingredients are likely to end up in the aquatic environment after use. Therefore, all chemicals that were classified as harmful or toxic to aquatic organisms were included in the list of suspected environmentally hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, chemicals with high acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms were also included in the list, even if they were not officially classified as harmful or toxic to aquatic organisms. For substances where toxicity data from different species were available, the most sensitive species has been used for the evaluation.

Besides biological effect (toxicity), the environmental fate of the chemical is important for the environmental hazard. Chemicals that are not biodegradable (persistent) can accumulate in the environment so that also substances with relatively low toxicity may reach concentrations with toxic effects. Many substances may also accumulate in biological tissue (bioaccumulation), so that high concentrations are reached within the organism. The most classical example of such a chemical is the pesticide DDT, which is relatively non-toxic to vertebrates, but due to low biodegradability and bioaccumulating properties eventually reached concentrations where it had effects on several predatory bird species. Chemicals with such properties should, therefore, be avoided even if they have low toxicity.

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Persistent AND bioaccumulating substances were, therefore, included on the list. However, when there were only persistence OR bioaccumulation, the chemical was not included on the list. Table 1 shows the checklist used to determine if a substance should be placed on the list with potentially environmentally hazardous chemicals.

Table 1. The properties examined, and criteria used, to include a substance on the list of chemicals with potential environmental hazard.

Property Criteria

Environmental classification Classified as toxic or harmful to aquatic organisms

Acute toxicity L(E)C50a < 10 mg/l (algae, invertebrate and fish)

Chronic toxicity NOECb < 1 mg/l (invertebrate and fish)

Biodegradability 28 days degradationc < 70%

d e Bioaccumulation logPOW > 3 or BCF > 100 a Lethal (fish) or Effective (algae and invertebrates) Concentration where 50% of the test organisms are dead or affected. b No Observed Effect Concentration. The highest tested concentration without a chronic effect. c Degradation according to OECD 301, or similar tests. d Octanol–water partition coefficient. e BioConcentration Factor

The result of the screening was a list of soaps that contained substances with environmentally hazardous properties (Table 5).

Table 2. Liquid soap ingredients with environmentally hazardous properties

Ingredient Reason for inclusion on list

2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Persistent Toxic to algae and daphnia

Benzyl Benzoate Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Bioaccumulating Toxic to fish

BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Persistent Bioaccumulating Toxic to algae, daphnia and fish

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Butylphenyl Methylpropional Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Bioaccumulating Toxic to daphnia and fish

Cocamide DEA Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Toxic to algae, daphnia and fish

Disodium EDTA Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Persistent

Ethylhexylglycerin Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms

Formaldehyde Toxic to algae

Geraniol Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Bioaccumulating

Lauric Acid Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Bioaccumulating Toxic to daphnia

Limonene Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Bioaccumulating Toxic to daphnia and fish

Methylchloroisothiazolinone Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Persistent Bioaccumulating Toxic to daphnia and fish

Methylisothiazolinone Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Persistent Toxic to daphnia and fish

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Toxic to daphnia and fish

Tetrasodium Etidronate Persistent Toxic to daphnia

Zinc Oxide Classified as toxic to aquatic organisms Toxic to algae, daphnia and fish

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3.2 Determining the most hazardous ingredients

The 16 substances with environmentally hazardous properties were ranked through a scoring system. Each property was given a score based on level of toxicity, where the higher score meant the more hazardous the substance. When no data was available, the score zero was added for that category. When there were data available that showed that the substance had only low toxicity, was biodegradable or not bioaccumulating, a negative score (-1) was added. This was done to make sure that evidence of no environmental hazard would be considered as “better” than no data. As well as the environmental properties excerpted from the databases described above, environmental labeling (or Eco-labeling) was also included in the ranking. This was done by reducing the score for substances that have already been evaluated, and determined to be a good environmental choice. The Detergent Ingredient Database (DID-list) and the database of chemicals allowed according to the Swedish eco-label "Good Environmental Choice" (GEC) were included in the evaluation. The DID-list contains properties of ingredients and is used in the eco- labeling schemes “The Nordic Swan” and “The EU Flower”. GEC is the eco-label of the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. The scores, and the motivation for them, are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Scoring system to rank ingredients with environmentally hazardous properties.

Property Score Motivation

Eco-labeling Allowed in eco-labeled products Eco-labeled products have previously been = -1 evaluated for environmental hazard.

Environmental R50a=2 The classification “very toxic” is given a higher classification score than just “toxic”. The classification “long R51b=1 term effects” is given a higher score than just (R-phrases) R52c=1 harmful or toxic.

R53d=2 R50/53e=4 R51/53f=3

Acute toxicity, algae EC50<1=2 The more toxic, the higher the score. and/or daphnia EC50<1=1 EC50>10=-1

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Acute toxicity, fish LC50<1=3 Fish populations are more affected by acute mortality as they have longer times between LC50<10=2 reproductive events. The more toxic, the higher LC50>10=-1 the score.

Chronic toxicity, algae, NOEC<0.1=3 The more toxic, the higher the score. daphnia and fish NOEC<1=2 NOEC>1=-1

Biodegradability <30% in 28 d=4 The more persistent, the higher the score. <70% in 28 d=2 >70% in 28 d=-1

Bioaccumulation LogPow>4 or BCF>500 =4 The greater bioaccumulation ability, the higher the score. LogPow>3 or BCF>100 =1

LogPow<3 or BC <100 =-1 a Very toxic to aquatic organisms. b Toxic to aquatic organisms. c Harmful to aquatic organisms. d May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. e Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. f Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment

Based on the scores for each ingredient, a list of the Top-10 most environmentally hazardous chemicals in liquid soap was created. The Top-10 list, and the scores it was based on, is shown in Table 4. One of the substances that were evaluated, formaldehyde, is suspected for having carcinogenic properties. This is a highly undesirable property in a product such as soap. Therefore, formaldehyde was added to the list as the 11th substance, although it is not hazardous to the environment. All data that were used for the classifications are shown in Appendix B.

Table 4. Ranking of Top-10 worst liquid soap ingredients with most environmentally hazardous properties, and the scores in each of the six categories. The scores are defined in Table 3.

Total Rank Ingredient EL EC BD BA AAD AF CDF score

1 BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) 0 4 4 4 2 0 0 14

2 Methylchloroisothiazolinone 0 4 2 2 2 2 0 12

3 Zinc Oxide 0 4 0 -1 2 3 3 11

4 Methylisothiazolinone 0 4 2 -1 2 3 0 10

5 Limonene 0 4 -1 2 2 3 0 10

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6 Lauric Acid 0 4 -1 2 1 1 2 9

7 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol 0 2 4 0 2 -1 0 7

8 Benzyl Benzoate 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 7

9 Butylphenyl Methylpropional 0 3 -1 2 1 2 0 7

10 Disodium EDTA 0 3 4 0 -1 -1 -1 4

11 Formaldehyde -1 0 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -4 The six categories are EL: Eco-labeling, EC: Environmental classification, BD: Biodegradability, BA: Bioaccumulation, AAD: Acute toxicity to algae and daphnia, AF: Acute toxicity to fish, CDF: Chronic toxicity to daphnia and fish.

3.3 Environmental risk of liquid soaps

Environmental risk is defined as the magnitude of the hazard multiplied with the probability that it will occur. The most commonly used metric of environmental risk of chemicals is to compare the predicted “safe” concentration (Predicted No Effect Concentration, PNEC) with the expected environmental concentration (Predicted Environmental Concentration, PEC). If PNEC is greater than PEC, the environmental risk is unacceptable and measures have to be taken to reduce the risk. From the data that has been evaluated here, PNEC values can easily be obtained. However, there is no public information available on the concentrations of the different chemicals in the liquid soaps. That makes it impossible to estimate the environmental risk.

The risk depends on the concentration in the soap and, ultimately, the concentration in the environment. To make things even more complicated, the soaps may contain several hazardous substances, interacting with each other through combination effects resulting in even higher toxicity.To make a rough rank of the different soaps in terms of environmental risk, the proportion of Top-10 most hazardous substances among the ingredients was calculated for each of the soaps. This is based on the, estimation that all chemicals are present at equal proportions in each of the liquid soaps. However, four of the liquid soaps did not contain any substances from the Top-10 list among the ingredients. This means that the concentration can safely be assumed to be zero, and the environmental profile is judged to be better than for those containing hazardous ingredients. The total number of ingredients and Top-10 hazardous ingredients are shown for all liquid soaps in Table 5. The soaps are ranked according to percentage of “Top-10” worst ingredients.

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Table 5. Content of hazardous ingredients in different liquid soaps.

# of “Top- # of Percentage Soap (Code) 10” ingredients “Top-10” ingredients

NEUTROMED (ET-27216-0011-EA) 12 0 0,0%

CIEN (ET-27216-0012-PT) 18 0 0,0%

HENO DE PRAVIA (ET-27216-0018-DO) 25 0 0,0%

DIA (ET-27216-0022-PT) 18 0 0,0%

SKINO (ET-27216-0017-PT) 27 1 3,7%

KINESIA (ET-27216-0024-DO) 24 1 4,2%

COOP (ET-27216-0009-EA) 21 1 4,8%

NIVEA (ET-27216-0003-PT 20 1 5,0%

PALMOLIVE NIDRA (ET-27216-0006-EA) 20 1 5,0%

PALMOLIVE (ET-27216-0007-PT) 19 1 5,3%

AUCHAN (ET-27216-0016-EA) 19 1 5,3%

LIDA (ET-27216-0001-DO) 18 1 5,6%

PALMOLIVE (ET-27216-0005-DO) 14 1 7,1%

AUCHAN (ET-27216-0002-DO) 13 1 7,7%

MIL MIL (ET-27216-0015-EA) 26 2 7,7%

DOVE (ET-27216-0021-PT) 26 2 7,7%

DOVE (ET-27216-0021-DO 25 2 8,0%

DOVE LIQUID SOAP (ET-27216-0021-EA) 24 2 8,3%

MARQUE REPERE MANAVA (ET-27216-0010-PT) 23 3 13,0%

BABARIA (ET-27216-0004-DO) 14 2 14,3%

CONTINENTE (ET-27216-0020-PT) 21 3 14,3%

DOVE CREAM BAR (ET-27216-0023-DO) 26 4 15,4%

DOVE BAR SOAP (ET-27216-0023-EA) 26 4 15,4%

DICORA (ET-27216-0008-DO) 16 3 18,8%

BOROTALCO (ET-27216-0013-EA) 21 4 19,0%

NEUTRO ROBERTS (ET-27216-0014-EA) 15 3 20,0%

TOP BUDGET (ET-27216-0019-PT) 14 3 21,4%

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4 Ingredients in liquid soaps

Table 6. The main purpose for liquid soaps is to clean hands or other parts of the body. This is done by surfactants that bind to fat and grease and make the lipids suspend in water. When the lipids are suspended in water they are possible to rinse away. Through frequent use this effect may lead to very dry hands. All of the products claimed that they had moisturizing properties. Liquid soaps often consist of many different ingredients apart from surfactants, and some of them are presented in Table 6.Common liquid soap ingredients.

Function Used for Example

Surfactants Suspends grease in the water which Coco-Glucoside then can be rinsed away. Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate

Humectants Prevents moisture loss from the skin. Glycerin PEG derivatives

Preservatives Preserves the product and enables a Sodium benzoate longer shelf life. Methylchloroisothiazolinone

Antioxidants Prevents rancidification of the product BHT which may occur when it gets into Tocopheryl acetate contact with oxygen in the air.

Chelating agents Binds metals in the washing solution. EDTA Tetrasodium Etidronate

Skin conditioners Adds moisture to the skin Ethylhexylglycerin Dimethicone Plant extracts

Color & fragrance Color and fragrance are used to make Limonene the product appear more attractive to Geraniol the consumer and to enhance the difference between products.

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5 Description of Top-10 most hazardous ingredients

Five of the ingredients on the Top-10 list are used for preservation of the soap by preventing microbial decomposition and undesired changes in the chemical structures (e.g., rancidification). Preservatives are, by definition, biologically active, and it is not surprising that they are overrepresented on the Top-10 list. Fragrance ingredients were also common, with three substances on the Top-10 list. Below follows a short description of each substance on the Top-10 list, and its use in liquid soap.

BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

This substance is used as an antioxidant to delay the rancidification of fats and oils in the soap. According to its classification, it is very toxic to aquatic organisms, and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, it has both the properties persistency and bioaccumulation. BHT is very toxic for fish (LC50=0.20 mg/l) and daphnia (EC50=0.48 mg/l), and moderately toxic for algae (EC50=3.46 mg/l). Taken together, this means that it was one of the most toxic substances in the study. In combination with the persistent and bioaccumulation properties, this makes BHT unthreatened as the most hazardous ingredient in liquid soap (among those evaluated). BHT is also classified as “harmful if swallowed”, which is another reason for avoiding it in soap. There are no EU restrictions for its use in cosmetic products. BHT was used in two liquid soaps.

Methylchloroisothiazolinone

This substance is used as a preservative, which means that toxic properties can be expected. The substance is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. It is not easily biodegradable and it is moderately bioaccumulating. It is very toxic to daphnia (EC50=0.18 mg/l) and moderately toxic to fish (LC50=6.2 mg/l). No data were found regarding toxicity to algae. Besides the environmental properties, it is toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed, it may cause sensitization by skin contact, and can cause burn wound. According to EU regulations, methylchloroisothiazolinone is allowed to be used in cosmetic products together with methylisothiazolinone (ratio 3:1) at a concentration that does not exceed 0.0015%. Methylchloroisothiazolinone was used in seven of the reviewed liquid soaps.

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Zinc oxide

Zinc oxide is used in soap for its skin protecting properties. Because it is a naturally occurring mineral, some soap manufacturers are marketing it as an “organic” or “environmentally friendly” alternative. However, the fact that it is “natural” does not take away the fact that it is also hazardous for the environment. Zinc oxide is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. Zinc is an extracted metal, which means that all zinc that is released does not naturally return to its origin. The environmental problem occurs when the metal is used and appear in elevated concentrations. Zinc oxide does not bioaccumulate. The acute toxicity was very high for algae (EC50=0.06), daphnia (EC50=0.51), and fish (LC50=0.32). Chronic toxicity was very high for daphnia (NOEC>0.05) and moderate for fish (NOEC>0.20). This makes Zinc oxide the most environmentally toxic substance in the study. Zinc oxide is not classified as hazardous to human health and there are no EU restrictions for the use in cosmetic products. Zinc oxide was used in two of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Methylisothiazolinone

This substance is used as a preservative in cosmetic products. The substance is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. It is not easily biodegradable and it is not bioaccumulating. The acute toxicity to daphnia (EC50=0.07 mg/l) and fish (LC50=0.16 mg/l) was very high. No data were found regarding toxicity to algae. Besides the environmental properties, it is toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed, it may cause sensitization by skin contact, and it can cause burns. According to EU regulations, it is allowed to be used in cosmetic products together with methylchloroisothiazolinone (ratio 1:3) at a concentration that does not exceed 0.0015%. Methylisothiazolinone was used in eight of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Limonene

This substance is used as a perfume and deodorant in soap. According to its classification, it is very toxic to aquatic organisms, and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Limonene is readily biodegradable, but can bioaccumulate. It has very high acute toxicity to daphnia (EC50=0.73 mg/l) and fish (LC50=0.7 mg/l). It is also classified as irritating to skin, and it may cause

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sensitization by skin contact. According to EU regulations, the maximum allowed concentration in soap is 0.01%. Limonene was used in 11 of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Lauric acid

Lauric acid is used in liquid soap for its cleaning abilities, which help to remove oil and grease, and to produce lather. It is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms, and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. It is easily biodegradable, but moderately bioaccumulating. Acute toxicity was moderate for algae (EC50=7.6 mg/l), daphnia (EC50=3.6 mg/l) and fish (LC50=5 mg/l). Furthermore, there were data that showed that chronic toxicity was moderate for daphnia (NOEC=0.47 mg/l) and low for fish (NOEC=6.4 mg/l). Lauric acid is not classified as hazardous to human health and there are consequently no restrictions for the use in cosmetics. Lauric acid was used in two of the reviewed liquid soaps.

2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol

This substance is used in soap as a preservative, and is thus expected to be toxic. It is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance is persistent in nature, but no data could be found regarding its bioaccumulating properties. The toxicity is very high for algae (EC50=0.05 mg/l), moderately high for daphnia (EC50=1.4 mg/l), and low for fish (LC50=20 mg/l). Besides the environmental properties, the substance is harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed, irritating to respiratory system and skin, and poses a risk for serious damage to eyes. 2-Bromo- 2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol was used in one of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Benzyl benzoate

Benzyl benzoate has antimicrobial properties and is also used for perfuming (in combination with other substances). It is classified as toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. It has moderate bioaccumulating properties, while no data could be found regarding its biodegradability. It is moderately toxic to fish (LC50=2.32 mg/l). For toxicity for algae and daphnia there was no data available. The substance is classified as harmful if swallowed. According to EU regulations, no more that 0.01% benzyl benzoate is allowed in cosmetic products. Benzyl benzoate was used in two of the reviewed liquid soaps.

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Butylphenyl methylpropional

The substance has a powerful, fresh odor, and is used as a perfuming ingredient in liquid soaps. It is classified as harmful to aquatic organisms, and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. It is easily biodegradable, but moderately bioaccumulating. The substance is moderately toxic to daphnia (EC50>2.51 mg/l) and fish (LC50=2.04 mg/l), but not toxic to algae (EC50=29.2 mg/l). For human health it is classified as harmful if swallowed and it may cause sensitization by skin contact. The maximum allowable concentration in cosmetic products in the EU is 0.01%. Butylphenyl methylpropional was used in eight of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Disodium EDTA

This is a chelating and viscosity controlling substance that is used to give liquid soaps the “right” look and feel. It is classified as harmful to aquatic organisms, and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment. The substance is persistent, but does not bioaccumulate. Both acute and chronic toxicity is low for the substance. Disodium EDTA is classified as harmful if swallowed, but there are no EU regulations for the use in cosmetics. Disodium EDTA was used in three of the reviewed liquid soaps.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is used in liquid soap as a preservative. It is not classified as having any environmentally hazardous properties and it is easily biodegradable and does not bioaccumulate. The acute toxicity was moderately high for algae (EC50=4.19 mg/l), while both acute and chronic toxicity was low for daphnia and fish. However, this was the only examined substance that was classified as suspected for causing cancer. Substances classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction) are prohibited in cosmetics, but for some substances there are exceptions. Formaldehyde is such an ingredient. If the product contains more than 0,05% of formaldehyde, a written warning should appear on the package. Since this is a highly undesired property of a soap ingredient, it was included on the list of most hazardous ingredients. Furthermore, it is toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed, it can cause burns, and it may cause sensitization by skin contact. Formaldehyde was used in one of the liquid soaps.

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6 Data gaps

For some of the ingredients there were none, or very few ecotoxicological data to be found. The main reason for this seems to be that the substance is poorly investigated. For the categories scoring 0 in Table 3, the score is likely to change if information is presented. These data gaps can lead to the fact that new substances might show up as unwanted substances in the future, since there is not enough information available to evaluate their properties. The same applies to many of the polymeric ingredients and PEG derivatives being both difficult to identify and to find any information about.

7 Discussion

For the preservatives, the environmentally hazardous properties (toxicity to algae, daphnia and fish) can be assumed to correlate with the desired properties (toxicity to microorganisms). This means that a more environmentally hazardous substance is likely to be a better preservative. It is also likely that such a preservative will be used at lower concentrations compared to a less hazardous preservative. Thereby, the overall environmental risk does not necessarily have to be in the same rank order as the hazard. An example of this can be the preservative 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane- 1,3-Diol (#7 on the Top-10 list) which was significantly less toxic than the preservative methylchloroisothiazolinone (#2 on the Top-10 list). However, since the toxicity is the desired property of a preservative (intended to kill germs), it is likely that the less toxic substance simply will be used at a higher concentration to achieve the same result. Thereby, the environmental risk may be just as high for the less toxic substance. This is especially true in this example, as the EU limit for the maximum concentration of methylchloroisothiazolinone of 0,0015%, and for 2- Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol of 0,1%. Since concentrations of the different substances are publically unknown, this was not considered in the ranking of the different substances. Worth noting is of course that four of the soaps are manufactured without hazardous preservatives. As for other substances than preservatives, there is no reason to assume that the more toxic the ingredients are, the better function.

U:\4084-01\10-udo\01-utr\Report 4084-01.doc 14 (15) Worst Ingredients in Liquid Soap Date Dec 9, 2011 Italian products Version Final Doc.no 4084-01\10\01\Report.doc

8 Conclusions

This review shows that the liquid soaps on the Italian market have a wide range of ingredients. It is possible to find liquid soaps containing both very few and very many hazardous ingredients. According to Table 5, the following soaps are the best choices for consumers wanting to avoid hazardous ingredients.

 NEUTROMED (ET-27216-0011-EA)

 CIEN (ET-27216-0012-PT)

 HENO DE PRAVIA (ET-27216-0018-DO)

 DIA (ET-27216-0022-PT)

References

ECHA, 2011. http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/registered-sub.aspx#phasein

Prevent, 2011. http://kemi.prevent.se/default_eng.asp

DID-list, 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_products/categories/did_list_e n.htm

Good Environmnetal Choice, 2011. http://sn.snf.se/bmv/chemicals.cfm

U:\4084-01\10-udo\01-utr\Report 4084-01.doc 15 (15) Appendix A

Product name and code AUCHAN ET-27216-0002-DO AUCHAN ET-27216-0016-EA BABARIA ET-27216-0004-DO BOROTALCO ET-27216-0013-EA CIEN ET-27216-0012-PT CONTINENTE ET-27216-0020-PT Ingredients 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol X Acrylates Copolymer Allantoin Aloe Barbadensis Aloe Barbadensis Extract X Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract X Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice X Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone Alumina Aqua XXXXXX Avena Sativa Kernel Extract Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol Benzyl Benzoate Benzyl Salicylate X BHT Butyl Octanol Butylene Glycol Butylphenyl Methylpropional X C12-13 Alkyl Lactate X Ceramide 3 CI 14700 CI 17200 CI 19140 X CI 42045 CI 42051 CI 42090 X CI 47005 CI 77891 Cinnamyl Alcohol Citric Acid XXXXXX Citronellol X Cocamide DEA XX Cocamide MEA X Cocamide MIPA Cocamidopropyl Betaine XXXXXX Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Coco-Glucoside XX Coumarin X Decyl Glucoside Diazolidinyl Urea Dilinoleic Acid Dipropylene Glycol Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate Disodium EDTA X Product name and code AUCHAN ET-27216-0002-DO AUCHAN ET-27216-0016-EA BABARIA ET-27216-0004-DO BOROTALCO ET-27216-0013-EA CIEN ET-27216-0012-PT CONTINENTE ET-27216-0020-PT Ingredients Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DMDM Hydantoin Ethylhexylglycerin Eugenol Formaldehyde X Geraniol XX Glycerin XXXXXX Glyceryl Glucoside Glyceryl Oleate X Glycol Distearate X Glycol Stearate Gossipium Herbaceum Seed Extract Hexyl Cinnamal X Hydrolyzed Protein Hydroxycetyl Hydroxyethyl Dimonium Chloride X Hydroxycitronellal Hydroxysohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde Isopropyl Palmitate Lactic Acid Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit) Laureth-10 X Laureth-2 Laureth-3 Laureth-4 Lauric Acid Lauryl Glucoside Limonene XX Linalool XX Luaryl Methyl Gluceth-10 Hydroxypropyldimonium Chloride Magnesium Chloride X Magnesium Nitrate X Methyl Benzoate Methylchloroisothiazolinone XX Methylisothiazolinone X X X Methylparaben X Octoxinol-9 X Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract Olea Europea Oil Oleth-10 Parfum X X X X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Trioleate PEG-4 Rapeseedamide X PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil PEG-60 Almond Glycerides X PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate X X X Phantenol Phenoxyethanol X Product name and code AUCHAN ET-27216-0002-DO AUCHAN ET-27216-0016-EA BABARIA ET-27216-0004-DO BOROTALCO ET-27216-0013-EA CIEN ET-27216-0012-PT CONTINENTE ET-27216-0020-PT Ingredients Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyquaternium-10 X X Polyquaternium-39 Polyquaternium-7 X Polysorbate 20 X Potassium Chloride Potassium Laurate Potassium Sorbate X PPG-12 PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether X Propylene Glycol X Propylparaben X Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extract Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis oil Pyrus Malus Fruit Water Salycilic Acid Serine Sine Adipe Lac X Sodium Benzoate X Sodium C12-13 Pareth Sulfate/Sodium Laureth Sulfate Sodium Chloride XXX XXX Sodium Citrate Sodium Isethionate Sodium Lactate Sodium Laurate Sodium Laureth Sulfate XXX XXX Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate Sodium Lauryl Sulfate X X Sodium Oleate Sodium Palm Kernelate Sodium Palmitate Sodium PCA Sodium Salicylate X Sodium Stearate Sodium Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X Sodiun Isethionate Sorbitol Sosium Hydroxide Stearic Acid Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X X Tea Laurate Tea Oleate TEA-Lactate Tetrasodium EDTA X X X Tetrasodium Etidronate Trisodium HEDTA Urea Zinc Oxide Product name and code COOP ET-27216-0009-EA DIA ET-27216-0022-PT DICORA ET-27216-0008-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-PT DOVE BAR SOAP ET-27216-0023-EA Ingredients 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol Acrylates Copolymer XX Allantoin Aloe Barbadensis X Aloe Barbadensis Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone XXX Alumina X Aqua XXXXXX Avena Sativa Kernel Extract Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol XXXX Benzyl Benzoate Benzyl Salicylate X X BHT Butyl Octanol X Butylene Glycol X Butylphenyl Methylpropional XXX C12-13 Alkyl Lactate Ceramide 3 CI 14700 CI 17200 CI 19140 CI 42045 CI 42051 CI 42090 CI 47005 CI 77891 X Cinnamyl Alcohol Citric Acid XXXXXX Citronellol XXX Cocamide DEA X Cocamide MEA XX Cocamide MIPA Cocamidopropyl Betaine XXXXXX Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Coco-Glucoside XX Coumarin X XXX Decyl Glucoside Diazolidinyl Urea X Dilinoleic Acid X Dipropylene Glycol Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate Disodium EDTA X Product name and code COOP ET-27216-0009-EA DIA ET-27216-0022-PT DICORA ET-27216-0008-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-PT DOVE BAR SOAP ET-27216-0023-EA Ingredients Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DMDM Hydantoin X Ethylhexylglycerin Eugenol XX Formaldehyde Geraniol XX Glycerin XXXXXX Glyceryl Glucoside Glyceryl Oleate XX Glycol Distearate XX Glycol Stearate Gossipium Herbaceum Seed Extract X Hexyl Cinnamal X X X Hydrolyzed Protein Hydroxycetyl Hydroxyethyl Dimonium Chloride X Hydroxycitronellal Hydroxysohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde Isopropyl Palmitate XX Lactic Acid Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit) Laureth-10 Laureth-2 Laureth-3 Laureth-4 XX Lauric Acid X Lauryl Glucoside Limonene XXXX Linalool X XXX Luaryl Methyl Gluceth-10 Hydroxypropyldimonium Chloride X Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Nitrate Methyl Benzoate Methylchloroisothiazolinone X Methylisothiazolinone X Methylparaben Octoxinol-9 Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract Olea Europea Oil Oleth-10 Parfum X X X X X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Trioleate X PEG-4 Rapeseedamide PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil PEG-60 Almond Glycerides PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate Phantenol Phenoxyethanol Product name and code COOP ET-27216-0009-EA DIA ET-27216-0022-PT DICORA ET-27216-0008-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-DO DOVE ET-27216-0021-PT DOVE BAR SOAP ET-27216-0023-EA Ingredients Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyquaternium-10 X Polyquaternium-39 Polyquaternium-7 Polysorbate 20 Potassium Chloride Potassium Laurate Potassium Sorbate XX PPG-12 XX PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether Propylene Glycol XX Propylparaben Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extract Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis oil Pyrus Malus Fruit Water Salycilic Acid Serine Sine Adipe Lac Sodium Benzoate XX XX Sodium C12-13 Pareth Sulfate/Sodium Laureth Sulfate Sodium Chloride XXXXXX Sodium Citrate Sodium Isethionate Sodium Lactate Sodium Laurate Sodium Laureth Sulfate XXXXX Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate X Sodium Lauryl Sulfate X X Sodium Oleate Sodium Palm Kernelate X Sodium Palmitate X Sodium PCA Sodium Salicylate Sodium Stearate X Sodium Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer Sodiun Isethionate X Sorbitol Sosium Hydroxide Stearic Acid X Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X X X Tea Laurate Tea Oleate TEA-Lactate Tetrasodium EDTA X Tetrasodium Etidronate X Trisodium HEDTA Urea Zinc Oxide X Product name and code DOVE CREAM BAR ET-27216-0023-DO DOVE LIQUID SOAP ET-27216-0021-EA HENO DE PRAVIA ET-27216-0018-DO KINESIA ET-27216-0024-DO LIDA ET-27216-0001-DO MARQUE REPERE MANAVA ET-27216-0010-PT Ingredients 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol Acrylates Copolymer X Allantoin Aloe Barbadensis X Aloe Barbadensis Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone XX X Alumina X Aqua XXXXXX Avena Sativa Kernel Extract X Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol XX Benzyl Benzoate Benzyl Salicylate X X BHT X Butyl Octanol Butylene Glycol Butylphenyl Methylpropional XX X C12-13 Alkyl Lactate Ceramide 3 X CI 14700 X CI 17200 X CI 19140 X CI 42045 X CI 42051 CI 42090 X CI 47005 X CI 77891 X Cinnamyl Alcohol X Citric Acid XX X Citronellol XXXX Cocamide DEA Cocamide MEA X Cocamide MIPA Cocamidopropyl Betaine XXX X Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Coco-Glucoside Coumarin XXXX Decyl Glucoside X Diazolidinyl Urea Dilinoleic Acid Dipropylene Glycol X Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate Disodium EDTA Product name and code DOVE CREAM BAR ET-27216-0023-DO DOVE LIQUID SOAP ET-27216-0021-EA HENO DE PRAVIA ET-27216-0018-DO KINESIA ET-27216-0024-DO LIDA ET-27216-0001-DO MARQUE REPERE MANAVA ET-27216-0010-PT Ingredients Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DMDM Hydantoin Ethylhexylglycerin X Eugenol XXX Formaldehyde Geraniol XXX Glycerin XXXXXX Glyceryl Glucoside Glyceryl Oleate Glycol Distearate Glycol Stearate Gossipium Herbaceum Seed Extract Hexyl Cinnamal X X X X Hydrolyzed Protein X Hydroxycetyl Hydroxyethyl Dimonium Chloride Hydroxycitronellal X Hydroxysohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde Isopropyl Palmitate X Lactic Acid X Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit) Laureth-10 Laureth-2 X Laureth-3 X Laureth-4 Lauric Acid X Lauryl Glucoside XX Limonene XX X Linalool XXX Luaryl Methyl Gluceth-10 Hydroxypropyldimonium Chloride Magnesium Chloride X Magnesium Nitrate X Methyl Benzoate Methylchloroisothiazolinone X Methylisothiazolinone X Methylparaben Octoxinol-9 Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract X Olea Europea Oil Oleth-10 X Parfum X X X X X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Trioleate PEG-4 Rapeseedamide PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil PEG-60 Almond Glycerides PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate X Phantenol Phenoxyethanol X Product name and code DOVE CREAM BAR ET-27216-0023-DO DOVE LIQUID SOAP ET-27216-0021-EA HENO DE PRAVIA ET-27216-0018-DO KINESIA ET-27216-0024-DO LIDA ET-27216-0001-DO MARQUE REPERE MANAVA ET-27216-0010-PT Ingredients Polyethylene Terephthalate X Polyquaternium-10 Polyquaternium-39 X Polyquaternium-7 Polysorbate 20 Potassium Chloride X Potassium Laurate X Potassium Sorbate XX PPG-12 X PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether Propylene Glycol XX Propylparaben Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extract Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis oil Pyrus Malus Fruit Water X Salycilic Acid Serine Sine Adipe Lac Sodium Benzoate XX X Sodium C12-13 Pareth Sulfate/Sodium Laureth Sulfate Sodium Chloride XXXX X Sodium Citrate Sodium Isethionate X Sodium Lactate Sodium Laurate X Sodium Laureth Sulfate X X Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate X Sodium Lauryl Sulfate X X Sodium Oleate X Sodium Palm Kernelate X X Sodium Palmitate X X Sodium PCA Sodium Salicylate Sodium Stearate X Sodium Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer Sodiun Isethionate Sorbitol X Sosium Hydroxide X Stearic Acid X Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X X Tea Laurate X Tea Oleate X TEA-Lactate Tetrasodium EDTA X X X Tetrasodium Etidronate X X Trisodium HEDTA X Urea Zinc Oxide X Product name and code MIL ET-27216-0015-EA NEUTRO ROBERTS ET-27216-0014-EA NEUTROMED ET-27216-0011-EA NIVEA ET-27216-0003-PT PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0005-DO PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0007-PT Ingredients 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol Acrylates Copolymer Allantoin Aloe Barbadensis Aloe Barbadensis Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract X Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone Alumina Aqua XXXXXX Avena Sativa Kernel Extract Benzoic Acid X Benzyl Alcohol X Benzyl Benzoate Benzyl Salicylate BHT X Butyl Octanol Butylene Glycol Butylphenyl Methylpropional C12-13 Alkyl Lactate Ceramide 3 CI 14700 CI 17200 X CI 19140 X CI 42045 CI 42051 X CI 42090 X CI 47005 CI 77891 Cinnamyl Alcohol Citric Acid XXXXXX Citronellol Cocamide DEA X Cocamide MEA X XXX Cocamide MIPA Cocamidopropyl Betaine X XXX Cocamidopropylamine Oxide X Coco-Glucoside XX Coumarin Decyl Glucoside Diazolidinyl Urea Dilinoleic Acid Dipropylene Glycol Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate X Disodium EDTA X Product name and code MIL ET-27216-0015-EA NEUTRO ROBERTS ET-27216-0014-EA NEUTROMED ET-27216-0011-EA NIVEA ET-27216-0003-PT PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0005-DO PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0007-PT Ingredients Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate X DMDM Hydantoin X Ethylhexylglycerin Eugenol Formaldehyde Geraniol Glycerin XXX Glyceryl Glucoside X Glyceryl Oleate Glycol Distearate X X X Glycol Stearate Gossipium Herbaceum Seed Extract Hexyl Cinnamal Hydrolyzed Protein Hydroxycetyl Hydroxyethyl Dimonium Chloride X Hydroxycitronellal Hydroxysohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde Isopropyl Palmitate Lactic Acid X Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit) X Laureth-10 XX Laureth-2 Laureth-3 X Laureth-4 X Lauric Acid Lauryl Glucoside X Limonene XX Linalool XX Luaryl Methyl Gluceth-10 Hydroxypropyldimonium Chloride Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Nitrate Methyl Benzoate Methylchloroisothiazolinone XX Methylisothiazolinone X X Methylparaben Octoxinol-9 Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract Olea Europea Oil X Oleth-10 Parfum X X X X X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Trioleate PEG-4 Rapeseedamide PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil X PEG-60 Almond Glycerides PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate X X Phantenol X Phenoxyethanol Product name and code MIL ET-27216-0015-EA NEUTRO ROBERTS ET-27216-0014-EA NEUTROMED ET-27216-0011-EA NIVEA ET-27216-0003-PT PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0005-DO PALMOLIVE ET-27216-0007-PT Ingredients Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyquaternium-10 X Polyquaternium-39 Polyquaternium-7 X Polysorbate 20 Potassium Chloride Potassium Laurate Potassium Sorbate PPG-12 PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether X Propylene Glycol XX Propylparaben Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extract Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis oil X Pyrus Malus Fruit Water Salycilic Acid X Serine Sine Adipe Lac X Sodium Benzoate XXXX Sodium C12-13 Pareth Sulfate/Sodium Laureth Sulfate X X Sodium Chloride X X X XXX Sodium Citrate Sodium Isethionate Sodium Lactate Sodium Laurate Sodium Laureth Sulfate X X X Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium Oleate Sodium Palm Kernelate Sodium Palmitate Sodium PCA X Sodium Salicylate X X X Sodium Stearate Sodium Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer Sodiun Isethionate Sorbitol X Sosium Hydroxide Stearic Acid Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X X Tea Laurate Tea Oleate TEA-Lactate Tetrasodium EDTA X X X Tetrasodium Etidronate Trisodium HEDTA Urea Zinc Oxide Product name and code PALMOLIVE NIDRA ET-27216-0006-EA SKINO ET-27216-0017-PT TOP BUDGET ET-27216-0019-PT Ingredients 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol Acrylates Copolymer Allantoin X Aloe Barbadensis Aloe Barbadensis Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone X Alumina Aqua XXX Avena Sativa Kernel Extract Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol X Benzyl Benzoate XX Benzyl Salicylate X BHT Butyl Octanol Butylene Glycol Butylphenyl Methylpropional X C12-13 Alkyl Lactate Ceramide 3 CI 14700 CI 17200 CI 19140 CI 42045 CI 42051 CI 42090 CI 47005 CI 77891 X Cinnamyl Alcohol Citric Acid XXX Citronellol X Cocamide DEA Cocamide MEA X Cocamide MIPA X Cocamidopropyl Betaine XX Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Coco-Glucoside Coumarin Decyl Glucoside Diazolidinyl Urea Dilinoleic Acid Dipropylene Glycol Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate Disodium EDTA Product name and code PALMOLIVE NIDRA ET-27216-0006-EA SKINO ET-27216-0017-PT TOP BUDGET ET-27216-0019-PT Ingredients Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DMDM Hydantoin Ethylhexylglycerin Eugenol X Formaldehyde Geraniol X Glycerin XX Glyceryl Glucoside Glyceryl Oleate Glycol Distearate X Glycol Stearate X Gossipium Herbaceum Seed Extract Hexyl Cinnamal X X Hydrolyzed Protein Hydroxycetyl Hydroxyethyl Dimonium Chloride Hydroxycitronellal Hydroxysohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde XX Isopropyl Palmitate Lactic Acid X Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit) Laureth-10 Laureth-2 Laureth-3 Laureth-4 XX Lauric Acid Lauryl Glucoside Limonene Linalool Luaryl Methyl Gluceth-10 Hydroxypropyldimonium Chloride Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Nitrate Methyl Benzoate X Methylchloroisothiazolinone X Methylisothiazolinone X Methylparaben Octoxinol-9 Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract Olea Europea Oil Oleth-10 Parfum X X X PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Trioleate PEG-4 Rapeseedamide PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil PEG-60 Almond Glycerides PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate Phantenol Phenoxyethanol Product name and code PALMOLIVE NIDRA ET-27216-0006-EA SKINO ET-27216-0017-PT TOP BUDGET ET-27216-0019-PT Ingredients Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyquaternium-10 Polyquaternium-39 Polyquaternium-7 X Polysorbate 20 Potassium Chloride Potassium Laurate Potassium Sorbate PPG-12 PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether Propylene Glycol Propylparaben Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extract X Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis oil X Pyrus Malus Fruit Water Salycilic Acid Serine X Sine Adipe Lac X Sodium Benzoate XX Sodium C12-13 Pareth Sulfate/Sodium Laureth Sulfate X Sodium Chloride X X X Sodium Citrate X Sodium Isethionate Sodium Lactate X Sodium Laurate Sodium Laureth Sulfate X X Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium Oleate Sodium Palm Kernelate Sodium Palmitate Sodium PCA Sodium Salicylate X Sodium Stearate Sodium Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer Sodiun Isethionate Sorbitol X Sosium Hydroxide Stearic Acid Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer X X Tea Laurate Tea Oleate TEA-Lactate X Tetrasodium EDTA X X Tetrasodium Etidronate Trisodium HEDTA Urea X Zinc Oxide Appendix B Eco- Ingredient Function Environmental classification Biodegradation labeling

2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol PRESERVATIVE R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms None Persistent

ANTIMICROBIAL R51, Toxic to aquatic organisms Benzyl Benzoate PERFUMING R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None N/A SOLVENT in the aquatic environment R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms ANTIOXIDANT BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 4.5%, 28 d (OECD 301C) MASKING in the aquatic environment R52, Harmful to aquatic organisms Butylphenyl Methylpropional PERFUMING R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 84%, 28d (OECD 301F) in the aquatic environment EMULSIFYING EMULSION STABILISING R51/53, Toxic to aquatic organisms, may Cocamide DEA FOAM BOOSTING cause long-term adverse effects in the GEC 71%, 30 d SURFACTANT aquatic environment VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

CHELATING R52, Harmful to aquatic organisms Disodium EDTA VISCOSITY R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 10%, 28 d (OECD 301B) CONTROLLING in the aquatic environment

R52, Harmful to aquatic organisms Ethylhexylglycerin SKIN CONDITIONING R53, May cause long-term adverse effects GEC N/A in the aquatic environment Eco- Ingredient Function Environmental classification Biodegradation labeling

R40, Limited evidence of a carcinogenic Formaldehyde PRESERVATIVE None 90%, 28 d (OECD 301D) effect

R52, Harmful to aquatic organisms PERFUMING Geraniol R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 94%, 28 d (OECD 301F) TONIC in the aquatic environment CLEANSING R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms Lauric Acid EMULSIFYING R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 86%, 30 d (OECD 301D) SURFACTANT in the aquatic environment DEODORANT R50/53, Very toxic to aquatic organisms, Limonene PERFUMING may cause long-term adverse effects in the None Readily biodegradable (>70%) SOLVENT aquatic environment. R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms Methylchloroisothiazolinone PRESERVATIVE R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 39-62%, 29 d (OECD 301B) in the aquatic environment R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms Methylisothiazolinone PRESERVATIVE R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None 48-54%, 29 d (OECD 301B) in the aquatic environment Eco- Ingredient Function Environmental classification Biodegradation labeling

CLEANSING DENATURANT Sodium Lauryl Sulfate EMULSIFYING R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms GEC 95% 28d OECD 301B FOAMING SURFACTANT CHELATING EMULSION Tetrasodium Etidronate STABILISING None None 23-33% in OECD-tests VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

BULKING R50, Very toxic to aquatic organisms Zinc Oxide SKIN PROTECTING R53, May cause long-term adverse effects None N/A UV ABSORBER in the aquatic environment Bio- 72h EC50, 48h EC50, 96h LC50, Chronic NOEC, Chronic NOEC, Ingredient accumulation algae daphnia fish daphnia fish

2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol N/A EC50=0,05 EC50=1,4 LC50=20 N/A N/A

Benzyl Benzoate LogPow=3.88 N/A N/A LC50=2,32 N/A N/A

BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) LogPow=5.1 EC50=3.48 EC50=0.48 LC50=0.20 N/A N/A

EC50=2.51 Butylphenyl Methylpropional BCF=459 EC50=29.2 LC50=2.04 N/A N/A EC50=10.7

Cocamide DEA LogPow<3 EC50=2,2 EC50=2,39 LC50=3,6 N/A N/A

EC50>60 LC50=41 EC50=2.77 Disodium EDTA LogP =-3.86 EC50=140 LC50=705 NOEC=25 (21 d) NOEC=25.7 (35 d) ow EC50>1000 LC50=121 EC50>100

Ethylhexylglycerin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Bio- 72h EC50, 48h EC50, 96h LC50, Chronic NOEC, Chronic NOEC, Ingredient accumulation algae daphnia fish daphnia fish

LC50=25.5 LC50=114 LC50=1.84 LC50=31.1 EC50=5.8 LC50=41 Formaldehyde LogP =0.35 EC50=4.19 EC50=12.98 NOEC=21.9 (35 d) NOEC=48 (28 d) ow LC50=25 EC50=29 LC50=24.1 LC50=27.2 LC50=61.9 LC50=118

Geraniol LogPow=3.4 EC50=13.1 EC50=10.8 LC50=22 N/A N/A

EC50=3.6 LC50=5 EC50>7.6 Lauric Acid LogP =4.20 EC50=5 LC50=8.6 NOEC=0.47 (21 d) NOEC=6.4 (28 d) ow EC50>100 EC50>1000 LC50=150

Limonene LogPow=4.23 EC50=6,9 EC50=0,73 LC50=0,7 N/A N/A

Methylchloroisothiazolinone BCF=114 N/A EC50=0,18 LC50=6,1 N/A N/A

EC50=0,18 Methylisothiazolinone LogP =-0.486 N/A LC50<0,07 N/A N/A ow EC50=0,16 Bio- 72h EC50, 48h EC50, 96h LC50, Chronic NOEC, Chronic NOEC, Ingredient accumulation algae daphnia fish daphnia fish

EC50=5.55 LC50=29 EC50=3.5 LC50=1.46 EC50=120 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate LogP =1.6 EC50=1.8 LC50=4.5 NOEC=5.8 (21 d) NOEC=1.36 (42 d) ow EC50=46 EC50=1.2 LC50=1.2 EC50=3.48 LC50=4.1

LC50=3.01 EC50=0.32 LC50=14.2 NOEC=0.1 (21 d) Tetrasodium Etidronate BCF=17.9 N/A EC50=3.3 N/A LC50=2180 NOEC=6.75 (28 d) EC50=2.4 LC50=195

EC50=3.76 NOEC=0.17 (21 d) EC50=9.64 LC50=1.79 NOEC=0.10 (21 d) EC50=2.15 LC50=0.82 NOEC=0.05 (28 d) NOEC=0.20 (30 d) EC50=0.14 EC50=23.3 LC50=2.17 NOEC=0.05 (25 d) Zinc Oxide LogP =<0 NOEC=0.39 (30 d) ow EC50=0.06 EC50=0.51 LC50=0.44 NOEC=0.26 (35 d) NOEC=0.13 (32 d) EC50=0.94 LC50=0.32 NOEC=0.01 (28 d) EC50=2.37 LC50=0.78 NOEC=0.06 (24 d) EC50=0.58 NOEC=0.09 (21 d)