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Dr. Martin Luthers Liv Og Levnet This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com Library ok tke 'Aniversity ok Wisconsin S. O. Vinter Ar. Martin Luthers Lid og Lcdnct Prof. W. Wackernagel. Udgivet paa Waisenhusets Forlag af Past. E. I. Homme. Wittenberg, Wis. Chieago 1S83. — Trykt i "Nordens" Bogtrykkeri. 723 Liste ^' ^St k^!3<iIi8O5i. V«l 53706-1494 230971 lM Jndhold. l. Dunkle Timer fpr Daggrnet 2 iL TNdffland omkring Aaret R»»« 8 in. Morgenrsdens Forbud I« 1. Luthers Forcrldre, Fpdlel og tidlige Ungdom 1« 2. I Magdeburg, Eisenach °g Erfurt 14 3. JKlofteret 21 4. Prvestevielsm 26 5. I Wittenberg 27 6. Det hellige Rom 2» 7. Doetor i den hellige Skrift 32 iv. Morgenrsden N 8. Afladshandelen og Theserne 37 9. Forderet i Augsburg 46 1«. Disputationen i Leipzig. 64 11. Banbullen «2 v. Middagstiden 7" 12. Rigsdagen i Worms 7» 13. PaaWartburg 84 14. Svcrrmerne 1^ 15. Ny Ordnirv, 107 16. Evangel et i Riget 113 17. Bryllupsaaret 116 18. Bibeloverscettelsen 123 19. Katekismerne 126 20. Samtalen i Marburg 132 21. Paa Coburg >W 22. Prcrsten og Profesiorm ISS 2S. Schmalkalden l6l 24. Kirkesangen 162 vi. Om Aftenen stal »et blive inst i«« 25. Husfaderen 1ö9 2S. I Strid °g Fred 17S 27. D?d og Begraoelse i88 vii. «ttesminde M I. DunKke Timer för DaggrMt. Et hundrede Aar og derover fFr drn tyske Reformators Wdsel hcrvede sig paa mange Steder i Kristenheden R^ster for en Reforma tion paa Hoved og Lemmer. Det latinske Ord R,«formg,ti« betvder Gjenoprettelse og Omdannelse. Jesu Kristi Kirke skulde blive gjen- oprettet i sin oprindelige rene og skriftmcrssige Skikkelse. Den Mand, der blev anseet som Kirkens Hoved, Paven, skulde fremfor Alt vcrre en Kristi Tjener og Efterf^lger. Lemmerne, iscrr Geistligheden, skulde igjen lcrre og leve, saaledes som den hellige Skrift fordrede af dem, og som de f^rste Kristne havde gjort. Paven kaldte sig Jesu Kristi Stat- holder paa Jorden ; Presterne kaldte sig en udvalgt Slcrgt og et helligt Folk; alle Lcrgfolk vare jo d^bte og tilbade i utallige Kirker; overalt var Korset oprettet. Stod det da virkelig saa daarligt til med Kirken, at det betcrnkelige Ord Reformation kunde opkomme ? Hundrede Aar for Luthers Ddsel fad en Pave paa St. Peters Stol i Rom, og en anden Pave var paa famme Tid i Avignon i Frank- rig. Enhver af dem paastod, at han var den eneste, retmcrssige Pave. Jngen vilde vige. De forbandede hinanden til Helvedes Afgrund. Den, som var i Rom, formanede Kristenheden til at adlvde ham alene. Men den, som var i Avignon, befalede Kristenheden at h^re ham alene. Paa Grund af Splittelsen bleve Folk og Fyrster indviklede i blodig Strid, og de pavelige Skattebyrder hvilede paa dem med fordoblet Vagt. — 2 — J treti Aar varede disse Afskyeligheder. Endelig traadte en Kirke- forsamling (Oonciiiuin) sammen i Pisa (1409). Den lcrrde Johan Gerson afsatte begge Paver og valgte en .nn. Men de to Modpaver f^iede sig ikke, og saa gaves der i 6 Aar tre Paver i Kirken, som nu gjensidig forfulgte og lnste hverandre i Ban. Alle tre vare uduelige Mennesker ; ja en af dem havde vcrret en S^wver. Som Herren er, saa f^lge hans Svende. De historiske Opteg- nelser og de Folkeviser og Ordsprog, som skrive sig fra den Tid, for- tcrlle ganske s^rgelige Ting om Geistligheden. Den, som ikke gad arbeide, blev Prest eller Munk. Det kostede ingen Mole at blive en Geistlig. Paven havde udtrykkelig forbudt at lade flere end En af Ti studere. Gnds Ord og de gamle rettroende Kirkelcrreres Udlcrg- gelse af sannne var en ubekjendt Skat i Ageren for dem, der vare ind- viede til Tjenere og Lcrrere i den hellige Skrift. At f^re et nvirksomt Liv, at fylde Bugen med god Mad og Drikke, at fordrive Tiden paa alle Slags Maader, at lade sine Lnster og Begjcrrligheder nstraffet have frit L^b, at vcrre befriet fra den almindelige Mands Pligter og Bnrder og endnu til herske over ham og endelig som en hellig Mand nfeilbarlig at komme i Himmelen, — det alene var de fleste Geistliges Livsopgave. Der gaves en Masse af Prester, Munke og Nonner, som Landene kunde underholde alene paa Grund af, at de dengang vare meget mere velhavende end nutildags. Blandt de Geistlige gaves der vistnok Enkelte, som intet Behag fandt i sine Standsfcrllers t^ilesl^se Liv og s^rgede over Kirkens For- fald. Da S^r^veren blev Pave, sagde en Cardinal: Kirken er bleven saa slet, at en god Pave ikke lcrngere kan komme ud af det med den, og at den kun kan regjeres af Niddinger. J England fandt Jo han Wicklifs Prcrdiken mange H^rere. Han s^gte at bringe den hel lige Skrift til ZEre igjen og at l^se sit Lands Folk fra Paven, den "fordMmeligste af alle Flaaere". Folket holdt ham saa h^it, at Biskopperne ikke tnrde tilfoie ham noget Ondt. J Tvdskland virkede iscrr i Stcrderne den af den evangeliske Prcrdikant Tanler og de saa- kaldte Gudsvenner udstr^ede Scrd i Stilhed. Frie Atringer bleve derimod holdte nede ! i Augsburg bleve over 200 Mennesker brcrndte som Kjcrttere i^Affaldne). Hvem disse Blodvidner vare, vide vi ikke med Vished. Men Flammerne, som den Ute Juli 1415 fortcrrede en eneste syg Mand, optcrndte en Jld, hvis blodige Skin i lang Tid op- lnste den dunkle Nat og lyste lige indtil den nye Dags Morgenr^de. Johan Huss, f^dt i B^hmen i Aaret 1373, blev allerede i 1398 Lcrrer i Theologi ved Universitetet i Prag. Han var rigt begavet og veltalende ; han f^rte en from Vandel og fandt sin storste Forn^ielse i at studere den hellige Skrift. Efterat han var bleven Prest ved Beth- lehemskirken i Prag, lcrrte han at kjende den fortvivlet slemme Skade, hvoraf Folket led, og sogte nu at anvende Salven fra Gilead. Fri- modig talte han om Kirkens Fordcrrvelse, Biskoppernes Herskesyge, Presternes Uvidenhed, Munkenes lastefulde Liv, Overtroens Smuds og den usigelige Elendighed, som derved var bleven foraarfaget blandt det stakkels Folk. Hans Optrcrden gjorde slig uhyre Opsigt, at en af de 3 Paver lyste ham i Ban. Huss nndveg fra Prag og prcrdikede paa Landet under de Adeliges Beskyttelse. Talrige Skrifter fra hans Haand kom tilbage til Staden og holdt Bevcrgelsen vedlige. Han trodsede Pavens Ban og beraabte sig paa et Consils Afgj^relse. J Aaret 1414 aabnedes et Coneil i Kostniz (Constanz) ved Boden- soen. Den tyske Keiser Sigismund f^rte Forscrdet i den glimrende Forsamling. De tre Paver vare indstcrvnede. Johan Gerson udtalte ' lydeligt og eftertrykkeligt det Forlangende, at der maatte blive gjort Noget for at hindre den Fordcrrvelse, som havde ndbredt sig fra Hyr- derne til Hjorden, og at der til Afvendelse af Guds Vredesdomine maatte foretages en Reformation paa Hoved og Lemmer. De tre Paver gjorde kraftig Modstand, men de 500 Biskopper erklcrrede en- stemmig, at et Coneil staar over Paven og kan afscrtte ham, og at den Paastand er grundfalsk, at Paven er Alles Hene og den h^ieste Magt paa Jorden. En ny Pave blev valgt ; men det var dog igjen en gam- mel Pave, fuld af Hovmod, Herskesyge og Logn. De tyske Farster og Stcrder krcrvede med Alvor en Reformation ; Franskmcrndene og Jtali- enerne talede heftigt derimod og bevirkede, at Coneilets egentlige Hen- sigt forfeiledes. For denne Kirkeforsamling maatte nu Johan Huss mode. Se i 1* — 4 — der, den samme Gerson, som saa lydeligt begjcrrede en Kirkeforbedring, optraadte mod Huss, skjcrldte ham ud for en Vranglcrrer og stemte for hans Domfcrldelse. Huss talte til sit Forsvar for d^ve Mren. Kirkefnrsterne forbitredes over Sandhedens Vidnesbyrd, og under deres vilde Skrig blev Johan Huss erklcrret uvcrrdig til at vcrre Prest og dMit til at broendes. Den ved langvarig Fcrngsling svcrkkede Mand blev behandlet paa den mest uvcrrdige Maade og slcrbt udenfor Sta dens Port. Taalmodig lod han sig binde til Martyrpcrlen. En Forste red hen til ham og bad ham at redde sit Liv ved at afsvcrrge sin Lcrre. Men Huss sagde: Gud er mit Vidne, at seg vilde intet andet med min Lcrre, end drage Menneskene bort fra Sunden og ind i Guds Rige ; i Evangeliets Sandhed vil jeg da idag gladelig d^ ! Derpaa blev Baalet antaendt. Huss bad tre Gange: Kristi, du levende Guds SM, forbarm dig over mig ! og strax efter d^de han. Rhinens B^l ger f^rte hans Aske derfra. Ti Maaneder senere blev hans Ven og Medvidne, Hieronnmus fra Prag, dMt til D^den og brcrndt. B^hmerne bleve paa det heftigste oprüirte over Mordet paa deres Lcrrere. Adelen lod Guds Ord frit vrcrdike paa sine Godser og op- sagde Paven Lydighed. Denne fvarede dem med Banlnsinng og paa- forte Landet Krig. B^hmerne forsvarede sig med saadan Tapperhed, at Keiseren ikke formaaede at udrette noget imod dem. B^hmerne ^vede desvcrrre stor Grusomhed. Snart strede de ikke lcrnger for fri ReligionsMelse, men troede sig som de Udvalgte kaldte til at udrudde de romerske Kanaaniter. Hussiterne trcrngte ind i Schlesien og Sach sen og ^delagde Lcmdsbner og Buer med Jld og Svcrrd. J Aaret 1431 holdtes atter et almindeligt Kirkem^de i Basel ved Rhinen. J hele 17 Aar holdt man der paa med at forhandle og be slutte, og om en Reformation blev der talt en hel Del. Men da Tiden var omme, havde man intet udrettet. B^hmerne havde sendt Reprcr- sentanter, og man havde tilstaaet dem mange Friheder. Efter Con- eilets Slutning blev Overens komsten med dem brudt og Landet atter bragt under det romerske Aag.
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