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Translation Or Intertextuality: a Literature Comparative Analysis of “The Young Dead Soldiers Do Not Speak” by Archibald

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Translation Or Intertextuality: a Literature Comparative Analysis of “The Young Dead Soldiers Do Not Speak” by Archibald ELSYA: Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 1, No. 3, October 2020 , pp. 110-117 Available online at: http://ojs.journal.unilak.ac.id/index.php/elsya Translation or Intertextuality: A Literature Comparative Analysis of “The Young Dead Soldiers Do Not Speak” by Archibald MacLeish and “Krawang Bekasi” by Chairil Anwar Fathu Rahman and Fakhriawan Fathu Rahman Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received : 24 October 2020 This study aims to pinpoint the relevant relation between two literary works which have a Revised : 4 November 2020 relationship with one another in the perspective of comparative literature studies. Data Accepted : 19 November 2020 were gathered through the text deconstruction theory method by means of an intertextuality approach. The method is applied to juxtapose two well-known poems, KEYWORDS Krawang Bekasi (Indonesia) and The Young Dead Soldiers Do Not Speak (America), which are suspected of having the same content and theme, but their relations were never Poem revealed. This thematic-based study uses a multicultural perspective and is naturally Intertextuality suitable for comparative literature study. The objective of this study was to reveal the Cultural translation existence of Krawang Bekasi as one of the Indonesian poems written by Chairil Anwar Cultural intertexts and to demonstrate the cultural translation methods, known as cultural intertexts relation, Comparative literature for finding the intertextuality of two literary works. In fact, by tabling line through line, Speech acts the intertextuality was found to be workable in comparative literature. As a result, the study shows that Krawang Bekasi by Chairil Anwar is an adaptation which borrows from and transforms The Young Dead Soldiers Do Not Speak by Archibald MacLeish. Thus, the intertextual relationship of these two works is revealed. 1. Introduction Consequently, in cases like this, the difference between paraphrase and plagiarism are very thin. Except in scientific Comparative Literature (CL) is one of the studies that is papers, paraphrase it is justified by citing its sources. closely related to cross-cultural study. During its Paraphrasing with unacknowledged source can be development, it also involves several other scientific categorized as plagiarism. approaches such as intertextuality, translation, stylistics, semiotics, cross cultural studies, and so on. The study of CL Before the similarity and plagiarism checker software was firstly introduced in Europe at the beginning of the was invented, a literary work was easy to be plagiarized. In 19th century. It was proposed by Sante-Beuve in an article plagiarism, something was freely adapted for granted published in 1868. It was then exposed in one article that at without citing sources, whether the translation, adaptation, the beginning of the 19th century as a science since was reconstruction and so forth. Plagiarism in the academic published in the journal Revue Litterature Comparee in writing is a violation of ethics and plagiarism in scientific 1921 (Remak, 1961). articles is a violation. They are a sensitive case and serious problem. Pragmatically, the study of CL is more applied in such as 1) to examine the intertextual relationship between one In contrast to plagiarism and similarity, there are now work with other works, 2) to compare aspects and cultural varieties of software such as iThenticate for plagiarism characteristics of one work to another, 3) to see the effect checker and Turnitin for similarity detector. It is also a either hypogram or intertext, and 4) no less important is to problem in the salami publication of scientific papers. look at the elements of plagiarism and similarity of the According to von Elm et al. (2004), there is no software work. Translation and adaptation belong to this concept application or algorithm for detection of salami publication. (Surya et al., 2017) Identifying this type of publication misconduct is complex because salami publications do not often include text The problems of similarity of the same author, plagiarism so that manuscripts can easily evade strict especially the author of literary work, it should not happen. software checking. Similarity of different authors can also occur due to two things: 1) the author of the article (work) has ideas that are The scope of this study is to analyse the two works of salami, and 2) the author failed to paraphrase after reading the poem that are allegedly the result of translation or the works of others. Or after paraphrasing the writer ignores intertext. In this way, elements of the differences and mentioning the source, unlike the case with intertextuality. similarities will automatically be revealed. Either the 110 ELSYA: Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 1, No. 3, October 2020 , pp. 110-117 Available online at: http://ojs.journal.unilak.ac.id/index.php/elsya translation or intertext, in this study, is still called the work types and those differences between categories are not of transformers. Although a work has been deconstructed really absolute and exclusive (Miola, 2004). But they are the nature of the translation and its intertext remains instead manipulated in a way that allows them to co-exist traceable. within the same text. In CL, the differences and similarities that exist in a Linguist Norman Fairclough (2003, p.51) states that literary work might be an object to be compared. It can also ―intertextuality is a matter of recontextualisation.‖ be more specific, such as plot, themes, characters, and so According to Linell (1998, p.154), recontextualisation can on. For the translation of literary works analysis, it can be be defined as the ―dynamic transfer-and-transformation of stylistic, an aspect of semiotics, a method of translation and something from one discourse/text-in-context … to so on. Remak (1961) explained that in CL open to compare another.‖ The recontextualisation can be relatively historical events, literary affinities, similarities and explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes differences, theme, genre, style, a device of cultural another—or relatively implicit—as when the ―same‖ evolution, and so on. generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts (Oddo, 2014). This discussion would not be complete without a mention of how the Krawang Bekasi (the object of this 2.2 Literary Translation: Literary Work research) is touted as the best work of Anwar and also Transformation becomes one of his popular works. No one knows for sure that this work is a work of transformation from the work of Literature is a reflection of life. It is a form of a creative Archibald MacLeish, an American poet. From the time of art and its object is a human and the life using language as a writing, Anwar's work was published on time when medium (Rahman & Weda, 2019). One of the literary Indonesia was defending the independence of freedom, its genres is literary translation – that is a genre of literary theme and nuance were very much in keeping with the creativity in which a literary work was written in one situation at the time. language and is recreated in another. Since literature is verbal in nature, it is the one and the only art that is subject This research is a scientific effort to explain the position to linguistic barriers. It is unlike another kind of art; music, of Krawang Bekasi as an adaptation from The Young Dead painting, sculptures, or dance, the literary work is merely Soldiers Do Not Speak, although until now there has never accessible to those who know the language in which the been any party who complain about the existence of literary works are written. The specific characteristics of Krawang Bekasi as an adaptation work. literary translation are, in this case, defined by its place 2. Literature Review among other types of translation and by its relationship to original literary creativity. As a result, the literary works 2.1 Intertextuality in Comparative Literature and their translations might be an object of CL. Intertextuality is the forming of a text's meaning by Literary translation is often known as trans-expression. another text. Intertextual figures include allusion, quotation, For the case of literary translation, language has more than calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche, and parody (Hallo, a medium of communication, way of interaction or social 2010). It is a kind of literary device that creates an relation and connective purpose. The word or expression ‗interrelationship between texts‘ and generates related point functions as the basic and primary element of literature— in separate works. It is the interrelationship between texts, that is, it has an aesthetic function. It has its own style. especially the works of literature; where there are Between the inception and the completion of a creative similarities or related texts influence, reflect, or differ from proses work of translation, a complex effort process takes each other (Cancogni, 1985). place—the trans-expression (Pushkin‘s term) of the life captured in the creation of imagery of the work being The term intertextuality has been widely borrowed and tranformed. Therefore, the problems of literary translation transformed many times since it was coined by are within the sphere of art and are subject to its specific poststructuralist Julia Kristeva in 1966 (Kristeva, 1980). As laws. philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful Literary translation, in many cases, differs from literary to Kristeva‘s original vision to those who simply use it as a creativity where its position depends on the existence of the stylish way of talking about allusion and influence (Irwin, object of translation, a work to be translated. However, in 2004). the actual literary process, it is not always possible to draw a distinct boundary between translation and all creative In relation to this study, the relationship between literature. In quite a few instances, a work may not be a intertextuality and intertextual relationship can be divided translation in the usual sense, but it may not be possible to into three types of categories.
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