Beatus Ceslaus Natione Polonus

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Beatus Ceslaus Natione Polonus Beatus Ceslaus natione Polonus Dzieje kultu błogosławionego Czesława Wojciech Kucharski Beatus Ceslaus natione Polonus Dzieje kultu błogosławionego Czesława Studia i źródła Dominikańskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Krakowie 10 Copyright © 2012 Dominikański Instytut Historyczny w Krakowie For this edition Copyright © 2012 Wydawnictwo Esprit SC Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Anna Pobóg-Lenartowicz prof. dr hab. Rościsław Żerelik Projekt okładki: Kazimierz Bocian Redakcja wydawnicza: Anna Markiewicz Opracowanie indeksów: Anna Markiewicz Na okładce wykorzystano fragment fresku Dominikanie jako obrońcy Kościoła Wawrzyńca Reinera, Czechy, Praga, kościół pw. św. Idziego, 1733–1734 www.kreatywnywrocław.pl Publikacja dofinansowana przez Miasto Wrocław Wydanie I, Kraków 2012 ISBN 978-83-63621-06-3 Wydawnictwo Esprit SC ul. Soroki 4/3 30-389 Kraków tel.: (012) 267 05 69, faks: (012) 267 05 69 [email protected] Księgarnia internetowa: www.esprit.com.pl Mojej żonie Kasi poświęcam Spis treści Wykaz skrótów 13 Wstęp 15 1 Cel i zakres pracy oraz założenia badawcze 16 2 Przegląd badań nad kultem błogosławionego Czesława 20 3 Charakterystyka źródeł 35 1 Życie i najwcześniejsze ślady kultu błogosławionego Czesława 43 1 1 Co wiemy o jego życiu 43 1 2 Najstarszy kult błogosławionego Czesława (do połołowy XV w ) 46 1 2 1 Źródła 47 1 2 1 1 Kazanie na dzień św Dominika autorstwa Peregryna z Opola 47 1 2 1 2 Żywot św Jacka 59 1 2 1 3 Suplika do papieża Eugeniusza IV z 1439 r 64 1 2 1 4 Nekrolog dominikanów wrocławskich 66 1 2 1 5 Przekaz o translacji w 1330 r z Tutelaris Silesiae 67 1 2 2 Początki kultu błogosławionego Czesława 71 1 2 2 1 Data śmierci Czesława 71 1 2 2 2 Miejsce pochówku 72 1 2 2 3 Kult błogosławionego Czesława do połowy XV w 74 2 Kult błogosławionego Czesława w 2 połowie XV w 85 2 1 Źródła 85 2 1 1 Przekaz Długosza - mechanizm powstania cudu o obronie Wrocławia w 1241 r 85 2 1 2 Teksty o Czesławie w „Pierwszej księdze rachunków przeorskich” 92 2 1 2 1 Zawartość kodeksu 93 2 1 2 2 Podstawa źródłowa 94 8 Beatus Ceslaus natione Polonus 2 1 2 3 Datacja tekstów o błogosławionym Czesławie 99 2 1 2 4 Autorstwo tekstów o błogosławionym Czesławie 100 2 1 2 5 Vita Antiqua 102 2 1 2 6 Najstarsze spisane teksty liturgiczne o błogosławionym Czesławie 113 2 1 2 7 Przekaz o rekognicji relikwii Czesława w 1469 r 116 2 1 2 8 Zapiski o donacjach na msze de beato Ceslao 118 2 1 2 9 Oficium brewiarzowe 119 2 1 2 10 Czas powstania vetustissima imago – najstarszego portretu Czesława 128 2 2 Kult błogosławionego Czesława w 2 połowie XV w – pierwsza próba kanonizacji 135 2 2 1 Praktyki i motywacje wiernych 141 2 2 1 1 Przestrzeń 142 2 2 1 2 Czas 143 2 2 1 3 Ludzie 145 2 2 1 4 Wizja świętego 146 2 2 1 5 Formy kontaktu z sacrum 147 2 2 1 6 Gest modlitwy 148 2 2 1 7 Praktyki wotywne 149 2 2 1 8 Ryty rewitalizacyjne 150 2 2 2 Czesław uzyskuje ciało – vetustissima imago 151 3 Kult błogosławionego Czesława w okresie reformacji i początków odnowy potrydenckiej 155 3 1 Analiza źródeł 155 3 1 1 Zapiska de miraculis o uratowaniu klasztoru św Wojciecha przed pożarem w 1570 r 155 3 1 2 Zapiska de miraculis o uratowaniu klasztoru św Katarzyny przed pożarem w 1585 r 159 3 1 3 Powstanie obrazowej wersji żywotu błogosławionego Czesława 161 3 1 4 Powstanie żywotu graficznego w 1599 r 163 Spis treści 9 3 2 Wpływ reformacji na sytuację religijną na Śląsku 165 3 2 1 Zmiany w topografii kościelnej Wrocławia w okresie reformacji 165 3 2 2 Charakterystyka sytuacji religijnej na Śląsku w okresie reformacji 172 3 2 3 Stosunek protestantów do kultu świętych 175 3 3 Błogosławiony Czesław w działaniach konwentu wrocławskiego w XVI w 180 3 4 Funkcjonowanie przekazu o Czesławie w polskiej literaturze 188 3 4 1 Etos postdługoszowy 188 3 4 2 Hagiografia św Jacka 195 3 4 3 Katalogi świętych 201 4 W kręgu Bzowskiego 205 4 1 Druga próba kanonizacji Czesława 206 4 1 1 Działania Bzowskiego 206 4 1 2 Tragedia Wratislaviensis – odbiór społeczny działań Bzowskiego we Wrocławiu 214 4 2 Czesław w pismach Abrahama Bzowskiego 216 4 3 Model świętości propagowany przez Abrahama Bzowskiego w żywocie Czesława 222 4 4 Czesław a kult eucharystyczny: geneza, zasięg, oddziaływanie 227 5 Zasięg i funkcja kultu w kulturze religijnej w XVII w 235 5 1 Nowy obraz Czesława w pamięci zbiorowej 235 5 1 1 Piśmiennictwo polskie 236 5 1 2 Piśmiennictwo śląskie 242 5 1 3 Recepcja piśmiennictwa 247 5 2 Czesław a idea przedmurza chrześcijaństwa w Polsce i na Śląsku 254 5 3 Ślady kultu na Śląsku w XVII w 261 10 Beatus Ceslaus natione Polonus 6 Proces beatyfikacyjny 269 6 1 Przygotowania i przebieg procesu beatyfikacyjnego 269 6 2 Grupy społeczne i polityczne zaangażowane w promowanie kultu Czesława w okresie beatyfikacji – motywacje i cele 272 6 2 1 Elity habsburskie na Śląsku 273 6 2 2 Duchowieństwo wrocławskie 274 6 2 3 Dominikanie 275 6 2 4 Elity w Rzeczpospolitej 276 6 3 Świadkowie w procesie historycznym i ich sposób myślenia o błogosławionym Czesławie 277 6 3 1 Articuli interrogatori 277 6 3 2 Protokoły zeznań świadków 282 6 3 3 Świadkowie 284 6 3 4 Błogosławiony Czesław w świadomości świadków 287 6 3 5 Źródła wiedzy 291 6 3 6 Rozumienie czasu – w kontekście immemorabili tempore 294 6 3 7 Przestrzeń 295 6 3 8 Ikonosfera 298 6 3 9 Formy kontaktu z sacrum 310 7 Beatyfikacja i jej konsekwencje 319 7 1 Beatyfikacja 319 7 2 Nowa data święta 321 7 3 Teksty liturgiczne i modlitewne 322 7 4 Odpusty 324 7 5 Relikwie i nowa kaplica błogosławionego Czesława 325 7 6 Dzieła sztuki i miejsca kultu błogosławionego Czesława po beatyfikacji (XVIII w) 337 7 7 Błogosławiony Czesław w literaturze po beatyfikacji (XVIII w ) 348 Spis treści 11 7 8 Błogosławiony Czesław staje się Ślązakiem i patronem Wrocławia 351 7 9 Nowe idee w ikonografii i portret błogosławionego Czesława 357 7 10 Działania kanonizacyjne 361 Podsumowanie 363 Bibliografia 369 Indeks osób 417 Indeks nazw geograficznych 431 Wykaz skrótów AAWr – Archiwum Archidiecezjalne we Wrocławiu ACP – Acta capitulorum provinciae Poloniae Ordinis Praedicatorum, wyd R F Madura, t I: 1225–1600, Romae 1972 ACPP – Acta Capitulorum Provinciae Poloniae Ordinis Praedicatorum, ed R F Madura (mps w ADK) ADK – Archiwum Polskiej Prowincji Dominikanów w Krakowie AFP – „Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum” APWr – Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu ASV – Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Archivum Congregationis Sacro- rum Rituum BG PAN – Biblioteka Gdańska PAN BJ – Biblioteka Jagiellońska BK PAN – Biblioteka Kórnicka PAN BKWr – Biblioteka Kapitulna we Wrocławiu BN – Biblioteka Narodowa w Warszawie BUWr – Biblioteka Uniwersytecka we Wrocławiu EK – Encyklopedia Katolicka KZSP – Katalog Zabytków Sztuki w Polsce MPH – Monumenta Poloniae Historica, t I–VI, wyd A Bielowski i inni, Lwów–Kraków 1864–1893 NP – „Nasza Przeszłość” PSB – Polski Słownik Biograficzny RHum – „Roczniki Humanistyczne” ŚKHS – Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny „Sobótka” SŹ – „Studia Źródłoznawcze” Wstęp Kult świętych jest zjawisKiem Kulturotwórczym, wywołującym określo- ne zachowania, wyobrażenia i postawy1 Wynikają one z chęci zaspokajania konkretnych potrzeb kontaktu z sacrum Badacze nie są zgodni odnośnie ge- nezy kultu świętych w chrześcijaństwie Jego początki wiążą się z czcią odda- waną męczennikom przez pierwszych chrześcijan w Cesarstwie Rzymskim Istotnym przejawem tej czci był kult relikwii Z czasem, po legalizacji chrześ- cijaństwa w 313 r obok męczenników wykształciła się druga grupa świętych nazywanych wyznawcami, którzy byli czczeni z powodu heroicznego, zgod- nego z zasadami wiary, życia W Kościele katolickim kult świętych był (i jest nadal) określony konkretnymi normami2 W przypadku wspólnot lokalnych mogły być one interpretowane odmiennie od powszechnie przyjętego po- rządku lub wręcz łamane3 Kościół od początku swojego istnienia dążył do sprawowania kontroli nad zachowaniami religijnymi W przypadku kultu świętych już w IV w biskupi nadzorowali rozwój i funkcjonowanie nowych kultów W XIII w papież zastrzegł dla siebie wyłączne prawo do kanoniza- cji4, a Urban VIII w latach 1625–1634 zabronił czci dla świętych nieuznanych 1 P. Brown, Kult świętych. Narodziny i rola w chrześcijaństwie łacińskim, Kraków 2007; T. Head, The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics, [w:] The ORB: On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (www.the-orb. net/encyklop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm, dostęp 11 XII 2009 r.); B. Migut, Kult w Kościele Katoli- ckim, [w:] EK, t. X, Lublin 2004, kol. 183; E. Ciupak, Kult religijny i jego społeczne podłoże. Studia nad katolicyzmem polskim, Warszawa 1965, s. 26. 2 A. Vauchez, La sainteté en Occident aux derniers siècles du Moyen Âge d’après les procès de canonisa- tion et les documents hagiographiques, Rome 1981, korzystam z tłumaczenia – A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge 1997, s. 11–140. 3 Tamże, s. 445–446; B. Malinowski Szkice z teorii kultury, Warszawa 1958, s. 428. 4 A. Vauchez, dz. cyt., s. 13–32; H. Misztal, Prawo kanonizacyjne. Instytucje prawa materialnego, zarys historii, procedura, Lublin 2003, s. 142–154. 16 Beatus Ceslaus natione Polonus przez Stolicę Apostolską5 Równolegle szerzył się kult nieoficjalny, organi- zowany przez lokalne wspólnoty kościelne i często tolerowany przez miej- scowego biskupa6 Podział na kult autoryzowany i nieautoryzowany przez Stolicę Apostolską pod koniec średniowiecza widoczny był w stosowaniu pojęć sancti i beati 7 Od XIII w propagatorzy kultów lokalnych coraz częściej starali się uzyskać ich oficjalne zatwierdzenie przez papieża, co wpłynęło na unifikację ich form w ramach Kościoła katolickiego Proces ten jest widocz- ny w tekstach hagiograficznych,
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