fr M Ed Av P He Vla Sc Er P Joa Jon Th Na P P Da St F Av Jua fr St C P Je Y Nima fr An En Nic P Rob He Arno ve et iet et at et hil ac ar om om om ep an at an ot i isha ic war gel than inr om ric lmut n I er er ric er dim n ola -Al n athn oli ulty W er ias t iel hen isla Hut ip S. ld Bo Wal J J J M o Tr ic ig os i Sar Godar Gol t as Ar ne ain ul ul ul a d D i A. M MacPhers Zaldr e Bom aldcen J. h derso emai r M urg Sei Hofer y y y Cr kani-Hmed Wi Chaniot i L. Spencr nak A ask Walker V drei von Leib Levi Gr arg ach I 1, 1, 1, Cosm Boi l oev srael one berg ten len ain Adler bier ifths 209 209 201 in ne ali n d, ch s Stad ler r ne Sco SA iag dsk t o Di i is By on t en rect y nu T or m h

e Th e Insti tute Letter I nst R D P M P Va P M D N B J C J C R V S M F C C M P M Ir R C Al O G F P G F am ef pi et et et et i l r ict ac o i o oard h ur h ha hr an l i l avi avi vi er o a a a o i cha b e eg l en r g be cha a a fr es r er er er er r r r r r er ta em n ulty o t er i r o r io ti ir ti ir ia cy to e Spring 2 009 st e is d d g le e r r n i s G t W n n r y m m C L. G R Pa J ia t n n ia el W. A. K. a d Dr La C O D s . D. S of r t G . P o . P A. L. o an an n ab Lan n Whi La . al . r E B. . . S e B. Ka ns G Bo da W r H a e P vi M ut Lan im l Bezo H T Fe J e Wo me Ha Ch Lei la a . ig a g t t . alze ta o E g Bj ruste n Bla n w ir li acM si Li r hi g D n li te rg or n o m r n so ble bi s o er s en lf o ri bo d g nyi e ys chma n o e u r i ck en s la ch ti r n an s klu ri lj g s il

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Figure 2 NIMA e Figure 5 to e In s d? r@ Pr of : s t i i i n yo as t ut ce ur . Feynman Diagrams and Beyond e e to du f ch n, o Physicists have used Feynman diagrams as a tool for calculating scattering amplitudes that describe particle r ang N A interactions for more than six decades (see article, page 4). Their broad utility was due initially in large part J dv 0 e an

8 to the seminal work of Freeman Dyson, Professor Emeritus in the School of Natural Sciences. Feynman dia - o 5 f 40 ce grams provide a way of calculating scattering amplitudes in a manner that is consistent with quantum mechan - adre d -0 ics and special relativity and more recently they have been used for increasingly complex calculations related S 6 tudy 3

1 to the physics being probed at high-energy particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). s s. The many graphs depicted in Figure 1 represent a small sample of the Feynman diagrams necessary to compute the amplitude for producing four outgoing gluons from the collision of two incoming ones. This process will occur several hundred times a second at the LHC. Each Feynman diagram pictorially represents a specific way in which this process can happen, and is associated with a complicated math - ematical expression. The amplitude is obtained by adding up a total of 220 diagrams. Because the number of Feynman diagrams needed to calculate an amplitude can climb into the thou - sands, increasingly clever tricks have been developed to bypass their direct computation. Figure 2 rep - resents the complete set of BCFW diagrams required to calculate the same process. These powerful new diagrams were developed at the Institute, and were made possible by the realization that the amplitudes possess remarkable properties when the gluons are associated with points in a geometric setting known as “twistor space,” rather than ordinary space-time. For example, this six-gluon process is only not zero when the points in twistor space representing the six gluons lie along two intersecting lines (Figure 3). U.S Non-Prfit Princeto, Permit Recent work has revealed a direct relationship between BCFW terms and “twistor diagrams” (Figure 4),

Postage which reduce the calculation of amplitudes to simple multiplication rules. Scattering processes involv -

#49 ing very strongly interacting gluons are impossible to calculate using Feynman diagrams. Instead, a “holographically dual” formulation of the problem has been developed (Figure 5), where the gluon NJ Org. scattering in a four-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) is related to a tractable string theoretic PAID calculation in a higher-dimensional anti–de Sitter (AdS) space. COURTESY OF THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY ARCHIVES TAMAR DUJOVNE Ein Ins K ro Poh A dec U un t t B r h ech em ui ackground w n p is Con i per, rer, h ive vers. elrating (l arkble st ot nique techniq I ef Mat og ei r t Atle J. titu sity, ra to F. n necti ph ias Za rig Co for Selbe Adams Driv f first ht) ldari disc ue Zaldr ro (CMB) a s ca m sm te : rg in w o R overy lc th , , be e ould aou ns Marston ulating Maj William e ri 196 , ga, ol came ag Insti Pr for , l og Bott, whic be who be tha inceto n, SA tute while tween expct Br ist know the M or Barry is Archi ow the or Adv sug cur se M proet de a , Gi M joing l l i w of br Go o G u t a F le find o m f o r, expansi ed v Mazu rentl fi Wa T atias es es for ms, J e e t rs c New . the M h t “W t if adt dar d l o l Astroph u o lte t- W. ft e r f t s y t l an uch gr e r g s a y e ies the r, year he im a r New l . t a y h e t n a ea a mic Mi Lei avi c i e r i symposium G. a e d. on t a a i to o pl o a of Prof he a pr di h h d s Je f Za lno devlopm f ghton, r r nd s of ty e , “H gr A. e a y l t a ng r h t c ope c s of Z yl u J . owa Fac mal h w a r rsey r, e b o r p adut de wer a esor a e Za e Est nd ed e t de Hedlund, i n u ldarri d l t M. the h r o S ys l o t ul ti ha e lda Morri e ve ig pt r a e v i Fa c e re es r e v fl e H ty e n i o j A. h on e hte le i r s h ics e the of un 0 uct d n r f o sul l o o background, g a abli ria gant of ent ade of c 85 st different s in Kerv Study s Ast d n o i e cult m a d n u f l l i w ts udent uati a vers Hirsch f o ga’ dominat the , t T d ag f o , and 40 Insti he t hi t . t of r a p o h w hat ronm ai i r s e n u J hat s t T. s N olut ons e h e re. t u b I earl s great a wor an sh nst ial t res c u t a , Frankel i c i at M s ar Fron y S a h t n e a F . r u s n o i ions t in e c P t l . earch y it extrm acelrti opology k e o at e y the S. ly s a l u c ute,” artic uni d e Ap and the l a pr l ias l t and t a centr m ong-ra Ex Cai s row c S he t , t to acti y t r t y h p e d a o ( o vers. 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COURTESY OF THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY News of the Institute Community ANIELLE ALLEN, UPS Foundation Professor in arvard University Press has published a festschrift ENCE KOCSIS , Member (2008–09) in the School Dthe School of Social Science, and NIMA Hfor GLEN W. BOWERSOCK, Professor Emeritus in B.of Natural Sciences, has received the Junior Prima ARKANI-HAMED, Professor in the School of Natural the School of Historical Studies, as part of its Loeb Clas - Primissima Prize, awarded annually to recognize Hun - Sciences, have been elected Fellows of the American sical Monographs series. Former School of Historical garians under the age of thirty with exceptional accom - Academy of Arts & Sciences. Studies Members T. Corey Brennan (1998) and Harriet plishments and potential. Kocsis was honored in the q I. Flower (2001 –02) edited the volume, East & West: category of arts and sciences. rom Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire: Army, State and Papers in Ancient History Presented to Glen W. Bowersock , q FSociety in the Near East c. 600 –850 , a collection of which is based on a 2006 Princeton University sympo - ANTELIS NIGDELIS, M ember (2008–09) in the articles that study the development of early Muslim sium held in honor of Bowersock upon his retirement. PSchool of Historical Studies, has been awarded the society by PATRICIA CRONE, Andrew W. Mellon The volume features contributions from eight scholars G. Oicnomos Prize by the Academy of Athens for his Professor in the School of Historical Studies, has been from France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and book Epigraphica Thessalonicensia : A Contribution to the published by Ashgate. the United States, five of whom are past Members in the Political and Social History of Ancient Thessaloniki (Uni - School. Also, the Oxford University Press has published q versity Studio Press, 2006). The prize is awarded for Bowersock’s new book, From Gibbon to Auden: Essays on original scientific research devoted to the history, epig - ICOLA DI COSMO, Luce Foundation Professor in the Classical Tradition , and he was recently elected a East Asian Studies in the School of Historical raphy, and archaeology of ancient Macedonia. Nigdelis’s N Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium. book illuminates the history of Thessalonika based on Studies, has edited two books. Military Culture in Imperi - q al China (Harvard University Press, 2009) explores some 140 ancient Greek inscriptions. the relationship between culture and the military in ETER PARET, Professor Emeritus in the School of q Chinese society from early China to the Qing empire. PHistorical Studies, presented a talk, “Barlach at the ICHOLAS CANNY , former Member (1979–80) in The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Princeton University Art Museum,” on February 21 to Nthe School of Historical Studies, was elected in (Cambridge University Press, 2009), coedited with mark the opening of the Princeton University Art Muse - March 2008 to serve for three years as President of the Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden, centers on the um exhibition “Myth and Modernity: Ernst Barlach’s Royal Irish Academy. Canny is currently Academic history and legacy of the Mongol world empire founded Images of the Nibelungen and Faust,” on view until June 7 . Director of the Moore Institute for Research in the by Chinggis Khan and his sons. Paret also gave a lecture about Barlach’s work for the Humanities and Social Studies at the National Univer - Institute community and participated in a related sympo - q sity of Ireland, Galway. sium on March 28, where he spoke on the mythological q RIC S. MASKIN, Albert O. Hirschman Professor aspect of the exhibition. This talk will be published in Ein the School of Social Science, was named an Germany in conjunction with an exhibition at the Ernst he L eroy P. Steele Prize for a Seminal Contribution honorary Professor of Shenzhen University in China in Barlach Foundation in Güstrow. Tto Research was presented to former Member ceremonies held last November. q (1992–93) RICHARD HAMILTON for his paper q “Three-manifolds with positive Ricci curvature,” UIS CAFFARELLI, former Faculty member published in the Journal of Differential Geometry in 1982. OAN WALLACH SCOTT, Harold F. Linder Profes - . (1986–96) and Member (2009) in the School of L q Jsor in the School of Social Science, has received the Mathematics, has been awarded the 2009 Leroy P. Steele American Historical Association’s Award for Scholarly Prize for Lifetime Achievement, which recognizes Caf - ormer Member (1968–69, 1977–78) I. G. MAC - Distinction. Previous awardees from the Institute include farelli as “one of the world’s greatest mathematicians F DONALD received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Felix Gilbert, George F. Kennan, and Kenneth M. Setton, studying nonlinear partial differential equations.” Mathematical Exposition for his book Symmetric former Professors in the School of Historical Studies. At q Functions and Hall Polynomials (second edition, Oxford the same meeting, ATINA GROSSMANN, former University Press, 1995). Member (1997–98) in the School of Social Science, nstitute Trustee DAVID A. HOLLINGER , Preston q received the AHA’s George L. Mosse Prize for her book IHotchkis Professor in the Department of History at ormer Member (1996–97) JOHN MORGAN was Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied the University of California, Berkeley, has been elected F honored by the American Mathematical Society Germany (Princeton University Press, 2007). President-Elect of the Organization of American with the 2009 Levi L. Conant Prize for his article, Historians. In 2010, he will become President of the “Recent Progress on the Poincaré Conjecture and the organization, a 9,000-member professional association Classification of 3-Manifolds,” published in the Bulletin of for specialists in the history of the United States. the AMS in 2005. The Conant Prize recognizes the best Contents q expository paper published in either the Notices of the usic for Limón Dances , composed by the Institute’s AMS or the Bulletin of the AMS in the preceding five 2 News of the Institute Community Mformer Artist-in-Residence (2000 –07) JON years. In September, Morgan will become Director of the 3 History in the Comic Mode MAGNUSSEN , has been released by Albany Records. new Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Spiro J. Latsis Elected to the Board of Trustees The CD includes Psalm , recorded in Princeton during Brook University, the State University of New York. Second Trip Into Space for Charles Simonyi Magnussen’s final year at the Institute, and The Winged , q 4 Feynman Diagrams and the Evolution of Particle Physics recorded earlier by members of the Juilliard Orchestra. ormer Members ALAIN ROUET (1981 –82) and 5 Lecture on Public Policy: Mary Robinson q FRAYMOND STORA (1961–62) are among the win - 6 Fourth Member of Bohr Family at IAS he Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, ners of the 2009 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathemati - 7 Institute Visit Inspired Creation of the Institute of TQuantum Genius , by GRAHAM FARMELO, a for - cal Physics, awarded by the American Institute of Physics Mathematical Sciences in Madras mer Director’s Visitor, has been published in the United and the American Physical Society. Rouet and Stora share the prize with Carlo Becchi of the University of Genoa and 8 Conference Celebrates Phillip Griffiths’s Achievements Kingdom by Faber and Faber. The book is scheduled for publication in the United States by Basic Books in Igor Tyutin of the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow 9 IAS Celebrates Fiftieth Anniversary of IHÉS August. Farmelo, Senior Research Fellow at the Science “for discovery and exploitation of the BRST symmetry for 10 Derek Bermel Appointed Artist-in-Residence Museum in London, wrote much of the biography while the quantization of gauge theories providing a fundamen - Paul Moravec’s Prolific Residency at the Institute. tal and essential tool for subsequent developments.” 11 Membership Funding Ensures Freedom to Pursue q q Knowledge Applying Physics to Complex Social Systems he Jordan Schnitzer Book Award of the Association ASUDEVAN SRINIVAS , former Member Tfor Jewish Studies was awarded to ELISHEVA V(1982–83) in the School of Mathematics, has been 12 The League of Nations at IAS BAUMGARTEN , Member (2008–09) in the School of selected to receive the 2008 TWAS Prize in Mathemat - 13 Metropolitan Opera Hosts Centennial Council Historical Studies for her book Mothers and Children: ics. TWAS, the Academy of Sciences for the Develop - Exploring the Idea of a Second Life Virtual Campus Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe (Princeton University ing World, will present the award at its annual meeting, Philanthropy as Legacy Press, 2004). which will be held in October in South Africa. Teatime Discussions More Fruitful q URELIAN CRAIUTU , Member (2008–09) in the CORRECTION: The Fall 2008 issue of the Insti - Questions and comments regarding School of Social Science, has been named by the A tute Letter incorrectly stated that Paul Dirac was the Institute Letter should be directed to President of Romania to serve as Honorary Chair of the Kelly Devine Thomas, Senior Publications Officer, still the youngest-ever theoretician to win the Presidential Committee for the Study of Romania’s via email at [email protected] Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1957 this distinction Political and Constitutional Regime. or by telephone at (609) 734-8091. passed to T. D. Lee, then a Member of the Institute.

2 Spiro J. L atsis Elected to the History in the Comic Mode, or Always Admitting That We Board of Trustees May Be Wrong

rofessor Caroline Walker P Bynum describes the Institute’s School of Histori - cal Studies not as a history department in the traditional sense, but rather a school that “offers the study of phenomena from a historical perspective.” In “Perspectives, Connections & Objects: What’s Happening in History Now,” an article in the Winter 2009 issue of Dædalus , Bynum A P I S /

S writes about the application O L U

O of theory to historical P O R Y scholarship, particularly the Z T G R U L A

great shift during the past B A E

Spiro Latsis four decades toward cultural T A history—a linguistic turn K Caroline Bynum discusses the future of historical scholarship with a roundtable of IAS Members. piro J. Latsis, President of the Latsis Group, one of influenced by French intel - Sthe largest privately owned firms in Europe, has been lectuals and American an- elected to the Board of Trustees of the Institute for thropologists, especially the late Clifford Geertz, found - A recent festschrift in honor of her work, History in Advanced Study. ing Professor of the Institute’s School of Social Science. the Comic Mode: Medieval Communities and the Matter of The Latsis Group is active in more than twenty “This cultural or linguistic, poststructuralist or post - Person (Columbia University Press, 2007), was present - countries across five continents, with holdings in ship - modern turn is usually understood to hold that language ed to Bynum by her students of the past thirty-five years, ping, banking, aviation, oil refining, construction, and does not reflect the world but precedes it and makes it including a number of former Institute Members and real estate. Latsis serves as Chairman of the Board of intelligible by constructing it: in other words, there is Visitors, at a conference held at Princeton University in EFG Bank European Financial Group. He is an Hon - no objective universe independent of language and no 2007. According to the volume’s editors, Rachel Fulton orary Fellow of the London School of Economics and a transparent relationship between social organization and Bruce W. Holsinger, who were graduate students at member of its Board of Governors. He also sits on the and individual self-understanding,” according to Bynum. Columbia where Bynum taught from 1998 until her advisory board of the institution’s Hellenic Observatory. “Such awareness entails, for historians, the realization appointment to the Faculty of the Institute in 2003, her Latsis earned a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. at the London that the categories and periods they use are expository most influential lessons extended beyond particular sub - School of Economics, where he later served as a devices that need constant reformulation exactly jects, such as her work on women, the body, food, and Research Assistant and Instructor. He was a Visiting because they are always based in political and social religiosity, for which she is well known, to the larger Professor at the Harvard University Graduate School of assumptions that may, because inherited, be very hard arena of method. Her “comic mode,” Fulton and Education and at Boston University, where he taught to detect.” Holsinger explain, has encouraged her students to “revel courses in economics and in the methodology of social Bynum’s own work as a medieval historian has played in the compromises, coincidences, and wild improbabil - science. a considerable role in this shift. She has influenced ities of the past that we can in fact see, if all too provi - scholars by advocating a style of historical scholarship, sionally, through our sources, while at the same [time] which she calls “history in the comic mode,” that enjoying the contingency and plurality of the approach - acknowledges that evidence will always be partial and es we bring to our understanding of the past.” analysis inconclusive. First proposed in her book Frag - In her recent Dædalus article, Bynum evaluates the Second Trip Into Space mentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the current state of historical writing against the anxiety for Charles Simonyi Human Body in Medieval Religion (Zone Books, 1991), “a voiced in the mid-1990s about the direction of scholar - comic stance toward doing history is aware of con - ship in the field, articulated perhaps most acutely in the trivance, of risk,” according to Bynum. “It always admits volume What’s Happened to the Humanities? (Princeton that we may be wrong. A comic stance knows that there University Press, 1997). What she finds today is history is, in actuality, no ending (happy or otherwise)—that writing that is stronger and more sophisticated “exactly doing history is, for the historian, telling a story that because the insights of the linguistic turn have been could be told in another way.” (Continued on page 12)

Sparking Cross-Disciplinary Conversations aroline Walker Bynum, who studies the social, cultural, and intellectual history of Europe from the early Middle Ages to the early modern period, has created the paradigm for the study of women’s piety that dom - D

R C A

D inates the field of medieval studies today and has helped propel the history of the body into a major area of pre - D O G modern history. R E T E

P The breadth of her influence was the topic of a panel discussion at a conference on women and religion at Charles Simonyi, with hand raised, prepares for launch the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in April 2008. The session was convened by Drew Gilpin Faust, the President of Harvard and a historian of the American South, who called Bynum’s 1987 book Holy Feast and Charles Simonyi, Chairman of the Institute’s Holy Fast (University of California Press), a study of the religious lives of medieval women, “a touchstone” for Board of Trustees and President and Chief Execu - younger scholars. Bynum’s latest book, Wonderful Blood (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), which exam - tive Officer of Intentional Software Corporation, ines the religious significance of blood in late-medieval northern Germany, won the Award for Excellence in has become the first civilian to travel into space for a the historical-studies category from the American Academy of Religion in 2007. second time. Simonyi was on board the Soyuz TMA- According to Bynum, among the many ways that the Institute is exemplary is in the amount of free time it 14 spacecraft that launched from the Baikonur provides to scholars and the opportunities it enables for cross-disciplinary interactions. “There is a real need for Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and docked with the people to have the opportunity to talk to each other,” says Bynum. “At the Institute, there are surprising inter - International Space Station in March. He spent actions and energy between fields.” thirteen days in space, conducting experi ments and Since February 2008, Bynum and Professor Piet Hut of the Program in Interdisciplinary Studies have orga - communicating by HAM radio with students on nized a series of twice-weekly “After Hours Conversations,” in which members of the Institute community gath - Earth. His website, www.charlesinspace.com, fea - er to listen to a ten-minute presentation by an Institute scholar, followed by a period of questions and discus - tures a blog about his trip, along with information sion. Recent topics have included human-rights precedents in Chinese tradition, the coevolution of human about his training and the mission. immunity and the flu virus, and the potential importance of the Large Hadron Collider for theoretical physics.

3 Feynman Diagrams and the Evolution of Particle Physics or sixty years, Feynman diagrams have been an essential calculational and concep - gram involves the smaller the contribution it makes to the sum. Thus, to describe a Ftual tool for theoretical physicists striving to deepen our understanding of the fun - process to a given accuracy, one only has to sum up a finite number of diagrams. damental forces and particles of nature. Members of the Institute have played leading “Freeman was the person who realized that once you force the quantum mechanical roles in the development of their use, from Freeman Dyson in the late 1940s and early answer to look like it is consistent with the laws of special relativity, then it is very nat - 1950s to the current generation of theoretical physicists in the School of Natural ural to do the calculations in terms of Feynman diagrams,” says Nima Arkani-Hamed, Sciences. Most recently, clues provided by Feynman diagrams have led to powerful new Professor in the School of Natural Sciences. “Almost nobody thinks about Feynman dia - methods that are revolutionizing our ability to understand the fundamental particle grams the way Feynman originally arrived at them. You open up any textbook and the collisions that will occur at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the same time, these derivation of these things uses this very beautiful, profound set of insights that Freeman clues have motivated Institute theorists to pursue a radical transcription of our ordinary came up with.” physics formulated in space and time in terms of a theory without explicit reference to By the 1980s and 1990s, Feynman diagrams were being used to calculate increasingly space-time. The story of these developments connects one of the most pressing practi - complicated processes. These included not only collisions of the familiar electrons and cal issues in theoretical particle physics with perhaps the most profound insight in string photons, governed by quantum electrodynamics, but also the interaction of particles theory in the last decade––and at the same time provides a window into the history of such as quarks and gluons, which are the basic constituents of protons and neutrons, and physics at the Institute. are governed by the theory known as quantum chromodynamics. These calculations are Surprising as it now seems, when Richard Feynman first introduced his diagrams at a essential to understanding and interpreting the physics probed at modern high-energy meeting at a hotel in the Pocono Mountains in the spring of 1948, they were not imme - particle accelerators. However, theorists found that using Feynman diagrams in this diately embraced by the physicists present, who included J. Robert Oppenheimer, then wider context led to an explosion in their number and complexity. Director of the Institute and organizer of the meeting, and a number of then Members of Increasingly clever tricks were developed in the late 1980s to calculate these more the Institute, including Niels Bohr and Paul Dirac. The main event of the meeting, complicated processes without actually calculating the Feynman diagrams directly. This whose topic was how to calculate observable quantities in quantum electrodynamics, was led to a surprising realization. While each step in the calculation was very complicated, an eight-hour talk by Julian Schwinger of Harvard, whose well-received analysis used involving a huge number of terms, cancellations between them led to a final answer that calculations founded in an orthodox understanding of quantum mechanics. On the other was often stunningly simple. “The answer seems to have all sorts of incredible properties hand, Feynman struggled to explain the rules and the origins of his diagrams, which used in it that we are learning more and more about, which are not obvious when you draw simple pictures instead of compli - Feynman diagrams. In fact, keep - cated equations to describe par- ing space-time manifest is forcing ticle interactions, also known as the introduction of so much scattering amplitudes. redundancy in how we talk about Traveling on a Greyhound bus things that computing processes from San Francisco to Princeton involving only a few gluons can at the end of the summer of 1948 require thousands of diagrams, S E V I

to take up his appointment as a H while the final answer turns out C R

Member of the Institute, the A to be given by a few simple Y D U

twenty-four-year-old Dyson had T terms,” says Arkani-Hamed. “A S D an epiphany that would turn E big, overarching goal is to figure C N A

Feynman diagrams into the work - V out some way of getting to that D A ing language of particle physicists R answer directly without going O F E all over the world. Earlier, in T through this intermediary space- U T I

June, Dyson had embarked on a T time description.” S N I four-day road trip to Albuquerque E In 2003, Edward Witten, H T F with Feynman, whom he had met O Charles Simonyi Professor in the Y S E

at Cornell the previous year. T School of Natural Sciences, came R U

Then he spent five weeks at a O up with a proposal along these C summer school at the University This excerpt is from a letter written to J. Robert Oppenheimer by Freeman Dyson shortly after his arrival at the Institute lines. He found a remarkable of Michigan in Ann Arbor where in 1948. Oppenheimer initially expressed deep resistance to Dyson’s work on quantum electrodynamics, which drew on the rewriting of the leading approxi - Schwinger presented detailed lec - ideas of Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Shinichiro Tomonaga. Oppenheimer eventually conceded his position mation to the interactions be- tures about his theory. Dyson had with a small piece of paper left in Dyson’s mailbox with the handwritten words, “Nolo contendere. R.O.” tween gluons that led directly to taken these opportunities to the simple form of their scattering speak at length with both Feynman and Schwinger and, as the bus was making its way amplitudes, without using Feynman diagrams. This work immediately led to a major inno - across Nebraska, Dyson began to fit Feynman’s pictures and Schwinger’s equations vation: a new diagrammatic representation of amplitudes, called “CSW diagrams” (after together. “Feynman and Schwinger were just looking at the same set of ideas from two Freddy Cachazo (then a Member), Witten’s student Peter Svrcek, and Witten). This led different sides,” Dyson explains in his autobiographical book, Disturbing the Universe . to a number of new insights into amplitudes that, via a circuitous path, led to a second, “Putting their methods together, you would have a theory of quantum electrodynamics apparently unrelated representation of the amplitudes known as “BCFW diagrams” (after that combined the mathematical precision of Schwinger with the practical flexibility of former Members Ruth Britto and Bo Feng, as well as Cachazo and Witten). These pow - Feynman.” Dyson combined these ideas with those of a Japanese physicist, Shinichiro erful new diagrams highlight and exploit properties of the physics that are invisible in Tomonaga, whose paper Hans Bethe had passed on to him at Cornell, to map out the Feynman diagrams, and they provide a much more efficient route to the final answer. seminal paper, “The Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman,” as the These new methods have triggered a breakthrough in a critical area relevant to bus sped on through the Midwest. Published in the Physical Review in 1949, this work describing physics at the LHC. This enormous machine will experimentally probe our marked an epoch in physics. understanding of nature at extremely short distances, and could reveal major new phys - While Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ical principles, such as an extended quantum notion of space-time known as supersym - in 1965 for their contributions to developing an improved theory of quantum electrody - metry. In order to establish the discovery of new particles and forces, it is necessary to namics, it was Dyson who derived the rules and provided instructions about how the accurately understand the predictions from current theories. But these calculations had Feynman diagrams should be drawn and how they should be translated into their associ - been hampered by the complexity of the relevant Feynman graphs. Many processes ated mathematical expressions. Moreover, he trained his peers to use the diagrams dur - experimental physicists were interested in were considered to be impossible to calculate ing the late 1940s and 1950s, turning the Institute into a hotbed of activity in this area. theoretically in practice. Now, this is no longer the case, and already computer code According to David Kaiser of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of Draw - exploiting the BCFW technique is being developed for application to the data the LHC ing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics , “Feynman dia - will produce. grams spread throughout the U.S. by means of a postdoc cascade emanating from the In addition to their practical value, these new ideas have opened up a number of new Institute for Advanced Study.” frontiers of purely theoretical research, both in exploring further the inner workings of Feynman diagrams are powerful tools because they provide a transparent picture for scattering amplitudes and in investigating their relationship with deeper theories of particle interactions in space-time and a set of rules for calculating the scattering ampli - space and time. About a year and a half ago, Arkani-Hamed became intrigued by the tudes describing these interactions that are completely consistent with the laws of quan - BCFW formalism, and with his student Jared Kaplan he found a simple physical tum mechanics and special relativity. These rules allow any process involving particle argument for why it is applicable to calculating scattering amplitudes for gluons and scattering to be converted into a collection of diagrams representing all the ways the col - gravitons, not just in four dimensions of space-time as originally formulated, but in any lision can take place. Each of these diagrams corresponds to a particular mathematical number of dimensions. “This idea of BCFW is somehow a powerful and general fact expression that can be evaluated. The exact description of the scattering process involves about physics in any number of dimensions,” says Arkani-Hamed. Their work also sug - summing an infinite number of diagrams. But in quantum electrodynamics, a simplifica - gested that the amplitudes for the scattering of gravitons might be especially simple. tion occurs: because the electric charge is a small number, the more interactions a dia - (Continued on page 5) 4 of the activity in the field for the past decade. A “duality” is an exact quantum equiva - lence between two completely different classical theories. The first examples of this remarkable phenomenon were discovered in four-dimensional supersymmetric theories by Nathan Seiberg, Professor in the School of Natural Sciences, in collaboration with Witten. This led to the realization that all string theories are different manifestations of S E

V a single underlying theory. Holography is the most striking example of duality to date, I S H E C V I R relating a gravitational theory in a curved space-time to a non-gravitational particle the - H A C H R C A ory in a lower-dimensional flat space. The analogy is to familiar holograms, which E Y T D L U A encode three-dimensional information on a two-dimensional surface. Juan Maldacena, T C S D D N E also a Professor in the School of Natural Sciences, found the first example of a holo - A C Y N C A N V graphic duality, in which everything that happens in the bulk of space-time can be E D G A A

R mapped to processes occurring on its boundary. Maldacena’s conjecture is now known as N O F O S E K

T the AdS/CFT correspondence, and provides a dictionary for translating the physics of C U A T J I T E anti–de Sitter space (AdS) —a negatively curved space with an extra fifth dimension, I S N N I A L E containing gravity and strings —to a conformal field theory (CFT), a four-dimensional E H M T F F O O particle theory that lives on the boundary of the space-time. “Things about gravity are Y Y S S E E T

T mysterious; things about particle theories are much less mysterious. Incredibly, the R R U U O O AdS/CFT correspondence maps mysterious things about gravity to well-understood C C Freeman Dyson (left) and Richard Feynman, circa 1950 things about particle physics, giving us the first working example of what a theory with emergent space-time looks like,” says Arkani-Hamed. “It encourages the thought that, “Even the simplest processes for gravity involve ludicrously complicated Feynman dia - even in a nearly flat space-time like our own, there is a picture of scattering processes, grams, and yet not only are the amplitudes just as simple in this new language, there is which takes incoming particles and converts them to outgoing particles with some very even some indication that they might be simpler,” says Arkani-Hamed. “Perhaps this is simple rules that bypass evolution through the intermediary space-time.” because the things that are the most complicated from the Feynman diagram perspective Exploitation of the AdS/CFT correspondence has led to many remarkable new devel - are the simplest from this other perspective that we are searching for.” opments. A key point is that the four-dimensional CFT involved in the correspondence Expressing amplitudes in terms of variables that encode directly only the physical is a close cousin of quantum chromodynamics, which is the theory relevant at the LHC. properties of particles, such as their momentum and spin, is a key step in this program. AdS/CFT thus provides a sort of theoretical laboratory for the exploration of phenome - This was achieved in the 1980s for four-dimensional theories. But if a general rewriting na related to the hadron collider. While the CFT is similar to the theories that describe of basic interactions for particles like gluons and gravitons is sought, it must be possible nature, it is different in that it is far more symmetric. In fact, the theory enjoys so much to extend these successes to higher dimensions, especially since extra dimensions appear symmetry that it has a property known as integrability, which has allowed, for the first naturally in string theory. This year, Institute Member Donal O’Connell and one of time, the exact computation of a quantity relevant to scattering amplitudes. Already Arkani-Hamed’s students, Clifford Cheung, showed that this could also be achieved there is much progress in an area where a Feynman diagram computation is hopeless: in six dimensions. Using their formalism, and BCFW diagrams in six dimensions, when the coupling analogous to the electric charge is large, one would have to sum all O’Connell and Cheung were able to discover very compact expressions for scattering possible diagrams. But via AdS/CFT, Maldacena and Member Fernando Alday have gauge bosons and gravitons in higher dimensions, which also unify a multitude of four- shown that in the large coupling regime, the scattering amplitude can be computed by dimensional expressions. turning it into a tractable calculation in a string theory living in AdS space. This work Witten’s 2003 proposal used a set of ideas that Roger Penrose first suggested in the led to another major surprise: the scattering amplitudes were shown to have unexpected 1960s called twistor theory, which posits that instead of keeping track of points in space- symmetries that were later sought and found in diagrammatic calculations at weak cou - time, physicists should look at the light rays that come out of those points and follow pling. These symmetries are related to the integrability properties, and give new hope them out to infinity. Witten’s method of calculating the scattering amplitudes suggested that scattering amplitudes in the CFT can be determined exactly. a new string theory that lives in twistor space rather than in ordinary space-time; the Arkani-Hamed suspects that the key to further progress will be finding the analog for structure of this string theory is directly related to the CSW diagrammatic construction. the AdS/CFT correspondence for flat space. An essential problem in gravity is the The BCFW diagrams arose from studying general properties of relativistic quantum inability to precisely talk about physical observables that are localized in space and time. theory formulated in space-time. However, in a recent collaboration, Arkani-Hamed, “The general rule seems to be that we can only describe gravitational systems when Cachazo, Cheung, and Kaplan, found to their surprise that the BCFW formalism is also we’re sitting at the boundary of space-time at infinity, because that is where notionally most naturally expressed in twistor space. Their reasoning leads to a direct mapping of we can repeat experiments infinitely many times with an infinitely big apparatus to ordinary physics in space-time to a simpler description in twistor space. “What is extreme - make infinitely precise measurements. None of these things are exactly possible with ly cool about this business is that we are trying to come up with an explanation for mar - finite separations,” says Arkani-Hamed. “The AdS/CFT correspondence already tells us velous patterns found in theories describing our world,” says Arkani-Hamed. “We have a how to formulate physics in this way for negatively curved space-times; we are trying to lot of clues now, and I think there is a path towards a complete theory that will rewrite figure out if there is some analog of that picture for describing scattering amplitudes in physics in a language that won’t have space-time in it but will explain these patterns.” flat space. Since a sufficiently small portion of any space-time is flat, figuring out how This line of thought has connections to the concepts of duality and holography, to talk about the physics of flat space holographically will likely represent a real step for - which grew out of developments in string theory in the 1990s and have dominated much ward in theoretical physics.”

Lecture on Public Policy: Mary Robinson Speaks on Human Rights .hen Mary Robinson, the former President of Ireland, was the United Nations High Commissioner for Human WRights from 1997 to 2002, she oversaw the translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into 236 languages, earning it a place in Guinness World Records as the most translated document in the world. The Declaration has since been translated into 337 languages. “It is most translated perhaps,” Robinson noted in a lecture at the Institute last October, “but not necessarily most read, and certainly not most implemented or lived by.” Since completing her term as High Commissioner of Human Rights, Robinson has led Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, an organization seeking wider implementation of the Universal Declaration. She has also become a member of “the Elders,” a group of distinguished world leaders brought together by Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu to remind the “global village” of its values. Although the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration in 1948, Robinson noted that many countries still have not ratified its articles into law. The United States, for example, has given treaty status to the Declaration’s political and civil rights, which are similar to those guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, but it has not rati - fied its articles addressing social and economic issues, such as entitlement to health care and shelter. Moreover, since N

the attacks of September 11, 2001, Robinson and others have been fighting against the temptation of governments to R O D

compromise civil rights in the name of security. A G A H

Robinson was the second speaker to participate in the Institute’s Lectures on Public Policy, following Lakhdar Brahi - L L A mi, former Special Adviser to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, a fellow Elder, and Director’s Visitor at the D N A Institute from 2006 to 2008. The next lecture in the series will be given on October 23 by David Cole, a Professor at the R Georgetown University Law Center who specializes in civil rights and criminal justice. Mary Robinson

5 Fourth Member of Bohr Family at IAS Pursues Quantum Theory of Gravity “Scientific research in many domains of knowledge Oswald Veblen, then Professor in the School of Mathe - Aage, who were also Members that year, accompanied him has time after time proved the necessity of abandoning matics, in advance of his stay, “It shall be so great a pleasure to the Institute. Like his father, Aage was awarded the Nobel to me to come into a still closer contact with you and the Prize in Physics. He shared the Prize in 1975 with Ben R. or remoulding viewpoints which, due to their other eminent mathematicians of your group and to try, as Mottelson and James Rainwater for their work in determin - fruitfulness and apparently unrestricted applicability, far as I can, to stimulate discussions on the fundamental ing the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei. Harald were regarded as indispensable for rational problems in atomic physics among the younger scientists.” was a distinguished mathematician whose main field of inter - explanation.” ––Niels Bohr Shortly before his arrival in Princeton, Niels learned est was analytic number theory. According to the late math - that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium ematician, historian, and former Member Otto Neugebauer, ince the advent of the theory of quantum mechanics, atoms. During his time at the Institute, he developed with “The modern era of mathematics in England as well as in Swhich governs motion and change in the subatomic John Wheeler, the late Professor Emeritus at Princeton Denmark and Scandinavia will always be connected with realm, the question of how to deal with gravitational University and a former Member of the Institute, a theory the names of [G. H.] Hardy and [Harald] Bohr respectively.” interaction on a quantum mechanical scale has been of nuclear fission that formed the basis for work in atomic In letters in the Institute Archives, J. Robert Oppen - high on the scientific agenda. Although the understand - energy. Wheeler recalled of their work together, “A work heimer, Institute Director from 1947 to 1966, addressed ing of gravitational interaction is still not complete, sci - session might start with Bohr sitting or standing near the Niels as “Uncle Nick,” a nickname referencing Niels’s entists are steadily learning more about its properties. blackboard in my office. He would outline an idea based on wartime alias. “There is almost no end to the things I N. Emil J. Bjerrum-Bohr, a physicist and the fourth mem - his compound-nucleus model and sketch something on the would wish to talk with you about, and I fear that if you ber of his family to be a Member at the Institute for board. Soon we would be trading a piece of chalk back and come I shall be a burden with all my questions and sto - Advanced Study, spent 2006–08 in the School of Natural forth, drawing pictures and writing equations on the board.” ries,” Oppenheimer wrote to Niels in 1953. Niels returned Sciences studying the computation of amplitudes relevant to The Bohr family maintained a close connection with to the Institute in 1954, when he gave a series of lectures understanding physics and phenomenology in and beyond the Institute over the span of its first three Directors. Let - at the Institute on the implications of modern physics for the Standard Model of physics as well as in quantum gravity. ters in the Institute Archives show that as early as 1933, objective description in various domains of knowledge. “I have always had a great interest in understanding the Niels’s brother, the mathematician Harald Bohr, who was He visited as a Member for the last time in 1958. necessary concepts for developing a theory for quantum closely connected to the University of Göttingen, corre - Growing up, Bjerrum-Bohr was well aware of the gravity,” says Bjerrum-Bohr. “I believe that in order to fully sponded with founding Director Abraham Flexner in an physics questions that fascinated his great-grandfather understand the fundamental concepts of space, time, and effort to secure the safety and employment of German and Einstein. It was his great-uncle Aage who persuaded matter, a theory for gravitational interaction valid at the scholars, such as Richard Courant, and others threatened Bjerrum-Bohr to study physics rather than chemistry, the quantum level will be unavoidable.” by the Nazi regime. field of the noted Danish chemist Niels Janniksen Bjer - The questions posed by a full quantization rum, who was Bjerrum-Bohr’s paternal great- of gravity are linked to many of the famous grandfather and a close friend of Niels Bohr. exchanges that took place, many of them at He is most well known for his work on the the Institute, between former Institute Profes - dissociation of strong electrolytes. sor Albert Einstein and Bjerrum-Bohr’s At the Institute, Bjerrum-Bohr worked on maternal great-grandfather Niels Henrik problems related to the incompatibility of N E

David Bohr (1885–1962), the Nobel Laureate G Einstein’s theory of general relativity with A H and former Member who made the Institute N basic quantum mechanical ideas. In particu - E P O his headquarters on visits to the United States C lar, his research concerned the analytic struc - , E V I

between 1938–58. “It is very inspiring to work H ture of amplitudes, which provide a measure C R and think about such matters in a place such A for the probability of particle interactions in R H O

as the Institute,” says Bjerrum-Bohr, “since B quantum physical theories. S L E many of these important discussions took I For many years, Feynman diagrams (see N F place in these halls and offices.” O article, page 4) have been the standard tool for Y S E T

The late School of Mathematics Professor R computing amplitudes. However, recent com - U O

Abraham Pais described the debates between C putations of quantum amplitudes for Yang- S O T

Niels Bohr and Einstein as follows: “In a spirit O Mills theories and gravity by Edward Witten, H P of friendly and heroic antagonism, these two R Charles Simonyi Professor in the School of E H T men argued about questions of principle.” O Natural Sciences, have inspired much more L L A

From Bohr’s resistance to Einstein’s idea of . efficient ways of doing amplitude computa - N A H

the photon to their debate on the founda - K tions with high precision. Progress has come A R tions of quantum mechanics, “the intellectual E through combining input from string theory, E M A resistance and opposition of one against the S extended supersymmetry, twistor variables, Y B

most basic views held by the other continued O and the clever use of unitarity methods. Con - T O H unabated until the end of Einstein’s life,” P sequently, many amplitudes in Yang-Mills R H wrote Pais. “At issue were the criteria by O theories that are relevant for quantum chro - B - M which one should judge the completeness of U modynamics and were previously considered R R E J the description of the physical world.” B unattainable are now readily available. Such Yet theirs was a relationship marked by Clockwise from top left: Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein; Niels and results are important for the comparison of great respect and fondness. When Einstein was nearly Aage Bohr in 1954; N. Emil J. Bjerrum-Bohr at IAS; Harald theoretical and experimental data in scattering experi - seventy, he wrote, “That this insecure and contradictory Bohr, Luther P. Eisenhart, and Niels Bohr in Princeton in 1948 ments, like those being conducted at the Large Hadron foundation [of physics in the years from 1910 to 1920] was Collider in Switzerland. “This research has the potential to sufficient to enable a man of Bohr’s unique instinct and tact In 1943, Niels and his family fled from Nazi-occupied revolutionize the way we think about physical theories such to discover the major laws of the spectral lines and of the Denmark to Sweden in the cabin of a fishing boat. Soon as particle physics and string theory,” says Bjerrum-Bohr. “It electron shells of the atoms together with their significance Niels and his physicist son Aage Niels Bohr (b. 1922), might lead to new insights in how to formulate a funda - for chemistry appeared to me like a miracle––and appears who served as his assistant, became involved in the mental theory of quantum gravity.” to me as a miracle even today. This is the highest form of British and American war efforts, traveling to the Unit - In addition to relishing the freedom to explore many musicality in the sphere of thought.” Of Einstein’s influence ed States and briefly visiting then Institute Director ideas important to his research and becoming acquainted on Bohr, Pais wrote, “Just as in many sports a player goes Frank Aydelotte, before traveling on to Los Alamos. with scientists from all over the world, Bjerrum-Bohr felt through warming-up exercises before entering the arena, so Aage has recalled, “On our arrival in New York my father a strong connection to the Institute’s natural surround - Bohr would relive the struggles which it took before the was requested to assume the pseudonym Nicholas Baker, ings. “There is nothing that compares to walking in the content of quantum mechanics was understood and accept - while I became James Baker. We were issued with papers Institute Woods or sitting on the benches next to the ed. I can say that in Bohr’s mind this struggle started all over in these names, and at the beginning there was constant - Institute Pond,” says Bjerrum-Bohr. “The walking trails every single day. This, I am convinced, was Bohr’s inex - ly an armed detective at our side. When we traveled through the sunlit forest of the woods bring me back to haustible source of identity. Einstein appeared forever as his around in the States, we were always accompanied by a summer vacations in the Tisvilde forests of northern leading spiritual partner—even after the latter’s death he bodyguard; over long distances the guard was changed, Zealand where my great-grandfather’s beloved summer would argue with him as if Einstein were still alive.” and the one who assumed responsibility for us had to sign cottage is located. I believe that when visiting Einstein at Niels, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for a receipt for our delivery in good condition.” the Institute my great-grandfather must have felt very at his exploration of the inner structure of atoms, first visit - Despite a standing invitation, Niels did not formally home walking through the Institute Woods, pondering ed the Institute as a Member in 1938–39. He wrote to return to the Institute until after the war in 1948. Harald and questions in the field of physics, smoking his pipe.” 6 Institute Visit Inspired Creation of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences in Madras Alladi Ramakrishnan (1923–2008) by Krishnaswami Alladi excited about the possibility of a Nobel Prize, which they received y father Alladi Ramakrishnan, shortly thereafter. In those eight Mwho made significant contribu - months, my father heard over one tions to stochastic processes, elemen - hundred seminars—Bengt Strömgren tary particle physics, matrix algebra, on astrophysics, Marvin Goldberger and the special theory of relativity, on dispersion theory, Rudolf Haag passed away at my home in on scattering, Abraham Pais and Gainesville, Florida, last June, at the Sam Treiman on weak interactions. age of eighty-four. Inspired by his visit Oppenheimer was an active partici - to the Institute for Advanced Study, pant in the seminars. My father wrote where he was a Member in 1957–58, in his diary, “Oppenheimer’s very pres - he later founded and directed the ence stimulated creative thought and I Institute of Mathematical Sciences D invited impartial criticism.” As a A L L A

(MATSCIENCE), in Madras, India. I result of these lectures, my father shift - M A

Initially attracted to law—my W ed his research to elementary particle S A paternal grandfather Sir Alladi Krish - N physics in the next decade. H S I R naswami Iyer was a prominent Indian K After his year at the Institute, my F O lawyer who helped draft the Consti - Y father returned to India filled with a S E T tution of India—my father decided to R desire to induct talented students into U O pursue a career in science after he C theoretical physics and expose them heard Homi Bhabha give a lecture on Alladi Ramakrishnan as a Member at the Institute in the 1950s to the latest advances in the field. Not Meson Theory at the Presidency Col - satisfied with the curriculum at the lege in Madras in 1943. University of Madras, he conducted theoretical physics seminars at our family home In 1947, my father joined Bhabha’s fledgling Tata Institute of Fundamental Research between 1958–61. Eager students gathered at the seminar and he invited well-known in Bombay. Bhabha introduced my father to cascade theory and the problem of cosmic scientists from abroad to address them. My mother graciously hosted the visitors and the radiation, the study of which required the probabilistic analysis of the distribution of a students. discrete number of particles in continuous energy space. In attacking this problem, my When Nobel Laureate Niels Bohr, a former Member of the Institute (see article, page 6), father introduced a new technique, which he called the method of product densities. In came to India in 1960 as the guest of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, he lectured in 1949, my father left the Tata Institute and sailed to England to complete his Ph.D. my father’s seminar. Upon his return to Delhi, Bohr was asked for his opinion about sci - under Professor M. S. Bartlett of the University of Manchester. My father’s thesis work ence in India. He said that two things impressed him the most—the massive Tata Insti - on product densities, which extended the earlier work of D. G. Kendall, appeared in the tute in Bombay, and the small group of students trained by my father in Madras. Bohr’s Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , and is considered among his major con - statement, which was reported in newspapers like the Hindu , prompted Nehru to meet tributions. with my father and his students. At their meeting, Nehru asked my father what he want - After his Ph.D., my father returned to India and joined the University of Madras first ed. My father asked for an institute for advanced fundamental research like the Institute as a Reader, then as Professor of Physics. During the fifties, he developed the theory of for Advanced Study in Princeton. MATSCIENCE was created on January 3, 1962. product densities and its applications in collaboration with his students. He came into My father served as the Director of MATSCIENCE for twenty-one years until his contact with the astrophysicist Subramanyam Chandrasekhar, who provided the Astro - retirement in 1983. During his tenure, hundreds of important mathematicians and physical Journal with eight of my father’s papers, some of which dealt with the fluctua - physicists visited MATSCIENCE. After I moved to Florida permanently in 1987, he tion of brightness of the Milky Way. In 1955, my father was elected a Fellow of the Indian and my mother made extended annual visits to Gainesville. Even in his retirement, his Academy of Sciences with the backing of Nobel Laureate Sir C. V. Raman. spirit of inquiry remained unabated, and he published papers on the special theory of In 1956, at a high-energy physics conference at the University of Rochester, my relativity. I close with a dictum that he had inscribed on the walls of MATSCIENCE: father met J. Robert Oppenheimer, then Director of the Institute. Oppenheimer The pursuit of science is at its best inquired about my father’s plans for the future, and my father replied that he would like when it is a part of a way of life. to visit the Institute. Within a few months, my father received an invitation to come for the academic year 1957–58. The visit was a turning point in his career. At the Institute my father had the Krishnaswami Alladi, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Florida, is a former opportunity to listen to the lectures of leading physicists of his generation. T. D. Lee Member (1981 – 82) of the School of Mathematics. He is the founder and editor-in-chief and C. N. Yang had just completed their famous work on nonconservation of parity in of the Ramanujan Journal (Springer), which is devoted to all areas of mathematics weak interactions. They were in residence at the Institute that year and everyone was influenced by the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan.

ZALDARRIAGA (Continued from page 1) cyclic universe.” Working with Paolo Creminelli and Alberto Nicolis, he showed that it is possible to make predictions for density perturbations that are independent of the tute of Technology (MIT), working with Uros Seljak, who was then a postdoctoral stu - details of the bouncing phase. dent at Harvard. Their method, called CMBFAST, accelerated calculations of CMB Born in Argentina, Zaldarriaga earned his undergraduate degree in physical science fluctuations by some two orders of magnitude, making all previous codes obsolete. from the University of Buenos Aires in 1994. In 1998, he obtained a Ph.D. in physics “Matias combines great creativity, formidable technical power, and a deep under - from MIT. He served as W. M. Keck Visiting Associate in Cosmology at the Institute standing of the experimental landscape and data analysis,” said Scott Tremaine, Richard from 2001 to 2002. He moved to New York University in 2003 as an Assistant Professor, Black Professor in the School of Natural Sciences. “He is uniquely able to exploit the and the following year he joined Harvard University as Associate Professor. In 2004, he growing connections between astrophysics and particle physics and to link the ongoing became Professor of Astronomy and Physics at Harvard. research efforts in these two disciplines at the Institute.” Zaldarriaga has maintained a close relationship with the Institute since his postdoc - Zaldarriaga’s recent research has focused on intergalactic hydrogen gas in the early uni - toral days. He was a long-term Member from 1998 to 2001 and spent additional time as verse, before galaxy and star formation was underway. He is one of the leading theorists a Visitor in the School of Natural Sciences in 2004, 2005, and 2008. “The very strong developing machinery to study this gas using the spectral line from neutral hydrogen at 21- astrophysics and particle physics efforts at the Institute provide the ideal environment centimeter wavelength. While the idea of using 21-cm radiation to probe the history of the for my research,” said Zaldarriaga. “I am eager to join the Institute this July and look for - universe dates back some two decades, Zaldarriaga’s work has emphasized the strong anal - ward to many exciting years on the Faculty.” ogy between 21-cm fluctuations and CMB fluctuations, and the importance of using sta - Zaldarriaga is the recipient of a 2006 MacArthur Fellowship. In 2005, he was awarded tistical techniques to study these fluctuations. His insights have been largely responsible for the Gribov Medal, which is presented every two years by the European Physical Society igniting the enthusiasm of the large community of CMB theorists and experimentalists to recognize a young physicist for outstanding work performed in the field of theoretical who are now working with this challenging but potentially transformative new technique. particle physics or field theory. The American Astronomical Society awarded him its In his study of the early universe, Zaldarriaga has proposed qualitatively new ways of 2003 Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy, and he received a David and Lucile Packard driving inflation and generating density perturbations. He has also investigated more Fellowship in 2001 and a Hubble Fellowship in 1998. While a student at MIT, he was formal issues in cosmology, including a proposed alternative to inflation, the “bouncing awarded the Barrett Prize for originality in astrophysics research. 7 I o G day e w t ROB Re s a w a f f i r G di A ( Ma e t n i a e i Alg a h p t a w s a beg c h P c e D of a e dur di i y l l i t a t bas a a l t (w a s m ear em s em h i ch h h h 1996) qua g fi nd, s on nd xt ou, nd mount nd c d n f o r ad h o me il it r f ARLEN HASTINGS d a emnt te r e e e t P sea t d t fe pre h a if me il e l O S O c erio i h th ed ol ebraic i s m e l b h an c hi ned s versa i s s ng ic s l a r g e b m e r f l of e f n o ge sym with det d l e h Grif rential s h for reti math , w x e l p m o ge tion quite tron ERT whe e iths ip. s h t i ematics seing istc f ur n e e b thoug rch I triva of l tr s h i a c th , k r o ometry l co m ime fin forme ome in on the ip, days. n a ic e pleasur forme this conve and e m our nd a P fith ost d , g-She r dife c n e r tions, s, ur re g Ins throug mined bout infte ishe r fer las Geo a e hilp o role ea co Dea e t a h t L. both a emb me l a matic a ver se a f c h w try Schoo try o w Profe t Philp ti nd , 9 7 9 1 nd c importan s ourse rne t a syte homlgy) I asur long I r BR His , h t few tu I rential ns e a the nc plied d metry an d fa a ne family, rsation Instiue i I i k r n n of re w of a had h c te ti e m it of inspr e r e w a other g o st l YANT t onical n e a ha ding a ith tu to duct s c l he ian radute sor n great s m simal Che g n lys nd homlgy difernt e d inter bly pa a of c (MS Ya in e le etr of te was tha h d nd c pa f i se ola n w , not n i learn l a olabrt s a d, bas r is, Mat his r e f in th ng ormus h know an celbr (PC s t rite ticpans ion rtial I ing o a in c i a r b e g his rn t yst r t hat are from n ad both of RI), of Co , s – – n es a b bor no bok t bu t n e t and wer boks is d pr peri al i s n o c d e c u d o D , s Di t got he he , a e e t det a hem pri em ts ing as. 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PHOTOS ANDREA KANE Derek Bermel Appointed Artist-in-Residence erek Bermel, a composer, clarinetist, conductor, and jazz and rock musician, will join a performance of a Koussevitzky Commission for American Composers Orchestra, con - Dthe Institute as its new Artist-in-Residence as of July. The position will afford him the ducted by Maestro Dennis Russell Davies, and the world premiere of Fang Man’s clarinet opportunity to pursue his scholarly and creative interests, while concerto Resurrection , in which Bermel will perform as a soloist. arranging the Institute’s annual Edward T. Cone Concert Series. This September, Bermel will begin an affiliation as a guest com - “I am thrilled to join a community of scholars that I’ve long held poser with the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra. in the highest esteem,” said Bermel. “I look forward to drawing Bermel’s awards include the Alpert Award in the Arts, inspiration and contributing creative energy during my residency.” Guggenheim and Fulbright fellowships, the Trailblazer Award Bermel comes to the Institute from a three-year position as from the American Music Center, the Academy Award from the the American Composers Orchestra’s Music Alive Composer- American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Paul Boylan Award in-Residence. In that position, he played a central role in from the University of Michigan, and a Rome Prize Fellowship programming, serving as curator and artistic adviser to the from the American Academy in Rome. He has also been grant - organization’s Orchestra Underground series. ed commissions from the Fromm and Greenwall Foundations, “We are delighted that Derek is joining the Institute as our Meet the Composer, and the Cary Trust, as well as residencies at new Artist-in-Residence,” said Director Peter Goddard. “The Yaddo, Tanglewood, Aspen, Banff, Bellagio, Copland House, breadth of his musical influences and the wide range of his musi - Sacatar, and Civitella Ranieri. cal experience and achievement will add greatly to the cultural Bermel has collaborated with a wide variety of artists, includ - life of our community.” ing playwright Will Eno, filmmaker Kevin Jerome Everson, Bermel made his Carnegie Hall debut in 1998 as a soloist per - installation artist Shimon Attie, landscape architect Andy Cao, forming his own critically acclaimed clarinet concerto, Voices . choreographer Sheron Wray, performance artist Kim Jones, He has received commissions from such organizations as the composer and sound designer David Reid, and poets Wendy S. Pittsburgh Symphony, the National Symphony, the Los Angeles Walters, Mark Halliday, Naomi Shihab Nye, and Albert Bermel. Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the New Jersey Sym - As an educator, he founded the Making Score program for phony, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the young composers at the New York Youth Symphony and regu - Aspen Music Festival, the Tanglewood Music Center, and larly leads master classes at universities, conservatories, and con - Z T

WNYC Radio. Works from Bermel have also been commis - N cert venues worldwide. A R E

sioned by individuals and groups, including Music from China, M Born in New York, Bermel began composing music at the age O P S

Jazz Xchange (U.K.), Figura (Denmark), eighth blackbird, E of eight. He obtained a B.A. from Yale University in 1989 and a M A violinist Midori, cellist Fred Sherry, and pianist Chris Taylor. J D.M.A. from the University of Michigan in 1998, studying com - The London Philharmonia performed an all-Bermel concert as Derek Bermel position with William Bolcom, Michael Tenzer, William part of their Music of Today series in 2006, and his music has Albright, Henri Dutilleux, and Louis Andriessen. Bermel also been featured at festivals around the world. A 2002 disc of his chamber work, Soul studied ethnomusicology and orchestration in Jerusalem with André Hajdu, later travel - Garden , has received great acclaim, and the Boston Modern Orchestra Project released a ing to Bulgaria to study Thracian folk style with Nikola Iliev, to Brazil to learn caxixi with CD of his orchestral music, Voices , in February 2009. Next year, a CD of several of his larg - Julio Góes, and to Ghana to study Dagara xylophone with Ngmen Baaru. er works will be released by the group Alarm Will Sound. Bermel’s music is published by Peermusic Classical in the Americas and Asia and by Last season, Bermel performed as a soloist alongside Wynton Marsalis in Migration Faber Music in Europe and Australia. Series , a composition by Bermel commissioned by the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra and The Artist-in-Residence program was established at the Institute for Advanced the American Composers Orchestra. He also appeared as a clarinet soloist with the Los Study in 1994 to create a musical presence within the Institute community and to have Angeles Philharmonic in composer John Adams’s Gnarly Buttons , with Adams conduct - in residence a person whose work could be experienced and appreciated by scholars from ing, and as a soloist in his own concerto at the Beijing Modern Music Festival. Highlights all disciplines. Pianist Robert Taub was the first Artist-in-Residence from 1994 to 2001, during this season include the Pittsburgh Symphony’s premiere of Bermel’s composition followed by Jon Magnussen from 2000 to 2007 and Paul Moravec from 2007 to 2008, after for chorus and orchestra The Good Life , and a return to Carnegie Hall for two premieres: which Moravec became Artistic Consultant at the Institute from 2008 to 2009.

Paul Moravec’s Prolific Residency uring his time at the Institute, composer Paul Moravec, who served as the Insti - Dtute’s Artist-in-Residence in 2007–08 and Artistic Consultant in 2008–09, has been remarkably prolific. His work Brandenburg Gate, a concerto grosso commissioned A Community of Imagination by the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, was performed by the ensemble in Wolfensohn Hall very public musical performance is a collaboration between the performer and last October. Five days later, the piece received its official world premiere when Orpheus the audience, because music is received and, in a sense, recreated in the mind presented it at Carnegie Hall. The composition was part of Orpheus’s project to com - E of the listener. On some level then, a composition is only as interesting as the imag - mission six composers to write works inspired by Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos. The ination of the individual listening to it. Walt Whitman said, “To have great poets, New York Times called Moravec’s twenty-minute composition a “restless interplay and there must be great audiences too.” While in residence at the Institute over the past feisty competition between the chamber orchestra and a solo group. [His] compositional two years, I have been delighted to present concerts to great audiences indeed. A (Continued on page 11) musician naturally senses the extent to which an audience is paying attention to— and thinking about—a particular performance. Many of the artists who have per - formed recently for the Institute community have remarked to me on the high qual - ity and degree of attention that the audiences here give to their performances. To perform for someone who really listens is a privilege for a musical artist. It has been a privilege for me to participate in the community of the Institute during my time in Princeton. There are few venues in the contemporary world where the work of an artist is taken seriously as a viable mode of human under - standing. Unlike in some other intellectual professions, the musical artist does not attempt to explain the mysteries and paradoxes of human experience, but rather makes them audibly sensible in forms of the most ordered and integrative beauty. In my time here, I have been granted the opportunity to complete several such endeavors, including my first opera, my first oratorio, a clarinet concerto, a con - certo grosso, and a song cycle. My work has been especially encouraged and ener -

N gized by the spirit of imagination and possibility that so generously pervades the R O

D Institute community. Just as important have been the warm friendships my wife, A G A

H Wendy, and I have formed among so many in this most congenial community and L L A

D which we will cherish for the rest of our lives. N A R —Paul Moravec Paul Moravec, at right, with the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra in Wolfensohn Hall

10 Membership Funding Ensures Freedom to Pursue Knowledge ome two hundred Members come each year to the Institute, where they are afforded the the highest levels of scholarship at the Institute. Contributions from individual Friends Sfreedom to pursue long-term goals. The Institute relies on the generosity of a range of are extremely important, providing the largest source of unrestricted income and donors, from foundations to Friends and former Members of the Institute, whose support enabling the research of four Members in each School every year. In 2008–09, Friends’ ensures that research endeavors at the Institute are free of the pressure for immediate results. contributions have funded research by Matthew Gursky , a mathematician who has In the 2008–09 academic year, the Ambrose Monell Foundation has supported worked in variational problems from mathematical physics and spectral theory; Darrel Visiting Professor Noga Alon in his work in combinatorics, discrete mathematics, and Moellendorf , a philosopher pursuing research on moral matters relating to anthropogenic theoretical computer science; former School of Mathematics Faculty member Luis climate change; Aristotle Socrates , an astrophysicist interested in the physical processes Caffarelli , an expert on nonlinear problems in analysis and applied mathematics; Mark that underlie accretion onto black holes and neutron stars; and Zoltan Szombathy , a Goresky , who works on mathematics geometry and automorphic forms; astrophysicist specialist in Arabic studies who has been examining how the deliberate flouting of dom - Ari Laor , who studies massive black holes; Burt Alan Ovrut , who conducts research in inant norms and values by many individuals in medieval Arabic literature was not only string theory and particle cosmology; Gary Shiu , who studies string theory, particle tolerated but also highly prized. physics, and cosmology; and string theorist and quantum field theorist Charles B. Friends who join the Founders’ Circle make a tangible connection to the intellectu - Thorn . For the 2009–10 academic year, the foundation has renewed its annual support al work of the Institute by sponsoring a Membership in a School of their choice for one for Members in the Schools of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and has directed year. Prashanth AK , whose work has focused on how DNA structural properties deter - additional funding to the Simons Center for Systems Biology. mine fundamental biological mechanisms, is the Lynn and Robert Johnston Founders’ The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation has provided support to medieval historian Circle Member. Also in biology, Alexei Vazquez , the Helen and Martin Chooljian Elisheva Baumgarten , who has been studying Jewish communities in Germany and Founders’ Circle Member, has worked to understand the organization of biological sys - northern France during the High Middle Ages, and to Martin J. Powers , who has been tems and to develop statistical frameworks to analyze large biological datasets. Physicist examining the role of the arts in relation to political action and social justice in China. Michelle Girvan , the Ginny and Robert Loughlin Founders’ Circle Member, studies the The foundation also has renewed its support for the 2009–10 academic year and will influence of network structure on phenomena (see article, below). Richard Shweder , provide funding for two Members in the School of Historical Studies. the Rosanna and Charles Jaffin Founders’ Circle Member, explores the ethical and legal The Minerva Research Foundation is providing funding for Alice Chang , whose foundations of tolerance for diversity and has been examining conflicts between main - research as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the School of Mathematics is focused stream populations and cultural minority groups. on conformal invariants of high orders and classification results of manifolds according In addition to providing funding support for the work of Mark Goresky in the School to the sign and size of conformal invariants. The foundation has renewed its support of Mathematics, in 2008–09 the Association of Members of the Institute for Advanced with a two-year grant for senior Members in mathematics. Study (AMIAS) has supported Pantelis Nigdelis , a scholar of ancient history and Friends of the Institute for Advanced Study are also partners in the advancement of Greek epigraphy in the School of Historical Studies.

Applying Physics to Complex Social Systems ichelle Girvan, the Ginny and Robert Loughlin how mathematical modeling can reveal social forces. MFounders’ Circle Member in the School of Social In primate societies, a few older males often serve as a Science during the 2008–09 academic year, is one of many sort of police, intervening in conflicts when they arise and physicists who have been drawn in recent years to study preventing others by their mere presence. Following a typ - complex systems beyond the purely physical. Using graph ical method of zoological observation, researchers removed theory, statistical physics, algorithms, and nonlinear dynam - these policing individuals from a group of captive pigtailed ics, these researchers can describe phenomena such as the macaques, a type of monkey native to Southeast Asia, and connection of Internet sites and the spread of rumors and dis - observed the results. But before the observations were N A

ease in mathematical terms, yielding some surprising results. V made, Girvan added another step: she constructed a topo - R I G E

While at the Institute, Girvan, an Assistant Professor in L logical model of what could be expected when these males L E H

the Department of Physics at the University of Maryland, C were removed based on the network structure of their rela - I M F

has been examining how individuals’ social networks and O tionships, in which the policing males serve as nodes in a Y S opinions develop in concert, as they seek to be like their E web of connections. T R U

neighbors and connect to other people like themselves, O In a paper published in Nature in January 2006, the team C while still forming some opinions based on independent Michelle Girvan reported the results. Simple observation of the macaques reflection. revealed the disruptiveness of removing the policing males. “We see that there is a tipping point in the parameters of this model, in which the In their absence, the other macaques played with, groomed, and sat with far fewer system goes from one that is built from closely knit groups between which there are partners than they did when the dominant males were present. But the topological only looser connections to one in which there is only one group with a single opin - model projected a higher level of disruption—if equally important nodes were ion,” Girvan explains. removed from a physical structure, the collapse would have been more significant. Girvan is also looking for algorithms that will identify overlapping community The comparison revealed that the remaining macaques were in fact compensating structures in networks, helping to explain, for example, how business, social, and for the absence of the policing males to some degree, restructuring some of their family ties interact. If one of these communities is disrupted, what will happen to the relationships to withstand the removal of these central figures. Such dynamics can others? This is a question Girvan began looking into some years ago, at one point col - now be investigated further, both by primatologists and by complex-network theorists laborating with a group of researchers studying primates in a project that demonstrates like Girvan.

MORAVEC (Continued from page 10) While at the Institute, Moravec also composed The Blizzard Voices , an evening- length oratorio premiered by Opera Omaha in September 2008, a Concerto for Clarinet skill is apparent throughout this well-made and agreeable score.” and Orchestra, premiered by the Princeton Symphony Orchestra in January 2009, and Born in Buffalo, New York, Moravec will return to his position as University Profes - two pieces composed for Board Chairman Charles Simonyi and Vice Chairman Martin sor at Adelphi University in the fall. After earning his B.A. in music composition from Leibowitz on the occasion of a transition in leadership in October 2008. Harvard University in 1980, he won a Rome Prize Fellowship from the American Acad - His major musical accomplishment during his stay in Princeton was a commission emy in Rome. He received both his master’s (1982) and doctorate (1987) degrees in from the Santa Fe Opera, for which he collaborated with librettist Terry Teachout. Both music composition from Columbia University, then went on to teach at Columbia and Moravec and Teachout are making their operatic debuts with The Letter , an opera noir later at Dartmouth and Hunter colleges. He was awarded the 2004 Pulitzer Prize in based on the short story by W. Somerset Maugham, which will premiere at the Santa Fe Music for Tempest Fantasy , a thirty-minute “musical meditation” on Shakespeare’s play Opera in July. The Letter will feature soprano Patricia Racette and baritone Anthony scored for clarinet, violin, cello, and piano. Michaels-Moore in a production directed by the British theater and opera director His numerous distinctions include a Fellowship in Music Composition from the Jonathan Kent. It will be conducted by Patrick Summers of the Houston Grand Opera, National Endowment for the Arts, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in Italy, a and the sets will be designed by Hildegard Bechtler. Fashion designer Tom Ford will Camargo Foundation Residency Fellowship in France, and two fellowships from the design the costumes, making his debut as a stage designer with this production. American Academy of Arts and Letters.

11 The League of Nations at IAS by Patricia Clavin Nations, established in 1945. None of this would have been possible n September 29, 1940, a small band without the pivotal role played by the Oof League of Nations employees and Institute. Its intervention in the summer their families arrived at the Institute for of 1940 was crucial, as Director Frank Advanced Study, where they would base Aydelotte explained to the Institute

the civilian operations of the League’s S Trustees, “for the League was unlikely to E V I

Economic and Financial Organization H approach the United States, a non- C R A

for the next five years. Led by Scotsman Y Member, and the United States would D U T

Alexander Loveday, the cosmopolitan S hardly approach the League.” Moving the D E group with members from Ireland, Swe - C League’s secretariat to the United States N A V den, Estonia, Canada, the Netherlands, D touched political sensitivities that ran A R

Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Romania, O deep, especially in 1940, an election year F E T

Switzerland, France, and New Zealand U in which President Roosevelt bid for a T I T comprised some of the leading experts in S controversial third term and the nation, N I E economics, finance, and demography. H though divided on issues of foreign T F O

But why were they in Princeton? Y engagement, began to prepare for war. S E T

The answer to this question lies in a R In a series of deft moves, Aydelotte, U O mix of the personal, the political, and C who had served as President of his local the circumstantial. At the time, the cir - A meeting of the Economic and Financial secretariat of the League of Nations in Fuld Hall League of Nations Association for many cumstances seemed the most important years, quickly put together a tripartite and were certainly the most dramatic factor. In 1940, the Economic and Financial response to Loveday’s plea that included the Rockefeller Foundation (which helped to Organization was the largest and most important agency of the League of Nations, the bankroll the move) and Princeton University, which made great play of “Wilson’s international body that preceded the United Nations. Its secretariat, a civil-servant section University” saving the League in its hour of need. But it was Aydelotte who undertook of economists and statisticians from around the world, came to the United States to the lion’s share of the work, including the sensitive political task of negotiating with escape a Nazi-occupied Europe that left the League isolated and at risk of Axis domi - Secretary of State Cordell Hull to ensure that the State Department and the White nation. When Loveday, the Director of the agency, put out his first call for help to the House privately supported the Institute initiative. They endorsed the Director’s efforts Institute in early May 1940, what remained of democratic Europe was on the brink of with alacrity. collapse. The League’s arrival in Princeton put considerable pressure on the Institute’s By the time Loveday and his colleagues arrived at the Institute, Belgium and France resources: the new dining room in Fuld Hall was given over to the League while Faculty had fallen to the Axis powers, British forces had been pushed back across the English members were asked to share offices and secretaries to work in corridors. But the sacri - Channel, and the only route out of Europe was across a hostile Spain and an unpredictable fices demanded of Faculty and support staff alike were seen as a central contribution to Portugal. (The League officials shared a fairly typical, if not fortunate, tale of flight: on the “mobilization of the scholarly resources of the nation” and were understood as part their way from Geneva they survived a serious bus crash in which three members of the of the nation’s “mobilization against the threat of war,” as Aydelotte described it in an party were injured, then endured a three-week wait, huddled together on a shared mat - October 1940 report. Much of this history remains untold, as does the Institute’s role in tress in a public room in Lisbon, before securing safe passage on board the Exeter .) efforts to persuade the United States as a whole to assume global leadership during Aside from affording sanctuary, there were also constructive, political reasons why World War II. Undoubtedly, Aydelotte would be delighted at the inauguration of the a League presence in Princeton was important. Moving the Economic and Financial new Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, which will help to recover these secretariat to the Institute preserved the League’s invaluable expertise and made it and other forgotten histories of the Institute. readily accessible to the United States government, which placed economic and financial reconstruction at the heart of its plans for a new world order. Between 1940 Patricia Clavin, Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at Jesus College, University of and 1945, the number of League officials based at Princeton grew from eleven to Oxford, was a Visitor in the School of Historical Studies during the second term of thirty-five. They helped establish the United Nations Relief and Reconstruction 200 8– 09. Her research at the Institute was funded by the Thank-Offering to Britain Administration in 1943, drafted plans for the new monetary order agreed to at the Fellowship of the British Academy. Her book, Bread and Butter Internationalism: Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, and advanced the trade liberalization that result - The League of Nations and the World Economy, 1919–1946 , will be published by ed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947. The League group in Oxford University Press in 2010. She can be reached at [email protected]. Princeton also provided essential practical support for the creation of the United

LEVY ARCHIVES (Continued from page 1) BYNUM (Continued from page 3)

White, founding Trustee of the Leon Levy Foundation, said her interest in creating the absorbed and utilized.” She discerns new emphases on connectivity, transitions, mater - center was sparked by an anecdote about John von Neumann, the renowned mathematician ial culture, objects, and “deep structures,” but sees them as owing “more to the absorp - who came to the Institute in 1933 as one its first Professors and worked there until his death tion than to the rejecting of the so-called linguistic or cultural turn.” in 1957. “When his daughter, Marina Whitman, told me that she did not give the Institute Of greater threat to historical scholarship than the “culture wars” of the 1990s, his papers because it did not have an archive center,” White said, “I knew that the Institute according to Bynum, are the crushing expectations for over-production at most Amer - needed one to help ensure that the valuable papers of its distinguished Faculty be preserved.” ican universities. In her essay “The P Word,” published by the American Historical White and the Leon Levy Foundation have supported the Institute in a range of signif - Association’s Perspectives in October 2007, she laments the increasing use of the word icant ways. During his fifteen years on the Institute Board, Leon Levy contributed consid - “project” by historians and suggests its abolishment. “‘Scholarship,’ ‘research,’ ‘work’ are erable talents in his role as Vice Chairman and President of the Corporation (1995–2003), open-ended activities; they are something one is, almost by definition, always in the and shared an intellectual vitality that greatly benefited the Institute. The New Initiatives middle of. When one does research or engages in scholarship, one meanders, following Fund established by Levy and White in 1998 has promoted progress in new and important the sources where they lead,” she notes. “A project, on the other hand, has a beginning programs such as systems biology and theoretical computer science, and has supported and an end. It comes with its conclusions already drawn and its chapters outlined.” emerging research in mathematics and astrophysics. Since the 2005–06 academic year, the Addressing the increasing demands to produce in academia, Bynum proposes in foundation has funded a Leon Levy Member in the School of Social Science. Dædalus that historians extend the perspective inherent in the “comic mode” to their Since the Institute’s Archives were formally established in 1986, they have existed as an professional practices. “If we could really understand what we undertake as historians informal adjunct to the Historical Studies–Social Science Library, through the part-time to be by definition partial and discontinuous, forever redone and in need of redoing efforts of Library staff. Primarily a paper-based collection dating from the 1930s onward, the because of our own cultural situated-ness, we––all of us, young scholars and Archives currently include official correspondence of the Director’s Office, minutes of old––would be able to slow down,” Bynum suggests. “If there is no goal at the end of meetings of the Faculty and Board of Trustees, correspondence and files concerning past the race––that is, if the point is the running not the goal––why sprint instead of stroll Faculty members, records of the Electronic Computer Project, and other documents. In (especially if sprinting damages our knees forever)? No longer pressured to read every - addition, the Archives house the papers of the late John Bahcall, Professor in the School of thing, consider everything, account for every new turn and twist of scholarship, we Natural Sciences from 1971–2005, and copies of the lecture notes of the late Ernst Kan - would recognize that each of us is––and can be—only one perspective. Accepting the torowicz, Professor in the School of Historical Studies from 1951–63. The Archives also fragmentary and necessarily partial nature of our own contribution, we might become contain the Institute’s oral-history tapes and transcripts and a collection of photographs of more truly collaborative––that is, more open to using, even seeking out, work differ - the Institute’s buildings and grounds, the Electronic Computer Project, Faculty, Directors, ent from our own.” and others affiliated with the Institute. 12 The Metropolitan Opera Hosts Centennial Council embers of the Centennial Council, which opera more appealing and accessible to a broader audi - Mincludes the Institute’s most active and ence, maintaining its high standard of excellence, and involved donors, attended a performance at the making bold artistic choices, such as the decision to Metropolitan Opera of Doctor Atomic , John produce Doctor Atomic and the selection of Penny Adams’s exploration of J. Robert Oppenheimer’s Woolcock, a British filmmaker, as its director. Peter role as Technical Director of the Los Alamos Lab - Galison, Institute Trustee and Joseph Pellegrino oratory and Chief Scientific Officer of the atomic University Professor at Harvard University, followed bomb project. Oppenheimer was the Institute’s with a scientific perspective on the bomb, focusing on third and longest-serving Director (1947–66) and Oppenheimer’s integral role in its development. simultaneously served as Chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Com - For more information about the Centennial Coun - mission from 1947 through 1952. cil, including ways in which donors can become R E

V more deeply involved in the work of the Institute

The performance, which took place in the fall, A E

W by providing major operating, endowment, and was preceded by a reception and talks on Doctor Y E R

O Membership support, please contact Catie New -

Atomic and Oppenheimer in the Met’s boardroom. C combe, Senior Development Officer, at (609) 951- The General Manager of the Met, Peter Gelb, spoke Institute Trustee Peter Galison provides scientific background on J. Robert 4542 or [email protected]. about his efforts to revitalize the Met by making Oppenheimer and the atomic bomb prior to a performance of Doctor Atomic .

Exploring the Idea of a Second Life Virtual Campus econd Life is an online three-dimensional virtual world. Initially, it looks like a video game, but the participants are called S“residents,” and there is no game and no goal. Instead, Second Life residents spend their time in activities that mirror what people do in the normal world (called Real Life in contrast to Second Life). In Second Life, they meet and talk with each other, build houses, landscape gardens, make clothes, play chess, watch movies, and even make their own movies. At any given moment, there are some 60,000 active residents. In total, a few hundred thousand individuals spend a few hours each day in Second Life, where a flourishing economy based on its own currency, the Linden dollar (L$), has a floating exchange rate with Real Life currencies. Visiting Second Life is like entering a medium-sized city with a population of a few hundred thousand inhabitants, most of whom are energetic and creative and form many interwoven networks. This city, with a total surface area about the size of Manhattan, exists purely in cyberspace, made up of bits and bytes in data banks, represented by pixels on the screens of anyone interested in opening a free Second Life account.

T Over the last few years, many universities and government organizations have opened branches in Second Life, U H

T including Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton, and NASA. They have campuses and areas for E I P

F meetings and exhibitions, along with spaces for educational and research activities. The advantages are interactivity, O Y S

E immediacy, and the size of the group that can be accommodated. T R U

O It would be possible to construct a virtual Institute campus with a virtual Fuld Hall and virtual teatime. Those inter - C ested should contact me at [email protected]. Professional astronomers from around the world gathered at a ––Piet Hut, Professor, Program in Interdisciplinary Studies virtual colloquium (depicted above) given by Derek Richardson, Associate Professor and Director, Center for Theory and The focus of Piet Hut’s research is computational astrophysics, in particular multiscale multiphysics simulations of dense Computation, University of Maryland, in the virtual astronomy stellar systems. In addition, he is actively involved in interdisciplinary explorations in the areas of cognitive science and department at the Meta Institute for Computational Astrophysics. philosophy of science centered around questions involving the nature of knowledge.

Philanthropy as Legacy he current economy and volatility in the marketplace make financial planning Tmore important than ever. Philanthropy, as a part of one’s legacy, need not fall by the wayside, even in these challenging times. A charitable life-income gift, for exam - ple, which creates a fixed, lifetime stream of income for an individual and/or a loved one, may be a worthwhile component of a wealth strategy. And, as always, the Institute is grateful to be remembered in a will or trust, which is a simple way to be philanthropic while maintaining lifetime control of one’s assets. The Institute has formed a Planned Giving Advisory Council, which offers advice and perspective on planned-giving issues. Current members of the Advisory Council are Ann Reichelderfer (Stevens & Lee); Nina L. Cohen (The Glenmede Trust Com - pany, N.A.); John F. McCarthy III (McCarthy Law Firm); T. Randolph Harris (McLaughlin & Stern, LLP); and Barbara A. Sloan (McLaughlin & Stern, LLP). Recently, the Advisory Council hosted a breakfast for the local financial, advisory, and trusts and estate community whose practices specialize in financial and estate planning. The featured speaker was Ashvin B. Chhabra, Chief Investment Officer at the Institute, Z

who spoke on the subject of an article he coauthored, “Creating a Goal-Based Wealth T U L B

Allocation Process,” which appeared in the Winter 2008 Journal of Wealth Management . A E T A

Chhabra reviewed traditional financial models and then spoke about a more com - K prehensive wealth diversification strategy that incorporates a fuller picture of one’s Teatime Discussions More Fruitful: Each weekday afternoon Faculty, wealth—one that includes not only investible assets, but non-investment assets and lia - scholars, and staff gather in the Common Room of Fuld Hall for tea and conversation, a bilities as well. Viewing wealth allocation within this broader framework allows indi - tradition that dates back to the Institute’s beginnings. Elizabeth Veblen, the wife of the late viduals to think about financial goals—the preservation of capital and lifestyle, the Oswald Veblen, Professor in the School of Mathematics, introduced the tradition of teatime desire to retire, and the establishment of a legacy. to the Institute community when the Institute initially was housed in Fine Hall on the cam - On May 21, the Einstein Legacy Society, which recognizes those who have included the pus of Princeton University. When the Institute moved to Fuld Hall in 1939, the custom Institute in their estate plans, will host a talk, “Dreams Deferred? Rebuilding Your Retire - continued. This year, fresh fruit was added to the assortment of fresh-baked cookies and ment Strategy,” by Brett Hammond, Managing Director and Chief Investment Strategist cakes traditionally served at the afternoon tea. of TIAA-CREF. For further information on planned giving, please contact Catie Newcombe, Senior Development Officer, at (609) 951-4542 or [email protected]. 13