Design and Simulation of Jacquard Warp-Knitted Towel Fabric

Honglian Cong, Xiuli Li, Design and Simulation of Jacquard Aijun Zhang, Zhe Gao Warp-knitted Towel Fabric

JiangNan University, Abstract WuXi, 214122, P.R.China This article proposes a method for designing and simulating jacquard warp-knitted towel E-mail: [email protected] fabric. Artistic conception drawing was used in realising the CAD design function of jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric based on the fabric structure and knitting principle. This study applied NURBS curves and the surface principle to build a three-dimensional solid model of the terry loop. Then using microscope type measurement instruments, the terry loop forms of the fabric surface were analysed and models of different forms of terry loop on the fabric surface built. With visual C++ for development tools combined with OpenGL graphics libraries, a CAD design and simulation function of jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric were finally realized within the CAD system.

Key words: warp-knitting, towel, jacquard, model, design, simulation.

Another method is to simulate the fabric appearance based on actual yarn photographs taken by a stationary camera [3]. Due to the lack of research on the surface simulation of warp-knitted towel fabric, the main work of this paper was using the first method to research the CAD design of jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric and simulate the surface sense of reality.

n Indroduction Knitting principles of jacquard towel fabric Figure 1. Photomicrograph of jacquard Jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric is towel. a new kind of warp-knitted product The features of jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric require special equipment whose terry loops on the surface have During the production process, the jac- in production facilities. In respect of the effect of jacquard. According to the quard bar is fully threaded, and other the configuration of the guide bar, the design requirements, terry loops are knit- bars are threaded 1 in, 1 out. Generally bar knitting the looped piles at the front ted selectively so that various pattern ef- the ground fabric is knitted by two bars of the machine should be a half gauged fects can be formed on the surface of the with a pillar stitch and inlay, and its yarns fabric. This kind of fabric is produced by jacquard bar. For the constitution of the are simply lapped on common com- a towel warp-knitted machine, which is knitting elements, full-head needles and pound needles. Jacquard looped piles are with jacquard. Figure 1 is a photomicro- common needles were arranged in an al- formed by the jacquard bar at the front of graph of jacquard towel. ternating fashion. And the space between the two sinkers on the sides of the full- the machine. Yarns on some wales do not At present, researches on the CAD de- head needles is larger than the common form terry loops and are just lapped on sign and surface simulation of fabric one. In addition, the machine must be common compound needles, as shown in is universal in both China and abroad. equipped with a brush device at the front Figure 2.a, whereas yarns forming the The most commonly used methods in in order to emboss the loops on the sur- terry loops are lapped on full-head com- the field of fabric simulation is using a face of the fabrics. pound needles, as shown in Figure 2.b. yarn image simulated from given or measured yarn parameters developed Common needles Common

by some mathematical algorithms. For Full

example, Moussa et al. applied the two- - head needles head dimensional Fast Fourier Transform to plain and 2/1 twill weaves, which linked the typology of the spectrum obtained to fabric characteristics such as the pat-

Common needls

tern and yarn densities. This correlation Full-head needls represents the simulation of other fabrics with new structural parameters using the inverse FFT [1]. Renkens et al. consider the force equilibrium and several me- a) Terry loop b) chanical parameters of yarns when modeling warp-knitted structures using the (a)Basic structure (b) Terry structure key points to control the stitch shape [2]. Figure 2. Lapping movements of jacquard towel fabric; a) basic structure, b) terry structure. Fig.2 Lapping movements of jacquard towel fabric 54 Cong H, Li X, Zhang A, Gao Z. Design and Simulation of Jacquard Warp-knitted Towel Fabric. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014; 22, 5(107): 54-58. Design model of jacquard Table 1. The relationship between terry and structure.

towel fabric R Colour Jacquard effect Basic lapping Skewing Derivative lapping Wale number The effects of common warp-knitted fab- 1 - 0/ Odd 1 Green No terry loop ric can be shown by the chain notations 1 - 0/ H 2 - 3// Even 2 - 3// 1 - 0/ Odd and threading repeat. As for the effects of 2 Red Terry loop warp-knitted jacquard fabric, they need T 3 - 4// Even to be shown by the jacquard pattern grid, except for the two methods mentioned above [4, 5].

Based on a detailed comprehension of jacquard warp-knitted towel fabric, a jacquard pattern gird was created, which was added to the design module of warp- knitted fabric in CAD. In the pattern grid, the height of a grid stands for two wales, the width of which represents two stitch lengths, and the different colors indicate Figure 4. Jacquard terry lapping move- the formation of the terry loops. The cor- Figure 3. Jacquard terry design. ment. responding relationships between the different colours and the terry loop ef- a kind of flexible material like fabric, a appearance of multi-pile tufting carpet in fect and between the lapping movement method which can control and describe Direct3D [11]. and skewing of the jacquard needles are the yarn route should be chosen. NURBS shown in Table 1. (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) can There are no specialized researches on present the outline and shape inside the how to build a model of the warp-knitted According to the contents above, matrix 3D model through a curve and curved terry loop of this new kind of jacquard PMU was employed in this paper to de- surface, and this method can control the warp-knitted fabric. How to establish an scribe the pattern grid, which is as for- cambering amount of the surface better adaptive model of the terry loop will be mula (1) shows. Where: j = 1, 2, 3, …, [6, 7]. The central axis trend of yarns in discussed in this paper. m, m is the number of grids on the wales warp-knitted fabrics can be presented (equal to half of the pattern wales of the by NURBS curves, and a solid model of To build a vivid terry loop of great simi- complete design), and k = 1, 2, 3, …, u, yarn can also be built through NURBS larity, the real size of a terry loop is need- u is the number of vertical grids (equal to surfaces. ed. A super depth field 3D microscopic half the width of the pattern of the com- system - VHX-600 was used to measure plete design). If Pj,k equals 1, the grid Geometric model of ground fabric the structural parameters of the terry is green; the data of jacquard stored in The ground tissue of jacquard warp-knit- loop on the face of the jacquard effect, the system is H/H, and the relevant chain ted towel fabric is formed by a pillar stitch and data were compared and analysed notations are 1-0/2-3//. If Pj,k equals 2, and inlay. During the process of building with measurements repeated six times, as the grid shows red; the data of jacquard the model, to make a section of the yarn shown in Table 2. Where: H is the height stored in the system is H/T, and the rel- circular, the 3D loop model presented in of the terry loop, and W the width of the evant lapping figure is 1-0/3-4//. references [8 - 10] was employed. The terry loop.

 p1,1 p1,2  p1,u  loop is composed of a loop trunk and    underlap, which can be identified by 18 Usually in the technological data of the  p2,1 p2,2 p2,u        control points, as shown in Figure 5. The terry loop there will be some small dif- P =   (1) ferences in the data measured. The terry MU   p  (1) inlay has no lapping in front of the nee-  j,k  loop height in the technological deriva-       dle, therefore the structure is constituted   by the underlap at a certain gauge length  p p  p   m,1 m,2 m,u  and a small part of the arc formed by the Table 2. The measured structure parameters of terry loop. Programming according to the theory movement between needles, which can above and the mathematical model of be identified by 5 control points. Times H, mm W, mm jacquard terry loops, jacquard terry 1 1.53 0.55 loops can be designed in CAD. Pattern Three-dimensional solid model 2 1.63 0.53 grids of jacquard terry loops are showed of terry loop 3 1.51 0.51 in Figure 3 and the relevant lapping There are some researches on modelling 4 1.50 0.49 movements in Figure 4. the terry loop, however all of them focus 5 1.48 0.56 on weaving and weft knitting. Han Chong 6 1.36 0.53 from Donghua University studied the 3D 7 1.52 0.51 Geometric modeling simulation of the appearance of multi-pile 8 1.49 0.52 of jacquard towel fabric tufting carpet. He used NURBS curves to 9 1.43 0.56 Before the simulation, a relevant model establish a model of the terry loop in 3DS 10 1.42 0.52 should be built. To establish a model for MAX and realised a 3D simulation of the Avg 1.487 0.528

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 5(107) 55 C D A r C’

E 0.28b 0.28b B O B D H b W

0.7b

E F A’ r C n×t A Fig.5 The 3D loop model and dimensions Fig.6 The 3D terry model and its dimensions Figure 5. 3D loop model and dimensions. Figure 6. 3D terry model and its dimensions.

tion is about twice more than the real one. The morphology of a terry loop was XOY the plane of the ground tissue, and This would be caused by the deformation analysed in this paper with respect to the ⁄ AOB is the terry loop space angle. and striction of the terry loop after dyeing density, space angle and shading propor- and finishing. According to the real sizes tion, etc. All of these elements have cer- The projection of the terry loop height and combined with the results of tech- tain mathematical or logical connections AO in plane XOY is BO, while the nological derivation, a terry loop model with each other and they greatly influence projection of AO in plane YOZ is CO. (Figure 6) was established in this paper. the terry loop distribution morphology on The included angle formed by BO and We can suppose that the direction of the the surface of fabric, thus expressing the the axis Y is ⁄ BOD, and that formed by terry loop height is approximately verti- connections exactly can improve the sim- CO and the axis Y is ⁄ COD. The two in- cal to the fabric plane, and the width of ulation effects of towel fabric surfaces. cluded angles were identified as a and β the terry loop is W = 0.36 H, which is ob- separately. To deeply analyse the math- tained from the average data of Table 2. The terry loop density refers to the num- ematic space connection between a, β ber of terry loops per unit length, which and ⁄ AOB, the “terry loop space model” Models of different forms of terry is expressed by cpc (courses per cm) and was simplified as a “space solid structure loop on the fabric surface wpc (wales per cm). Terry loop yarn is model”, as shown in Figure 8. A single terry loop model is built through laid in every loop wale along the fabric By using segment AB = CD in the space NURBS in ideal circumstances. How- wales, thus the wpc of the terry loop is geometric model, the corresponding rela- ever, real terry loops always have some equal to the wpc ground tissue; since ter- tional expression is as follows: complex deformation, since they are in- ry loop yarn is only knocked over in even fluenced by surrounding and neighbor wales to form a terry loop, the relation- tan⁄ AOB = AB/OB (3) terry loops. ship is as follows:

PT = 0.5 PB (2)

where: PT refers to the cpc of the terry loop, and PB to the cpc of the ground tissue. The density of the terry loop is measured and calculated by computer and is saved in a data base as a known variable.

In this paper the “terry loop space angle” was identified in a 3D space to describe the different morphologies of the terry loop in space. The terry loop space angle is an inclined angle formed by the direction of the terry loop height and plane of Fig. 8 The simplified 3D structure model of terry loop Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the tery the ground tissue, as shown in Figure 7, Figure 8. Simplifield 3D structure model of loop space model and angle. where: AO is the height of the terry loop, terry loop.

56 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 5(107) language based on the terry loop shading proportion in order to gain the simulation effects. The terry loop shading proportion M is related to the cpc of the terry- loop PT, the height of the terry-loop H and the deviation angle of the terry-loop β. A sketch map of the shading situation of two adjacent terry loops in the same wale is as follows.

Figure 9 shows a simplified shading sketch map. Suppose OC = EG = Figure 9. The shading condition schematic H(Height), then the definition of the terry diagram of pile loop. loop shading proportion is: Figure 10. 3D simulation image of jacqu- tanβ=CD/OD=CD/(OB × cosa) (4) M = FG/GE = FG/OB (8) ard towel. From simultaneous expressions (3) (4), The relation between M, L and D can be obtained through the proportional simi- nents of the environment reflection, dif- the mathematic relational expression of fuse reflection and specular reflection the terry loop space angle, a and β, is as larity of the right angle, where the defini- tions of L and D are as follows: separately, and n represents the number follows: of illuminants, then the illumination tan⁄ AOB=cosa × tanβ (5) M = FG/H = L/D (9) model can be presented as follows [12]:

L = 10/PT (10) n Where: the value of cosa is in the range n I=∑[ KIββ cosθθii ++ KIγγ cos ] KIaa （）16 (13) of 0 ~ 1, which can be replaced by the D = H×cosβ (11) i=0 deflection factor μ, then the formula can The formula for calculating the terry loop Terry loop yarns on the surface of fab- be obtained: shading proportion is achieved through rics are composed of fiber bundle. Differ- tan⁄ AOB=μ × tanβ (6) simultaneous formulas (9) ~ (11): ent configurations of fibers will produce textures. Texture chartlet was used in The value area should be confirmed in M=10/(H×cosβ×PT) (12) this paper to create textures on the sur- order to ensure the veracity of the math- From above calculation procedure, it face of the terry loop. The principle used ematic relation. Decided by the features can be known that a certain value of β was that after settling the visible points of the terry loop tissue, the biggest angle is related to the corresponding terry loop on the terry loop surface, textures could of inclination of the terry loop is related space angle and terry loop shading pro- be inflected onto the surface through the to the lapping movements. The theoreti- portion. Measured through experiments, product of the value of the texture space’s cally biggest angle of inclination is: the results showed that the values of β as- corresponding point and the value of lu- tana = B/(n × w) (7) sembled between 60° and 90°. Thusafter minance[13]. In formula(15), where C settling the value of β at 60°, 63°, 66°, refers to the intensity of colour at the where: B refers to the height of one wale …, the relevant terry loop space angle pixel point, Suffix t refers to the colour (B = 10/P ), n to the gauge number of and terry loop shading proportion were B strength of the texture image, f to the the shogging motion in the needle back calculated. Furthermore the matching 3D colour strength of the yarn before the made by the terry loop yarn, and w refers geometrical models, which were num- creation of the texture, and v refers to the to the gauge. bered, were drawn and saved into the da- tabase in order to be easily recalled dur- final intensity of colour. The accurate value of the area of de- ing simulation. Cv = Ct + Cf (14) flection factor μ, which can be obtained Achievement of 3D simulation of from formula (7), is {cos[arctan(10/ Simulation of jacquard towel fabrics (n×w×PB))], 1}. Here the axes X and Y are in positive direction. If axis X or axis fabrics Combined with an OpenGL graphic base, Y are in negative direction, the terry loop Illumination model and texture visual C++ was employed as a develop- space angle relation is similar. mapping ment tool to achieve a simulation using To enhance the sense of reality of the warp-knitted CAD software. During 3D Shading each other inside the terry loop fabric surface effectively, an illumination simulation, a part of the ground tissue is another significant element to influence model and texture mapping were em- could be obtained through a 3D solid the simulation of terry loop morphology. ployed during the simulation of jacquard model, built according to a coordinate The “terry loop shading proportion” was warp-knitted towel fabrics. system and settled controlling points. employed to solve this problem in this A part of terry loops on the surface could paper. The terry loop shading propor- The effects of colors and shade transition be obtained through recalling the built tion M refers to the ratio of the visible on the surface of fabric are identified by image base. The result revealed that the part of the height in the next wale to the the environment reflection, diffuse - re simulation method in this paper could whole loop height. During simulation, flection and specular reflection. Suppose have significant effects on simulating the the primitive graphics are filled in order kα, kβ, kγ represent the proportion values real morphology on the fabric surface, as from the top to bottom through computer separately, Iα, Iβ, Iγ - reflection compo- shown in Figure 10.

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 5(107) 57 n Conclusion A mathematic model of the tissue of jac- INSTITUTE OF BIOPOLYMERS quard warp-knitted towel fabric was built AND CHEMICAL FIBRES in this paper through CAD. The space angle of a terry loop on the surface of fabric, the shading relationship analysed LABORATORY OF PAPER QUALITY and a simulating model of the terry loop established. Finally combined with the application of illumination and texture, Since 02.07.1996 the Laboratory has had the accreditation the simulation effect for terry loop was certificate of the Polish Centre for Accreditation realised to a certain degree. No AB 065.

The accreditation includes tests of more than 70 proper- References ties and factors carried out for: 1. Moussa A, Dupont D, Steen D. Structure n pulps analysis and surface simulation of wo- n tissue, paper & board, ven fabrics using fast Fourier transform n cores, techniques. J. Text. I. 2010; 101, 6: 556- 570. n transport packaging, 2. Renkens W, Kyosev Y. 3D Modeling of n auxiliary agents, waste, wastewater and process water in the pulp and warp-knitted structures under consider- paper industry. ation of the mechanical properties of the yarns. In: Second World Conference on The Laboratory offers services within the scope of testing the following: 3D Fabrics and their applications. April raw ‑materials, intermediate and final paper products, as well as training 6-9, 2009, Greenville, USA. activities. 3. Ozdemir H, Baser G. Computer simulation of plain fabric appearance from yarn photographs. J.Text. I. 2009; 100, 3: 282-291. Properties tested: 4. JIANG G. CAD theory research of jac- n general (dimensions, squareness, grammage, thickness, fibre furnish quard warp-knitted fabrics. Knitting In- analysis, etc.), dustries 2002; 6: 26-28. n chemical (pH, ash content, formaldehyde, metals, kappa number, etc.), 5. ZHOU S.CAD Theory and application of n surface (smoothness, roughness, degree of dusting, sizing and picking of warp knitting fabric. Knitting Industries a surface), 1993; 4: 1-3. 6. SHI F. Computer Aided geometric De- n absorption, permeability (air permeability, grease permeability, water sign & Nonuniform Rational B-spline. absorption, oil absorption) and deformation, Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2011: n optical (brightness ISO, whitness CIE, opacity, colour), 306-309. n 7. Park H, Kim K, Lee S-C. A Method for tensile, bursting, tearing, and bending strength, etc., Approximate NURBS Curve Compat- n compression strength of corrugated containers, vertical impact testing by ibility Based on Multiple Curve Refitting. dropping, horizontal impact testing, vibration testing, testing corrugated Computer-Aided Design 2000; 32: 237- containers for signs „B” and „UN”. 252. 8. Zhang LZ, Jiang GM, Gao WD. 3D Sim- ulation of Two-bar Warp-Knitted Struc- The equipment consists: tures. Journal of Donghua University n micrometers (thickness), tensile testing machines (Alwetron), Mullens 2009; 26, 4: 423-428. (bursting strength), Elmendorf (tearing resistance), Bekk, Bendtsen, PPS 9. Goktepe O. Use of Non-Uniform Ra- (smoothness/roughness), Gurley, Bendtsen, Schopper (air permeance), tional B-Splines for Three-Dimensional Cobb (water absorptiveness), etc., Computer Simulation of warp-knitted Structures. Turk. J. Engin. Environ. Sci. n crush tester (RCT, CMT, CCT, ECT, FCT), SCT, Taber and 2001; 25: 369-378. Lorentzen&Wettre (bending 2-point method) Lorentzen&Wettre (bend- 10. Goktepe O, Harlock SC. Three Dimen- ing 4-point metod and stiffness rezonanse method), Scott-Bond (internal sional Computer Modeling of Warp Knit- bond strength), etc., ter Structures. Text. Res. J. 2002; 72, 3: n IGT (printing properties) and L&W Elrepho (optical properties), ect., 266-272. n 11. Han C, Meng Z, Chen G. Three-dimen- power-driven press, fall apparatus, incline plane tester, vibration table sional simulation of multiple high-low (specialized equipment for testing strength transport packages), loop tufting carpet. J.Text. Res. 2009; n atomic absorption spectrmeter for the determination of trace element 30, 9: 127-130. content, pH-meter, spectrophotometer UV-Vis. 12. Wang M. Studies on the incorporate integration system of fabric design and dummy scene. Shanghai: Donghua Uni- Contact: versity, 2004: 54-58. 13. Zheng T. Research on 3D imitation for INSTITUTE OF BIOPOLYMERS AND CHEMICAL FIBRES displaying structure and pattern of wo- ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland ven fabric. Tianjin: TianJin Polytechnic Elżbieta Baranek Dr eng. mech., University, 2000: 47-50. tel. (+48 42) 638 03 31, e-mail: [email protected]

Received 26.09.2012 Reviewed 12.03.2014

58 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 5(107)