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Uranium Provinces of North America— Their Definition, Distribution, and Models by Warren I

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Uranium Provinces of North America— Their Definition, Distribution, and Models by Warren I Uranium Provinces of North America— Their Definition, Distribution, and Models By Warren I. Finch U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2141 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Finch, Warren Irvin, 1924– Uranium provinces of North America : their definition, distribution, and models / by Warren I. Finch. p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2141) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:2141 1. Uranium ores—North America. I. Title. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2141 [QE390.2.U7] 557.3 s—dc20 [551.4′932′097] 95-37553 CIP CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Methods of Study .................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments................................................................................................... 2 Brief Review of Concepts of Metallogenic and Mineral Provinces ............................... 2 Definition of a Uranium Province................................................................................... 3 Description of Uranium Province Model........................................................................ 3 Definitions and Models of North American Uranium Provinces ................................... 4 Athabasca Basin Uranium Province, Canada ......................................................... 4 Definition ........................................................................................................ 4 The Model ....................................................................................................... 4 Blind River–Elliot Lake Uranium Province, Canada.............................................. 5 Definition ........................................................................................................ 5 The Model ....................................................................................................... 5 Colorado Plateau Uranium Province, United States ............................................... 6 Definition ........................................................................................................ 6 The Model ....................................................................................................... 7 Rocky Mountain and Intermontane Basins Uranium Province, United States ....... 7 Definition ........................................................................................................ 7 The Model ....................................................................................................... 8 Gulf Coast Uranium Province, United States and Mexico ..................................... 8 Definition ........................................................................................................ 8 The Model ....................................................................................................... 9 Basin and Range Uranium Province, United States and Mexico............................ 10 Definition ........................................................................................................ 10 The Model ....................................................................................................... 10 Florida Phosphorite Uranium Province, United States, by Warren I. Finch and James B. Cathcart.................................................................................................. 11 Definition ........................................................................................................ 11 The Model ....................................................................................................... 11 Distribution of Uranium in North America..................................................................... 12 Tectonostratigraphic and Plate Tectonic Perspective of the Distribution of North American Uranium Provinces........................................................................... 13 References Cited ............................................................................................................. 15 PLATES 1. Map showing locations of uranium provinces and the major uranium clusters in North America. 2. Map showing details of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountain and Intermontane Basins, and Basin and Range Uranium Provinces. III IV CONTENTS FIGURES 1–3. Maps showing: 1. Details of the Athabasca Basin Uranium Province, Canada ..................................................................................... 5 2. Details of the Blind River–Elliot Lake Uranium Province, Canada ......................................................................... 6 3. Details of the Gulf Coast Uranium Province, United States and Mexico ................................................................. 9 4. Graph showing distribution of uranium in North America....................................................................................... 12 TABLE 1. Distribution of uranium in North America...................................................................................................................... 13 URANIUM PROVINCES OF NORTH AMERICA— THEIR DEFINITION, DISTRIBUTION, AND MODELS By Warren I. Finch ABSTRACT ≈1,280–≈1,000, ≈575, and ≈225 Ma. Subsequently in North America, only minor uranium mineralization occurred until after continental collision in Permian time (255 Ma). Three Uranium resources in North America are principally in principal epochs of uranium mineralization occurred in the unconformity-related, quartz-pebble conglomerate, sand- CPUP: (1) ≈ 210–200 Ma, shortly after Late Triassic sedi- stone, volcanic, and phosphorite types of uranium deposits. mentation; (2) ≈ 155–150 Ma, in Late Jurassic time; and (3) Most are concentrated in separate, well-defined metallo- ≈ 135 Ma, after sedimentation of the Upper Jurassic Morri- genic provinces. Proterozoic quartz-pebble conglomerate son Formation. The most likely source of the uranium was and unconformity-related deposits are, respectively, in the silicic volcaniclastics for the three epochs derived from a Blind River–Elliot Lake (BRELUP) and the Athabasca volcanic island arc at the west edge of the North American Basin (ABUP) Uranium Provinces in Canada. Sandstone continent. Uranium mineralization occurred during Eocene, uranium deposits are of two principal subtypes, tabular and Miocene, and Pliocene times in the RMIBUP, GCUP, and roll-front. Tabular sandstone uranium deposits are mainly in BRUP. Volcanic activity took place near the west edge of the upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in the Colorado Plateau continent during and shortly after sedimentation of the host Uranium Province (CPUP). Roll-front sandstone uranium rocks in these three provinces. Some volcanic centers in the deposits are in Tertiary rocks of the Rocky Mountain and Sierra de Peña Blanca district within the BRUP may have Intermontane Basins Uranium Province (RMIBUP), and in a provided uranium-rich ash to host rocks in the GCUP. narrow belt of Tertiary rocks that form the Gulf Coastal Ura- Most of the uranium provinces in North America nium Province (GCUP) in south Texas and adjacent Mexico. appear to have a common theme of close associations to vol- Volcanic uranium deposits are concentrated in the Basin and canic activity related to the development of the western mar- Range Uranium Province (BRUP) stretching from the gin of the North American plate. The south and west margin McDermitt caldera at the Oregon-Nevada border through the of the Canadian Shield formed the leading edge of the Marysvale district of Utah and Date Creek Basin in Arizona progress of uranium source development and mineralization and south into the Sierra de Peña Blanca District, Chihuahua, from the Proterozoic to the present. The development of Mexico. Uraniferous phosphorite occurs in Tertiary sedi- favorable hosts and sources of uranium is related to various ments in Florida, Georgia, and North and South Carolina and tectonic elements developed over time. Periods of major in the Lower Permian Phosphoria Formation in Idaho and uranium mineralization in North America were Early Prot- adjacent States, but only in Florida has economic recovery erozoic, Middle Proterozoic, Late Triassic–Early Jurassic, been successful. The Florida Phosphorite Uranium Province Early Cretaceous, Oligocene, and Miocene. Tertiary miner- (FPUP) has yielded large quantities of uranium as a byprod- alization was the most pervasive, covering most of Western uct of the production of phosphoric acid fertilizer. Econom- and Southern North America. ically recoverable quantities of copper, gold, molybdenum, nickel, silver, thorium, and vanadium occur with the ura- nium deposits in some provinces. INTRODUCTION Many major epochs of uranium mineralization occurred in North America. In the BRELUP, uranium minerals were The uranium provinces of North America have been concentrated in placers during the Early
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