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Index

Note: Page number followed by f and t indicates figure and table respectively.

Advanced biofuels, 337–338, 408–409 Biodiesel, 12, 399t. See also Biofuels African sugarcane rust, 66 global production of, 336–337 Agave species, 375 major producers of, 337 Agricultural Drainage Management Systems production costs, 344–345 Task Force (ADMS), 252 Biodiversity, 366 Agriculture, 4. See also Sustainable agriculture biofuel crops, impact of, 367–368 and environment, interaction between, 6–7 grasses, 370 Alcohol distillation, waste waters from, maize and woody biomass crops, 371 144–145 plantation cops, 368–370 Algae oil, 338 row crops, 368 Alternaria brassicae, 179 and carbon sequestration, 367 American Society for Testing and Materials ecosystem productivity and, 366 (ASTM), 339–340 hotspots, 366 Annual crops, 262–263 in land community, 367 Aphis sacchari, 127 loss of, drivers for, 367 Arab Oil embargo, 11 Bioenergy, 70, 325, 332. See also Biofuels; ArcGIS ModelBuilder, 432, 435–436 Grain crops, for biofuel production Arundo donax L. See Giant reed from biomass, 54 Association mapping, 83 and food insecurity issue, 33 Athalia proxima, 179 impact on job creation, 352 Attributional LCA (ALCA), 190 rising demand for, 31 Australia, sugar industry in, 69 Biofeedstock and biofuel production, economics Automated Environmental Monitoring Network of, 414 (AEMN), Georgia, 433 advanced biofuel feedstock production, Aviation biofuels, 339–340 414–418 biomass pricing and standards, 423 Backpropagation neuralCOPYRIGHTED network (BPNN), cellulosicMATERIAL biofeedstock production, 418–420, 440–442 419f, 420f, 456 Bagasse, 54, 69–70. See also Sugarcane harvest field time, impact of, 420–423 Baling systems, 137 uncertain policy, 424 Banana streak virus, 66 carbon policy, 425 Beet yellows virus, 66 renewable fuel standard mandate waivers, Biochar, 37, 145, 253, 283 424–425 Biocontrol services index (BSI), 364–365 transitory biofuel tax credit policy, 424

Biofuel Crop Sustainability, First Edition. Edited by Bharat P. Singh. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 451 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

452 Index

Biofeedstock and biofuel production, economics feedstock supply, reliability of, 19–21, of (Continued ) 20f uncertain biofuel import tariffs, 425 food versus fuel, 19 USDA biofuel and environmental policy, GHG estimation, 24, 384 425–426 invasive species, introduction of, 23–24 Biofuel crops, spatial suitability analysis of, land-use change, 22–23 431–437 nutrient runoff problem, 22 Biofuel export–import trade, 16 residue diversion, 23 “Biofuel Flightpath” initiative, 340 shared economic prosperity, 21–22 Biofuel land-use modeling, 270, 270f water availability, 22 Biofuels, 7–8, 31, 325–326, 360, 407. See also economic value, 14–16 Energy security environmental impact, 16–19, 18f advanced, 337–338, 342, 345, 408–409 Biofuel target, 346 advantages of, 9 Biogas, 394, 400t algae, 338, 375 Biomass, 54, 332 aviation, 339–340 bioenergy potential of, 332–335 blends, 347 definition of, 54 by-products, 282–283, 340–341, 351–352 feedstocks, 332 cellulosic, 409 pricing and standards, 423 conventional, 408 sources of, 8 economics of production of, 414–418 Bio-oil, 253 ecosystem services, effect on (see Ecosystem Biorefinery, 338–339 services) Bipolaris sorkiniana, 132 grain-based, 31–32 (see also Grain crops, for Blastobasis repartella, 132–133 biofuel production) Blenders Tax Credit, 424, 425 land and water footprints of, from different Blueberry, factor, 432–437, 457–459 feedstocks, 61, 62t Botanical names, 449–450 life-cycle GHG balance of, 451 Bradyrhizobium japonicum (rhizobial bacteria), practices and policies for, 371, 372t 166 production costs, 341–345 Brassica carinata. See Ethiopian mustard social impact of, 352 Brazil, 10–12, 19, 23, 54, 185–186, 425 sustainability of biodiversity threat, 369–370 develop alternative biofuel feedstocks, and ethanol production, 19, 24, 54, 90–91, 374–375 336, 342–343, 351, 356 improved plantation management practices, soybean production in, 168 373–374 sugarcane production in, 53, 70, 244–245 policy interventions and initiatives, Brundtland Commission, 4 375–376 BtL (biomass to liquid) fuels, 24, 339 using degraded lands, 371–373 Buffer strips, 373 as transportation fuel, 9 Burnt cane harvesting, 72 trends in production of, 451 By-products, biofuels, 282–283, 340–341, vs. fossil fuels, 8–9 351–352 Biofuel sustainability for alternative energy source, 16, 17f Camelina (Camelina sativa), 177 case study on, 11–14 adaptations to drought conditions, 179 concept of, 9 description, 177–178 economic component, 10 land-use changes and, 179–181 environmental component, 10 as low-input crop, 178–179 social component, 9–10 in mixed cropping, 181 concerns nitrogen requirements, 179 competitiveness with fossil fuels, 24–26, resistance to pests and diseases, 179 25f Cancun Agreements, 349 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

Index 453

Carbon capture and storage (CCS), 350 Ecosystem Carbon debt, 24, 168, 269 creative rearrangement, 8 Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy-related, defined, 357 349–350 Ecosystem carbon payback time (ECPT), 186 Carbon intensity (CI), 397–402 Ecosystem services, 357 Carbon sequestration, 315–318 agriculture and, 359 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), 348 biofuel production and, 359–366 Cassava, effects on soil quality, 265t sustainability of, 371–376 Cellulosic biofeedstock production, 418–423 cultural services, 357 Cellulosic biofuels, 409 biofuels and, 365–366 Cellulosic crops, 19, 21, 22 and drivers of change, 359 Cellulosic ethanol, 13, 24, 38, 205, 338, 343 effect of grain-based biofuels on, 35–37 C4 grain-based biofuel crops, 42 MA evaluation of, 358t Chaetocnema pulicaria, 132 provisioning services, 357 Chilling hour map, for Georgia, 437, 457 biofuels and, 360–362 Chilophaga virgate Gagne, 133 regulating services, 357 Chilo sacchariphagus, 67 biofuels and, 362–365 Chopper harvesters, 75 supporting services, 357 Chrysomela scripta F. (cottonwood leaf beetle), Eldana stalk borer, 64 225 Electricity, from sugarcane, 69 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA) of 1990, Elephant grass, 24 11–12 Empoasca fabae Uhler (potato leafhoppers), 225 Climate change, 240–244 Energy cane, 86–87 Climatic variability, effects of, 241–243 Energy crop, ideal, 110–111, 111t. See also Consequential LCA (CLCA), 190 Grass-based bioenergy crops Conservation International, 366 acceptance/adoption by growers, 115 Coppice regeneration, 207 adaptation to target site, 111–112 Council on Sustainable Biomass Production biomass yield, 112–113 (CSBP), 423 breeding potential, 114 C4 photomechanism, 143–144 establishment, 111 Cronartium fusiforme Hedg. (fusiform rust), feedstock quality, 113–114 226 geographic/stress range, 112 Crop residues, 36–37 impact on environment, 116–117 Crop waste, use of, 16, 23 input requirements, 115 Cultural adaptation, 115 management requirements, 115–116 Cultural services, 365–366 pest susceptibility, 112 Cynodon dactylon, 68 seed/propagule production, 114 weediness, 112 DDT (1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4- Energy feedstock yield, for European countries, chlorophenyl)ethane), 6–7 387t Deforestation, for biofuel production, 271 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), Delia brassicae Wiedemann, 179 12–14, 190, 408 Dendroctonus spp. (bark beetles), 226 Energy life-cycle analysis (ELCA), 190–191 Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, 127 Energy Policy Act in 2005, 12, 13 Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, 127 Energy return on investment (EROI), 167 Diclofenac, 7 Energy security, 330–332 Digitaria scalarum, 68 bioenergy potential of biomass, 332–335 Dolichogenidea metesae, 373 biofuels, 335–339 Double sowing, 278 for air travel, 339–340 Dried distillers’ grains and soluable (DDGS), co-products of biofuel production, 340–341 340–341, 351 financing for, 345, 414 “Dust Bowl”, 6, 7 global trade in, 348–349 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

454 Index

Energy security (Continued ) scarcity of, 239 production costs, 341–345 storage and use of, 239 transport policies, 345–348 Fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase Energy Tax Act of 1978, 12 (PFP), 86 Energy use efficiency (EUE), 397–402 Fungicides, use of, in sugarcane fields, 64 Environmental impact analysis, 443–446, 445f, 461, 462 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 114, Environmental LCA, 190 117 Erianthus arundinaceus, 86 Genetically modified soybean (GM soybean), Ethanol 166–167 global production of, 336 Geographic information system (GIS), 432 international trade in, 348–349 Georgia GIS Data Clearinghouse, 433 major producers of, 336 Geospatial data gateway, 433 production costs, 342–343 Geospatial technology, 437 production of Giant miscanthus, fertility requirement of, from maize, 245–249 306–310 from sugarcane, 244–245 Giant reed, 112 use of, as biofuel, 10–14 adaptations, 120–122 Ethanol “blending wall,” 346, 347 crop management and production, 122–123 Ethanol fuel ED95, 347 description, 118–119, 119f Ethiopian mustard distribution, 120 agronomics, 173–174 fertility requirement of, 312–313 breeding of, 175 limited genetic diversity, 119 origin, 173 origins, 120 quality and uses of, 174–175 “Global 200” ecoregions, 366–367 and sustainability considerations, 175–177 Global warming, 10, 325 Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (ETBE), 347 Glycerin, 283, 344–345 Eucalyptus, 265t Glyphosat, 68 Euphorbia heterophylla, 373 Grain crops, for biofuel production, 31–32 European Union, 10 conversion technologies and, 43–44 demand for food and energy and, 32–33 Fertility requirement, of bioenergy crops, ecosystem services, effect on, 35–37 303–304 environmental impacts, 37–39 giant miscanthus, 306–310 genetic improvement of, 40–42 giant reed, 312–313 impact on food security, 33–34 reed canarygrass, 314–315 and land-use change, 39–40 sorghums, 310–312 life-cycle analysis (LCA) studies and, 42–43 sugarcane, 313–314 opportunities and challenges 34–35 switchgrass, 304–306 research needs and future perspective, 46–47 Fertilizers, demand of, 301–303 sustainability of, 44–46 Fischer–Tropsch process (FTP), 395 Grain-derived ethanol industry, 36 Flex-fuel vehicles (FFV), 347 Grass-based bioenergy crops, 117–118, 117t, Food losses, 327–328 135–136 Food security, risks to, 326–330 A. donax, 118–123 Forage choppers, 137 harvest methods and storage issues, 137 Forest quality analysis, model for, 443, 444f, logistics and process considerations, 137–139 460, 461 nutrient management and harvest timing, Forward genetics, 84 136–137 Fossil fuels, 8–9 P.virgatum, 130–135 Fresh water, 361 and sustainability issues, 139 for biofuel/bioenergy crops, 240 (see also C4 versus C3 species, 143–144 Water supply) diversity and wildlife, 140–141 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

Index 455

energy and carbon balances, 142–143 International Energy Agency (IEA), 9, 31, 54, life-cycle models and challenges, 145–146 331 marginal land and indirect land-use change, International Organization for Standardization, 142 423 waste streams, 144–145 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique, water, 140 434 Green cane harvesting, 70–72 InVEST, 376 Greenhouse effect, 383 Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 9, 325, 349, Jatropha, 265t, 370, 374 383–384. See also Life-cycle assessment Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), (LCA) 114 changes in land use and, 350–351 Jet fuel plant (British Airways), 340 conversion processes and cost, 393, 396t Job creation, by biofuel industry, 15, 352 biodiesel, 394 Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense L.), 112 biogas, 394 biomass fuels, 393 Land acquisitions, large-scale, 329–330 biorefined biodiesel, 395–396 Land, competition for, 328–330 cellulose ethanol, 395 Land degradation, 281 ethanol, 393–394 Land energy intensity (LEI), 397–402 and crop management Landscape, 365 food crops grown for energy, 391–392 Landscape services, 365 Miscanthus, 392–393 Land-use change (LUC), 22–23, 328, 350 SRC willow, 392 for biofuel, environmental impact of, 37–38, fertilizers use and, 391 349–352 grain-based biofuels and, 37–39 direct LUC, 37, 39 indirect land-use change and GHG emissions, effects of, on soil quality, 268–271 402 and GHG emissions, 350–351 land cover change and, 384–386 indirect LUC (iLUC), 37, 39–40, 43, 326, 335, limited availability of suitable land and, 386 350, 351 lowering of, by biofuels, 17, 18f, 350 LCA. See Life-cycle assessment (LCA) release of, 383 Learning vector quantization (LVQ), 440 soil emissions, 386, 388–390 Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg), 171 Green Vision Group (GVG), Inc., 408 Life-cycle assessment (LCA), 383 attributional, 190 Heartland Renewable Energy (HRE) LLC, of biodiesel from oil crops, 190–193 408 component of, 410–413 Heavy metals, in soil, 284–285 of grain-based biofuel crops, 42–43 Herbicides, used in sugarcane, 68 herbaceous energy cropping systems and, High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR), 170 145–146 High intensity low diversity (HILD) crops, 263, and market/regulatory environment, 413 266f, 279, 454 emissions pricing scheme, 413 Highlands Enviro Fuels LLC (HEF), 408–409 emissions regulatory scheme, 413 Hot water treatment, of sugarcane, 64 methodology and boundary conditions, Hyaloperonospora camelinae, 179 396–402 Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), 338 soil quality and, 269 Hyperaccumulators, 231, 284 of sugarcane biofuel production, 88–91 types, 190 Indonesia, oil palm plantation in, 185, 369 Loblolly pine SRWCsystems. See Pine SRWC Integrated pest management systems, 373 systems Intercropping, in sugarcane fields, 68 Longidorus breviannulatus, 127 International Civil Aviation Organization Low intensity high diversity (LIHD) crops, 263, (ICAO), 339 266f, 279, 282, 373, 454 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

456 Index

LULC analysis map of Georgia, 437, 457 Nitrous oxide emissions, from fertilizers, 391 Lupinus angustifolius, 181 NOAA National Weather Service Database, 433 Nonuse values, 365 Maize, 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 33–45, 360–361, 363, North Dakota State University (NDSU), 408 408 NovacaneR ,64 effects on soil quality, 264t Nutrient loss, biofuel crops and, 279, 280t ethanol production from, 245–249 Maize cobs, 36, 38, 420 Octane-boosting property, of biofuels, 10 Maize streak virus (MSV), 66 Oil crops, 165. See also specific crop Malaysia, oil palm plantation in, 185, 369 camelina, 177–181 Manual sugarcane harvesting, 74–76, 75t, 76t Ethiopian mustard, 173–177 Map algebra, 432 life-cycle analysis of biofuel from, 190–191 Marginal lands, energy crops on, 142, 281 camelina and Ethiopian mustard biodiesel, Marker-assisted selection (MAS), 83–84 193 Mean vegetation species index (MVSI), 443 palm oil biodiesel, 193 Melampsora epitea, 231 rapeseed biodiesel, 192–193 Melampsora medusae Thuem. (leaf rust), 225 soybean biodiesel, 191–192 Meloidogyne hapla, 127 oil palm, 181–190 Metarhizium anisopliae (entomophagous rapeseed, 168–173 fungus), 188 soybean, 165–168 Micropropagation, 64 yields, 182f Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), Oil palm, 181–182 357–359 for biodiesel production, 183–184 ecosystem services evaluation, 358t cultivation, and rural employment, 184 Miscanthus spp., 123–130, 270, 392–393 effects on soil quality, 265t adaptations, 125–128 food use of, 183 crop management and production, 128–130 greenhouse gas footprint, 186 description, 123–125, 124f land-use change due to, 184–186 distribution, 125 nutrient and management practices, 188 effects on soil quality, 265t oil mill effluents, uses of, 189 origins, 125 palm biomass, uses of, 188–189 and soil carbon changes, 389–390 research achievements and initiatives, Mixed cropping systems, 181 189–190 Moldboard ploughing, 267 sustainability considerations, 186–188 Mustard meal, 174–175 Orange rust, 66 Mythimna (Pseudaletia) unipuncta, 127 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 348, 363 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Agreement), 15 Countries (OPEC), 10 NASA-sponsored low-resolution SRTM-based Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle), 188 Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 433 National Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Palm oil biodiesel, LCA studies on, 193 Technology (INMETRO), 375 Panicum mosaic virus (PMV), 132 National Map Viewer, 433 Panicum virgatum. See Switchgrass National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Panthera tigris sumatrae (Sumatran tiger), 369 191 Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), 376 Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard), 369 Pellet Fuels Institute, 423 Net energy ratio (NER), 191 Perennial crops, 10, 17–18, 35–36, 263, 303, Net present value (NPV), 73, 227–228, 417, 455 335, 374 Nigorsproa oryzae, 121 Phyllotreta cruciferae, 179 Nitrogen fertilization, 302, 304 Phytoremediation, 230–231 Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), 42, 46, 167, 172 Pineapple sett rot, 64 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

Index 457

Pine SRWC systems, 216, 218–219 RNA-seq technology, 85 silvicultural inputs and yield, 219–223 Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Pisum sativum, 181 association, 168 Pithomyces chartarum, 127 Row crops, impact on biodiversity, 368 Plantation crops, impact on biodiversity, Rural employment, biofuel industry and, 15, 92 368–370 Plant oils, for biodiesel production, 165. See also Saccharum–Sorghum hybrids, 87 Oil crops Saccharum spontaneum, 86, 87 Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot), 171 Salinity, 60 Plutella xylostella, 179 effect on biomass production, 60–61, 61t Poplar SRWC systems, 213 Saltatoria, 132 on degraded agricultural land, 213–214 Saskatoon Research Centre of Agriculture & drivers of, 214 Agri-Food Canada (AAFC-SRC), 175 in phytoremediation, 231 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (sclerotinia stem rot), silvicultural inputs and yield, 214–217 171, 179 Population growth, and increase in food demand, Self-organizing map (SOM), 440 326–327 Short rotation coppice (SRC), 371, 374 Prairie model, 135 Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) systems, Pratylenchus, 65 205 Precision agriculture, 68, 437, 439–443, 442f, for bioenergy production, 206–207, 226–230 460 definition of, 205 Puccinia sparganioides, 66 DOE’s biomass production goals and, Pyrolysis, 144–145, 252–253 205–206 Pythium sylvaticum, 127 and environmental sustainability issues, 223 herbicides, 223–224 Radial basis function network (RBFN), 440 nutrient management, 224–225 Rapeseed biodiesel, LCA studies on, 192–193 pests and pathogens, 225–226 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) soil compaction, 226 breeding of, genetic diversity for, 170–171 tillage and erosion, 223 description of, 168–169, 169t intensive silviculture techniques for, 206, effects on soil quality, 264t 229–230 hybrid and open pollinated (OP) varieties, phytoremediation potential, 230–231 169–170 pine, 216–223 new varieties of, development of, 172 poplar, 213–216 oil content of, improvement in, 170 shrub willow, 207–213 sustainability in production of, 171–172 sustainability of, primary factors affecting, Rapeseed methyl ester (RME), 170 207, 207f, 226 Ratoon-stunting disease, 67 Shrub willow (Salix spp.) SRWC systems, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and 207–208 Degradation (REDD), 376 in phytoremediation, 231 Reed canarygrass, fertility requirement of, silvicultural inputs and yield, 208–213 314–315 species commonly used, 208 Renewable Energy Directive (RED), of Silent Spring, 6 European Union, 171 Sink saturation, 318 Renewable energy, from sugarcane, 69–70 Sipha flava (Forbes), 127 Renewable fuel standard (RFS), 13, 408 Site-specific crop management (SSCM), 437, Renewable source directive (EU-RES-D), 375 439–440 Reverse genetics, 84 Social impact, of biofuel production, 352 Rhizasidiotus donacis, 121 Soil compaction, 266–267 Rhopalosiphum maidis, 127 Soil erosion, 277–279, 364 Rhopalosiphum padi, 127 Soil organic carbon (SOC), 266, 273–277, 386, Riparian ecosystems, destruction of, 370 388–390 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

458 Index

Soil organic matter (SOM), 273–277 Sugar beet Soil quality, 261–262 economics of biofuel production from, case assessment of, 262 study on, 414–418 biofuel crop production and effects on soil quality, 264t classification of biofuel crops, 262–263, feedstock, 408–409 264t–265t, 266f Sugarcane effects of biofuel crops, 263, 266–271 disease control system, 63 land-use change, 268–271 field control practices, 64 soil management effects, 263, 266–268 fungicides use, 64 by-products addition for, 282–283 seedcane quality, 63–64 definition of, 262 varietal resistance, 63 degraded soils, for biofuel production, diseases and pests, 62–63 281–282 effects on soil quality, 264t impacts of annual and perennial crops on, 263, energy in:energy out (I/O) ratio, 54 266 environmental requirements for remediation of soil, 283–286 climate, 55–56, 56t and sustainable crop production, 271–272 soil, 56–57, 57t, 58t threats to, 272, 273f fertility requirement of, 313–314 on- and off-site pollution, 279–281 and future initiatives, 93 soil erosion intensification, 277–279 general description of crop, 53 soil organic matter decline, 273–277 genetics and breeding Soil quality index (SQI), 267 breeding for energy cane, 86–87 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), 34, 113, forward and reverse genetics approaches, 310–312 84–85 South African Sugarcane Research Institute molecular resources and genome (SASRI), 63 challenges, 82–84 South Africa, sugar industry in, 62, 66, transgenic route, 85–86 69–71 harvesting, 68–70 Soybean biodiesel burnt cane harvesting, 72 LCA studies on, 191–192 cane losses during, 76, 79–80 production in USA, 183f change from burnt cane to green cane Soybean (Glycine max), 368 harvesting, 72 description, 165–166 cost of, 80, 81t effects on soil quality, 264t economics of trashing versus burning, high value, breeding of, 166 72–73 production of, sustainability in fully mechanized harvesting, 74–75 GM soybean, 166–167 green cane harvesting, 70–72 land-use change, 168 manual harvesting, 74, 75–76 soybean dinitrogen fixation, 167–168 performance of harvesting machinery, 76, Spatial model building, for crop suitability 78t–79t analysis semi-mechanized harvesting, 74 data acquisition, 433–434 trash recovery systems, 80–81, 82f raster data development and suitability-based and life-cycle assessment studies, 88–91 reclassification major producers of, 53 chilling hour raster, 434 nematode control, 65 geospatial model development, 435–437 new diseases and management, 66–67 LULC raster, 434 nutrients uptake by, 57–59, 58t, 59f, soil rasters, 434–435 60f spatial overlay, 435 pest management, 64 suitable factors for crop production, 432–433, physiology, 87–88 433t for production of biofuel, 53–55 Spodoptera frugiperda, 127, 132 as renewable energy source, 69 State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) soil sustainable production of, 91–93 data, 433 water requirement, 59–61, 61t, 62t BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

Index 459

weed control, 67–68 consumptive use and renewable water supply, yield, 81 by water-resources regions, 242, 452 Sugarcane agricultural residues (SCAR), 69, 70 maize production in, 245–249, 245f, 247f, Sugarcane bacilliform virus, 66 452, 453 Sugarcane mosaic virus, 66 United States Environmental Protection Agency Sugarcane streak virus (SSV), 66 (EPA), 12–14 SUMMA (SUstainability Multi-scale USDA-NRCS Geospatial Data Gateway, 433 Multi-method Approach), 175 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Sunflower, 175, 177, 180, 182, 264t, 267, 280t Conservation Reserve Programs, 368 Sus scrofa (wild pig), 369 U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), 112, Sustainability. See also Sustainable agriculture 205–206, 206f herbaceous energy systems and, 139–146 U.S. National Resources Conservation Service origin of, 4 (NRCS), 315 relevance of, 4 U.S. renewable fuels standard (RFS), 346 Sustainable agriculture Utilitarian concept, 365 awareness to, 6–7 definitions of, 5 Waste streams, from bioenergy facilities, description of, 5–6 144–145 goals of, 5 Water erosion, 278 legal definition of, 5 Water pollution, 363–364 need of, 5–6 Water requirements, of biofuel crops, 61t Sustainable development, defined, 4 Water supply, 239–240 Sweet sorghum, 16, 19, 21, 34, 38–41, 46, 90, alternatives for improvement of, for bioenergy 176, 248t, 250, 264t, 310–312 crops, 249–253 Switchgrass, 111, 130 drainage control and water table adaptations, 131–133 management, 251–252 crop management and production, 133–135 shifts in crop production, 249–250 description, 130–131 thermochemical conversion, 252–253 distribution, 131 treated wastewater, use of, 250–251 effects on soil quality, 265t climate and weather impact on, 240–244 fertility requirement of, 304–306 for crops for ethanol production, 244 origins, 131 maize production in United States, 245–249 sugarcane production in Brazil, 244–245 “Technology push” policies, 338 efficient use of, 329 Temik, 65 impact of biofuel production on, 361–362 Tetra lobulifera (Keifer) (cottonwood leaf curl water demands for Billion-Ton Vision, 249 mite), 225 Weighted overlay analysis, 432 Thlaspi caerulescens, 284 Wheat, 19, 31–34, 37, 41, 42, 45, 171, 172, 264t Tillage, effect of, on soil quality, 267 Wheat–summer fallow, 179 Tilletia macalagani, 132 Wheat yellow leaf virus, 66 Transgenic sugarcane, 85–86 Whole stalk harvesters, 74–75 Transport biofuels, 334, 335 Woody biomass, 205, 335. See also Transport emissions, reductions in, 350 Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) Trash blanket, 71 systems Triticum aestivum, 181 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 4. See also United Nations Conference on the Human Brundtland Commission Environment (UNCHE), 4 World primary energy demand, 330–332, 331f United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 433 Xiphinema americanum, 127 United Nations-Food and Agricultural Xiphinema rivesi, 127 Organization (UN-FAO), 433 United States, 10 ZAE Cana (Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning biofuel industry, start and support for, 11–14 for Ethanol Production), 23, 350 BLBS127-IND BLBS127-Singh Printer: Yet to Come April 29, 2013 19:45 Trim: 244mm×170mm

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