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Silencing ROR1 and ROR2 Inhibits Invasion and Adhesion in an Organotypic Model of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

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Silencing ROR1 and ROR2 Inhibits Invasion and Adhesion in an Organotypic Model of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 68), pp: 112727-112738 Research Paper Silencing ROR1 and ROR2 inhibits invasion and adhesion in an organotypic model of ovarian cancer metastasis Claire Henry1, Neville Hacker2 and Caroline Ford1 1Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia Correspondence to: Caroline Ford, email: [email protected] Keywords: ROR2; ROR1; epithelial ovarian cancer; omentum; metastasis Received: August 29, 2017 Accepted: October 27, 2017 Published: November 20, 2017 Copyright: Henry et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Elevated expression of the ROR1 and ROR2 Wnt receptors has been noted in both the tumour and stromal compartments of ovarian cancer patient tissue samples. In vitro studies have suggested these receptors play a role in ovarian cancer metastasis. However, these previous studies have utilised simple 2D in vitro models to investigate cancer cell growth and migration, which does not allow investigation of stromal involvement in Wnt driven metastasis. AIM: To investigate targeting ROR1 and ROR2 using a primary co-culture 3D model of epithelial ovarian cancer dissemination to the omentum. METHODS: Primary fibroblasts (NOF) and mesothelial (HPMC) cells were isolated from fresh samples of omentum collected from women with benign or non-metastatic conditions and cultured with collagen to produce a organotypic 3D model. Stable shRNA knockdown of ROR1, ROR2 and double ROR1/ROR2 in OVCAR4 cells were plated onto the 3D model to measure adhesion, or using a transwell to measure invasion. Gene expression changes in primary cells upon OVCAR4 interaction was evaluated using indirect transwell co-culture. RESULTS: Double knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 strongly inhibited cell adhesion (p<0.05) and invasion (P<0.05) to the omentum model. ROR2 was up regulated in primary fibroblasts when cultured with OVCAR4 (P=0.05) and ectopic overexpression of ROR2 in NOFs inhibited cell proliferation (P<0.01) but increased cell migration. CONCLUSION: The combination of ROR1 and ROR2 signalling influences ovarian cancer dissemination to the omentum, however ROR2 may also play a role in stromal activation during metastasis. Therefore, targeting both ROR1 and ROR2 may be a powerful approach to treating ovarian cancer. INTRODUCTION seeding throughout the peritoneal cavity is associated with ascites accumulation, which is often found in high Approximately 60% of women with ovarian cancer grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) [2]. The fatty will succumb to their disease within 5 years due to the apron which overhangs the small bowel (omentum) is lack of early detection tests, which means that patients often the first site of EOC metastasis and if the individual present with advanced disease. Ovarian cancer has a nodules coalesce, they form a large solid mass, referred different mode of spread from other solid haematogenous to as an “omental cake” [2]. Omental involvement can and lymphatic disseminating epithelial tumours. The cause obstructions to the large and small bowel, leading to generalised view of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) painful abdominal cramping, vomiting or constipation [2]. spread is that the primary cells shed into the peritoneal The omentum consists of a protective barrier of fluid and survive as tumour aggregates [1]. Extensive cell mesothelial cells and underlying vascular adipose tissue. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget 112727 Oncotarget As the central regulator of peritoneal homeostasis, the ROR1/ROR2 depleted OVCAR4 cells. Whilst both omentum filters peritoneal fluid and provides a niche of shRNA clones exhibited a loss of adhesion to the model growth factors and immune cells [3]. This specialised particularly in the double ROR1 and ROR2 knockdown organ contains bands of adipose tissue mixed with stromal (P<0.05 Clone A, P<0.001 clone B, Figure 2A), it was the and immune cells. In particular, the omental vasculature clone B that showed the most significant reduction (Figure contains ‘milky spots’, areas of glomerular-like capillary 2A-2B). As this was the first time an effect on adhesion beds near the periphery of the tissue where macrophages in ROR silenced ovarian cancer cells has been observed, and lymphocytes congregate, providing the majority a previously described simple 2D adhesion assay (using of immunological defence in the peritoneal cavity [3]. collagen and fibronectin coated plates) was conducted Ovarian cancer cells preferentially colonise these areas using clone B set of OVCAR4 knockdown [7]. There were on the omentum whilst adipocytes provide fatty acids as no significant changes to OVCAR4 adherence to collagen an energy source and adipokines to induce homing and or fibronectin using this protocol (Figure 2C). These invasion of ovarian cancer cells [4]. differing results highlight the importance of using complex Dysregulated Wnt signalling has been implicated organotypic 3D models to better investigate receptor in a number of cancers and in recent years evidence to function in vitro. Analysis of adhesion related genes support the metastatic role of Wnt receptors ROR1 and in both clone A and B revealed mixed RNA expression ROR2 has built [5-8]. We previously demonstrated profiles (Supplementary Figure 2A), though this is based that silencing both ROR1 and ROR2 simultaneously on OVCAR4 cells growing alone and without contact with significantly inhibited the ability of ovarian cancer cells a microenvironment. It would be important to continue the to proliferate, migrate and invade in vitro [7]. These results investigation of ROR receptors in adhesion after contact were then supported in a chemoresistant cell line model with a 3D environment to understand the signalling [9], and by other studies using in vivo xenografts, where dynamics involved. Our study found that depleting ovarian a ROR1 monoclonal inhibitor significantly decreased cancer cells of both ROR1 and ROR2 decreased adhesion tumour burden [10, 11]. We recently identified an capacity and was reflected in mixed mRNA expression upregulation of ROR2 in stromal compartments of tissue profiles of adhesion associated genes. The profile of set samples from patients with metastatic disease [12]. Here B at the time of analysis may reflect the stronger results we aimed to further investigate the role of these receptors seen in Figure 2. This may be due to the strength of in tumour and stroma, in the setting of omental metastasis knockdown in these samples, or the length of time each using a patient derived organotypic model. set was cultured before the adhesion assay; the effect of long term culturing with ROR knockdown is unknown. Of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION note, DDR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell- microenvironmental communication activated by collagen ROR1 and ROR2 silencing inhibits ovarian I [15] and associated with worse prognosis and late stage cancer adhesion EOC [16]. Collagen induced DDR1 phosphorylation has been linked to WNT5A and Src tyrosine kinase activity The ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR4 was used in [17, 18]. Interestingly, both ROR1 and ROR2 have been this study as it has been previously identified as a suitable shown to phosphorylate Src in different contexts [19, 20] cell line to represent HGSOC [13] and forms papillary and are both receptors activated by the WNT5A ligand. structured tumours in xenografts [14]. OVCAR4 lines The opposing expression patterns in set A compared were stably transduced with shRNA targeting ROR1, to set B of this molecule was observed in our ROR ROR2, both ROR1 and ROR2 or a non-targeting control. silenced cells, however it would be important to extend Two separate shRNA clones (clone A and clone B) were analysis into DDR2 expression using both qRT-PCR and developed and successful knockdown of RORs was immunocytochemistry to view localisation of the proteins. confirmed through RNA expression analysis and Western In each clone, MMP7 and CD44 increased with ROR1 and blotting (Figure 1A-1B). ROR2 shRNA transduction of ROR2 knockdown, respectively. MMP7 in fact increases OVCAR4 did not result in a large decrease in ROR2 RNA ovarian cancer invasion [21-23] and overexpression of expression due to the already low base level of ROR2, CD44, a cancer stem cell marker promotes development however successful reduction was observed at the protein of metastasis and recurrence [24-26]. Our functional level (Figure 1B). shRNA constructs contained GFP or results do not reflect these mRNA expression patterns and RFP genes which also confirmed integration of shRNA therefore warrants further investigation and analysis of constructs into OVCAR4 cells (Figure 1C). pathway and protein interactions. Other MMPs previously Adhesion to the omentum is an integral step in implicated in ovarian cancer progression such as MMP2, ovarian cancer metastasis. Using a 3D organotypic model MMP8 and MMP14 [27-30] were also analysed however comprised of stromal cells and collagen, we analysed OVCAR4 expressed low to undetectable mRNA levels of the adhesive capacity of ROR1, ROR2 and double these (unpublished data). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
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