Dynamique Gravitationnelle Multi-Échelle : Formation Et Évolution Des Systèmes Auto-Gravitants Non Isolés Nicolas Kielbasiewicz

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Dynamique Gravitationnelle Multi-Échelle : Formation Et Évolution Des Systèmes Auto-Gravitants Non Isolés Nicolas Kielbasiewicz Dynamique gravitationnelle multi-échelle : formation et évolution des systèmes auto-gravitants non isolés Nicolas Kielbasiewicz To cite this version: Nicolas Kielbasiewicz. Dynamique gravitationnelle multi-échelle : formation et évolution des systèmes auto-gravitants non isolés. Mathématiques [math]. ENSTA ParisTech, 2009. Français. pastel- 00005096 HAL Id: pastel-00005096 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005096 Submitted on 11 May 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Th`esede Doctorat de l’Ecole Polytechnique Sp´ecialit´e: Math´ematiques et Informatique pr´esent´epar Nicolas KIELBASIEWICZ pour obtenir le titre de Docteur de l’Ecole Polytechnique Sujet de la th`ese : Dynamique gravitationnelle multi-´echelle — Formation et ´evolution des syst`emes auto-gravitants non isol´es Th`esesoutenue le 6 f´evrier 2009 devant le jury compos´ede : M. Gr´egoire Allaire Pr´esident du jury M. Jean-Jacques Aly Rapporteur M. Christian Boily Rapporteur M. Daniel Pfenniger Rapporteur M. J´erˆome Perez Directeur de Th`ese M. Marc Lenoir Directeur de Th`ese Th`ese r´ealis´ee `a l’Unit´ede Math´ematiques Appliqu´eesde l’Ecole Nationale Sup´erieure de Techniques Avanc´ees Remerciements Les doctorants disent tr`essouvent que la page des remerciements est la plus difficile `a´ecrire de leur m´emoire. Maintenant que je suis amen´e`amon tour `ar´ediger cette page, je comprends pourquoi. La th`ese est une grande aventure, tr`es riche, tr`es intense, et surtout une aventure humaine `alaquelle beaucoup de personnes ont pris part et ont fait, chacun `aleur mani`ere, que j’en suis ici aujourd’hui. C’est la raison pour laquelle je tiens `ales remercier sinc`erement, avant de vous emmener dans une autre aventure, la lecture de ce m´emoire. Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier Marc Lenoir et J´erˆomePerez, mes deux directeurs de th`ese, de m’avoir donn´ela chance de toucher du doigt les myst`eres du cosmos `atravers ce sujet passionnant. Merci `atous les deux de votre disponibilit´e, de vos conseils et de m’avoir fait partager votre grande culture scientifique. Merci `a J´erˆomede m’avoir fait partager sa passion et son enthousiasme si communicatifs. Je voudrais ensuite remercier Christian Boily (1), Daniel Pfenniger (2) et Jean- Jacques Aly, (3), pour avoir accept´ed’ˆetre rapporteurs de ma th`ese. Merci pour vos remarques et vos conseils sur ce m´emoire. Je remercie ´egalement Gr´egoire Allaire (4), d’avoir accept´ede faire partie du jury. Je voudrais maintenant remercier chaleureusement tous les membres de l’Unit´e de Math´ematiques Appliqu´ees de l’E.N.S.T.A. pour m’avoir accueilli pendant trois ans et fait partager leurs connaissances et exp´eriences. Merci en particulier `aFabrice Roy, qui m’a pr´ec´ed´e, pour sa disponibilit´ealors qu’il ´etait dans la difficile phase de r´edaction, et `aGuillaume Legendre, mon premier co-bureau et un peu mon parrain `amon arriv´ee en d´ebut de th`ese. Merci aussi en particulier `a mes trois jedi de l’informatique : Jean-Luc Commeau, Maurice Diamantini et Christophe Mathulik. Merci de m’avoir fait partag´evos immenses connaissances et d’avoir toujours ´et´el`aen cas de p´epin, en particulier sur le cluster qui nous aura jou´equelques mauvais tours. Pour m’avoir guid´e`atravers les rouages des formalit´esadministratives, je tiens ´egalement `aremercier Annie Marchal de l’U.M.A., ainsi que Audrey Lemarechal, Fabrice Baronnet et Christine Ferret de l’Ecole´ Doctorale de l’Ecole´ Polytechnique. 1. Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg 2. Observatoire de Gen`eve 3. Service d’Astrophysique du C.E.A. 4. Centre de Math´ematiques Appliqu´ees de l’Ecole Polytechnique 4 Durant ces quatre ann´eesde th`eseet des poussi`eres, l’enseignement a tenu une place importante dans mes activit´es, et je tiens `aremercier sinc`erement Gr´egoire Allaire et Olivier Pantz, du C.M.A.P., de m’avoir accueilli comme moniteur, ainsi que Damien Tromeur-Dervout, Naima Debit, Joseph Lieto et Fabienne Oudin-Dardun, de m’avoir donn´ema chance `adeux reprises en tant qu’A.T.E.R, `al’Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l’Ing´enieur de Lyon - Institut Camille Jordan - Universit´e Claude Bernard Lyon I, `al’issue de mes trois premi`eres ann´eesde th`ese. Je voudrais maintenant remercier mes amis, dont certains ont eux mˆeme v´ecu l’exp´erience de la th`ese, des amis qui m’ont toujours soutenu, chacun `aleur mani`ere, et m’ont aid´e`asurmonter les ´epreuves qui ont jalonn´ees mon parcours, et avec qui j’ai pass´edes grands moments de bonheur. Je voudrais tout d’abord commencer par remercier ceux que j’appelle ma « tribu E.N.S.T.A. » : Fabien et H´el`ene, Ma¨ılys et Baptiste, Cˆomeet Anne, Marie et Michael, Lauriane et Manu, Cathy et Aur´elien, Baptiste et Delphine, Ga´etane et Charles, Jean-Paul, Benoit et Marion, Christine et Vincent, Herv´eet Laetitia, Sylvain et H´el`ene et tous ceux que j’ai peut-ˆetre oubli´es. Je voudrais ensuite remercier mes comparses de l’U.M.A. : Carlo et Gaelle, Mathieu, Grace et Xenofon, Eve-Marie,` Nadia, Stefania, Samir, Colin et Vahan, ainsi que ceux du Centre pour le D´eveloppement du Calcul Scientifique Parall`ele de l’I.S.T.I.L. : Jonathan, Farid, Daniel, David, Thomas, Toan, Patrice, Vincent, Sarah et Olivier, qui en plus ont dˆume supporter dans la journ´ee ;-) Je veux enfin remercier ma famille, mes deux plus fervents supporters. Merci de m’avoir fait confiance et laiss´echoisir ma voie et de m’avoir accompagn´e,soutenu et encourag´etout au long de la route. Merci pour ce havre de paix et d’harmonie qu’est la maison familiale, pour avoir pu m’y ressourcer quand j’en avais besoin. Voil`a,Hom`ere aurait certainement ´ecrit cela beaucoup mieux, mais tous les acteurs de mon ´epop´eedoctorale sont l`a.Merci pour tout et bien plus encore ! Je n’ai plus qu’`avous souhaiter `apr´esent une bonne lecture ! Table des matières Remerciements 3 Introduction 9 I Approche statistique des syst`emes auto-gravitants 15 1 Mod´elisation des syst`emesauto-gravitants 17 1.1 Le cadre de notre ´etude . 17 1.2 Temps caract´eristiques . 18 1.2.1 Temps dynamique . 18 1.2.2 Temps de relaxation par collisions . 19 1.2.3 Temps de r´evolution orbitale . 20 1.3 Les ´equations du mouvement . 21 1.3.1 Relation Fondamentale de la Dynamique dans . 21 Rg 1.3.2 Relation Fondamentale de la Dynamique dans . 21 Rng 1.3.3 Formulation hamiltonienne . 22 1.4 Approche statistique : syst`emecoupl´eBoltzmann - Poisson . 23 1.4.1 Fonction de distribution . 23 1.4.2 Equation´ de Boltzmann . 24 1.4.3 Equation´ de Poisson . 29 1.4.4 Propri´et´es des solutions stationnaires du syst`eme Boltzmann sans collisions - Poisson . 30 1.5 Le Th´eor`eme du Viriel . 35 1.5.1 Pr´eliminaires . 35 1.5.2 Le th´eor`emedu Viriel . 36 1.5.3 Un crit`ere d’´equilibre . 36 2 Solutions analytiques 39 2.1 Les polytropes et le mod`ele de Plummer . 39 2.1.1 Les polytropes . 39 2.1.2 L’´equation de Lane-Emden . 41 2.1.3 Le mod`ele de Plummer . 42 2.1.4 Propri´et´es du mod`ele de Plummer . 43 2.2 Le mod`ele isochrone . 44 6 2.3 La sph`ere isotherme . 45 3 Etude´ analytique de la stabilit´e 55 3.1 M´ethode d’entropie et instabilit´ed’Antonov . 55 3.1.1 Condition d’existence de la sph`ere isotherme comme extremum de l’entropie . 55 3.1.2 M´ecanisme de l’instabilit´ed’Antonov . 65 3.2 M´ethode d’´energie et instabilit´ed’orbite radiale . 73 3.2.1 Cadre math´ematique . 73 3.2.2 Approche symplectique . 74 3.2.3 Approche fonctionnelle symplectique . 74 3.2.4 Application au hamiltonien . 76 3.2.5 L’instabilit´ed’orbite radiale . 77 II Approche particulaire : les m´ethodes num´eriques 81 4 Les codes particulaires 83 4.1 Les codes `a N corps directs (P.P. ou P 2) . 84 4.2 Les codes Particule-Grille (P.M.).................... 84 4.2.1 Sch´emas de r´epartition de la masse sur la grille . 85 4.2.2 R´esolution de l’´equation de Poisson . 86 4.2.3 Les codes P 3M .......................... 87 5 Le Treecode 89 5.1 Le treecode `atravers un exemple . 89 5.2 Param`etre d’acceptation et calcul du potentiel . 91 5.2.1 Crit`ere d’acceptation et approximation de champ lointain . 91 5.2.2 Param`etre d’acceptation et performances du treecode . 92 5.3 Param`etre d’adoucissement . 94 6 Discr´etisation temporelle 97 6.1 Le sch´emasaute-mouton . 97 6.2 Conditions initiales . 99 6.2.1 G´en´erer des suites de nombres pseudo-al´eatoires . 99 6.2.2 Mod`ele de Plummer . 99 6.2.3 Les amas homog`enes .
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