Martin Luther: The Hero of the Reformation (1483-1546) 1 Also Available from LutheranLibrary.org Luther Examined and Reexamined by William Dau. _The Table Talk of Doctor Martin Luther: A Selection. The Life and Deeds of Martin Luther by Fick and Loy. 2 ◊ “Martin Luther” 3 About The Lutheran Library The Lutheran Library is a non-profit publisher of good Christian books. All are available in a variety of formats for use by anyone for free or at very little cost. There are never any licensing fees. We are Bible believing Christians who subscribe wholeheartedly to the Augsburg Confession as an accurate summary of Scripture, the chief article of which is Justification by Faith. Our purpose is to make available solid and encouraging material to strengthen believers in Christ. Prayers are requested for the next generation, that the Lord will plant in them a love of the truth, such that the hard-learned lessons of the past will not be forgotten. Please let others know of these books and this completely volunteer endeavor. May God bless you and keep you, help you, defend you, and lead you to know the depths of His kindness and love. 4 Martin Luther: The Hero of the Reformation (1483-1546) By Henry Eyster Jacobs DEAN AND PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN SEMINARY, PHILADELPHIA, PA., AUTHOR OF “THE LUTHERAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGNS OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI AND ITS LITERARY MONUMENTS” AND “A HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES”. NEW YORK G.P. PUTNAM’S SONS © 1909 / 2021 (CC BY 4.0) LutheranLibrary.org 5 Contents About The Lutheran Library Contents List of Illustrations Preface by Lutheran Librarian Preface Key To The Chief References Book I. The Monk (1483-1517) 1. Birth And Childhood 2. Student Life 3. In The Cloister 4. The Professor Book II. The Protestant (1517-1522) 1. The Sale Of Indulgences; And The 95 Theses 2. The Reception Of The Theses And The Heidelberg Conference 3. Eck, Prierias, and the Pope 4. Before Cajetan at Augsburg 5. Miltitz and the Leipzig Disputation 6. Political Complications; New Allies; The Three Great Treatises Of 1520 7. The Bull 8. The Diet Of Worms 9. At The Wartburg Book III. The Reformer (1522-1546) 1. Carlstadt And The Zwickau Prophets 2. Rebuilding 3. The Lines Drawn 4. The Peasants’ War 5. Marriage 6. Visitation Of Churches And The Catechisms 7. Zwingli And The Marburg Colloquy 6 8. Coburg And Augsburg 9. The Schmalkald League And The Struggles With Rome And Fanaticism 10. Vergerius; The Wittenberg Concord; And The Schmalkald Articles 11. New Triumphs And Trials 12. The Landgrave Of Hesse 13. Diet Of Ratisbon; Controversies With The Jurists, Emperor, And Pope 14. Luther’s Theology 15. Home Life And Last Days Appendix 1. Bull Of Leo X. Against The Errors Of Martin Luther And His Followers Appendix 2. Luther’s Confession A Selection From The Catalogue Of G. P. Putnam’s Sons Copyright Notice How Can You Find Peace With God? Benediction Basic Biblical Christianity | Books to Download Essential Theology | Books to Download Devotional Classics | Books to Download 7 List of Illustrations ◊ “Martin Luther.” ◊ Eisleben In Luther’s Time ◊ Autograph Of Reuchlin. ◊ Eisenach In Luther’s Time. ◊ Designed By Luther’s Colleaque, Dr. Justus Jonas. ◊ Building Of The Cistercian Monastery, Schonau, Near Heidelberg. From A German Ms. Of The Sixteenth Century. ◊ Dr. Staupitz. After A Contemporary Oil Painting In The Augustinian Monastery At Salzburg. ◊ University Of Erfurt. ◊ Wittenberg In Luther’s Time. ◊ Johannes Cochlaus. Eobanus Hessus. Johannes Reuchlinus. Hans Sachs. Conrad Celtes. From Engraving In Kreussler’s Andenken In Munzen. ◊ Erasmus. From A Copper Engraving By Albert Ourer. ◊ Luther As Elias (Mal. 4:5). ◊ Leo X. After The Picture By Raphael In The Pitti Gallery, Florence. ◊ Erasmus. ◊ John Brentz. From An Old Engraving. ◊ Hus. Luther. ◊ Title-page Of First Edition Of “epistolae Obscurorum Virorum.” (slightly Reduced.) ◊ Philip Melanchthon. From Melanchthon’s Funeral Oration On Luther, 1546. ◊ Birth Medal. ◊ Melanchthon. ◊ Dr. John Eck. Traditional Portrait. ◊ Title-page Of Eck’s “Leipzig Articles.” ◊ Luther. From The Title-page Of Luther’s Treatise “the Babylonian Captivity Of The Church,” 1520. 8 ◊ Luther’s Seal. ◊ Frederick The Wise, Elector Of Saxony. From A Painting By Albrecht Durer, 1524. ◊ Ulrich Von Hutten. From A Contemporary Wood-cut ◊ Title-page Of First Edition Of Luther’s “address To The German Nobility,” 1520. ◊ Luther As Samson. A Leipzig Medal Of 1617. ◊ Luther Burning The Papal Bull ◊ Medal Commemorating Luther At Worms. ◊ Emperor Charles V. From An Engraving By Bartel Beham, 1631. ◊ Luther As A Knight. ◊ Arrest Of Luther By His Friends. ◊ Melanchthon’s Coat Of Arms. ◊ Elector John Of Saxony. ◊ Luther And Melanchthon. ◊ Dr. John Bugenhagen. From An Engraving By Cranach, 1548. ◊ Franz Von Sickingen. ◊ Luther As Teacher. ◊ Dr. Martin Bucer. ◊ John Frederick Of Saxony. ◊ Luther And Catherine, 1538. ◊ Catherine Von Bora. From A Painting By Cranach In Nuremberg. ◊ Dr. Frederick Myconius. ◊ Lucas Cranach. From His Own Painting. ◊ Ulric Zwingli. A Memorial Of His Death. ◊ The Elector John Frederick Of Saxony. After The Copper Engraving By G. Pencz, 1543. ◊ Kaspar Cruciger. From A Wood-cut By Tobias Stimmer. ◊ Luther’s Coat Of Arms. ◊ Title-page Of Eck’s 404 Theses Circulated At Augsburg, To Which The Augsburg Confession Is In Part A Reply. ◊ Music Composed By Luther For His Great Reformation Hymn. ◊ Luther In 1537. ◊ Ferdinand I.from An Enbraving By Beham. ◊ Martin Bucer. ◊ Cardinal Vergerius. From An Engraving By Hendrik Hondius. ◊ Duke Henry Of Saxony. 9 ◊ Duke Albert Of Prussia. From An Old Engraving. ◊ Luther At Sixty. Dr. Paul Luther. ◊ Charles V. And Ferdinand. ◊ Duke Moritz Of Saxony. From A Painting By Cranach The Younger. ◊ Conrad Wimpina. Andreas Musculus. Johann Agricola. Hieronymus Schurf. From Engraving In Kreussler’s " Andenken In Munzen." ◊ The Center Of Luther’s Theology. ◊ Luther. From Melanchthon’s Funeral Oration On Luther ◊ Justus Jonas. After A Portrait By L. Cranach, Genealogy," 1543. ◊ The Lord’s Supper, A Medal Of 1546. Commemorating The Defeat Of John Frederick, April 24 1547. ◊ Dr. John Matthesius. From A Wood-cut By Tobias Stimmer. ◊ Medal Of Luther. From Oretser’s “de Sancta Cruci.” ◊ LUDWIG VON SECKENDORF, THE HISTORIAN OF THE REFORMATION. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY HEINZELMANN. By command of S. D. N. [i. e. our holy Lord] Pope [Leo X.]. ◊ Duke Ernest The Pious 10 Preface by Lutheran Librarian In republishing this book, we seek to introduce this author to a new generation of those seeking spiritual truth. Henry Eyster Jacobs (1844-1932) served as Professor of Systematic Theology and President of the Lutheran Seminary at Philadelphia. He was president of his church’s board of foreign missions, and edited the Lutheran Church Review, the Lutheran Commentary, and the Lutheran Cyclopedia. He wrote and translated many books. The Lutheran Library Publishing Ministry finds, restores and republishes good, readable books from Lutheran authors and those of other sound Christian traditions. All titles are available at little to no cost in proofread and freshly typeset editions. Many free e-books are available at our website LutheranLibrary.org. Please enjoy this book and let others know about this completely volunteer service to God’s people. May the Lord bless you and bring you peace. 11 Preface IN PREPARING THIS OUTLINE, the chief difficulty has been to select and condense the material. The aim has been to follow the growth of Luther into the position which has given him his fame, and to describe that position with fairness. I have drawn chiefly from the letters and works of Luther and Melanchthon, and collections of documents in Loscher, Gerdesius, and Seckendorf, but have utilized also all other available sources of information and aids in classifying material, particularly the scientific biographies of Julius Kostlin1 and Th. Kolde,2 the admirable sketch of Karl Burk,3 and the still more extensive popular work of Martin Rade.4 Particular acknowledgments are due the editor of this series, the Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., for many valuable suggestions; to my colleague, the Rev. Adolph Spaeth, D.D., LL.D., a lifelong student and expounder of Luther’s writings, for constant advice and numberless favors; and to Julius F. Sachse, the author of The History of the German Pietists in Pennsylvania, for important aid in the selection and preparation of illustrations. The apparatus collected by my predecessor in this seminary, Rev. Charles Porterfield Krauth, D.D., LL.D., for an exhaustive scientific presentation of Luther’s life from an American standpoint, upon which he was engaged at the time of his death in January, 1883, has been constantly at hand and gratefully used. HENRY EYSTER JACOBS Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pa., April 27, 1898 1. Martin Luther, Sein Leben und seine Schriften, 2 vols.; vol. i., p. 811; vol. ii., p. 679. Elberfeld, 1875.↩ 12 2. Martin Luther; Eine Biographie, 2 vols.; vol. i., p. 396. Gotha, 1884. Vol. ii., p. 626. Gotha, 1893.↩ 3. Martin Luther, p. 343. Stuttgart, 1883.↩ 4. Doktor Martin Luther’s Leben, Thaten, und Mcinungen, auf Grund reichlicher Mittheilungen aus seinen Brief en und Schriften dem Volke erzahlt -von Lie. theol. Martin Rade (Paul Martin), 3 vols.; vol. i., p. 772; vol. ii., p. 746; vol. iii., p. 718. Neusalza, 1887↩ 13 Key To The Chief References ERLANGEN = Edition of Luther’s Works, published at Erlangen, originally edited by J. G. Plochmann and J. K. Irmischer. German treatises, 1826-57, 67 vols; Latin treatises, 1829-86, 38 vols. ERLANGEN2 = Reissue of first 20 vols. of the German treatises in the above edition. Frankfort, 1862-86. WALCH = Edition of Luther’s Works, published at Halle, edited by J.