DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Stitched, Braided and Woven Composite Structures in the ACT Program and at Langley Research Center (1985 to 1997)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Stitched, Braided and Woven Composite Structures in the ACT Program and at Langley Research Center (1985 to 1997) NASA/TP-97-206234 Development of Stitched, Braided and Woven Composite Structures in the ACT Program and at Langley Research Center (1985 to 1997) Summary and Bibliography Marvin B. Dow and H. Benson Dexter Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199 November 1997 The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in this report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from the following: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CAS1) National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 800 Elkridge Landing Road 5285 Port Royal Road Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 Springfield, VA 22161-2171 (301) 621-0390 (703) 487-4650 Contents Abstract .......................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................... 1 NASA Langley Research in Textile Composites .......................................... 2 Advanced Material Forms .......................................................... 2 Woven Preforms ................................................................. 2 Multiaxial Knitted Preforms ........................................................ 2 Braided Preforms ................................................................. 2 Powder-Coated Braided Preforms .................................................... 3 Stitched Preforms ................................................................. 3 Resin Flow Processes and Models .................................................... 3 Mechanics of Textile Preform Composites ............................................. 3 NASA ACT Program (1988-97) ....................................................... 4 Lockheed Martin Textile Structures Development ....................................... 4 Wing and Fuselage Concepts ...................................................... 4 Textile Subcomponents for Fuselage Panels ........................................... 4 Textile Fuselage Structures ........................................................ 5 Northrop Grumman Textile Structures Development ..................................... 5 Wing Spars .................................................................... 5 Cross-Stiffened Window Belts ..................................................... 5 Fuselage Side Panel .............................................................. 5 McDonnell Douglas Stitched Wing Development ....................................... 6 Approach to Wing Development .................................................. 6 Wing Stub Box ................................................................. 6 Semi-Span Wing ............................................................... 6 Advanced Stitching Machine ...................................................... 7 Semi-Span Wing Tests ........................................................... 7 Full-Scale Wing Development ................................................... 7 Future Wing Manufacturing ....................................................... 7 Concluding Remarks ................................................................ 8 References ........................................................................ 9 Appendix A--Definition of Textile Terms .............................................. 31 Appendix B--Bibliography of Composites Reports ....................................... 32 Langley Textiles Research .......................................................... 33 Braiding and Weaving Technology .................................................. 33 Test Methods for Textile Laminates ................................................. 34 Tests of Braided and Woven Laminates and Elements ................................... 36 Tests of Stitched Laminates and Elements ............................................ 39 Resin Processing and Modeling Technology .......................................... 43 Mechanics of Textile Materials and Structures ......................................... 45 Overviews and Summaries ........................................................ 48 iii ACT Textile Composites Program .................................................... 50 Dow Chemical Company - RTM Resins .............................................. 50 Lockheed Martin - Material and Structural Concepts .................................... 50 Lockheed Martin - Fabrication Studies ............................................... 51 Northrop Grumman - Material and Structural Concepts .................................. 53 Rockwell - Mechanics of Materials Studies ........................................... 53 McDonnell Douglas - Structural Design and Analysis ................................... 54 McDonnell Douglas - Manufacturing Methods Development ............................. 56 McDonnell Douglas - Advanced Stitching Machine Development ......................... 58 McDonnell Douglas - Stitched Laminate Test Results ................................... 58 McDonnell Douglas and Langley - Structural Tests and Analyses .......................... 59 ACT Program Overviews ......................................................... 61 Other Textile Composites Research ................................................... 62 Mechanics of Materials and Structures ............................................... 62 Manufacturing Studies ............................................................ 65 Experimental Studies ............................................................. 69 Fatigue Studies .................................................................. 71 Overviews and Summaries ........................................................ 72 Author Index ..................................................................... 73 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Carbon-epoxy upper aft rudder for DC-10 transport aircraft ......................... 12 Figure 2. Elements of the Langley Research Center investigation of textile composite materials and structures ................................................................... 12 Figure 3. Advanced textile material forms--biaxial knit, multiaxial knit and triaxial weave ........ 13 Figure 4. Advanced textile material forms--multiaxial warp knit, triaxial braid, three-dimensional braid and knitted stitched .......................................................... 13 Figure 5. Schematic of multiaxial warp knitting machine ................................... 14 Figure 6. Compression strength data for composite laminates reinforced with multiaxial warp knit carbon tow preforms .............................................................. 14 Figure 7. Photograph of a 2-D triaxial braiding machine (typ.) ............................... 15 Figure 8. Schematic of process for making stitching-reinforced composites .................... 15 Figure 9. Process steps for making the stitched preform for a damage-tolerant stiffened panel ...... 16 Figure 10. Schematic of resin film infusion (RFI) process .................................. 16 Figure 11. Elements of processing science for textile reinforced composites .................... 17 Figure 12. Elements of Langley mechanics of textile-reinforced-composite materials program ..... 17 Figure 13. Application of textile reinforced composites in transport fuselage structures. (Lockheed Martin contract) ........................................................ 18 Figure 14. Three-dimensional integrally woven preform (epoxy-powder-coated tow) for a fuselage panel window belt component ...................................................... 18 Figure 15. Completed fuselage panel window belt component ............................... 19 Figure 16. Completed braided and woven window frames .................................. 19 Figure 17a. Honeycomb-stiffened fuselage side panel with joggled braided frames .............. 20 Figure 17b. Honeycomb-stiffened fuselage side panel with constant-section braided frames ....... 20 Figure 18. Woven preform (carbon-PEEK tow) for a wing Y-spar. (Northrop Grumman contract) ....................................................................... 21 Figure 19. Cross-stiffened fuselage window belt component ................................ 21 Figure 20. Picture frame shear test of cross-stiffened fuselage window belt component ........... 22 Figure 21. Cross-stiffened woven/stitched fuselage side panel ............................... 22 Figure 22a. Stitched/RFI wing panel in Langley 1,200-kip machine for discrete damage tolerance test ............................................................................ 23 Figure 22b. Stitched/RFI wing panel in Langley 1,200-kip machine for damage repair test ........ 23 Figure 23. Stitched/RFI upper cover for wing stub box test component ........................ 24 Figure 24. Assembly of wing stub box test component ..................................... 24 Figure 25. Stitched/RFI wing stub box test set-up at the Langley Structures and Materials Laboratory ...................................................................... 25 Figure 26. Design features of stitched/RFI semi-span wing ................................. 25 Figure 27. Main landing gear attachment test article for stitched/RFI wing ..................... 26 Figure 28. Advanced stitching machine at Huntington Beach Facility ......................... 26 Figure 29.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Optimisation of the Warp Yarn Tension on a Warp Knitting Machine
    AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 12, No2, June 2012 © AUTEX OPTIMISATION OF THE WARP YARN TENSION ON A WARP KNITTING MACHINE Vivienne Pohlen, Andreas Schnabel, Florian Neumann, Thomas Gries Institut für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen University, Germany Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 1, D-52074 Aachen, Phone: +49 (0)241 80 23462, Fax: +49 (0)241 80 22422, E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Investigations (calculations) based on a warp yarn tension analysis on a warp knitting machine with multiaxial weft yarn insertion allow prospective reduced yarn tension differences in technical warp knits. From this a future opportunity is provided to substitute the subjective warp let-off adjustment by a model of tension control. The outcome of this is a higher reproducibility with associated increasing process reliability and rising product quality. Key words: Multiaxial fabric, non-crimp fabric (NCF), warp knitting machine, warp yarn tension, yarn tension control. Initial situation warp knitted glass or carbon fibre layers. These are made on warp knitting machines with multiaxial weft insertion. These Increasing political pressure is demanding that industry now enable the production of NCFs for different applications by always produces environmentally sound products. The adjusting several parameters. automobile sector is developing more powerful, lighter electric vehicles (e.g. Megacity Vehicle, MCV). The MCV of BMW in A detailed study regarding various adjustable parameters on cooperation with SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers is based upon such a machine has not occurred in previous works. A basis a composite construction of steel, aluminium, and CFRP for this is provided by warp tension studies on conventional (carbon fibre reinforced plastic) of 40% [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Formulating Equations for Warp Knitted Structures (Fabrics) Notations Design Area
    Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 5 Issue 03, March-2016 Formulating Equations for Warp Knitted Structures (Fabrics) Notations Design Area Dereje Berihun Sitotaw Textile Engineering Ethiopian institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Abstract— this formula is developed to solve the problems In warp knitting the fabric is produced by the developments of repeated mistakes during the notations of warp knitted of lap instead of loop in weft knitting for it is formed by structures. Notation of warp knitted fabrics is not easy lapping movement of warp yarn guide. The lappings are two like that of weft knitted fabrics. The degree of shifting, types depending of the movement of guide bar with yarn design areas, numbers of overlaps are the main things relative to needle surface and termed as overlap and considered during warp knitted fabrics designing. The underlap. Overlap is the lateral movement of the guide bars formula was developed by considering degree of wale on the beard or hook side of the needle. This movement is shift and number of overlaps in one line in the knitted normally restricted to one needle space. Underlap is the fabrics/structure. The formula will help warp knit lateral movement of the guide bars on the side of the needle designers particularly for those designing without remote from the hook or beard. This movement is limited software. The formulation was done by analyzing only by the mechanical considerations. It is the connection different types of warp knit structures.
    [Show full text]
  • KNITTING Definition Statement Relationship Between Large Subject
    D04B KNITTING Definition statement This subclass/group covers: weft knitting machines are covered by D04B 7/00 to D04B 13/00, details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in such machines are covered by D04B 15/00 and articles made by such machines are covered by D04B 1/00 warp knitting machines are covered by D04B 23/00 to D04B 25/00, details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in such machines are covered by D04B 27/00 and articles made by such machines are covered by D04B 21/00 details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in knitting machines not limited to a specific kind of knitting machine are covered by D04B 35/00 miscellaneous knitting machines and articles made by such machines are covered by D04B 39/00 hand knitting equipment is covered by D04B 3/00, D04B 5/00 and D04B 33/00 auxiliary apparatuses or devices for use with knitting machines are covered by D04B 37/00 or for hand knitting equipment are covered by D04B 17/00, D04B 19/00 and D04B 31/00 Relationship between large subject matter areas The difference between the subclass D04B and B32B5 is as follows:layered products including knitted products as such should be classified in B32B5 only; layered products formed by a knitting process featuring specified patterns or information on the composition of the knit article should be classified in D04B. Note that such products may comprise additional coated faces. References relevant to classification in this subclass This subclass/group does not cover: Layered products (i.e. laminates) B32B 5/00 including knitted articles 1 Knitted products of unspecified A41A61F structure or composition, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Textile Design: a Suggested Program Guide
    DOCUMENT RESUME CI 003 141 ED 102 409 95 Program Guide.Fashion TITLE Textile Design: A Suggested Industry Series No. 3. Fashion Inst. of Tech.,New York, N.T. INSTITUTION Education SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Adult,Vocational, and Technictl (DREW /OE), Washington,D.C. PUB DATE 73 in Fashion Industry NOTE 121p.; For other documents Series, see CB 003139-142 and CB 003 621 Printing AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Office, Washington, D.C.20402 EDRS PRICE NP -$0.76 HC-$5.70 PLUS POSTAGE Behavioral Objectives; DESCRIPTORS Adult, Vocational Education; Career Ladders; *CurriculumGuides; *Design; Design Crafts; EducationalEquipment; Employment Opportunities; InstructionalMaterials; *Job Training; Needle Trades;*Occupational Rome Economics; OccupationalInformation; Program Development; ResourceGuides; Resource Units; Secondary Education;Skill Development;*Textiles Instruction IDENTIFIERS *Fashion Industry ABSTRACT The textile designguide is the third of aseries of resource guidesencompassing the various five interrelated program guide is disensions of the fashionindustry. The job-preparatory conceived to provide youthand adults withintensive preparation for and also with careeradvancement initial entry esploysent jobs within the textile opportunities withinspecific categories of provides an overviewof the textiledesign field, industry. The guide required of workers. It occupational opportunities,and cospetencies contains outlines of areasof instruction whichinclude objectives to suggestions for learning be achieved,teaching
    [Show full text]
  • Mary Walker Phillips: “Creative Knitting” and the Cranbrook Experience
    Mary Walker Phillips: “Creative Knitting” and the Cranbrook Experience Jennifer L. Lindsay Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts The Smithsonian Associates and Corcoran College of Art + Design 2010 ©2010 Jennifer Laurel Lindsay All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................................................iii PREFACE........................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1. CRANBROOK: “[A] RESEARCH INSTITUTION OF CREATIVE ART”............................................................................................................ 11 Part 1. Founding the Cranbrook Academy of Art............................................................. 11 Section 1. Origins of the Academy....................................................................... 11 Section 2. A Curriculum for Modern Artists in Modern Times ........................... 16 Section 3. Cranbrook’s Landscape and Architecture: “A Total Work of Art”.... 20 Part 2. History of Weaving and Textiles at Cranbrook..................................................... 23
    [Show full text]
  • 19. Principles of Yarn Requirements for Knitting
    19. Principles of Yarn Requirements for Knitting Errol Wood Learning objectives On completion of this lecture you should be able to: • Describe the general methods of forming textile fabrics; • Outline the fibre and yarn requirements for machine knitwear • Describe the steps in manufacturing and preparing yarn for knitting Key terms and concepts Weft knitting, warp knitting, fibres, fibre diameter, worsted system, yarn count, steaming, clearing, winding, lubrication, needle loop, sinker loop, courses, wales, latch needle, bearded needle Introduction Knitting as a method of converting yarn into fabric begins with the bending of the yarn into either weft or warp loops. These loops are then intermeshed with other loops of the same open or closed configuration in either a horizontal or vertical direction. These directions correspond respectively to the two basic forms of knitting technology – weft and warp knitting. In recent decades few sectors of the textile industry have grown as rapidly as the machine knitting industry. Advances in knitting technologies and fibres have led to a diverse range of products on the market, from high quality apparel to industrial textiles. The knitting industry can be divided into four groups – fully fashioned, flat knitting, circular knitting and warp knitting. Within the wool industry both fully fashioned and flat knitting are widely used. Circular knitting is limited to certain markets and warp knitting is seldom used for wool. This lecture covers the fibre and yarn requirements for knitting, and explains the formation of knitted structures. A number of texts are useful as general references for this lecture; (Wignall, 1964), (Gohl and Vilensky, 1985) and (Spencer, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent 19 (11) 4,395,889 Schnegg 45) Aug
    United States Patent 19 (11) 4,395,889 Schnegg 45) Aug. 2, 1983 54 WOVEN-LIKE WARP KNIT FABRC WITH TENSON CONTROL FOR TOP EFFECT OTHER PUBLICATIONS YARN Paling, “Warp Knitting Technology', 1952, London, p. 75 Inventor: Julius R. Schnegg, Burlington, N.C. 152. (73) Assignee: Burlington Industries, Inc., Primary Examiner-Ronald Feldbaum Greensboro, N.C. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Cushman, Darby & Cushman 21 Appl. No.: 97,972 22 Filed: Nov. 28, 1979 57 ABSTRACT 51 Int. Cl’.............................................. D04B 23/08 An improved warp knit fabric that can serve as a base 52) U.S.C. ........................................ 66/193; 66/190; fabric for producing full weight, self-lined drapery ma 661202 terial as well as sheer drapery material and the process 58) Field of Search .................................. 66/190-195, and apparatus therefor. The base fabric is primarily 66/202 comprised of three groups of yarns knit together to 56 References Cited form a sheer fabric that creates the visual effect of being woven. The full weight is formed by incorporating one U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS or more additional groups of yarns into the base fabric. 3,036,448 5/1962 Cundiff............................... 66/195X One group is added to produce a self-lining on the rear 3,084,529 4/1963 Scheibe ... ... 66/193 side of the material while another group can include a 4,197,725 4f 1980 Kohl ...................................... 66,213 “laid-in' top effect yarn. This top effect yarn can be fed FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS with varying tension control so that a relatively wide 430022 8, 1967 Switzerland .......................... 66, 193 variety of effects can be created.
    [Show full text]
  • Part V Suppliers and Manufacturers
    BCI MEMBERS’ LIST – PART V SUPPLIERS AND MANUFACTURERS Suppliers and Manufacturers include any organisations that run for profit activity within the cotton supply chain beyond the farm gate and before retail, from buying, selling, and financing to processing. Financial Institutions Financial institutions include all commercial banks and banking groups involved in the financing of cotton production. IFC Member since: Jul 01 20 2013 Country: United States Website: www.ifc.org Cotton Traders Cotton Traders (Merchants) are traders dealing in raw cotton only. Acme International Ltd. Member since: Jul 01 2010 Country: India Website: www.acmeintl.com Anandi Entreprises Member since: Dec 01 2010 Country: India Website: www.anandi.co.in Bafna Ginning & Pressing Pvt Ltd Member since: Jun 01 2015 Country: India Website: N/A Basil Commodities Pvt. Ltd. (Basil Group) Member since: Aug 01 2012 BASIL COMMODITIES PRIVATE LIMITED (Basil Group), is based in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). Basil Group is involved in Farming, Ginning and Trading/Exports of Indian Raw Cotton (S/6, J-34, MECH,MCU- 5). We claim to be one of the reliable suppliers of quality cotton in Page 1 of 177 www.bettercotton.org Last updated 03 May 2016 domestic and international markets through our belief in implementing proper business ethics and values on Transparency, Reliability, Sunstainability and more importantly Customer Satisfaction. Country: India Website: www.thisisbasil.com Bhadresh Trading Corporation Limited Member since: Feb 01 2015 Country: India Website: N/A Bhalchandram Clothing Ltd (Lahoti Group) Member since: Sep 01 2015 Country: India Website: www.bhalchandram.com BTG Pactual Commodity (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Member since: Feb 01 2015 Country: Singapore Website: N/A Cargill Member since: Nov 01 2012 Cargill Cotton is very proud to be one of the world's largest and oldest cotton businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Knitting Fundamentals Figure 9-4 1X1 Rib
    I Knitting To form a fabric by the intermeshing of loops of yam. wale course Wen €hitting Loops are formed by needles knitting the yam across the width .- of the fabric. Each weft thread is fed at right angles to the direction of fabric formation. 9-2 Knrmng Fmdamentals .I Warp Knitting Loops are formed by needles knitting a series of warp yarns fed parallel to the direction of fabric formation. Wale In warp knitting all needles knit simultaneously for all yams, while in weft knitting the needles knit in sequence for each yam. Knrmngkvrdamentals 9-3 Figure 9- 1 Weft (Circular) Knitting And Warp Knitting . .I Consumer Acceptance Comfortable Pliable High extensibility Easy care properties Inexpensive Apparel, home fashion, industrial Knmtng Furdamentals 9-5 Productivity And lead lime Faster than wovens Shorter lead time, quick response 0 Smalllots Body sizes, Full fashion 9-6 KnrmngFundarnentak -I Use Of Fibers And Yarns Allfibers Allyarns Low tensions/stress allow loop formation or entrapment Knrmngkndamentals 9-7 Capital Investment Low initial cost No expensive yam preparation Small area of floor space required Few auxiliary machines needed for operation 9-8 KnrmngFcndamentals I Figure 9-2 Weft Knitting d-- -- ~nrmngFundamentals 9-9 Basic Weft Knitting Terminology 0 Wale 0 CourseCount 0 Wale Count 0 Knithop *- 0 Facehop 0 Backhop 0 Stitch 0 Tuckhop 0 Floathop e Yield L 9-10 KnltiingFundamentab i 0 CourseLength CutorGauge 0 Gaiting Timing 0 DialHeight Backhop Stitch Tuckhop Floathop Yield Wmng Fmdamentah 9-11 Figure 9-3 Jersey Knit 9-12 Knitting Fundamentals Figure 9-4 1x1 Rib KnlMng Fundamentals 9-13 Figure 9-5 The latch Needle 4J 9-14 KnlmngFundamentab I Figure 9-6 Needle Cylinder Wmng Ftndamentds 9-15 Figure 9-7 latch Needle Activation “B I 2 I 3 Figure 9-8 Typical Cam System Of Single Jersy Direction Of Needle Travel b Needle Motion Required Clearing Loop pulling 4Irr-----l c Knlttlng Fundamentals 9-17 Figure 9-9 .
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,401,498 B1 Fujiwara (45) Date of Patent: Jun
    USOO64O1498B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,401,498 B1 Fujiwara (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 11, 2002 (54) GARMENT AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING 2.985,887 A * 5/1961 Lindley ......................... 2/269 THEREOF 3,601,817 A 8/1971 Abrams ......................... 2/269 3,665,516 A 5/1972 Orovan .......................... 2/269 (75) Inventor: Toshio Fujiwara, Tokyo (JP) 3,872,512 A 3/1975 Ambrosiani ..................... 2/73 3,985.003 A * 10/1976 Reed ........... ... 66/196 4,118.802 A * 10/1978 Polster ............................ 2/84 (73) Assignee: Kabushiki Kaisha Miyake Design 5,081,854 A 1/1992 Lonati ......................... 66/176 Jimusho, Tokyo (JP) 5,153,944 A * 10/1992 Teel ........................... 2/243 R 5,539,932 A 7/1996 Howard ......................... 2/269 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,669,077 A * 9/1997 Stewart ......................... 2/227 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,864,891. A 2/1999 Gonzales ....................... 2/406 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 6,055,673 A * 3/2000 McCormick ................... 2/227 6,145,348 A * 11/2000 Hardegree et al. .. ... 66/195 (21) Appl. No.: 09/616,517 6,327,711 B1 * 12/2001 Fujiwara ..................... 2/243.1 (22) Filed: Jul. 14, 2000 * cited by examiner Primary Examiner Amy B. Vanatta (30) Foreign Application Priority Data (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm- Pitney, Hardin, Kipp & Dec. 27, 1999 (JP) ........................................... 11-371037 SZueh LLP (51) Int. Cl." .......................... D04B 21/00; A41D 27/10 (57) ABSTRACT (52) U.S. Cl. ............................ 66/195; 66/176; 2/243.1; A warp-knitted fabric from which garments can be obtained 2/269 without accompanying any Sewing process.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.2 Textile Fibres
    1 Fundamental Aspects of Textile Fibres 1.1 Textiles The modern definition of the word textile, namely (n.) a type of cloth or woven fabric [1], reflects the early seventeenth century origins of the word as relating to a woven fabric and the process of weaving. Nowadays, the word has more extensive meanings and associations, such as textile-filament,-fibre,-yarn and -fabric, and relates to the preparation of knitted, tufted and non-woven fabrics, as well as woven fabrics. In a similar vein, the modern definition of the word fibre,asa thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed [1], also is the result of considerable linguistic evolution since its origins in the early fifteenth century [2] to describe lobes of the liver and entrails [1]. Essentially, textile materials can be considered as principally cohesive, fibrous assemblies in which individual fibres are assembled via friction. A wide range of textiles is commercially available, the different types of such products varying, markedly, in terms of both the geometric arrangement of the fibrous materials (e.g. woven fabric, yarn and non-woven) and the derivation, structure, physical characteristics and chemical properties of the component textile fibres. Since, in its broadest sense, the theory of the dyeing of textiles concerns the nature of the interactions that operate between such fibrous assemblies and dyes, these interactions can be considered in terms of three aspects: (1) the gross structural arrangement of the fibrous assembly (e.g. yarn, woven fabric and garment); (2) the constituents of the fibrous assembly (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Design a Custom-Made Supply Chain for Sustainable Knits
    OFC KTJ-July-August-2020_HD_KTJ 02/07/2020 13:26 Page 1 July / August 2020 Intelligent design A custom-made supply chain for sustainable knits Highly active Crisis management In the net Sportswear firm Knitting sector plays its Warp knitting eyes a seamless future part in Covid-19 fight for home textiles Published by The technical magazine for the global knitting industry KTJ2020_04.qxp_KTJ2019_04 2020/07/06 17:10 ページ 1 ww w.shimaseiki.com Make It SPARKLE, MAKE IT Fiz. Introducing* Fiz, a new kind of subscription-based design software from SHIMA SEIKI. Carrying over proven functions from our benchmark SDS-ONE APEX series, those strengths are now enhanced with the added ver- satility to adapt to different working styles of the “new normal” including teleworking and telecommuting. Fiz software supports the creative side of fashion from planning and design all the way to 3D virtual sam- pling. With Fiz, virtual sampling becomes a communica- tion tool that not only accurately represents the prod- uct, but digitally bridges the gap between the studio and the factory as well. Faithful reproduction of the original design avoids unnecessary sampling and advo- cates sustainability through digital transformation. “Fiz” is based on the “fizz” of carbonation. It repre- sents energy, excitement, vitality and spirit—just what today’s fashion industry needs. As the name of SHIMA SEIKI’s new design software, Fiz symbolizes inspiration for creativity as it bubbles up like a well-spring and makes your designs sparkle! SHIMA SEIKI, SDS, SDS-ONE, SDS-ONE APEX and SDS-ONE APEX Fiz are registered trademarks or trademarks of SHIMA SEIKI MFG., LTD.
    [Show full text]