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Q Fiistotoi Ck Kiculano (^Cuntu Ticiilt Dakota Q fiistotoi ck KicUlano (^cuntu Ticiilt Dakota RICHLAND COUNTY COURT HOUSE The material for this history was com­ piled and written by F. G. Callan, un­ der the direction of the Federal Writers Project Division of the Works Progress A dministration. PRICE 25 CENTS SOUVENIR STORE NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY 604 EAST BOULEVARD AVE. BISMARCK, ND 58505-0800 NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY NORTH DAKOTA BOOK OR AUTHOR 3 3105 00602 1396 Q Hktokxx el Kicklanc) County avid the Citxi o* WanpetoH UoktU Uatzoia The Land Richland County is the extreme southeastern county of North Dakota. Its 33 by 48 miles of level to rolling fields, relieved by farm groves and the wooded con­ tours of winding streams, lie at the southern end of the famous Red River Valley. The land as it exists today was built up on the original rock of the earth by ancient seas. Time and again, for reasons not yet entirely clear, the sea advanced and receded over large parts of the continent. In the course of inconceivably vast periods of time it deposited the sediment which, crushed beneath later deposits, became the various strata that underlie the regton today. The stratum known as the Archean—from the Greek word for beginning—\s thought to have been the first deposited. It is found at a lesser depth in Richland than in most parts of the State, a fact indicating that this section has been subjected to erosion for a longer period of time. Together with its sedimentary rocks, the Archean has a large ad­ mixture of igneous rocks, and both sedimentary and igneous rocks have been profoundly changed from their primitive forms—circumstances that suggest the violently unstable condition of the surface of the earth in the far distant time of their formation. , .,,.... Fossils found in the strata indicate a wide and varying animal life in those long past ages, some specimens of which, such as the odd reptiles known as dino­ saurs; would seem very strange were they to be encountered wandering through the land today. In the periods between the advances of the sea much of North Dakota was covered by tropical swamps and forests. It is believed that as the cast-off growth of the forests fell into the swamps, peat was formed, which, subjected to pressure beneath the sands and clays brought in by later seas turned into lignite coal. Most of the North Dakota lignite beds thus formed had their origin in the ter­ tiary Period, which, while comparatively recent as geologists reckon time, is yet thought to have occurred many million years ago. Two discoveries of lignite were made in Richland County in the early days of white settlement. The first deposit, too shallow for development was found m 1862 when a trench was being dug from Fort Abercrombie to the Red River. Ihe second, discovered in 1881 in the drilling of a well at Colfax was said to he at a depth of 80 to 100 feet, and, as nearly as could be measured by the drill, in veins three to four feet thick. Men with capital became interested and a company was organized- but a shaft sunk near the mill to a depth of some 40 feet encountered excessive quantities of water, and the venture failed. This did not deter other companies from sinking shafts—with unsatisfactory results— in and around Coltax. It was in the Tertiary Period that a large northward-flowing stream cut out in the clavs left by preceding eras what is known today as the Red River Valley. This river continued its work until the valley was cut to a depth of 800 to A>U icet. North Dakota State Library 604 E Boulevard Avenue -gr7?Mj& BisrnarcK. ND 58505-0800 2 A HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND THE CITY OF WAHPETON In the Glacial Period, which followed the Tertiary, great ice sheets pushed out from the Hudson Bay region and covered much of North America. Twice the ice advanced over North Dakota, at one time covering nearly all the State east and north of the Badlands. Throughout most of this area, including the old valley, clay, sand, gravel, and boulders were left to a depth of 200 to 300 feet. In the south­ western corner of the county—the section southwest of Hankinson—the effects of this glaciation are very apparent. The surface is composed of morainic hills between which are found kettle-like depressions. Over it are scattered characteristic glacial boulders and gravel. In the early history of the county a chain of lakes—• Elk, Elm, Taylor, and Twin—extended from six miles northwest of Lidgerwood to Hankinson and southward. They were the results of depressions in the glacial channel of the Sheyenne River, which at one time drained the water from the melting front of the Dakota Glacier near what is now Devils Lake, and had a much longer course through the area of the county than its short route across the northwest corner today. Another of these now dry glacial lake beds is that of Skunk Lake. Toward the close of the Glacial Period the ice dammed the northern end of the old valley eroded during the Tertiary, and formed Lake Agassiz, which at one time had an area of 110,000 square miles, covering a region greater than the area of the Great Lakes. From the southeastern corner of what is now North Dakota the lake extended northward for 550 miles into Canada beyond Lake Winnipeg, one of its present-day remnants. In the north it was more than 130 miles wide and 600 feet deep, but in the south it was much narrower and shallower, being 50 to 60 miles wide and about 100 feet deep in the Wahpeton area. Rivers flowing into the lake brought sediment which in the course of time raised its floor 20 to 50 feet, forming a very level bed. As a consequence this part of the county—most of the county is the floor of the ancient lake—is perhaps as level as any land surface on earth. From Wyndmere (altitude 1,062) to Wahpeton (altitude 965), 25 miles east the slope is less than four feet per mile, and from south to north in the county it is less than two feet. Some of the rivers entering Lake Agassiz were especially large and sediment- laden. When their swift waters met those of the quiet lake, they dropped their heavier gravels and sands, and in the course of great periods of time formed huge deltas. The one deposited by the Sheyenne covers almost 800 square miles, largely in Ransom and Richland Counties, the area in the latter county comprising in general the land north and west of Hankinson. The outline of the Sheyenne Delta is very pronounced along its northeastern edge, in places rising 75 feet above the valley proper. It was when the ice receded and the delta was formed that the latter turned the course of the Sheyenne more directly east toward the lake and into its present channel. In the northeastern part of the county the beaches of the old lake, sometimes as much as 10 to 20 feet in height and 10 to 30 rods in width, may still be seen. As the waters of the lake receded, only a stream was left here and there. Today at the lowest point in the center of the valley the Bois de Sioux flows north to Wahpeton, where it joins the Ottertail from the east to form the Red River. The course of the Bois de Sioux and Red Rivers was the route of early-day exploration and steamboating, and now marks the eastern boundary of North Dakota and Richland County and forms the main drainage channel of the Red River Valley. The only other river of importance in the county is the Wild Rice. This little stream rises in the Drift Plain in eastern Sargent County and flows in a generally easterly direction across central Richland to the neighborhood of the Red. Here it turns north and almost parallels the latter stream, into which it empties some distance north of the county line. A HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND THE CITY OF WAHPETON 3 Climate The climate of Richland County is typical of the Northwest. The average temperature for 36 years as shown by the Wahpeton weather station is 41.70° F., January being the coldest month and July the warmest. February 1893 showed an extreme of 44° below zero and July 1936 had one day of 111° above. However, although each year may have short periods of marked heat or cold, the low relative humidity of the Red River Valley—about 78 percent, and sometimes on summer afternoons only 25 percent—makes extremes less distressing than they are in more humid sections. According to the Wahpeton weather station, the average date for the last kill­ ing frost in spring is May 19, and that for the first in fall, September 20. The average length of the growing season is 124 days. Contributing to the total hours favorable to growth are the large number of clear days and the long twilight summer even­ ings—the latter being characteristic of the northern prairies. From the middle of May to the end of July the sun shines for more than 15 hours a day. Not only is this advantageous to growing crops, but it forms an attraction often noted by travelers. The vast seas of grain swaying in an evening breeze with the sun sinking slowly in the west is a sight long remembered.
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