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1 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Prabowo 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Prabowo Subianto kerap kali melontarkan pernyataan yang menimbulkan kontroversi di masyarakat. Seperti yang dimuat dalam www.republika.co.id (28 April 20018), www.viva.co.id (19 Desember 2018), www.jawapos.com (23 November 2018), pilpres.tempo.co (28 Desember 2018), dan www.bbc.com (19 Desember 2018) terdapat beberapa pernyataan kontroversial Prabowo yaitu Indonesia tidak ada lagi pada tahun 2030. Lalu ia juga mengutuk dugaan aksi penganiayaan Ratna Sarumpaet yang ternyata lebam-lebam yang diakibatkan oleh operasi plastik. Dia juga mengucapkan jika tampang Boyolali tak bisa masuk hotel berbintang lantaran bukan seperti orang kaya. Prabowo juga mengkritik kegagalan pemerintah dalam berbagai aspek seolah menjadi makanan sehari-hari oposisi atau penantang petahana. Gambar 1.1 Pernyataan Kontroversi Prabowo Sumber: www.republika.co.id (2018) 1 Universitas Kristen Petra Selain itu, ketika debat pilpres pada 17 Januari 2019, Prabowo juga memberikan beberapa pernyataan yang tidak sesuai dengan fakta. Seperti yang dimuat dalam nasional.kompas.com (18 Januari, 2019) Prabowo menyebutkan bahwa Jawa Tengah lebih luas dibandingkan dengan Malaysia. Sedangkan menurut berdasarkan data dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), luas wilayah Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2017 adalah 32.544,12 kilometer persegi. Sementara wilayah Malaysia seluruhnya seluas 330.323 kilometer persegi. Prabowo mengklaim bahwa maraknya korupsi di Indonesia disebabkan penghasilan Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) yang terbilang kecil. Dari data Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Kementerian Keuangan, pada tahun 2018, indeks tax ratio Indonesia mengalami peningkatan sebesar 0,8 persen, menjadi 11,5 persen. Prabowo juga menyampaikan kritik terhadap utang pemerintah, ia mengatakan bahwa Menteri Keuangan disebut Menteri Pencetak utang. Hal ini bisa dilihat dalam jakarta.tribunnews.com (18 Januari 2019) dengan judul “Menkeu Disebut Prabowo Menteri Pencetak Utang, Ruhut Sitompul Singgung Nama Bob Hasan Hingga Utang”. Menurut Prabowo Subianto, kinerja pemerintah saat ini tidak andal dalam mengatasi pertumbuhan ekonomi hingga harus berutang pada Bank Dunia. "Menurut saya, jangan disebut lagi Menteri Keuangan tapi mungkin Menteri Pencetak Utang. Bangga untuk utang, yang bayar orang lain" ujar Prabowo Subianto dalam dekrlasi dukungan Alumni Perguruan Tinggi Seluruh Indonesia (APTSI) di Padepokan Pencak Silat, TMII, Jakarta Timur, Sabtu (25/1/2019) seperti dilansir dari laman Tribunnews. (Sumber: jakarta.tribunnews.com, 18 Januari 2019) Menurut Ray Rangkuti, Pengamat Politik dari Lingkar Madani Indonesia dalam www.tribunnews.com ( 20 Desember, 2018) pernyataan kontroversial yang dilontarkan Prabowo sebagai strategi untuk menaikkan popularitasnya sehingga publik akan menaruh perhatian terhadapnya. Pernyataan-pernyataan ini kemudian diberitakan oleh media massa baik cetak maupun daring sehingga dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. 2 Universitas Kristen Petra Ray juga menyebut, kalimat kontroversial Prabowo adalah bentuk strategi guna menaikkan popularitas. Ditambah figur cawapres Sandiaga Uno yang perilakunya kadang dinilai oleh sebagai orang sangat nyeleneh. Menurut Ray, hal itu bagian dari strategi yang berhasil diterapkan sehingga menjadi perbincangan publik. "Itu semua cara mereka untuk mempopulerkan diri menarik perhatian publik," terang Ray. (Sumber: www.tribunnews.com, 20 Desember, 2018) Pengamat politik dari Universitas Indonesia, Aditya Permana dalam www.viva.co.id (19 Desember 2018) menyebut pernyataan-pernyatan berbau kontroversi yang dilontarkan Prabowo Subianto dan Joko Widodo, akan terus berlangsung hingga jelang pemilihan presiden April 2019. Dalam pengamatannya, baik Prabowo Subianto maupun Joko Widodo meniru strategi kampanye Donald Trump. Keduanya kerap melontarkan pernyataan kontroversi dengan tujuan agar gampang memilah mana yang menjadi pemilih loyal dan tidak. Langkah itupun, menurut Aditta, berhasil memecah suara masyarakat. (Sumber: www.viva.co.id, 19 Desember 2018) Di satu sisi, pernyataan Prabwo ini juga bisa mempengaruhi elektabilitasnya seperti yang dikatakan Henri Satrio, Ahli Komunikasi Politik Universitas Paramadina dalam Tirto.id (2 April 2018) bahwa hal ini untuk menarik perhatian publik untuk menaikan elektabilitasnya. Riset Median, Sudarto dalam Kompas.com (16 April 2018) mengatakan bahwa pernyataan kotroversial yang dilontarkan Prabowo bisa menurunkan elektabilitasnya. Melihat bahwa Indonesia pada tahun 2019 ini akan merayakan pesta demokrasi besar-besaran sebab di tahun ini, rakyat Indonesia akan memilih anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) mulai dari Kota atau Kabupaten, Propinsi hingga ke DPR Pusat. Tak hanya memilih empat lembaga legislatif saja, rakyat Indonesia juga akan memilih pemimpin mereka yaitu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden (Wapres) untuk lima tahun ke depan yaitu periode 2019 hingga 2021. 3 Universitas Kristen Petra Berbeda dengan pertarungan politik sebelumnya, pertarungan 2019 ini menjadi ronde dua untuk Prabowo Subianto dan Joko Widodo (Jokowi) yang sebelumnya telah bersaing pada pemilihan presiden dan wapres 2014. Perbedaanya hanya pada wakil yang mendampingi kedua calon presiden (capres), Prabowo disandingkan dengan Sandiaga Uno dan Jokowi dengan Ma’ruf Amin. Media massa merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan menggunakan alat komunikasi seperti koran, televisi atau internet (Nurudin, 2007, p. 1-2). Melihat fungsi media informasi sebagai alat untuk menyampaikan pesan, kemudian menjadi salah satu saluran bagi kedua capres dan tim sukses untuk bersaing mendapatkan perhatian dan dukungan dari publik. Persaingan antara kedua calon terlihat jelas lewat jaringan media massa baik cetak, elektronik ataupun media internet untuk membangun citra lewat media tersebut. Seperti yang dilakukan oleh Prabowo dengan mengeluarkan beberapa pernyataan kontroversi. Bahkan beberapa pemilik media massa secara terang-terangan mendukung capres pada pilpres kali ini. Dalam Tirto.id ( 20 September, 2018) dijelaskan nama-nama konglomerat dan pemilik media yang mendukung para capres, dalam pemberitaan tersebut Erick Tohir berada di kubu Jokowi. Erick Tohir diketahui sebagai pemilik media Mahaka Group yang juga menjadi Ketua Tim Pemenangan Jokowi. Selain itu, dua bos media lainnya yaitu Hary Tanoesoedibjo, pendiri Partai Persatuan Indonesia (Perindo) sekaligus pemilik MNC Group, dan Surya Dharma Paloh, pendiri Partai Nasdem yang memiliki Metro TV. Di kubu Prabowo, ada Aburizal Bakrie yang memiliki tvOne, ANTV, dan portal berita Viva.co.id. Media massa sebagai alat komunikasi yang bisa menyebarkan pesan secara serempak, cepat kepada audience yang luas dan heterogen. Kelebihan media massa yang yang bisa mengatasi hambatan ruang dan waktu ini membuat ia lebih unggul dari jenis komunikasi lainnya (Nurudin, 2007, p.9). Bahkan media massa mampu menyebarkan pesan hampir seketika pada waktu yang tak terbatas. Sebagai salah satu ciri komunikasi massa yaitu komunikasi massa menimbulkan keserempakan dalam proses penyebaran pesan-pesannya. Serempak berarti khalayak bisa menikmati media massa tersebut hampir bersamaan (Nurudin, 2007, p.28). Untuk membuat pesan bisa sampai secara serentak masih 4 Universitas Kristen Petra terhambat oleh masyarakat atau penerima pesan yang bersifat heterogen, di mana wilayah jangkauan yang berbeda membuat perbedaan penerimaan pula. Dikarenakan masyarakat yang bersifat heterogen ini membuat penyampaian informasi menjadi terhambat dan tidak bisa diterima secara serentak. Hal ini kemudian diatasi oleh hadirnya media baru yaitu internet. Melalui internet inilah, pesan dapat disiarkan lebih cepat. Misalnya, informasi kasus kecelakaan dapat diketahui oleh masyarakat dalam hitungan jam atau detik dari internet. Media daring merupakan bagian dari media massa yang tersaji dalam bentuk online di situs web (website) yang menggunakan jaringan internet untuk mengaksesnya (Romli, 2012). Media daring sendiri pertama kali muncul melalui sebuah surat kabar online di Amerika (Fang, 1997, p. 234). Media daring yang menjadi bagian dari media massa menjadi sangat popular di kalangan masyarakat. Hal ini dikarenakan media daring unggul dalam memberikan informasi yang cepat, praktis dan up to date. Up to date karena media daring dapat melakukan upgrade informasi dari waktu ke waktu. Real time karena media daring dapat langsung menyajikan informasi dan berita saat peristiwa berlangsung. Praktis, karena media daring dapat diakses di mana saja dan kapan saja sejauh didukung oleh teknologi internet (Yunus, 2004, p. 32). Dalam kompas.com, Asosiasi Penyedia Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) menemukan bahwa pengguna internet di Indonesia pada 2017 mencapai 143,26 juta jiwa. Sedangkan dalam Roy Morgan Single Source tahun 2017, di 22 kota masyarakat lebih banyak menerima informasi dari internet sebanyak 60% dibandingkan dengan koran yang hanya 37% (Kompas.com, 1 November 2017). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Indonesia lebih banyak menggunakan internet dalam proses penerimaan informasi dibandingkan dengan televisi maupun koran cetak. Seperti salah satu fungsi komunikasi massa Jay Black dan Frederick dalam (Nurudin, 2007, p. 64) yaitu to inform, di mana media berfungsi sebagai pemberi informasi dan menjadi fungsi paling penting. Komponen paling penting untuk mengetahui fungsi ini adalah berita-berita yang disajikan oleh media massa. Konten dan berita yang disajikan oleh media daring juga tidak dapat lepas dari jurnalisme media daring. Media daring yang unggul dalam kecepatan 5 Universitas Kristen Petra tentunya
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