OVERVIEW Tectonics of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet from Two Perspectives
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A Re-Look at the Himalayan Metamorphism
Article 369 by Naresh Chandra Pant1*, Preeti Singh1 and A.K. Jain2 A Re-look at the Himalayan metamorphism 1Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi-11007; *E-mail: [email protected] 2CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247667 (Received : 15/04/2019; Revised accepted : 07/08/2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020023 Regional metamorphic rocks preserve records of are those which were autochthonous. Khondalites in the Eastern geodynamic evolution of orogenic belts. The Himalaya Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and Alwar and Ajabgarh metasediments in the Delhi Fold Belt illustrate this observation. Other than the UHP represents an evolving mountain belt with a complex eclogite assemblages, there appears to be very scanty report of the geological history and is considered here as a composite Himalayan or Tethys basin rocks metamorphosed during the of Trans–Himalaya and the Himalaya per se and the Himalayan orogeny. intervening Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone. Each of these A view also exists that there was significant early Paleozoic three tectonic domains is evaluated in the context of their tectonism in the Himalaya (Gansser, 1964; LeFort, 1983; Thakur, 1993; Valdiya, 1995; Srikantia and Bhargava, 1983 ). Considering metamorphic evolution. An episodic evolution is inferred early Paleozoic deformation of the Cambro-Ordovician granites and described. The beginning of the Himalayan orogeny (Stocklin, 1980) in Nepal, regional metamorphism of Greater is ascribed to the Cretaceous initiation of the suturing Himalayan rocks (e.g. deformation of metapelites hosting the 488Ma of the ‘island arc’ rocks with the Asian block, followed Kinnaur Kailash granite, Marquer et al. 2000; Chawla et al. -
Late Cenozoic-Recent Tectonics of the Southwestern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Ladakh, Northwest India
Late Cenozoic-recent tectonics of the southwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Ladakh, northwest India by Wendy Bohon A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2014 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Kip Hodges Ramon Arrowsmith Arjun Heimsath Kelin Whipple Stephen Reynolds ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my grandmother, Eunice Waterfield Boyette, who was a model of perseverance and dedication, and to my parents, Dean and Linda Bohon, who always believed I could do anything. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I need to give a sincere and hearty thank you to my advisors, Ramon Arrowsmith and Kip Hodges. You have both been incredible sources of inspiration and support, and I am grateful for your guidance during this processes. I would also like to thank my committee, Kelin Whipple, Arjun Heimsath, and Steve Reynolds for providing mentorship and support for the last several (or more!) years. I must also give a special acknowledgement to Matthijs van Soest and Jo-Anne Wartho for their patience and mentorship in the laboratory. I would also like to thank Thijs for many informative and helpful discussions about my data. I must also thank the JMARS team, especially Chris Edwards and Scott Dickenshied, for their help with all aspects of the ASTER remote sensing. My advisors and other mentors have been amazing, but my fellow graduate students also deserve special recognition for the integral part they have played in my educational journey. Many thanks to all of the students in the Hodges and Arrowsmith research groups- and to the larger surfaces processes crew- especially the folks in Room 603. -
Bayesian Probabilistic Reconstruction of Metamorphic P–T Paths Using Inclusion Geothermobarometry
Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Volume 113, page 82–95, 2018 Bayesian probabilistic reconstruction of metamorphic P–T paths using inclusion geothermobarometry † † Tatsu KUWATANI*, , Kenji NAGATA**, , Kenta YOSHIDA*, Masato OKADA*** and Mitsuhiro TORIUMI* *Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237–0061, Japan **Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135–0064, Japan ***Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277–8561, Japan †PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi 332–0012, Japan Geothermometry and geobarometry are used to study the equilibration of mineral inclusions and their zoned host minerals, which provide information on the P–T conditions of inclusions at the time of their entrapment. However, reconstructing detailed P–T paths remains difficult, owing to the sparsity of inclusions suitable for geothermometry and geobarometry. We developed a stochastic inversion method for reconstructing precise P–T paths from chemically zoned structures and inclusions using the Markov random field (MRF) model, a type of Bayesian stochastic method often used in image restoration. As baseline information for P–T path inversion, we introduce the concepts of pressure and temperature continuity during mineral growth into the MRF model. To evaluate the proposed model, it was applied to a P–T inversion problem using the garnet–biotite geothermom- eter and the garnet–Al2SiO5–plagioclase–quartz geobarometer for mineral compositions from published datasets of host garnets and mineral inclusions in pelitic schist. Our method successfully reconstructed the P–T path, even after removing a large part of the inclusion dataset. -
Valid Garnet–Biotite (GB) Geothermometry and Garnet–Aluminum Silicate–Plagioclase–Quartz (GASP) Geobarometry in Metapelitic Rocksb
Lithos 89 (2006) 1–23 www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Valid garnet–biotite (GB) geothermometry and garnet–aluminum silicate–plagioclase–quartz (GASP) geobarometry in metapelitic rocksB Chun-Ming Wu a,*, Ben-He Cheng b a Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 4588, Beijing 100049, China b Sinopec International Petroleum Exploration and Production Corporation, Beijing 100083, China Received 5 September 2004; accepted 2 September 2005 Available online 28 November 2005 Abstract At present there are many calibrations of both the garnet–biotite (GB) thermometer and the garnet–aluminum silicate– plagioclase–quartz (GASP) barometer that may confuse geologists in choosing a reliable thermometer and/or barometer. To test the accuracy of the GB thermometers we have applied the various GB thermometers to reproduce the experimental data and data from natural metapelitic rocks of various prograde sequences, inverted metamorphic zones and thermal contact aureoles. We have concluded that the four GB thermometers (Perchuk, L.L., Lavrent’eva, I.V., 1983. Experimental investigation of exchange equilibria in the system cordierite–garnet–biotite. In: Saxena, S.K. (ed.) Kinetics and equilibrium in mineral reactions. Springer- Verlag New York, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 199–239.; Kleemann, U., Reinhardt, J., 1994. Garnet–biotite thermometry revised: the effect of AlVI and Ti in biotite. European Journal of Mineralogy 6, 925–941.; Holdaway, M.J., 2000. Application of new experimental and garnet Margules data to the garnet–biotite geothermometer. American Mineralogist 85, 881–892., Model 6AV; Kaneko, Y., Miyano, T., 2004. Recalibration of mutually consistent garnet–biotite and garnet–cordierite geothermometers. Lithos 73, 255–269. -
Crustal Evolution and Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization in the Katuma Block of the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Tanzania
Crustal Evolution and Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization in the Katuma Block of the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftiliches Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Kiel 2014 Crustal Evolution and Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization in the Katuma Block of the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftiliches Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Kiel 2014 Gedruckt mit der Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes Referent: Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk Korrereferentin: Prof. Dr. Astrid Holzheid Tad der mündlichen Prüfung: 1-7-2014 Zum Druck genehmigt Der Dekan Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als monographische Dissertation verfasst, jedoch ist in den drei Kapiteln jeweils eine eigenständige Einleitung und Diskussion vorhanden. Für die einzelnen Kapitel wurde bewusst ein unabhängiger Aufbau gewählt, da diese losgelöst voneinander in internationalen Fachzeitschriften publiziert werden sollen. Daher finden sich in jedem Kapitel eine Einleitung, Diskussion und Literaturverzeichnis wieder, auch die Länge und etwaige Formatierungen sind in Hinblick auf die jeweiligen Vorgaben der Fachzeitschriften bewusst gewählt. Der Leser sei darauf hingewiesen, dass es durch den gewählten Aufbau zu Wiederholungen kommen kann und möge diesen Sachverhalt bei der Lektüre berücksichtigen. Kiel, June 2014 Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Acknowledgements I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD) and The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of Tanzania (MOEVT) through the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) for providing funds that facilitated my stay in Germany and enabled me to attain my PhD degree. I am also grateful to the University of Dar es Salaam for the financial support of my fieldworks through the Sida Earth Science Project. -
Petrology and Geothermobarometry of Grt-Cpx and Mg-Al-Rich
Petrology and Geothermobarometry of Grt-Cpx and Mg-Al- rich Rocks from the Gondwana Suture in Southern India: Implications for High-pressure and Ultrahigh-temperature Metamorphism Hisako Shimizu*, Toshiaki Tsunogae Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan, [email protected] and M. Santosh Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi 780-8520, Japan Introduction The Palghat-Cauvery Shear/Suture Zone (PCSZ) in southern India represents a system of dominantly E-W trending shear zones that separate the Archean Dharwar Craton to the north and Neoproterozoic granulite blocks to the south. Available geochronological data on high- grade metamorphic rocks from this region have confirmed the widespread effect of a ca. 550- 530 Ma thermal event related to the collisional amalgamation of the Gondwana supercontinent (e.g., Collins et al., 2007a, Santosh et al., 2009). Recent petrological investigations of high- grade metamorphic rocks of the PCSZ around Namakkal district identified prograde high- pressure (HP, P >12 kbar) metamorphism and peak ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphic history of this region (e.g., Shimpo et al., 2006; Nishimiya et al., 2010), which has been correlated to deep subduction prior to the collision and exhumation of the orogen during Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (Santosh et al., 2009). The PCSZ is therefore regarded as the trace of the Gondwana suture zone that continues westwards to the Betsimisaraka suture in Madagascar (Collins and Windley, 2002), and eastwards into Sri Lanka and probably into Antarctica. However, P-T paths related to tectonic settings of this region are still under debate as both clockwise (e.g., Shimpo et al., 2006) and counterclockwise (e.g., Sajeev et al., 2009) P- T paths have been reported from this region. -
Managing Mutual Mistrust
Managing Mutual Mistrust: Understanding Chinese Perspectives on Sino-Indian Relations JERKER HELLSTRÖM, KAAN KORKMAZ FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, is a mainly assignment-funded agency under the Ministry of Defence. The core activities are research, method and technology development, as well as studies conducted in the interests of Swedish defence and the safety and security of society. The organisation employs approximately 1000 personnel of whom about 800 are scientists. This makes FOI Sweden’s largest research institute. FOI gives its customers access to leading-edge expertise in a large number of fi elds such as security policy studies, defence and security related analyses, the assessment of various types of threat, systems for control and management of crises, protection against and management of hazardous substances, IT security and the potential offered by new sensors. FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency Phone: +46 8 555 030 00 www.foi.se FOI-R--3271--SE Base data report Defence Analysis Defence Analysis Fax: +46 8 555 031 00 ISSN 1650-1942 September 2011 SE-164 90 Stockholm Jerker Hellström, Kaan Korkmaz Managing Mutual Mistrust: Understanding Chinese Perspectives on Sino-Indian Relations Cover photo: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao sits against the backdrop of the Indian flag before delivering a lecture in New Delhi, India, 16 December 2010. (AP Photo/Gurinder Osan) FOI-R--3271--SE Title Managing Mutual Mistrust: Understanding Chinese Perspectives on Sino-Indian Relations Titel Att hantera ömsesidig misstro: kinesiska perspektiv -
Mineral Chemistry and Geothermobarometry of Gabbroic Rocks from the Gysel Area, Alborz Mountains, North Iran Química Mineral Y
ISSN-E 1995-9516 Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería COPYRIGHT © (UNI). TODOS LOS DERECHOS RESERVADOS http://revistas.uni.edu.ni/index.php/Nexo https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i02.10779 Vol. 33, No. 02, pp. 392-408/Diciembre 2020 Mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry of gabbroic rocks from the Gysel area, Alborz mountains, north Iran Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte Farzaneh Farahi, Saeed Taki*, Mojgan Salavati Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Corresponding autor email: [email protected] (recibido/received: 02-June-2020; aceptado/accepted: 04-August-2020) ABSTRACT The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting. Keywords: Gabbro, mineral chemistry, thermobarometry, plagioclase, pyroxene, Alborz, Iran RESUMEN Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. -
Active Folding of Fluvial Terraces Across the Siwaliks Hills
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105, NO. B3, PAGES 5735–5770, MARCH 10, 2000 Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal J. Lave´1 and J. P. Avouac Laboratoire de Ge´ophysique, Commissariat` a l’Energie Atomique, Bruye`res-Le-Chaˆtel, France Abstract. We analyze geomorphic evidence of recent crustal deformation in the sub- Himalaya of central Nepal, south of the Kathmandu Basin. The Main Frontal Thrust fault (MFT), which marks the southern edge of the sub-Himalayan fold belt, is the only active structure in that area. Active fault bend folding at the MFT is quantified from structural geology and fluvial terraces along the Bagmati and Bakeya Rivers. Two major and two minor strath terraces are recognized and dated to be 9.2, 2.2, and 6.2, 3.7 calibrated (cal) kyr old, respectively. Rock uplift of up to 1.5 cm/yr is derived from river incision, accounting for sedimentation in the Gangetic plain and channel geometry changes. Rock uplift profiles are found to correlate with bedding dip angles, as expected in fault bend folding. It implies that thrusting along the MFT has absorbed 21 Ϯ 1.5 mm/yr of N-S shortening on average over the Holocene period. The Ϯ1.5 mm/yr defines the 68% confidence interval and accounts for uncertainties in age, elevation measurements, initial geometry of the deformed terraces, and seismic cycle. At the longitude of Kathmandu, localized thrusting along the Main Frontal Thrust fault must absorb most of the shortening across the Himalaya. By contrast, microseismicity and geodetic monitoring over the last decade suggest that interseismic strain is accumulating beneath the High Himalaya, 50–100 km north of the active fold zone, where the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) fault roots into a ductile de´collement beneath southern Tibet. -
Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies Number 3
Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies Number 3 - 2009 0 98) Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editor: Hungdah CHIU Executive Editor: Chih-Yu T. WU Associate Editor: Matthew Lyon Managing Editor: Chih-Yu T. WU Assistant Editor: Timothy A. Costello Jinho SUH Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Bih-jaw LIN, National Chengchi University Dr. Ying-jeou MA, Chinese Society of International Law Professor Toshio SAWADA, Sophia University, Japan All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to: Chih-Yu T. WU University of Maryland School of Law 500 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1786, USA All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion contained therein. Subscription is US $40.00 per year for 4 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and $45.00 for Canada or overseas. Checks should be addressed to MSCAS. Tel.: (410) 706-3870 Fax: (410) 706-1516 Price for single copy of this issue: US $15.00 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 1-932330-28-3 © Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, Inc. "ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD": TIBET AS A PSEUDO-STATE Barry Sautman* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: THE CONTINUING CLAIM OF TIBETAN STATEHOOD ........................ 3 II. IS INTERNATIONAL LAW RELEVANT TO THE QUESTION OF TIBETAN STATEHOOD? ......... 12 III. "OLD TIBET" AS FIT TO BE INDEPENDENT .. -
Crustal Thickening Prior to 38Ma in Southern Tibet: Evidence From
Gondwana Research 21 (2012) 88–99 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Crustal thickening prior to 38 Ma in southern Tibet: Evidence from lower crust-derived adakitic magmatism in the Gangdese Batholith Qi Guan a,b, Di-Cheng Zhu a,⁎, Zhi-Dan Zhao a, Guo-Chen Dong a, Liang-Liang Zhang a, Xiao-Wei Li a,c, Min Liu a, Xuan-Xue Mo a, Yong-Sheng Liu d, Hong-Lin Yuan e a State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China b College of Resources, Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang 050031, China c School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China d State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China e State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China article info abstract Article history: The petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of the Cenozoic adakites in southern Tibet remain topics of debate. Received 17 March 2011 Here we report geochronological and geochemical data for host granites and maficenclavesfromWolonginthe Received in revised form 24 June 2011 eastern Gangdese Batholith, southern Tibet. Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating indicates that the Wolong host granites and Accepted 3 July 2011 enclaves were synchronously emplaced at ca. 38 Ma. The host granites are medium- to high-K calc-alkaline, Available online 14 July 2011 metaluminous (A/CNK=0.93–0.96), with high Al2O3 (15.47–17.68%), low MgO (0.67–1.18%), very low abundances of compatible elements (e.g., Cr=3.87–8.36 ppm, Ni=3.04–5.71 ppm), and high Sr/Y ratios Keywords: – fi – – Zircon U–Pb geochronology (127 217), similar to those typical of adakite. -
Geology of the Dhaulagiri-Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Western Region, Nepal
This article was downloaded by: [Virginia Tech Libraries] On: 10 December 2014, At: 05:13 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Maps Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Geology of the Dhaulagiri-Annapurna- Manaslu Himalaya, Western Region, Nepal. 1:200,000 Andrew J. Parsonsa, Richard D. Lawb, Michael P. Searlec, Richard J. Phillipsa & Geoffrey E. Lloyda a School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK b Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA c Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Published online: 09 Dec 2014. To cite this article: Andrew J. Parsons, Richard D. Law, Michael P. Searle, Richard J. Phillips & Geoffrey E. Lloyd (2014): Geology of the Dhaulagiri-Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Western Region, Nepal. 1:200,000, Journal of Maps To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.984784 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Versions of published Taylor & Francis and Routledge Open articles and Taylor & Francis and Routledge Open Select articles posted to institutional or subject repositories or any other third-party website are without warranty from Taylor & Francis of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement.