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Sudan Divided This Page Intentionally Left Blank Sudan Divided Continuing Conflict in a Contested State Sudan Divided This page intentionally left blank Sudan Divided Continuing Conflict in a Contested State Edited by G u n n a r M . S ø r b ø a n d Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed SUDAN DIVIDED Copyright © Gunnar M. S ø rb ø and Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN ® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave ® and Macmillan ® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1–137–33823–5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: October 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-1-349-46397-8 ISBN 978-1-137-33824-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137338242 Contents A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s vii List of Contributors ix List of Abbreviations xiii Map of Sudan xv Chapter 1 Introduction: Sudan’s Durable Disorder 1 Gunnar M. S ø rb ø and Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed Chapter 2 The Post-Secession State in Sudan: Building Coalitions or Deepening Conflicts? 25 Atta El-Battahani Chapter 3 Islamism and the Sudanese State after Darfur: Soft State, Failed State, or “Black Hole State”? 45 Abdelwahab El-Affendi Chapter 4 The National Congress Party and the “Second Republic”: Internal Dynamics and P o l i t i c a l H e g e m o n y 7 1 Einas Ahmed Chapter 5 Sudan after the South’s Secession: Issues of Identity 89 Peter Woodward Chapter 6 Oil and Politics in Sudan 103 Alsir Sidahmed Chapter 7 Changing Dynamics in the Borderlands: Emergence of a Third Sudan? 121 Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed vi ● Contents Chapter 8 Six Years after the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement: An Assessment 141 Munzoul Assal C h a p t e r 9 D a r f u r a f t e r D o h a 1 6 1 J é r ô me Tubiana Chapter 10 Conflict and Nation Building: Lessons for Darfur from South Sudan 185 M. A. Mohamed Salih Chapter 11 Back to War in Sudan: Flawed Peace Agreement, Failed Political Will 203 Guma Kunda Komey Chapter 12 Shifting Loyalties and Ethnic Violence: The Case of the Fulbe in Southern Blue Nile 223 Elhadi Ibrahim Osman Index 241 Acknowledgments his book is the result of a cooperative research and competence- building program, Peacebuilding in Sudan: Micro-Macro Issues, T carried out by Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen, Norway, in partnership with Sudanese universities. The program was established soon after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed by the Sudan government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in January 2005. Its main objectives are to produce new knowledge to support the peace- building efforts in Sudan, to contribute to the policy debate in Sudan and Norway, and to assist in building capacity at selected universities in Sudan. Along with CMI, the principal cooperating partners have been Al Ahfad University for Women and the University of Khartoum. Staff and students from other universities and research institutions have also been involved, including the University of Juba, Nilein University, University of Sinnar, University of Oxford, University of Bergen, and Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Much of the research for the program and the book has been carried out by Sudanese nationals. More information on the program is available on the CMI website at www.cmi.no/sudan . To lay the foundation for this book, a workshop was held at CMI on January 16–17, 2011. Workshop deliberations were greatly enriched by the wisdom and insights of Peter Adwok Nyaba, Musa Abdul Jalil, Mustafa Babiker, Sharif Harir, Abdalbasit Saeed, and Hassan Gad Karim. Later, con- tributions were received from Abdelwahab El-Affendi, Einas Ahmed, and J é r ô me Tubiana, who were unable to attend the workshop in Bergen. We are grateful for the valuable assessment received from Palgrave Macmillan’s anonymous peer reviewer. Our heartfelt thanks also go to Cathy Sunshine for her outstanding copyediting, which included incisive commentary as well as efforts to harmonize our diverse understandings and projections of English. We thank Lisa Kleinholz for constructing the index. At CMI, we are indebted to Å se Roti Dahl, Robert Sjursen, Svein-Erik viii ● Acknowledgments Helle, and Lisa Arnestad for their assistance with the workshop and with the production of this volume. In Sudan, the smooth and efficient handling of the program by Al Ahfad University has been much appreciated. This volume and the workshop could not have succeeded without the sup- port of the Norwegian Embassy in Khartoum and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). We are particularly grateful to the first Norwegian ambassador to Sudan, Fridtjov Thorkildsen, for his support to the launching of the program, and to ambassadors Svein Sevje, Jens-Petter Kjemprud, and Morten von Hanno Aasland for being supportive and genu- inely interested in our endeavors. Arve Ofstad and Henrik Lunden kindly and efficiently handled the program for a number of years at the embassy, taking over from an equally kind and efficient Margot Skarpeteig in Norad when the bureaucratic responsibility for the program was transferred from Oslo to the embassy in Khartoum. In Oslo, we have enjoyed support from fellow academic and current Sudan envoy Endre Stiansen at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as courteous and friendly handling of visa applications and other matters by the Embassy of Sudan. Gunnar M. S ø rb ø and Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed Bergen and Khartoum May 2013 Contributors A b d e l G h a f f a r M . A h m e d is professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Khartoum and professor of development studies at Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan. He is also an affiliated senior researcher with the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen, Norway, and codirector of Peacebuilding in Sudan: Micro-Macro Issues, a project carried out by CMI and Sudanese universities. His recent publications include Al Anthropologia wa Altanmiya fi al Sudan ( Anthropology and Development in Sudan ) (in Arabic, 2012); Alruhal fi al Sudan ( Pastoral Groups in Sudan ) (in Arabic, 2012); and a special Sudan issue of the journal Nomadic Peoples , coedited in 2009. Einas Ahmed is associate researcher at Les Afriques dans le Monde, Institut d’Études Politiques, Bordeaux, France, and at the Centre d’Études et de Documentation Economiques, Juridiques et Sociales (CEDEJ) in Khartoum. Her research focuses mainly on Islam and politics in Sudan. Her publi- cations include “Political Islam in Sudan: Islamists and the Challenge of State Power (1989–2004),” in Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa , edited by Benjamin Soares and Ren é Otayek (2007). Munzoul Assal is associate professor of Social Anthropology and dep- uty director of the Peace Research Institute, University of Khartoum. His publications include Sticky Labels or Rich Ambiguities? Diaspora and Challenges of Homemaking for Somalis and Sudanese in Norway (2004) and Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, Heterogeneity, Variation (co-edited 2006). Abdelwahab El-Affendi is reader in Politics at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, and a coordinator of the Centre’s Democracy and Islam Programme, as well as visiting fellow at the Centre of Islamic Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. He has x ● Contributors published widely on Sudanese politics, Islam, democracy, and modernity. His most recent book is About Muhammad: The Other Western Perspective on the Prophet of Islam (2011). A t t a E l - B a t t a h a n i is professor of Political Science at the University of Khartoum and editor of Sudan Journal of Economics and Social Studies . He has published widely on federalism and economic development in Sudan, economic liberalization and institutional reform, and economic transforma- tion and political Islam. His most recent book is Nationalism and Peasant Politics in the Nuba Mountains Region of Sudan, 1924–1966 (2009). Guma Kunda Komey is associate professor of Geography and director of the Centre of Distance Education, University of Bahri, Khartoum, and associate senior research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle, Germany. His research focuses on land, identity poli- tics, and conflicts. He is the author of Land, Governance, Conflict and the Nuba of Sudan (2011). Elhadi Ibrahim Osman is assistant professor at the University of Sinnar, Sudan. He has been associate researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle, Germany. His research focuses on pastoralist adaptations, and he is the author of The Pastoral Fulbe in the Sudan Funj Region: A Study of the Interaction between State and Society ( 2013). M . A . M o h a m e d S a l i h is professor of Development Politics at the International Institute of Social Studies (The Hague) of Erasmus University Rotterdam and at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. His recent books include Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (2009); Hermeneutics, Scriptural Politics and Human Rights (co-edited, 2010); and Local Climate Change and Society (2012).
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