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Les Trajectoires Mémorielles Du Maréchal Michel Ney, 1815-1848

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Les Trajectoires Mémorielles Du Maréchal Michel Ney, 1815-1848 Traître, martyr, héros: Les trajectoires mémorielles du maréchal Michel Ney, 1815-1848 Mémoire Julien Renaud-Belleville Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Julien Renaud-Belleville, 2020 Traître, martyr, héros : Les trajectoires mémorielles du maréchal Michel Ney, 1815-1848 Mémoire de maîtrise Julien Renaud-Belleville Sous la direction de : Pierre Yves Saunier Résumé Après la chute de Napoléon à Waterloo en 1815, le roi Louis XVIII reprend les rênes d’une France affligée de profondes divisions sociales et politiques. La volonté du nouveau roi de réconcilier la France se heurte aux velléités des ultraroyalistes qui rêvent d’un retour à l’Ancien Régime, et d’un royaume épuré de ses éléments républicains et bonapartistes. Dans ce contexte, le maréchal Ney devient une cible pour les ultraroyalistes : ayant montré des signes de loyauté au roi en 1814, Ney trahit sa parole et rejoint Napoléon lors des Cent-Jours. Accusé de haute trahison, ce maréchal célébré sous l’Empire est exécuté publiquement le 7 décembre 1815 à Paris, Place de l’Observatoire. Ce mémoire est une enquête parisienne sur la commémoration du maréchal Ney sous les monarchies censitaires (1815-1848). D’une part, la notion de « commémoration » inclut tant des actions politiques dans l’espace public, que la littérature ou les arts. D’autre part, la trajectoire mémorielle est un moyen d’analyser de quelle(s) manière(s) les Parisiens s’appropriaient la figure du maréchal Ney. La trajectoire mémorielle de Ney se manifeste sous trois figures qui sont étudiées dans les différents chapitres du mémoire : le traître, la victime/martyr, le héros. Chacune répond aux inquiétudes, espoirs et projets de différents groupes, et se développe selon une temporalité particulière. En fin de compte, c’est la figure du héros qui s’impose par-dessus les autres, et qui aujourd’hui encore est présente sur la scène publique en France. ii Abstract After the fall of Napoleon in Waterloo in 1815, King Louis XVIII takes up the reins of a France plagued by a deep social and political divide. The new king’s eagerness to reconcile France faces the inclinations of the Ultra-Royalists who dream of a return to the Ancien Régime on the one hand, and a Kingdom cleared of its Republican and Bonapartist components on the other. In this setting, Marshal Ney becomes a target for the Ultra-Royalists: having shown signs of loyalty to the King in 1814, Ney breaks his word and joins Napoleon during the Cent-Jours. Accused of high treason, the Marshal, once celebrated under the Empire, is publicly executed on 7 December 1815 at Place de l’Observatoire, in Paris. This memoir is a Parisian enquiry on commemoration of Marshal Ney under census suffrage monarchies (1815-48). On the one hand, the notion of commemoration includes political action in the public space as well as in literature or the arts. On the other, analyzing the commemorative patterns is a means of assessing the way(s) in which Parisians appropriated the figure of Marshal Ney. These patterns reveal three main figures, which will be studied in the different chapters of this memoir: the traitor, the victim/martyr, the hero. Each echoes the concerns, hopes and projects of various groups, and evolves according to particular temporalities. In the end, it is the figure of the hero that prevails over the former, and that is still the case today in the public sphere in France. iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ............................................................................................................................ iv Liste des figures ............................................................................................................................... vi Remerciements ............................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Notions ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Sources ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Méthode et analyse des sources ................................................................................................... 13 Chapitre 1 : Le traître ....................................................................................................................... 17 1814 et 1815 : réconciliation et radicalisation ................................................................................ 19 Commémoration et symboles : des signes de division............................................................... 22 Après les Cent-Jours ................................................................................................................. 24 Ney en procès : du brave au traître ................................................................................................ 28 Un militaire sans honneur .......................................................................................................... 30 Ney et le complot bonapartiste ................................................................................................... 33 Surveiller un condamné ................................................................................................................. 36 L’impossible dissimulation d’un cadavre .................................................................................... 40 Chapitre 2 : La victime et le martyr ................................................................................................ 47 Ney dans l’espace public parisien .................................................................................................. 51 Autour du procès et de l’exécution ............................................................................................. 51 Ney au café ................................................................................................................................ 54 Représentations de la victime, représentations pour la victime ..................................................... 60 Le spectre de Michel Ney........................................................................................................... 61 L’honneur d’un maréchal ........................................................................................................... 69 L’affaire des Nouveautés: Ney au théâtre ...................................................................................... 72 Le théâtre et la censure ............................................................................................................. 75 Chronique d’une interdiction théâtrale ....................................................................................... 76 Des planches à la rue ................................................................................................................ 79 Chapitre 3 : Le héros ....................................................................................................................... 84 iv Les derniers souffles du maréchal, en trois actes .......................................................................... 87 « Jusqu’ici ma défense me parut libre […] » .............................................................................. 88 L’attente ..................................................................................................................................... 91 « Voici une vilaine journée! » ..................................................................................................... 93 De l’infatigable au Brave des braves .............................................................................................. 96 Nommer le héros ....................................................................................................................... 98 L’effet Waterloo ........................................................................................................................ 101 Le héros en action ....................................................................................................................... 104 Ney et les Bulletins de la Grande Armée ................................................................................. 106 L’épreuve russe ....................................................................................................................... 109 « Venez-voir comment meurt un maréchal de France! » ......................................................... 114 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 120 Bibliographie .................................................................................................................................. 125 v Liste des figures Figure 1: Le tombeau du maréchal Ney en 1815 .............................................................................................. 42 Figure 2: Caveau du maréchal
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