Pittura Haitiana Non Ha Inizio Prima Del 1945

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Pittura Haitiana Non Ha Inizio Prima Del 1945 H Haagen (Verhagen), Joris van der (Arnhem o Dordrecht 1615 - L’Aja 1669). Attivo princi- palmente all’Aja, dove è iscritto alla ghilda nel 1643, viene citato dal 1650 al 1657 ad Amsterdam, viaggia spes- so in Germania e in Olanda, dipingendo numerosi paesag- gi: Veduta di Arnhem (conservato a Carcassonne; 1649: L’Aja, Mauritshuis), Veduta del villaggio di Ilpendam (Pari- gi, Louvre), Paesaggio (Angers, mba), Paesaggio con ba- gnanti (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum), Paesaggio con il buon Samaritano (Rotterdam, bvb). Pittori come A. van de Velde e N. Berchem dipinsero le figure dei suoi paesaggi, notevoli per la limpidezza dell’atmosfera e la precisione dei dettagli. (jv). Haarlem Città olandese sulla Spaarne, non lontano dal mare, cen- tro del commercio dei tulipani nel xvii sec.; fu tra i piú notevoli centri di produzione pittorica del paese. XV secolo L’esistenza di una scuola di pittura a H nel xv sec. è attestata da Karel van Mander. I suoi confini resta- no di difficile definizione, poiché le affermazioni di que- sto storiografo non sono confermate da documenti abbon- danti. Che Dirck Bouts sia originario di H sembra certo, ma né le date del suo soggiorno nella città, né le opere che vi dipinse hanno potuto essere identificate. Si sono potuti raggruppare soltanto alcuni dipinti intorno alla Re- surrezione di Lazzaro (Berlino-Dahlem) descritta da Van Mander come opera di Aelbert van Ouwater, altro espo- nente della pittura del Quattrocento a H. Essi attestano Storia dell’arte Einaudi fedeltà alla tradizione di Van Eyck, e in parte l’influenza di Rogier van der Weyden. Benché sia difficile controlla- re le dichiarazioni di Van Mander circa l’importanza del paesaggio nell’opera di Van der Weyden, esse appaiono verosimili quando si osservano quadri del suo allievo Geertgen tot Sint Jans, con il quale la scuola di H si af- fermerà. Il suo stile assai personale determinerà numerose imitazioni e nella sua scia lavoreranno artisti di vario ta- lento: il Maestro del Dittico di Braunschweig, il Maestro del Trittico di Anversa, il Maestro della Deposizione dalla croce Figdor. Jan Mostaert ai suoi esordi è ancora influen- zato da quest’ambiente. Invece il Maestro di Alkmaar, piacevole illustratore, è meno direttamente sensibile alla lezione di Geertgen tot Sint Jans. Cosí, malgrado le lacu- ne nelle nostre conoscenze, H appare nel xv sec. una città vivace, forse il centro artistico piú attivo dei Paesi Bassi del Nord. (ach). XVI secolo La tradizione della scuola di H venne prose- guita nella prima metà del xvi sec. da Jan Mostaert, pitto- re di sobri ritratti e di scene religiose a carattere aneddo- tico. Con Jan Joest van Kalcar, che lavorò a H alla fine della sua vita, vi si contrappose l’influenza italiana assimi- lata da Maerten van Heemskerck. Quest’ultimo non fu insensibile all’arte di Scorel, che si trovava a H tra il 1527 e il 1529. Influenzato da Michelangelo, s’impegnò in grandi composizioni di stile drammatico e movimenta- to; fu pittore «romanista» per eccellenza; metteva in evi- denza le sue conoscenze anatomiche modellando vigorosa- mente le figure. Hendrick Goltzius, Karel van Mander e Cornelisz van Haarlem fondarono nel 1587 l’accademia di H, che sull’esempio di quella dei Carracci a Bologna do- veva consentire ai pittori lo studio del nudo. Cornelisz van Haarlem soprattutto rivelò in questo campo un ma- nierismo sapiente e sensuale, influenzato da quello di Spranger. Ma l’ascendente dell’arte italiana ebbe a H breve durata. XVII secolo La tradizione del realismo si era mantenuta nell’arte del ritratto; e qui doveva riemergere con prodi- gioso slancio in Frans Hals. Artista di rara fecondità, in possesso di una tecnica perfetta, questi creò un tipo nuovo di immagine, resa con larghe pennellate, inaugu- rando in Olanda il ritratto barocco. Nel corso della sua lunga carriera abbandonò lo stile enfatico degl’inizi per un dettato sobrio che successivamente si trasformò a sua Storia dell’arte Einaudi volta in una pittura cupa e talvolta allucinata. Il suo in- flusso si ritrova piú direttamente nei ritratti di Johannes Cornelisz Verspronck. Come Frans Hals nel ritratto, cosí Hercules Seghers nel paesaggio rappresenta la svolta dallo stile dei fiamminghi emigrati, come Joos de Momper e Gillis van Coninxloo, ad una concezione puramente olan- dese. Egli crea inoltre il paesaggio d’ispirazione dramma- tica, che verrà piú tardi ripreso da Jacob van Ruisdael. Seghers fu incompreso dai contemporanei ma non da Rembrandt, che possedeva otto dei suoi rari dipinti. E come la fama di Frans Hals venne eclissata dalla rinoman- za del ritrattista Bartholomeus van der Helst, cosí il nome di Seghers fu meno noto di quelli di paesaggisti come Willem Buytewech Jan van de Velde, Esaias van de Velde, Pieter de Molyn e soprattutto Salomon van Ruy- sdael, che conobbe già da vivo veri e propri successi. Suo nipote, Jacob van Ruisdael, fu invece artista solitario e malinconico, e concepí paesaggi intrisi di romantica ango- scia. Adriaen van Ostade, che rappresenta la corrente po- polare della pittura di genere, influenzò Isaac van Ostade e Philips Wouwerman e fu condiscepolo del fiammingo Brouwer nella bottega di Hals. Altri allievi di quest’ulti- mo, Dirck e Harmen Hals, Jan Miense Molenaer, Judith Leyster, diffusero uno stile del quadro di genere che venne poi ripreso, nella città, da Pieter de Molyn, Corne- lis Dusart, Pieter Verbeck e Philips Wouwerman. Jan Steen, originario di Leida, che lavorò in numerose città olandesi, si riallaccia alla corrente di H per il suo acuto senso della realtà e il suo stile felice e spontaneo. Gerard Ter Borch, raffinato ritrattista, fu soprattutto illustratore della vita intima della borghesia olandese. Il suo allievo Caspar Netscher lo imitò senza raggiungere la qualità delle sue opere. La natura morta descrittiva è rappresen- tata a H da Floris van Dyck e Floris van Schooten, men- tre quella monocroma si realizzava pienamente nelle Cola- zioni e nelle Vanità di Pieter Claesz e di Willem Claesz- Heda. Va menzionato a parte Pieter Saenredam, speciali- sta d’interni di chiese di scrupolosa esattezza in cui lo spazio e la luce sono rappresentati con purezza quasi astratta. La sua arte influenzò i fratelli Job e Gerrit Berckheyde, pittori di vedute urbane. (wl). XVIII secolo e XIX secolo Il declino artistico di H comin- ciò nel xviii sec. La città peraltro ebbe ancora, in questo secolo, paesaggisti di buon livello, come Van Noorde, Storia dell’arte Einaudi Isaac Ouwater, Overbeek, abili pittori di fiori, decoratori per arazzi come Van der Vinne. Nel xix sec. Wybrandt Hendricks e J. A. Kruseman, imitatori di David, grazie ai loro ritratti tennero viva la fama della città. (sr). Bisschoppelijk Museum Il museo episcopale contiene una galleria di quadri per la maggior parte olandesi: opere di A. de Gelder, P. de Grebber, Hondius, dello Pseudo - Van de Venne, di Frans Hals (Ritratto di Nicolaas Stenius 1650). Le collezioni sono state trasferite a Utrecht (Museo del convento di Santa Caterina). (sr). Frans Hals Museum Nel 1860 il comune di H decise di costruire nell’ambito del municipio sopra le volte medie- vali dell’antico chiostro due gallerie destinate ad ospitare opere d’arte disperse in vari edifici comunali, come la chiesa maggiore, la commenda di San Giovanni o l’ospizio dei vecchi. Il museo venne aperto al pubblico nel luglio 1862; i ritratti di gruppo di Frans Hals, che erano già stati trasferiti nel municipio nel 1828, costituivano il nu- cleo delle collezioni comunali. Queste si arricchirono a poco a poco mediante donazioni, lasciti e acquisizioni, particolarmente, nel 1883, mediante il lascito dello jonkheer Fabricius van Leyenburgh, che tra gli altri ritrat- ti comprendeva quelli del borgomastro Van der Meer e di sua moglie, di Frans Hals. Le acquisizioni piú importanti furono dovute alla società creata per ampliare le raccolte del museo comunale. Va aggiunto il non trascurabile nu- mero di opere recuperate dopo gli eventi bellici. Nel 1913 i locali erano ormai insufficienti, e le collezioni vennero trasferite nell’antico ospizio dei vecchi, costruito nel 1608 e adattato alla nuova funzione. Il museo prese allora nome da Frans Hals. Le opere del maestro, in particolare gli otto grandi dipinti di gruppo, tra cui in particolare vanno notati quelli dei Reggenti dell’ospizio dei vecchi,co- stituiscono una delle principali attrattive del museo, ove possono inoltre vedersi primitivi olandesi come Gérard David, il Maestro di Alkmaar, J. Mostaert (Conquista dell’America),nonché interessanti manieristi delxvi sec.: Mandyn (Tentazione di sant’Antonio),Scorel (Battesimo di Cristo),Goltzius, Maerten van Heemskerck San( Luca mentre dipinge la Vergine, Annunciazione),Cornelis van Haarlem (gli Archibugieri del 1583). La pittura del xvii sec., a parte Hals, è rappresentata da paesaggi rurali (Van Goyen, Ruisdael, Van Ostade) o urbani: Berckheyde (Ve- dute di Haarlem),Saenredam; nature morte (Heda, Clae- Storia dell’arte Einaudi sz, Van Beyeren), ritratti collettivi di H. G. Pot, Ver- spronck, J. de Bray e F. Decker; scene di genere di D. Hals, J. M. Molenaer, M. Sweerts. Il xx sec. è rappresen- tato soprattutto da pittori del gruppo Cobra (Alechinsky, Appel, Brands, Constant, Corneille, Lucebert). (gb). Teylers Museum È situato nel palazzo (1780) della fami- glia Teyler. La fondazione Teyler venne creata nel 1778 dai lasciti testamentari di Paul Teyler van der Hulst, il cui testamento sanciva la creazione di un museo artistico e scientifico. Il museo possiede, oltre a notevoli collezioni di fossili e minerali, un importante complesso di disegni antichi, il cui nucleo principale, acquistato a Roma nel 1790 dagli Odescalchi, comprendeva parte della collezio- ne grafica di Cristina di Svezia. Entrarono cosí nel museo gli importanti fogli di Hendrik Goltzius, già appartenuti all’imperatore Rodolfo II, di Raffaello, Perugino, Filippi- no Lippi, Michelangelo, Correggio, e disegni lombardi, emiliani, veneti.
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