DOCSLIB.ORG

Razvoj Matematike U Srednjem Vijeku

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Razvoj Matematike U Srednjem Vijeku SveuˇciliˇsteJ.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Odjel za matematiku Stipe Diki´c RAZVOJ MATEMATIKE U SREDNJEM VIJEKU Diplomski rad Osijek, 2013. SveuˇciliˇsteJ.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Odjel za matematiku Stipe Diki´c RAZVOJ MATEMATIKE U SREDNJEM VIJEKU Diplomski rad Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Tomislav Maroˇsevi´c Osijek, 2013. Sadrˇzaj 1. Uvod 1 2. Matematika europskih zemalja srednjeg vijeka 3 2.1. Prvi europski matematiˇcarisrednjeg vijeka . .3 2.2. Matematika ranog srednjeg vijeka i ˇskolski sustav Europe . .5 2.3. Dodir zapadnoeuropske i arapske znanosti, kao i matematike . .7 2.3.1. Herman Dalmatin . 12 2.3.2. Razdoblje Leonarda iz Pise, Fibonaccija . 13 2.4. Neprekinutost i beskonaˇcnost u razvijenom srednjem vijeku . 16 2.5. Uvodenje kvantitativnih promjena . 18 2.6. Uvodenje simbola i obnova sinkopatske algebre . 19 3. Srednjovjekovna matematika Bliskog istoka 21 3.1. Arapska i perzijska matematika od 500. do 1000. 22 3.1.1. Krˇs´canskii ˇzidovski uˇcenjaciu Bagdadu . 24 3.1.2. Prevoditelji na arapski . 25 3.2. Arapska i perzijska matematika od 1000. do 1500. 25 4. Srednjovjekovna indijska matematika 28 4.1. Indijski matematiˇcariod 500. do 1000. 28 4.2. Indijski matematiˇcariod 1000. do 1500. 32 4.3. Decimalni pozicijski sustav i indijsko shva´canjematematike . 34 5. Srednjovjekovna matematika Dalekog istoka 38 5.1. Srednjovjekovni matematiˇcari Dalekog istoka . 38 3 LITERATURA 41 SAZETAKˇ i ABSTRACT i ZIVOTOPISˇ ii 4 1. Uvod Srednji vijek u matematici razdoblje je kojim se ne bavi velik broj prouˇcavatelja, kao ˇstonije ni odve´cvelik broj onih koji piˇsuo njemu. Ovaj rad ´cese temeljiti na prouˇcavanju upravo tog razdoblja koje poˇcinjepropaˇs´cuZapadnog Rimskog Carstva (476.) i proteˇzese sve do Columbova otkri´caAmerike (1492.). Ovi povijesni dogadaji koriste se kao granice srednjeg vijeka jer se tada ne javlja niti jedan znaˇcajniji dogadaj koji je znanstvena prekret- nica, a povoljan je za cijeli svijet. Upravo se iz tog razloga za znanstveni poˇcetaksrednjeg vijeka uzima 5. st., odnosno stolje´cenakon smrti dvaju grˇckihmatematiˇcara,Diofanta (3.st.) i Papusa (4. st.), dok se za kraj uzima 15. st. Razlog tomu je to ˇstose u prvoj polovici 16. st. javlja nekoliko bitnih znanstvenih otkri´ca,tj. znanost doˇzivljava znaˇcajan napredak, odnosno renesansu ([6],[7]). Osnovna tema ovog rada se bavi razvojem matematike u srednjem vijeku. Za to razdoblje se joˇskaˇzeda je \mraˇcnodoba" upravo zbog toga ˇstou tom razdoblju nije bilo brzog razvoja, ve´cje sve u svojim zaˇcecima.Pojam \mraˇcnodoba" nastao je u 19. st., ali on postepeno gubi na svom znaˇcaju jer povijesna istraˇzivanja pokazuju da je to razdoblje mnogo bogatije u znanstvenom smislu. To razdoblje je bitno utoliko ˇstose smatra povez- nicom izmedu starog i novog vijeka. O ovom razdoblju su medu ostalima pisali sljede´ci povjesniˇcarimatematike: Zarkoˇ Dadi´c, Stefanˇ Znam, Miodrag Petkovi´c,kao i David Eugene Smith i Victor Katz. Oni su istraˇzivali i pisali znanstvene radove o razdoblju srednjeg vijeka u matematici te smo za pisanje rada koristili knjige i znanstvene ˇclanke spomenutih autora ([4],[12]). U prvom dijelu rada, odnosno drugom poglavlju, govorit ´cemoo matematici europskih zemalja spomenutog razdoblja. Vidjet ´cemoda se ve´cinaovog razdoblja svodi na prevo- dilaˇckuaktivnost starogrˇckihmatematiˇcara,a posebice je vrlo vaˇzanprijevod Euklidovih Elemenata. Razlog tomu je to ˇstoje rijeˇco najvaˇznijoj i najutjecajnijoj knjizi njegova raz- doblja, a i razdoblja nakon njega. U njoj su sadrˇzanasva saznanja i otkri´cado kojih su doˇsliEuklid i njegovi prethodnici i suvremenici u geometriji, teoriji brojeva i algebri pa je razumljivo da je ona posluˇzilakao temelj znanja stolje´cimakoji slijede. Vidjet ´cemoda su zaslugom Severina Boetija Euklidovi Elementi postali dostupni europskim znanstvenicima. Od ostalih ´cemoistaknuti Alcuina iz Yorka, Jordanusa de Nemora, Hermana Dalmatina, a kao najznaˇcajnijeg i najutjecajnijeg matematiˇcarasrednjeg vijeka Leonarda iz Pise, Fibo- naccia. U drugom dijelu rada, odnosno tre´cempoglavlju, govorit ´cemoo srednjovjekovnoj matematici Bliskog istoka. Matematiˇcariovog podruˇcjasu se takoder bavili prevodenjem grˇckihautora, ali su dali i svoj doprinos. Istaknut ´cemonekoliko autora koji su svojim ra- dom doprinijeli razvoju matematike. Prvenstveno, tu je znaˇcajan al-Khwarizmi, kao i Abu'l Wafa, Thabit ibn Qurra i al-Karaji. O svima njima, ali i nekolicini drugih s ovog podruˇcja, bit ´cerijeˇciu ovom poglavlju. 1 U tre´cemdijelu rada, odnosno ˇcetvrtompoglavlju, govorit ´cemoo srednjovjekovnoj indijskoj matematici. Prevodilaˇcka aktivnost je ovdje najmanje izraˇzena,a viˇsese paˇznje posve´civalo aritmetiˇckoj i raˇcunskoj strani matematike. To se vidi iz djela autora: Aryab- hate, Mahavire, Bhaskare te najistaknutijeg indijskog matematiˇcaraBrahmagupte, ˇsto´ce se opisati u ovom poglavlju. U ˇcetvrtomdijelu rada, odnosno petom poglavlju, govorit ´cemoo matematici Dalekog istoka. Za razliku od prethodno spomenutih podruˇcjagdje se zapoˇcinjalo s prevodilaˇckom aktivnoˇs´cu,Daleki istok je svoja matematiˇcka istraˇzivanja najviˇseusmjerio na prouˇcavanje kalendara, ali i na druge razne probleme u matematici. U ovom poglavlju istaknut ´cemone- kolicinu matematiˇcaraDalekog istoka koji su svojim radom pridonijeli razvoju matematike. U radu ´cemokoristiti literaturu vezanu uz povijest matematike te znanstvene radove koji se odnose na razvoj matematike u srednjem vijeku op´cenito,ali i prema geografskom poloˇzaju ([3],[9],[11],[13]). 2 2. Matematika europskih zemalja srednjeg vijeka Na poˇcetkusrednjeg vijeka zanimanje za matematiku u robovlasniˇckom Rimu bilo je vrlo slabo. Rimski su imperatori odvojili geometriju od matematike. Geometriju su rabili uglavnom u graditeljstvu i arhitekturi i smatrali su je svrsishodnom, dok je matematika svrstana u astrologiju, koja je u Rimskom Carstu bila zabranjena zbog toga ˇstoje to raz- doblje prevlasti ideologije krˇs´canstva. Velik utjecaj krˇs´canstva postupno je doveo do drugog ekstrema: ono ˇstoje nekrˇs´cansko, pogansko je i treba ga uniˇstiti. To se vidi i po tome ˇstoje 391. g. djelomiˇcnouniˇstenaknjiˇznicau Aleksandriji kao izvor poganstva. Rimska nezainteresiranost za grˇckom matematikom dovela je do propadanja njihovih pisanih djela. Op´cenitose dobro poznavanje matematike ili dobro baratanje s raˇcunanjemsmatralo kao osnova za magiju. Uzet ´cemoza primjer Gerberta iz Aurillaca. On je bio optuˇzenza povezanost s davlom zbog toga ˇstoje znao dijeliti po volji odabrane brojeve. No, zanimljivo je i to da je zbog svojih zasluga i znanja 999. postao papom Silvestrom II. Iz ovih ˇcinjenica koje su navedene lako se moˇzeshvatiti da je matematika u tom razdoblju u Europi ostala na relativno niskoj razini. Poznato je da se baˇszbog ovakvih dogadanja razdoblje od 500. do 1000. godine naziva "mraˇcnorazdoblje" matematike. To mraˇcnorazdoblje trajalo je od raspada Rima pa do ponovnog budenja Europe pod vlaˇs´cu pape Silvestra II. (Gerberta). Dvanaesto stolje´ceu krˇs´canskoj Europi bilo je sliˇcnokao i deveto stolje´ceu islamskom svijetu, stolje´ceprevodenja. U sluˇcaju Bagdada ti prijevodi su bili s grˇckog na arapski, a u sluˇcaju krˇs´canske Europe s arapskog na latinski. Op´cenitoje Europa malo pozornosti obra´calana arapsko pismo, ali posvetila je veliku paˇznjuna radove iz astronomije, aritme- tike, trigonometrije, optike, geometrije i medicine. Cakˇ su Euklidovi Elementi postali poznati uˇcenjacimalatinske crkve uglavnom kroz njihov arapski prijevod, umjesto kroz grˇckiorigi- nal. Trinaesto stolje´cedalo je najve´cegi najplodonosnijeg matematiˇcarasrednjeg vijeka. To je najinteresantnije poglavlje srednjeg vijeka u matematici. To je vrijeme kada je djelovao Leonardo iz Pise, poznatiji kao Fibonacci. Fibonacci je ˇcovjek koji je ostavio dubok trag u matematici tog razdoblja, a i nekoliko kasnijih stolje´ca. 2.1. Prvi europski matematiˇcari srednjeg vijeka Kao poˇcetaksrednjeg vijeka uzima se stolje´cenakon smrti dvojice starogrˇckihmate- matiˇcara,Diofanta (3.st.) i Papusa (4. st.). Nakon njih matematiˇckirad polako pada u drugi plan. Novi napredak matematike javit ´cese tek poˇcetkom 5. stolje´cau Aleksandriji procvatom neoplatonizma. Osim Aleksandrije neoplatonizam je imao velik utjecaj i u Ateni, 3 gdje neoplatonisti osnivaju Akademiju. Neoplatonizam1 je imao sve ve´cizamah u istoˇcnomSredozemlju te postepeno obu- hva´caoi zapadno, dok ideja aristotelizma2 postepeno slabi. Doprinos tome su djela koja se pojavljuju u 4. stolje´cukoja su ostavila veliki peˇcatna razvoj znanosti u zapadnoj Europi. Tu se nikako ne smije izostaviti Calcidius koji je sredinom 4. st. preveo na latinski dio Pla- tonova djela Timej. Taj prijevod Timeja postaje temeljem prirodnofilozofskih tumaˇcenja. Takva tendencija rasta neoplatonizma zadrˇzalase sve do kraja 11. st. Kako su grˇckitekstovi bili uniˇstavani, tako se Euklida poznavalo samo po odredenim formulacijama tvrdnji koje je bez dokaza naveo Severin Boetije3(480.-524.), rimski gradanin iz ugledne obitelji Anicii. On je najvaˇznijima- tematiˇcari intelektualac tog razdoblja, ˇcovjek od slave i utemeljitelj srednjovjekovne skolastike. Njegova reputacija i znanje dalo je njegovim knjigama visok poloˇzaj u samos- tanskim ˇskolama u nadolaze´cimstolje´cimai ta se djela sma- traju mostom izmedu antike i srednjeg vijeka. Boetije je miˇsljenjada se krˇs´canstvo moˇzepomiriti, tj. upotpuniti s ranijim dostignu´cimaantiˇcke civilizacije. Preveo je viˇsedjela staro-grˇcke matematike na latin- ski, medu kojima je prijevod Nikomahove Aritmetike koji je sluˇziogotovo
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Queen Buran Podcast Outline
    Queen Buran Podcast Outline Episode outline and show notes for episode 295, titled Queen Buran, Astrologer in 9th Century Baghdad, with Chris Brennan and guest Ali A. Olomi. https://theastrologypodcast.com/2021/03/12/queen-buran-astrologer-in-9th-century-baghdad/ Episode released on March 12, 2021. Most of what follows represents Chris’ outline for the episode that he wrote in preparation for the interview, integrated with some comments and changes from Ali. Outline Introduction ● Recorded on Wednesday, March 10, 2021, starting at 9:07 AM in Denver. ● This is the 295th episode of the show. ● Today I’m going to be talking with Ali A. Olomi ● Our topic is Buran of Baghdad, who lived in the 9th century. ○ She was a queen during the early Islamic Golden Age ○ Married to one of the great caliphs, al-Ma’mun. ○ She is the first woman we know of by name to have practiced astrology. Introduce Ali and talk about his work ● Ali is a Historian of Middle East & Islam ○ Focuses on politics, gender, Islamic esotericism, astrology, folklore. ● Host of the Head on History Podcast, which is available on Patreon: ○ Posts on jinn, magic, and astrology ○ https://www.patreon.com/headonhistory ● Twitter: https://twitter.com/aaolomi Background on Early Women in Astrology ● Background about previous work on women in ancient astrology. ● I have a small section on this in my book titled Hellenistic Astrology. ○ Also talked about it in episode 86 while I was writing the book. ● Women were not typically afforded the same education as men in ancient times. ● As a result we don’t know the names of any ancient women who did astrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies of Defending Astrology: a Continuing Tradition
    Strategies of Defending Astrology: A Continuing Tradition by Teri Gee A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Teri Gee (2012) Strategies of Defending Astrology: A Continuing Tradition Teri Gee Doctorate of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2012 Abstract Astrology is a science which has had an uncertain status throughout its history, from its beginnings in Greco-Roman Antiquity to the medieval Islamic world and Christian Europe which led to frequent debates about its validity and what kind of a place it should have, if any, in various cultures. Written in the second century A.D., Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos is not the earliest surviving text on astrology. However, the complex defense given in the Tetrabiblos will be treated as an important starting point because it changed the way astrology would be justified in Christian and Muslim works and the influence Ptolemy’s presentation had on later works represents a continuation of the method introduced in the Tetrabiblos. Abû Ma‘shar’s Kitâb al- Madkhal al-kabîr ilâ ‘ilm ahk. âm al-nujûm, written in the ninth century, was the most thorough surviving defense from the Islamic world. Roger Bacon’s Opus maius, although not focused solely on advocating astrology, nevertheless, does contain a significant defense which has definite links to the works of both Abû Ma‘shar and Ptolemy. As such, he demonstrates another stage in the development of astrology.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 Medidas.Indd
    Número 17 - 18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo DIRECCIÓN Pedro Martínez-Avial, director general de Casa Árabe CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN Karim Hauser Elena González Nuria Medina Olivia Orozco Javier Rosón SECRETARÍA DE AWRAQ [email protected] WEB Y SUSCRIPCIÓN www.awraq.es EDITORES Casa Árabe. c/ Alcalá, 62. 28009 Madrid (España) www.casaarabe.es Nota: Los artículos de la parte central de este número de Awraq son resultado del encuentro multidisciplinar que tuvo lugar en la sede de Casa Árabe en Córdoba del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2017, en colaboración con la Fundación Ramón Areces y bajo la dirección académica de Mònica Rius Piniés (Universidad de Barcelona) y Cristina de la Puente (CSIC), bajo el título «Ciencia en al- Ándalus». El presente volumen cuenta con la coordinación académica de la profesora de la sección de Estudios Árabes del Departamento de Filología Clásica, Románica y Semítica de la Universidad de Barcelona Mònica Rius-Piniés. Copyright © Casa Árabe © de los textos: sus autores. © de los anuncios: los anunciantes. Todos los derechos reservados. Gráfica: Hurra! Estudio ISSN: 0214-834X Depósito legal: M-40073-1978 Imprenta: Imprenta Tecé Número 17-18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 3 EL TEMA: CIENCIA EN AL-ÁNDALUS Introducción. Mònica Rius 5 La ciencia en al-Ándalus y su papel como puente entre la ciencia árabe y la europea. Julio Samsó 9 Los sabios de origen andalusí y su aportación a la ciencia otomana.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Matemáticas Del Islam
    LAS MATEMATICAS DEL ISLAM Esther Mora Meneses LAS MATEMÁTICAS DEL ISLAM. Trabajo realizado por: Esther Mora Meneses. E.U.I.T.A Explotaciones. 3 LAS MATEMATICAS DEL ISLAM Esther Mora Meneses Curso 2000 / 2001. 1. ANTECEDENTES HISTORICOS Por la época en que Brahmagupta escribía sus tratados matemáticos ya se había derrumbado el imperio Sabeo de la Arabia Felix, y la península arábiga se encontraba sumida en una profunda crisis. Arabia estaba habitada entonces en su mayor parte por nómadas del desiertos, conocidos con el nombre de beduinos, que no sabían leer ni escribir, y en este marco sociopolítico surgió el profeta Mahoma , nacido en la Meca en el año 570 d.c. Mahoma fué el fundador del Islam, religión que se extendió en poco tiempo por toda Arabia y que tiene como dogmas la creencia en un Dios único y en una vida futura, en la resurrección y en el juicio final. La primera parte de su vida, fué la de un ciudadano medio que vive en una ciudad de 25.000 habitantes. A los 40 años empezó a predicar, primero en un pequeño grupo de fieles, después a la población en general, sentando así las bases de la religión islámica. En el año 622 d.C, su vida se vió amenazada por un complot, lo que le obligó a trasladarse a Yatrib, más tarde denominada Medina. Esta “huida”, conocida como la Hégira , señala el comienzo de la Era Mahometana, que iba a ejercer durante siglos una poderosa influencia en el desasrrollo de las matemáticas. La unidad de la civilización islámica se basaba mucho en la religión de Mahoma y en las actividades económicas que en una hegemonía política real.
    [Show full text]
  • Māshāʾallāh Ibn Atharī (Sāriya)
    From: Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 740-741 Courtesy of http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_907 Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Sāriya) Ari Belenkiy Alternate name Messahala Died circa 815 Māshāʾallāh (from mā shāʾ Allāh, i. e., “that which God intends”) was a Jewish astrologer from Basra. Ibn al‐Nadīm says in his Fihrist that his name was Mīshā, meaning Yithro (Jethro). Māshāʾallāh was one of the leading astrologers in 8th‐ and early 9th‐century Baghdad under the caliphates from the time of al‐Manṣūr to Maʾmūn, and together with al‐Nawbakht worked on the horoscope for the foundation of Baghdad in 762. Ibn al‐Nadīm lists some 21 titles of works attributed to Māshāʾallāh; these are mostly astrological, but some deal with astronomical topics and provide us information (directly or indirectly) about sources (i. e., Persian, Syriac, and Greek) used during this period. This valuable information also comes from the Latin translations of some of Māshāʾallāh's works, some of which are no longer extant in Arabic. A selection of the works by Māshāʾallāh includes De scientia motus orbis (On Science of the Movement of Spheres), preserved in Latin translation, containing an introduction to astronomy as well as a study of Aristotle's Physics, both based on Syriac sources. Ptolemy and Theon of Alexandria are mentioned, but the planetary models are pre‐Ptolemaic Greek and similar to those found in 5th‐century Sanskrit texts, Kitāb fī al‐qirānāt wa‐ʾl‐adyān wa‐ʾl‐milal (A book on conjunctions, Religions, and communities), an astrological history of mankind, attempts to explain major changes based on conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn; a discussion of eclipses is preserved in a Latin translation by John of Seville and a Hebrew translation by Abraham ibn ʿEzra, and a commentary on the armillary sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Khwarizmi, Abu'l-Hamid Ibn Turk and the Place of Central Asia in The
    Al-Khwarizmi, Abu’l-Hamid Ibn Turk and the Place of Central Asia in the History of Science and Culture IMPORTANT NOTICE: Author: Prof. Dr. Aydin Sayili Chief Editor: Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Gomati All rights, including copyright, in the content of this document are owned or controlled for these purposes by FSTC Limited. In Production: Amar Nazir accessing these web pages, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or Release Date: December 2006 change in any way the content of this document for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of FSTC Publication ID: 623 Limited. Material may not be copied, reproduced, republished, Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2006 downloaded, posted, broadcast or transmitted in any way except for your own personal non-commercial home use. Any other use requires the prior written permission of FSTC Limited. You agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any of the material contained in this document or use it for any other purpose other than for your personal non-commercial use. FSTC Limited has taken all reasonable care to ensure that pages published in this document and on the MuslimHeritage.com Web Site were accurate at the time of publication or last modification. Web sites are by nature experimental or constantly changing. Hence information published may be for test purposes only, may be out of date, or may be the personal opinion of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islamic Science
    History of Islamic Science George Sarton‟s Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the “Introduction to the History of Science,” ”It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, Al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, ‘Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, ‘Ali Ibn ‘Isa al- Ghazali, al-zarqab,Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D.” Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation. In the interval, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar and Spain had been submitted to the Islamic State, and a new civilization had been established. The Arabs quickly assimilated the culture and knowledge of the peoples they ruled, while the latter in turn - Persians, Syrians, Copts, Berbers, and others - adopted the Arabic language. The nationality of the Muslim thus became submerged, and the term Arab acquired a linguistic sense rather than a strictly ethnological one. As soon as Islamic state had been established, the Arabs began to encourage learning of all kinds.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden
    INVENTORIES OF COLLECTIONS OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS INVENTORY OF THE ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN VOLUME 2 MANUSCRIPTS OR. 1001 – OR. 2000 REGISTERED IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1665 AND 1871 COMPILED BY JAN JUST WITKAM PROFESSOR OF PALEOGRAPHY AND CODICOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY INTERPRES LEGATI WARNERIANI TER LUGT PRESS LEIDEN 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007. The form and contents of the present inventory are protected by Dutch and international copyright law and database legislation. All use other than within the framework of the law is forbidden and liable to prosecution. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First electronic publication: 27 October 2006. Latest update: 13 August 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007 2 PREFACE The arrangement of the present volume of the Inventories of Oriental manuscripts in Leiden University Library does not differ in any specific way from the volumes which have been published earlier. For the sake of brevity I refer to my prefaces in those volumes. A few essentials my be repeated here. Not all manuscripts mentioned in the present volume were viewed by autopsy, but many were. The sheer number of manuscripts makes this impossible. At a later stage this may be achieved, but trying to achieve this at the present stage of inventorizing would seriously hamper the progress of the present project.
    [Show full text]
  • I Abd Al Rahman Al-Khazin, 55 Àbd Al-Baqí, 50
    Index Abu-l-wafa, 12, 29-30, 33, 43 Abu-lqasim, 31 A Ahmad Al-nahawandi, 11 Ahmed Abuali, 54 Abd Al Rahman Al-khazin, 55 Ahmed Al-nahawandi, 13 Àbd Al-baqí, 50 Ahmed Al-tabari, 31, 35, 54 Abd Al-rahman Al-sufi, 30, 32 Ahmed Ibn Yusuf, 18-19, 21 Abd Al-rahman Ii, 25 Al Baghdadi, 55 Abdellateef Muwaffaq, 55 Al Balkhi, 53 Abu 'umar Ibn Hajjaj, 50 Al Battani Abu Abdillah, 53 Abu Abbas Ibn Tanbugha, 56 Al Farisi Kamalud-deen Abul-hassan, 56 Abu Al-qasim Al-zahravi, 54 Al Majrett'ti Abu-alqasim, 54 Abu Ali Al-khaiyat, 12 Al-'abbas, 11 Abu Baker, 54 Al-'abbas Ibn Sa'id, 12 Abu Bakr, 19, 24 Al-abbas, 11 Abu Hamed Al-ustrulabi, 54 Al-ash'ari, 29 Abu Ja'far 'abdallah Al-mansur, 3 Al-asmai, 53 Abu Ja'far Al-khazin, 30, 32 Al-badee Al-ustralabi, 55 Abu Kamil, 25-27 Al-bakri, 50 Abu Ma'shar, 12 Al-bakrí, 50 Abu Mansour Muwaffak, 30 Al-baladi, 31, 36 Abu Mansur Muwaffak, 36 Al-balkhi, 27 Abu Masour Muwaffak, 31 Al-battani, 19-20, 24, 54 Abu Nasr, 34 Al-biruni, 24, 38-40, 42 Abu Othman, 25-26 Al-bitruji, 55 Abu Raihan Al-biruni, 54 Al-dawla, 30 Abu Sa'id Al Darir, 12 Al-dinawari, 12, 20, 53 Abu Sa'id Al-darir, 11-12 Al-fadl, 4 Abu Sa'id Ubaid Allah, 41, 48 Al-farabi, 54 Abu Sahl Al-masihi, 31, 35 Al-fargham, 12 Abu-hanifa Ahmed Ibn Dawood, 53 Al-farghani, 9, 54 Abu-hasan Ali, 26 Al-fazari, 53 Abu-l-fath, 30, 32 Al-fida, 56 Abu-l-jud, 39, 44 Al-ghazzali, 49-50 Abu-l-qasim, 30, 37 Al-hajjaj Ibn Yusuf, 11 i Index Al-hajjaj Ihn Yusuf, 12 Al-saghani, 33 Al-hasan Ibn Al-sabbah, 50 Al-shaghani, 30 Al-hasib Alkarji, 54 Al-shirazi, 52 Al-hassan Al-murarakishi, 56 Al-sijzi, 30, 32 Al-husain Ibn Ali, 55 Al-sufi, 54 Al-husain Ibn Ibrahim, 31, 35 Al-tabari, 11 Al-idrisi, 55 Al-tamimi, 31, 36 Al-imrani, 25, 27 Al-tamimi Muhammad Ibn Amyal, 54 Al-jahiz, 19-20 Al-tifashi, 55 Al-jildaki, 56 Al-tuhra-ee, 55 Al-juzajani, 47 Al-zarqaili, 49 Al-karkhi, 38-39, 44 Al-zarqal, 50 Al-karmani, 40-41, 45 Al-zarqali, 50, 54 Al-kathi, 40, 45 Al.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Matemáticas Y La Astronomía En El Mundo Musulmán Según El Catálogo De Muhammad Lbn Ishak An-Nad1m
    ARETÉ revista de filosofía Vol. VIII. N2 1, 1996 pp. 83-1 18 Las matemáticas y la astronomía en el mundo musulmán según el catálogo de Muhammad lbn Ishak an-Nad1m Carlos Beas Portillo Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú "Les mostraremos, dentro de sí mismos y en los horizontes, nuestros portentos, hasta que se les haga patente la verdad'". El Corán XLI. 53. En este estudio, en el que hemos tomado como centro de referencia el catálogo (ai-Fihrist) del erudito musulmán del siglo X de nuestra 1 era Muhammad Ibn Ishak an-Nadí'm , nos proponemos trazar, en primer lugar, las líneas del desarrollo del pensamiento matemático y del pensamiento astronómico en el mundo del Islam desde el siglo VIII hasta el siglo XVII; y, en segundo lugar, y al hilo de nuestra traducción al texto de Ibn an-Nadí'm, indicar en lo posible y de acuerdo a las ' Textos utilizados: a) Muhammad lbn lshak an-Nadim. Kitab al-Fihrist. Mit Anmerkungen hrsg. von G. Flugel, Lei pzig 187!-!872. (Reimpresión: !964 ). b) Beatty, Kitab al-Fihrist, MS. N" 3315. Dublin: Chester Beatty Library. (Fotocopia). e) Kitab a/-Fihrist, MS N" !934, Shadid 'Aii Pasha Collection, library adjacent to the Sulaymaniyah Mosquc, Estambul. (Fotocopia). Carlos Beas P. investigaciones más recientes, los aportes individuales de los ma­ temáticos y astrónomos que vivieron entre Jos siglos VIII y IX de la era cristiana. Con ello pretendemos ofrecer un capítulo casi olvi­ dado de algunos aspectos del cultivo de la ciencia en un determinado período de su historia dentro de un determinado ámbito culturaL a partir de sus propias fuentes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Index of Authors to a Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in The
    An Index of Authors to A Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library Benno van Dalen and David A. King Key words: scientific manuscripts, catalogue, index, bio-bibliography Abstract In 1986, David A. King published an English survey of his Arabic catalogue of the scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library in Cairo, which had appeared in two large volumes in 1981 and 1986. This survey is arranged chronologically by author within a number of geographical regions. Although a list of all authors is found at the beginning of the work, no alphabetical index of authors is included. On the occasion of King’s retirement, and with an eye on the recent renewed interest in the bio-bibliography of Islamic scholars, this article presents such an index, generated from a computer database by Benno van Dalen. “Never Index Your Own Book”, title of Chapter 55 of Cat’s Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., 1963. Introduction 1 (King) During the period 1972–79 I was involved in a project based at the American Research Center in Egypt. The stated goal of the project was to catalogue the 2,500-odd astronomical and mathematical Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library (Dar¯ al-Kutub al-Mis. riyya) in Cairo. Continuous funding in soft currency (Egyptian pounds) was se- cured from the Smithsonian Institution’s PL480 programme by Prof. Owen Suhayl 7 (2007) 9–46 10 Benno van Dalen and David A. King Gingerich of Harvard and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatories. The first two years of the project, at the end of which I first gained unlimited access to the manuscripts, defined the modus operandi of the next five years, namely, to use Cairo as a base for serious research into the history of Islamic astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Science 3
    Islamic Science 3 Stephen R. Addison September 30, 2003 Islamic Names 1. ism (personal name) 2. kunya (surname, agnomen) = Abu (Father) or Umm (Mother) 3. nasab (linage, patronymic, genealogy) = bin , (son of) bint (daughter of), b. (abbreviation); banu = "sons/children of" or tribe 4. nisba (ascription, connection) = tribal, geographic, or professional affiliation (ends with i(m) or iyya (f) 5. laqab (honorific, regnal title, throne name) = honorary title Example: Muhammad might include: Muhammad ( ism ), Abu al-Qasim ( kunya ), Ibn Abdullah ( nasab ), al-Qurayshi ( nisba ), al-Nabi (prophet) or Rasul Allah (apostle/messenger of God) ( laqab ) An ism (pronounced IZM), a personal, proper name given shortly after birth, usually on the third day, but sometimes on day of birth and sometimes on the seventh day after birth. Examples of such names are Muhammad [Mohammed], Musa [Moses], Ibrahim [Abraham], Ahmad. A kunya (pronounced COON-yah), an honorific name or surname, as the father or mother of someone; e.g., abu Da'ud [the father of David], umm Salim [the mother of Salim]. It is meant as a prefix of respect or reverence. Married persons (especially married ladies) are, as a general rule, simply called by their kunya (abu or umm + the name of their first son). When using a person's full name, the kunya precedes the personal name: Abu Yusuf Hasan [the father of Joseph, Hasan], Umm Ja’far Aminah [the mother of Ja’far, Aminah]. A kunya (pronounced COON-yah); e.g., abu Da'ud [the father of David], umm Salim [the mother of Salim]. It is meant as a prefix of respect or reverence.
    [Show full text]