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Didactics and Cosmos: Heaven and Hell in the Early Colonial Murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico Mikkel Bøg Clemmensen

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Didactics and Cosmos: Heaven and Hell in the Early Colonial Murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico Mikkel Bøg Clemmensen CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 14 Contributions in New World Archaeology ( ISSN 2080-8216 ) is a semi-annual journal dealing with various aspects of North and South American archaeology, anthropology and ethnohistory. Its main aim is to publish results of archaeological excavations and surveys conducted in various parts of the New World as well as to present papers devoted to the studies of collections of archaeological artefacts discovered in either American continent. Moreover, the journal addresses such subjects as theory, methodology and practice in New World archaeology. www.cnwajournal.org E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL OFFICE: EDITORS: 'HSDUWPHQWRI1HZ:RUOG$UFKDHRORJ\ -DQXV].U]\V]WRI.R]áRZVNL ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\ -DURVáDZħUDáND -DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5DGRVáDZ3DORQND *ROHELD6WUHHW 0LFKDá:DVLOHZVNL .UDNRZ 3RODQG Telephone: +48 126631595 EDITORIAL BOARD: Robert H. Brunswig Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, USA Víctor González Fernandez Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Christophe Helmke ,QVWLWXWHRI&URVV&XOWXUDODQG5HJLRQDO6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI&RSHQKDJHQ'HQPDUN 0LFKDá.REXVLHZLF] ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\RIWKH3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV 3R]QDĔ%UDQFK 3RODQG .U]\V]WRI0DNRZVNL 3RQWL¿FLD8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFDGHO3HU~/LPD3HUX $OHNVDQGHU3RVHUQ=LHOLĔVNL 'HSDUWPHQWRI(WKQRORJ\DQG&XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\$GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\3R]QDĔ 3RODQG 0DULXV]6=LyáNRZVNL &HQWUHIRU3UHFROXPELDQ6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUVDZ3RODQG Publishing House -$*,(//21,$181,9(56,7< ,167,787(2)$5&+$(2/2*< CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 14 Proceedings of the 24th European Maya Conference Cracow, November 11-16, 2019 3DUW Edited by &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH+DUUL.HWWXQHQDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND .UDNyZ Cover image: Details of the murals from the chapel of Santa María Xoxoteco, Mexico. 3KRWRE\0LNNHO%¡J&OHPPHQVHQ /LQJXLVWLFHGLWRUV English: 6WHYH-RQHV *% %$LQ0RGHUQ/DQJXDJHV – English, Director of Distinction /DQJXDJH&HQWUH*GDĔVN3RODQG&ROOHHQ6XQGHUODQG 86$ 0$LQ0RGHUQ/DQJXDJHV± (QJOLVK72()/WHVWVHYDOXDWRU%HOOLQJKDP86$ Spanish: (ZD3DOND 3/ 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH)LORORJtD5RPiQLFD±8QLYHUVLGDG-DJXHOyQLFD .UDNyZ3RORQLD 6FLHQWL¿FHGLWRUV &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH+DUUL.HWWXQHQDQG-HVSHU1LHOVHQ Cover art design )LOLS6]W\EHU *UDSKLFVHGLWLQJDQG'73 3UR¿O$UFKHR3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVHDQG(OĪELHWD)LGOHUħUDáND © Copyright by: Jagiellonian University – Institute of Archaeology .UDNyZ ISSN 2080-8216 '2,FQZD The print version of Contributions in New World Archaeology is the primary, reference version of this journal 3XEOLNDFMD¿QDQVRZDQDSU]H]8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNL =ZLĊNV]HQLHSR]LRPXXPLĊG]\QDURGRZLHQLDRUD]SRSUDZDGRVWĊSQRĞFLF]DVRSLVPD Contribtutions in New World Archeology ]DGDQLH¿QDQVRZDQHZUDPDFKXPRZ\ QU3'81]HĞURGNyZ0LQLVWHUVWZD1DXNLL6]NROQLFWZD:\ĪV]HJR SU]H]QDF]RQ\FKQDG]LDáDOQRĞüXSRZV]HFKQLDMąFąQDXNĊ Indexed on Contents )rom the editors 9DVLMDVQRFRQTXLVWDGDV3DWURQHVGHFRQWLQXLGDGGHODFHUiPLFDPD\D Dora Maritza García Patzán 33 Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico Mikkel Bøg Clemmensen &KLODP%DODP³SURSKHFLHV´DQGWKH6SDQLVKLQYDVLRQDQGRFFXSDWLRQRI<XFDWDQ Bruce Love /LQJXLVWLFDUFKDHRORJ\LQWKH3RTRPFKL¶VSHDNLQJDUHDWUDFLQJODQJXDJHFRQWDFWV before and after the conquest Igor Vinogradov 97 New World words and things LQWKH2OG:RUOGKRZWKH$PHULFDVFRQTXHUHG the world Harri Kettunen 7KHSHQLQVXODU0D\D¶VXQ¿QLVKHGVSLULWXDOFRQTXHVW Lorraine A. Williams-Beck FROM THE EDITORS This issue of the Contributions in New World Archaeology journal contains the second set of papers presented at the 24 th (XURSHDQ 0D\D &RQIHUHQFH (0& WKDW WRRN SODFH LQ .UDNyZEHWZHHQWKH th and 16 th of November, 2019. The title of the 24 th EMC was Contact and Conquest in the Maya World and Beyond , and it concentrated on the events 500 years ago, since the start of the conquest of Mexico, as well as the colonization and collision of cultures from the early sixteenth century onwards, the changes it brought about, and the dawn of globalization. The conference also addressed the subject of conquests and contacts between GL൵HUHQW0HVRDPHULFDQVRFLHWLHVDQGFXOWXUHVEHIRUHWKH(XURSHDQDUULYDO 'XULQJ WKH FRQIHUHQFH PRUH WKDQ WZHQW\ SDSHUV ZHUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH ¿UVW SDUW RI contributions has been published in volume 13 of CNWA. The present volume contains another set of six papers that are mostly concentrated on the subject of Spanish conquest and changes it brought to Mesoamerica as seen in the art, ceramic production, languages, and religion, and how WKH&ROXPELDQH[FKDQJHLQÀXHQFHGQRWRQO\WKH1HZ:RUOGEXWDOVRWKH2OG 7KH YROXPH EHJLQV ZLWK DQ DUWLFOH E\ 'RUD 0DULW]D *DUFtD 3DW]iQ WLWOHG Vasijas no conquistadas: Patrones de continuidad de la cerámica maya . The author describes changes brought by conquest and colonization in the process of ceramic production in Guatemala and Mexico. The author also shows that despite the introduction of new European ceramic modes, many production techniques and decorations of pre-Columbian origin were maintained in the manufacture of ceramics not only during the colonial period but even up until today. The following article, Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico E\0LNNHO%¡J&OHPPHQVHQUHSRUWVRQ the fascinating colonial period murals that were used in the process of evangelization and conversion of indigenous people of central Mexico. Clemmensen concentrates on presenting many iconographic elements of pre-Columbian origin that were used by friars and local artists to describe the most important concepts and elements of the Christian religion. 7KHQH[WSDSHULQWKHYROXPHLVE\%UXFH/RYHDQGLVWLWOHG Chilam Balam ‘prophecies’ and the Spanish invasion and occupation of Yucatan . The author discusses the famous passages IURPWKH%RRNVRI&KLODP%DODPDWWULEXWHGWR¿YH ah kin , the ritual specialists and diviners who LQWHUSUHWHGWKHZRUGVRIWKHJRGVLQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\<XFDWDQ7KHVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWWKH ah kin were contemporary cohorts from neighboring polities in the western and northern peninsula and that they urged their old enemy, the Itza Maya, to accept the new religion and people from the HDVW7KHSDSHUUHH[DPLQHVWKH6SDQLVKLQYDVLRQDQGRFFXSDWLRQRI<XFDWDQDQG¿QGVWKDWLQ WKH\HDUVSULRUWRWKHLQTXLVLWLRQWULDOVE\'LHJRGH/DQGDWKHUHZDVLQFHQWLYHIRUWKH0D\DWR FROODERUDWHZLWKWKH6SDQLDUGVDQGWKH)UDQFLVFDQPLVVLRQDULHV 8 From the editors ,JRU9LQRJUDGRY¶VSDSHU Linguistic archaeology in the Poqomchi’-speaking area: tracing language contacts before and after the conquest focuses on language contacts in the Maya DUHDE\DQDO\]LQJHDUO\FRORQLDOPDQXVFULSWVZULWWHQLQ3RTRPFKL¶7KHVHZULWWHQGRFXPHQWV FDQEHXVHGLQUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHVRFLDOFRQWH[WRIWKHVSHDNHUV)RUH[DPSOHVLPLODULWLHVLQ WKHJUDPPDWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWGXULQJWKHFRORQLDOSHULRGFDQEHREVHUYHGEHWZHHQ3RTRPFKL¶ DQG4¶HTFKL¶,QWHUHVWLQJO\KRZHYHU3RTRPFKL¶PDLQWDLQVWKHWHQGHQF\WRERUURZOLQJXLVWLF VWUXFWXUHV UDWKHU WKDQ LQGLYLGXDO OH[HPHV ZKLFK PD\ EH GXH WR WKH GHOLEHUDWH H൵RUWV RI WKH VSHDNHUVWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUOLQJXLVWLFLGHQWLW\ In the next paper, New World words and things in the Old World: How the Americas conquered the world, +DUUL .HWWXQHQ H[DPLQHV WKH OLQJXLVWLF DQG ELRORJLFDO H൵HFWV RI WKH Columbian exchange by analyzing the history of lexical borrowings from Indigenous languages RIWKH$PHULFDVDURXQGWKHZRUOGDVZHOODVWKHKLVWRU\RI1HZ:RUOGLWHPVLQWKH2OG:RUOG Whereas the Columbian exchange brought numerous plants and animals, as well as technology DQGGLVHDVHVWRWKH1HZ:RUOGWKHÀRZRI1HZ:RUOGLWHPVWRWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGZDVPXFK more restricted, involving primarily cultivated plants. However, the author points out that if we consider the Columbian exchange to be an ongoing process, there are numerous species RIÀRUDDQGIDXQDWKDWDUHFRQWLQXDOO\VSUHDGLQJWRQHZDUHDVPDLQO\ZLWKWKHLQWHQWLRQDORU XQLQWHQWLRQDOKHOSRIKXPDQV)XUWKHUPRUH.HWWXQHQSRLQWVRXWWKDWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHRULJLQV of the species and cultigens, the history of their global dispersal, and the Indigenous methods that foster diversity, provides us with better tools to understand the interconnectedness of culture DQGELRGLYHUVLW\,QDGGLWLRQXQOLNHWKHµLWHPV¶WKHPVHOYHVWKHFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJHDQGGLYHUVLW\ RI1HZ:RUOGSODQWVDQGIRRGVWX൵VGLGQRWDOZD\VWUDYHODORQJZLWKWKHSURGXFWVOHDGLQJDW times, to unwanted consequences, as in the case of malnutrition or famines caused by maize in Africa and potatoes in Ireland. Besides these, the study discusses loanwords that originate in Indigenous American languages and reveals interesting generational patterns in their usage outside the area of the origin of the terms: some terms that were common a few decades ago have all but disappeared today, while others have started a new life in popular culture. 7KHYROXPHFORVHVZLWKDQDUWLFOHE\/RUUDLQH$:LOOLDPV%HFNWLWOHG The peninsular Maya’s XQ¿QLVKHG VSLULWXDO FRQTXHVW The author continues with the topic of indigenous responses WR WKH LGHRORJLFDO DQG UHOLJLRXV FKDQJHV EURXJKW WR WKH<XFDWDQ3HQLQVXOD E\ WKH FRQTXHVW :LOOLDPV%HFNFRQFHQWUDWHVRQWKHVXEMHFWRIUHOLJLRXVIXVLRQDQGV\QFUHWLVPDVZHOODVWKH FRQWLQXLW\RISUH&ROXPELDQHOHPHQWVLQFRORQLDODUWDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGEHOLHIVLQWKH<XFDWDQ 3HQLQVXOD IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH PXQLFLSDO VHDW FKXUFK DQG FRQYHQW FRPSOH[ LQ RQH DXWRQRPRXV political jurisdiction near the Spanish viceregal administrative seat in Mérida, and other LQGLJHQRXVFRPPXQLW\FKXUFKHVXQGHUWKLVDQG7L]LPLQ¶V0LVVLRQVHFFOHVLDVWLFDOMXULVGLFWLRQLQ the northeastern peninsular Maya hinterlands. The study suggests a more autonomously derived divine substrate to characterize Maya religious practice – rather than a Roman Catholic and 0D\DV\QFUHWLVPRU&DWKROLFV\QWKHVLVRIDXWRQRPRXVSKLORVRSK\±DQGSRLQWWRDQXQ¿QLVKHG
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