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This reportwas preparedby POWERGENplc for China ElectricPower Technology Import & Export Corp.Hunan Electric Power Company under Contract No. 971JBJGB/000072 GB. Thiscontract was to assistHunan ElectricPower Company (HEPC) in the productionof an EnvironmentalAssessment Reportto meet World Bank requirements,in collaborationwith HEPCand NanjingElectric Power ResearchInstitute (NEPRI). The reportis mainlybased upon information supplied by HEPCand NEPRI NeitherPOWERGEN nor any personsacting on its behalf.(a) makesany warranty,express or implied, with respectto the use of any information,apparatus, method or processdisclosed in thisreport or that suchuse may not infringethe rightsof any thirdparty, or (b) assumesany liabilitieswith respectto the use of, or for damagesresulting in any way from the use of, any information,apparatus, method or processdisclosed in the report,except in so far as any warrantyor liabilityarises out of the termsand conditionsof theabove Contract.
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HUNAN POWER DEVELOPMENTPROJECT Environmental Assessment of the Le.yang Power Plant Phase2 ExtensionProject (2 x 300MW), Hunan Province, PRC
Part A - PowerPlant PT/98/EA94/R
*i1g
PowerConsult AP e l February1998 HUNAN POWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ADDENDUM TO PART A-Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 Extension Project
Emissionsof NitrogenOxides Background The proposed project will utilize a locally available anthracite coal which, as is typical of this fuel, contains a low fraction of volatile material. To burn this fuel efficiently boilers must be designed to provide the coal an environment of relatively high temperatures for relatively long exposure times. Unfortunately, high temperature-long combustion times are also conditions which favor formation of nitrogen oxides (primarily nitrogen oxide, NO).
As a result, emission levels of nitrogen oxides from well designed anthracite fired boilers will most likely exceed emission levels of nitrogen oxides obtained by utilizing more conventional coals.
Both Chinese environmental standards (650 mg/Nm3 ) and World Bank Environmental Guidelines (300 ng/joule) for nitrogen oxides emissions from power boilers were developed for conventional coals. Therefore, the proposed design for the Leiyang Power Plant-Phase 2 will exceed both Chinese and World Bank environmental requirements/guidelines.
Discussion The World Bank project team informed the Borrower (Hunan Electric Power Corporation) about the above standard excessive emission levels of NO, and recommended that they use state-of-the-art boilers and discuss the matter with Chinese environmental authorities. The World Bank also provided the Borrower with what is considered to be "best international practice" for NO, emissions from modem anthracite boilers.
Information presented to the Borrower is based on discussions between power sector industry representatives and the World Bank in a consultation process on the new draft environmental guidelines for thermal power stations. Representatives of power sector industry and other stake holders recognized that the value of 1500 mg/Nm3 proposed for boilers using low volatility (e.g. anthracite) coals is realistic and achievable. This figure has been incorporated in the updated World Bank environmental guidelines which have not yet been officially adopted.
With this information, the Borrower engaged in discussions with the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) and the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP). Both these organizations agreed to allow an emission level of 1300 mg/Nm3 (see attachment). Chinese officials are currently in the process of revisiting their environmental regulations to accommodate anthracite fuels and ensure their full enforcement in the future.
This Environmental Assessment examines modifications to air quality likely to occur relative to Chinese air quality standards and any subsequent impacts on the human and natural environment from the proposed power station. Although some violation may occur to the short term (hourly) Chinese standard for ambient levels of NO., it was considered to be insignificant, because: (a) daily and annual standards are met, (b) violations would be extremely infrequent, and, most important, (c) resultant ambient air quality will be in compliance with all ambient standards of the World Bank, WHO and western countries (e.g. Great Britain, USA etc.). Thus the EA concluded that this slight exceedance of the Chinese short term standard (not enforced in practice), will not result in any measurable environmental impact. Conclusion NEPA has officially approved the EA prepared for the project, with full recognition of the exceedances to current Chinese regulations for NO, emissions and air quality as discussed above. The World Bank supports this position, believing that: (a) the analysis presented in the EA clearly indicates that environmental impacts of NO, emissions are very limited and acceptable and (b) achievable standards based on international best practices are preferable to higher but not enforceable standards.
The Borrower has agreed to maintain an environmental monitoring program which will, inter alia, include continuous and automatic monitoring of both ambient and emission levels of NO,. The Borrower has further agreed to adopt additional mitigating measures for NO, emission control should the monitoring program, and/or environmental authorities deem it necessary. Power Technology
PowerTechnology Centre Ratcliffe-on-Soar Nottingham NGI 1 OEEUK Telephone:+44 (0)115936 2000 Fax:+44 (0)115936 2711
COMMERCIALIN CONFIDENCE PT/98/EA94/R
HUNAN POWER DEVELOPMENTPROJECT
Environmental Assessment of the Lelyang Power Plant Phase 2 Extension Project (2 x 300MW), Hunan Province, PRC
Part A - Power Plant
Technical Content Approved by Classification & DistributionApproved by
Dr J Graham Mr J Rea Section Manager Manager Environmental Sciences Engineering& EnvironmentalSciences
January 1998
IG rso e5e nSer ECJh rm g ab hoE 3 Pow"Genpic Reg~steredOffhce 53 NewBroad Strree LOnoon EC2M I JJ Regsteredm Enrgandand Mires ho~2366970 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
The following summarisesthe environmentalassessment for the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extension project. The transmission system development requirementsassociated with the HunanPower Development Project are considered in a separatereport (Part B of this report)
General Description
1 Locatedin the centreof China, HunanProvince has good communicationsand abundantresources. It is thereforean area for economicdevelopment and has developedrapidly in recentyears. At the endof 1995,the total installedelectricity generatingcapacity in HunanProvince was 8055.5MW,of whichhydropower was 4211.3MW(52.3% of the total)and thermalpower 3844.2MW(47.7%). In 1995, the whole provincegenerated and purchased33.94TW.h of electricalenergy, of which 1.359TW.hwas importedfrom neighbouringprovinces. Hunan province can not maintain a balancebetween electricity generation and consumption. Moreover,hydropower, which constitutes52.3% of the total-capacity,has a low guaranteedoutput, with utilisationas low as 2000 hours. This resultsin serious power shortages during dry seasons. Accordingto predictionsby Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Bureau,by the year 2000, the whole Provincewill require 55.0TW.helectricity and capacityof 10,000MW. By 2005, electricity demand is predicted to be 81.2TW.h, requiring a capacity of 14800MW. Therefore, it is imperativeto expedite further power constructionin Hunan province.
2 LeiyangPower Plant is a pitmouthpower plant located in centralHunan, close to a coal miningarea,. The 1stphase project (2x200MW) was commissionedduring 1988and 1989. The originalprogrammed capacity of the site was approvedto be 1200MW.Common facilities, such as watersupply, coal transportation, chemical water treatmentplant and railway,were constructedand completedaccording to this programmeddesign capacity. As a result of the existing facilities, the constructionof the 2nd phase extensionproject is characterisedby economical investmentand reducedconstruction period. This would help to alleviatepower shortagesin the southempart of Hunan,support the suppliesin the centralarea and promote regional economic development. The security of supply and economicoperation of the Hunangrid system would also be improved.
3 The constructionof LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase projectconforms with the nationalstrategy of expeditingthe developmentof centraland westem parts of
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China. It also accordswith the energy policy of linking coal productionwith electricitygeneration to reducetransportation requirements. It is also in line with the plan of Leiyangmunicipality to developinto a "brand new industrialcity with electric power as an emphasisedindustry and communicationand trade as leadingfactors".
4 The proposedfeasibility report on LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase extension project has been approvedby the Ministryof ElectricPower and State Planning Commissionand has been confirmedby the State Councilin applyingfor over 300 million US$ World Bank loan, to be utilisedto purchasemajor electricity generatingand controlequipment.
5 Accordingto the requirementsof relevantregulations in China and World Bank OperationalDirective 4:01 (EnvironmentalAssessment), the LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase extensionproject should carry out a thoroughenvironmental impact assessment. The Leiyang Power Plant entrusted this task to Nanjing EnvironmentalProtection Research Institute .(NEPRI), which has a class A certificateof environmentalassessment. NEPRIprepared an EIA for this project in May 1997 based on 2x35OMWunits, revisedin October 1997 to reflect 2 x 300MWunit size.
6 The EnvironmentalProtection office of the Ministryof ElectricPower chaired a meetingin Beijingon 17 May 1997to pre-examinethe EIA. Thoseparticipating in the meeting were NEPA, Hunan ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau, Hengyang Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Leiyang Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Bureau, Electric Power Programming General Institute, Central China Electric Power Group and Hunan Provincial Electric Power Companyetc. amountingto 26 representativesfrom 15 institutions.The experts and representativesreviewed the EIA report and organisedan assessment/ examinationworking group of 9 experts. Followingthis review,the Ministry of ElectricPower submitted document No 354 (1997)to the NationalEnvironmental ProtectionAgency (NEPA) in June 1997. NEPAgranted approval for the project on July 28, 1997based upon this document.
7 Followinga reviewby the World Bank, it was also determinedto supplementthe environmentalassessment studies with the assistanceof a consultancycontract to Power Consult to aid with the productionof an environmentalassessment reportto fully complywith WorldBank requirements.
Project Description
8 Leiyang Power Plant is in the south-easternpart of Hunanprovince, located in
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Xinhe and Luqi villages,on the right bank of a meanderingsection of Leishui River. Surroundedby waters on its south,north and west sides, andwith farms, hills and mountainsat its east, the site is in a zone of gentle hills. The natural groundelevation (Yellow Sea elevation) is 82-11Om.
9 The Leiyangphase 2 developmentwould occupy a site immediatelyadjacent to the phase 1 plant. The site is currentlydisused, having been used as a constructionlaydown area for the phase 1 development. There will be no requirementfor land acquisition,resettlement or compensation.
10 The originalplans for the Leiyangsite consideredits potentialfor up to 1200MW of capacity. Investmentwas made during the original constructionfor certain commonfacilities such as the coolingwater intake structure,water treatment plant, auxiliaryboiler etc. The phase 2 plant would also use the existing ash disposallagoon. This may requirean increasein the damheight to accommodate the increaseddisposal requirements, assuming that utilisationrates of ash are not increasedin future. However,the site is well constructed,has adequatepotential capacity and has no requirementsfor relocationor compensationof existing tenants.
11 Zhujitanmarshalling station of Yongleirailway is 2km southof the plantsite. The dedicated railway for the plant joins the Beijing-Guangzhouline at Zhujitan marshallingstation. About 4km south of this is Baisha Mine Administrative Bureau.
12 The LeiyangPower Plant 1st phase project(2x200MW) and 2nd phase project (2x300MW) will only use local anthracite. The coal suppliedto the 1st phase projectcontains, on average,0.39% sulphur and 25.19%,ash. The 2nd phase projectis designedfor 0.31%-0.46%sulphur (average 0.36%) and 24.63%ash on average. The 1st phase project consumes1.368 million tons coal per year resultingin 0.32 million tons ash. The designfor the 2nd phase project is to consume1.65 million tons coaland produce 0.435 million tons of ash.
13 The coal will be supplied by three state owned coal mines which are well managedand have no particularsafety issues associated with them. They are believedto operate in full compliancewith all health and safety regulationsof HunanProvince and PRC.
14 In LeiyangPower Plant 1st phaseproject, the two boilersshare a common210m high stack. For the 2nd phase project,two boilersare also to share another common 210m high stack. The 1st phase project uses an electrostatic precipitatorwith four electric fields, with precipitatingefficiency of 99%. The
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intentionis that the 2nd phase projectis to adopt a more efficientelectrostatic precipitator,with precipitatingefficiency of 99.68%, to meet the World Bank emissionsguideline of 100mg Nm3 particulateemissions.
15 The LeiyangPower Plant 1st phase and 2nd phase projectsboth adopt direct coolingwater systems. The water usedin the power plantis taken from Leishui River. The 1st phase project abstracts 15.6 m3s ' water in summer and 11.2m 3 s in winter. The 2ndphase project is designedto abstract21.44 m 3s' in summerand 15.97m 3s1 in winter.
16 In the 2nd phaseproject the wastewater from the plantarea, afterbeing treated to attainsuitable quality criteria, will be usedas make-upwater in the ash sluicing system.After the completionof 2nd phaseproject the ashwater in the ash lagoon is entirely reclaimedfor re-use,without any drainageof ash water. The warm water discharge,mechanical cooling water and uncontaminatedsurface drainage from the plant area (exceptfor the coal yard) are all dischargeddirectly into LeishuiRiver.
Climate Characteristics
17 Leiyangmunicipality is in a subtropicalhumid monsoonclimatic region. The annualaverage wind speedis 1.6m/s. The prevailingwind directionin the whole year is NNW,that in summerSSE, in winterNNW.
BaselineAtmospheric Quality
18 Leiyangis mainlyan agriculturalarea, with industrylocated in a few well defined urban areas. There are 11 major sourcesof air emissions,of which Leiyang Power Plantphase 1 is the largest. However,because the powerplant chimney is much higherthan thoseof the other 10 sources,it is not necessarilythe largest contributorto ambientconcentrations.
19 The daily averageconcentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2 are all well below the relevantair qualitystandards, typically not exceeding40 to 60% of the standard. Very occasionalNOx 1 hour average concentrationswere measuredthat are comparableto the Chineseair quality standard. However,NO 2 concentrations measured at the time were about 20% of the NO2 standard. TSP ambient concentrationsat somesites were alsocomparable to the relevantstandards, but are primarilydue to local sourcessuch as dust blow from roads and not from LeiyangPower Plant. The resultsare summarisedin Table1.
20 The monitoringdata availableat the time of the assessmentwas limitedin extent
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and a supplementaryprogramme of continuousmonitoring at two points, one upwindof the site and onedownwind, was initiatedbecause of this. Suchdata as was availablefrom the additionalprogramme was used in the analysiswhere appropriate.
Mitigation Measuresfor AtmosphericPollutants
21 LeiyangPower Plant 1st phaseand 2nd phaseprojects will bothuse low sulphur contentcoal as fuel (<0.46%S).
22 The 1st phase projecthas a 210m high stack and 'doubleroom', four electric field, ESPwith precipitatingefficiency of 99.0%.
23 Leiyangpower plant 2nd phase projectis also to adopta 210m high stack and highly efficient ESP, with a designed precipitatingefficiency of 99.68% as is requiredto meetWorld Bank particulate emission standards of 100mg Nm3 .
24 It is proposedthat Leiyangpower plant 2nd phaseproject is to adopta W flame downshotboiler with low NOx bumers.
EnvironmentAtmospheric Impact Prediction
25 After completionof LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseextension project, the whole plant SO2 dischargeconcentration and the smokedust emissionconcentrations will satisfy the requirementsof the appropriateChinese national standard - GB13223-1996and also the WorldBank guidelines.
26 The maximumpredicted ground level concentrationsof SO2, NOx and PMi0 for phases 1, 2 ( and 3 ) are presentedin Tables5.2.3a,b,c. Also includedare the cumulative maximum concentrationsas each additional phase comes into operation,with the currentbackground also included. The annualaverage and daily averageconcentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2 are belowthe Chineseand World Bank air quality standards,typically not exceeding40 to 60% of the standards. The NOx daily average,however, exceeds the Chinesestandard by up to 12% when phase 2 is in operation. Maximum hourly ground level concentrationsof SO2 and PM10 did not exceed the Chineseor World Bank standards. Maximum hourly concentrationsof NOx exceeded the Chinese standardby up to 67% (phaseI and 2 combined).
27 For NOx emissionsfrom the existing plant, there are no national emission standardsto be appliedto existingplant of this age. For the 2nd phase project, NOx discharge concentrationsare extremely unlikely to attain the required
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standardscontained in GB13223-1996or the World Bank guidelines. This is a consequenceof the emissionstandards having been developedbased on power generatingplant buming bituminousor other coals with high volatile content. Anthracite,such as will be usedat Leiyang,has an extremelylow volatilematter content (5.97%). This resultsin it being difficultto maintainstable combustion withoutoperating at relativelyhigh flametemperatures. High flame temperatures result in generationof NOx from atmosphericnitrogen. Consequently,it is believedthat best availabletechnology will result in flue gas NOx levels (1000- 1500 mg Nm-3) in excess of those required by the Chinese standard (650 mg Nm-3). The potentialcontrol measures to preventthis would require recourseto expensivealtemative combustion technologies or to post-combustion flue gastreatment. The World Bank will requiremaximum NOx emissionsof 1500 mg Nm-3 for coalfired power plant buming low volatilityfuel as at Leiyang.
28 The NOx Chinese maximum hourly average standard is predicted to be exceededfor a small percentageof the year. However,other Internationalhourly averagestandards for NOx or NO2 will not be exceeded.It is thereforeconcluded that such small exceedancesof the Chinesestandard are acceptableon human healthgrounds.
29 Since the aim of emissionscontrol is primarilyto protect the environmentat groundlevel, the projecthas been assessedin terms of the potentialimpacts on ambient NOx levels. It is believedthat the actual impactsfrom the proposed plant on ambient concentrationswill be acceptable. Consequentlyadditional expenditure(both capital and recurrent)on additionalNOx control measuresis considered not to represent the 'Best Available Techniques Not Entailing ExcessiveCost' (BATNEEC).
Alternative Schemes
30 The altemative of adoptingflue gas desulphurisationtechnology has been rejected. LeiyangPower Plant 1st and 2nd phase projectswill both bum low
sulphur coal. SO2 mass emissions,emission concentrations and the resulting ground level concentrations,all satisfy the requirementsof Chinesestandards andWorld Bankcriteria.
31 The Leiyangpower plant phase1 plant usescomer fired (quadri-angleinjection) boilers as opposedto the proposalfor the 2nd phase projectto adoptW flame (downshot)boilers with additionallow nitrogencombustion technology. TheseW flame boilers offer considerableadvantages in terms of higher combustion efficiencyand flexibility.
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32 More advancedcombustion technologies, such as fluidisedbed combustion, would be more expensiveand have limitedworld-wide operational experience for units of this size, and China has no operatingexperience. As such it is not proposedto adoptsuch technologies in this case.
33 Similarly,flue gas treatmentto control NOx emissions,by SelectiveCatalytic Reductionor SelectiveNon CatalyticReduction, would also increasecapital and operatingcosts and haveno Chineseoperating experience. Given the predicted adequacyof the ambient air quality followingthe proposedemissions these alternativesare not to be adopted.
34 Fabric filters to controlparticulate emissions have been rarely used in China. There is therefore a lack of operationaland managementexperience and operationcosts would also be higher. Therefore,the 2nd phase project is to adopt ESPs with high precipitatingefficiency for which there is considerable operationaland managementexperience.
Closure of Existing Boilers
35 The constructionof new, efficientpower plant at Leiyangwill alleviatepower shortages and hence facilitate the closure of some existing, inefficient and polluting power capacity. It is plannedto close 10 existing boilers in Hunan provinceby the year 2000. Thesetotal 300MW of generatingcapacity.
36 In comparisonwith these the operationof LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 will result in a 100% increase in capacity, but only a 7.9% increase in coal consumptionand 65.5% increase in NOx emissions. SO2 emissionswill decreaseby 47%, ash and slag by 20% and particulatesemissions by as much as 95%.
37 These high emissionsfrom the old boilersare also exacerbatedby the fact that all excepttwo of the units emitflue gasesvia stacksof only75-100m as opposed to the 210m stack proposedfor Leiyang. As a consequencetheir impact at groundlevel on the environmentand humanhealth is proportionatelygreater than pro-ratabased on emissionconcentrations alone.
38 Thus overallthe ability to replaceexisting inefficient boilers in Hunan province will result in an overall improvementin environmentaland human health conditions.
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Aquatic Environment
39 The watersource for LeiyangPower Plant is the LeishuiRiver. Withinthe range of 1 km upstreamof the power plant water intake to 15 km downstream,the various indicesof water quality of LeishuiRiver all satisfythe requiredChinese qualitystandards of GB3838-88"Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard".
40 There is a requirementin the standardthat weeklyaverage temperatures should not be raisedby morethan 10C in summeror 20C in winter. The temperaturesin the LeishuiRiver havebeen considerablyreduced on averageby the construction of the DongjiangReservoir upstream of the site which providesadequate scope for the coolingwater dischargefrom LeiyangPower Station within the range of naturaltemperatures.
41 LeiyangPower Plant ash lagoonis locatedat Yanpengchong,3.5km from the power plant. In the vicinity of the ash lagoon,the undergroundwater quality indices all satisfythe requirementsof the "GroundWater Quality Standard" (GBIT14848-93).
42 The impactspossibly incurred to waterenvironment are:
* Impactsto LeishuiRiver incurredby powerplant abstraction.
* Impactsto LeishuiRiver incurredby warm dischargeand waste water discharges.
* Impactsto undergroundwater from the ash lagoon
Mitigation MeasuresAnd Impact Prediction - Aquatic Environment
43 The aim is to enhancewater re-utilisationrate in order to reduce power plant abstraction. The 2nd phase projectwill treat boiler feedwatertreatment plant waste water, oil contaminatedwaste water, coal transportationsystem drainage and domesticsewage to adequatewater quality and then utilisethese as makeup water in the ash / slag sluicingsystem. The ash waterin the ash lagoonwill then be reclaimedfor re-use. Thus,the wholeplant can save some 1000 t/h in water abstractionrequirement.
44 The LelyangPower Plant has optimisedthe water intakestructure to ensureno impacton navigation.
45 By meansof physicaland mathematicalmodels, Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase projecthas establishedan optimisedwarm water dischargescheme. The axis of E ES-B HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
the dischargechannel will intersectthe river bank at angleof 47°. Upstreamof the discharge,a flow-guidingdam of circulararc will be constructed.This scheme can not onlyeliminate any impacton shipnavigation, but alsoreduce the extentof the high temperatureplume.
46 Owingto the operationof DongjiangReservoir upstream of LeiyangPower Plant, the water temperaturein summerin the vicinity of power plant is lower than natural conditions(because of dischargefrom deep within a large water body whichhas largethermal inertia).
47 By meansof regulatingthe operationof the Dongjianghydropower stations, the flow of LeishuiRiver in the vicinityof the powerplant can be regulatedto be not less than 116m3s-'. This operatingregime has been confirmed by Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Controllingand CommunicationBureau. Under this condition, the discharge from Leiyang Power Plant will result in water temperaturesdownstream being approximatelythe same as that before the constructionof the reservoir.
48 This shouldprove not to be unfavourableto the ecologyof the river. The existing evidenceindicates an impoverishedfauna and flora in the waters immediately below the DongjiangDam which becomesmore diverse by the Leiyangreach, where temperatureshave changed to be closerto naturallevels. The proposed dischargewould generally return the river to a regime similar to the natural condition,apart from a small areaimmediately adjacent to the discharge.As such it is consideredthat a coolingtower is unnecessaryfor the PhaseII development.
49 Followingthe constructionof the 2nd phase project,the power plant (including that from phase 1) is to have the water treatment plant waste water, oil contaminatedwaste water, coal transportationsystem drainageand domestic sewageused in ash sluicing. The ash waterwill then be reclaimedand reused. Thereforein the 2nd phaseproject, the powerplant is to haveonly coolingwater, ventilationand air conditioningwater, and plant area rainwateroutside the coal yard dischargedinto LeishuiRiver.
50 This recyclingof water within the power plant and ash systemwill result in a reductionof pollutedaquatic discharges from the power plantsite to a level less than currentlyexists with the phase I plant operating. Currentlythe phase I aquaticdischarges comply with nationaldischarge standards, with the exception that the overflowfrom the ash lagoonis sometimesat a pH higherthan required by the standard(pH9). Recyclingof this water to the powerplant will eliminate this effluent.
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51 The bottomof the ash lagoonis clay with low permeability,average permeability coefficientof 2.39x10-7 cm s-1. The resultingseepage discharge is estimatednot to exceed 8.4 t h-1. Water seepingthrough the ash dam will be reclaimedand reused. The monitoringresults from the area indicatethat there is no adverse impact to undergroundwater from the alreadyexisting ash lagoonand so no additionalproblems are envisagedfrom the continueduse of this facility.
Alternative Aquatic and Solid WasteControls
52 Various altemativewaste water treatment options have been discountedin favour of recyclingof the water within the system to eliminatewaste water discharges,other than coolingwater andsome surface water drainage.
53 A wet type ash removalsystem was discounted,because it would inhibit the utilisationof fly ash.
54 A dry ash storageyard was not considered,because of the adequacyof the existing system,the increasedinvestment required and potentialfor additional fugitivedust emission problems.
Acoustic Environment
55 Currently in LeiyangPower Plant, the plant boundarynoise and surroundings noise all satisfyChinese and World Bank relevant noise criteria.
56 The major noise sourceswould be requiredto adopt silencers,sound insulation and other measuresand to be centralisedat the main planthall. Therefore,after the completionof the 2nd phase, the power plant boundary-noisewould still satisfyrelevant noise criteria.
Ecological Environment
57 The extension of the ash lagoon would encroach on a certain amount of vegetation,comprising mainly secondarywoodland and plantations. The site of the phase 2 developmentis withinthe existingplant boundaryand would incur no significantloss of habitatof any ecologicalvalue.
58 The thermalregime, following mixing of the discharge,would closely resemble the naturaltemperature conditions prior to installationof the hydropowerschemes on LeishuiRiver. As suchno significantadverse effect on the ecologyof the river would be predicted.
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Construction Period
59 The major environmentalimpacts during constructionperiod are noise and fugitivedust. Necessarymeasures will be adoptedto minimiseadverse effects and to carry out constructionsupervision in mitigatingenvironmental impacts duringthe constructionperiod.
60 No particularproblems are envisagedduring the constructionperiod that would not be encounteredon any majorconstruction project of this scale.
Social Economic and Living Quality Standards
61 Within the powerplant area, there is one importantarchaeological site: Cailun Tomb, 1.5kmnorth-west of the powerplant. No possibleimpact will resultfrom the developmentother than a slightdeterioration in air quality,but air quality (for S02, NO, andTSP) would remain well withinacceptable limits and so no adverse impactis predictedfor CailunTomb.
62 The LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseextension project will play an importantrole in alleviatingHunan province power shortages,encouraging local coal industry, increasingemployment opportunities and improving people's living standards.
63 The LeiyangPower Plant called and chaired "The Hunan ProvinceLeiyang Power Plant 2nd Phase Project Environmental Protection Consultation Symposium"on March21, 1997. Also they distributed,on variousoccasions, the uFormOf PublicConsultation On EnvironmentalImpact For LeiyangPower Plant 2nd PhaseProject Construction". Local residentshave thus been providedwith opportunitiesto expresstheir opinions.
64 It is widely acknowledgedthat there is a severe shortageof electricitypower supply in this regionand thatthe abundantcoal resourcein the localityshould be utilisedto alleviatethis problem. The villageresidents thereforeall hopethat the project will start up and be completedas soon as possibleso that anticipated benefitscan be realisedas soon as possible. It was acknowledgedthat there would be some environmentalimpacts from the project, but that with suitable mitigationmeasures, as proposedfor this project,these impactswould be small and wouldnot outweighthe localbenefits of the development.
Environmental Managementand Monitoring
65 The phase2 projectat Leiyanghas the advantageof beinga' development of an existingpower station site whichhas a well establishedEnvironmental Management Department.This has 10staff, an officeand laboratory facilities. These will formthe
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basis of the environmentalmanagement facilities for the proposeddevelopment. The existing laboratories are large enough to accommodatethe requirements of the extension project and only a very few additional staff would need to be trained I recruited.
66 The phase 2 plant would be providedwith better emission controlequipment (such as ESPs) than the existing plant and will also have a comprehensivemonitoring system (includingcontinuous monitoring of stack gas emissions, continuousambient air quality monitoring,monitoring of waste waters,noise monitoringetc.)
67 Initially monitoringwill be used to ensure compliancewith required environmental performance standards. This will include constructionand commissioningphase to ensure the plant is built in such a mannerthat it can operate in conformancewith manufacturersguarantees and requirementsof Nationaland World Bank standards. Ongoing operationalperformance will then also be subject to ongoing monitorin-, to ensure continuedhigh levelsof environmentalperformance.
Potential Phase 3 Development
68 Currently there are no firm proposalsfor further developmentof this site. However, the site is clearly well located, with suitable land in the vicinity, fuel and water supplies. Some preliminary assessment has been given to the potential for developmentof two further 600MW unitsat this location.
69 A further developmentwould require an indirect (cooling tower) system to secure a sufficient water supply during low river flow conditions. Indirect cooling would also avoid significantadditional thermal pollutionimpacts on the Leishui River.
70 The ash lagoontheoretically has sufficientexpansion capacity to take up to 40 years of ash produced from a further 1200 MW of plant together with all of the ash from phases 1 and 2.
71 The stack gas emissions would require careful assessment in the light of actual
detailed proposals. It is thought that SO2 emissionwould not present any problem given the good air quality in the area and use of very low sulphur coal. Similarly particulate emissionswould have little impact at ground level, consideringthe height of the stack and likely emission concentrations.
72 NOx emissions may be the most problematical consideration. Impacts from the power station extensionwould be low, but would need to be reassessedin the light of more monitoringdata than exist at present and the technologiesavailable at the time the phase 3 extensionproject is considered.The predictionsfor the impact of phase 3 are set out in table 5.2.3b. These show that the maximum NOx daily average, exceeds the Chinese standard by up to 94% when phase 2 and 3 are both in ES-12 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
operation. The hourlyaverage air qualitystandard for NOxmay be also exceeded - by up to 173% for phases 1,2 and 3 combined. This would, however, only occur for about 0.4% of the year.
73 The predictedimpacts of a phase 3 development on short term ground level NOx concentrationswould require carefulevaluation in the lightof the best technologies availableat the time of the development. In addition,measures such as combining the stack withthat of the existingplant, (to maximiseplume buoyancy),or selecting a site a few kilometersaway (to avoid superimposingthe stack gas plumes) could be considered.
ES-13 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult
3 Table 1: Comparison of Background Concentrations of SO2, No,, NO2, PM1O,TSP (pG M-) With Chinese and World Bank Standards pG M-3 S02 Chinese No, Chinese NO2 Chinese PM10 Chinese TSP Chinese
standard standard - standard standard standard AWorld NWorld IWorld/ /World /World Bank Bank Bank Bank Bank standard standard standard standard standard Annual 20-40 60/100 20-30 50/100 n/a 40/ - 8-44 100/- 122-191 200/100 Average Daily 57-76 150/500 25-35 100/- n/a 80/- 44-131 150/500 92-296 300/500 Maximum
Max. 81-87 500/- 40-54 150/- 40-113 120/- i ' n.a hourly average
9S-14
" , . b~~~~~~~~ CONTENTS
I HRunanPower DevelopmentProject (Pail A) Power Consult
CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LISTOF PHOTOGRAPHS vii
EXECUTIVESUMMARY ES-1
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION POLICY, REGULATION AND 2-1 ADMINISTRATIVESYSTEM 2.1 The EnvironmentalProtection Administration And OrganisationIn 2-1 China 2.2 EnvironmentalProtection Regulation And PolicyIn China 2-1 2.3 EnvironmentalProtection Requirements Of The WorldBank 2-2 2.4 EnvironmentalStandards in China,World Bank and World Health 2-2 Organisation 2.5 PollutionDischarge Fees 2-3
3. GENERALDESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3-1 3.1 ProjectName, Size, And PrimaryComposition 3-1 3.2 GeographicalPosition And Justification 3-1 3.2.1 GeographicalPosition 3-1 3.2.2 Justification 3-2 3.3 LayoutIn The PlantSite 3-3 3.4 FuelAnd Air PollutionMitigation 3-3 3.4.1 FuelCharacteristics 3-3 3.4.2 AmbientAir PollutionMitigation 3-3 3.5 WaterSupply And WaterTreatment .3-4 3.5.1 WaterSource And MakeupWater System 3-4 3.5.2 FeedWater Treatment 3-5 3.5.3 WasteWater Treatment 3-5 3.6 SolidWaste Treatment 3-7 3.6.1 Ash (PFA& FBA)Treatment Type And Amount 3-7 3.6.2 Ash Lagoon 3-7 3.7 Total PollutantEmissions 3-8 3.8 TransportationEngineering Outside The Plant 3-8 3.8.1 RailwayFor CoalTransportation 3-8 3.8.2 WaterSupply And Ash WaterPipe Line 3-9 3.8.3 PowerTransmission System 3-9 3.9 ConstructionSchedule 3-9 3.10 Phase3 Development 3-9 3.11 ReplacementOf ExistingBoilers 3-9
4. ENVIRONMENTALBASELINE 4-1 4.1 BasisOf Assessment 4-1 4.1.1 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Class 4-I 4.1.2 AssessmentArea 4-1 4.2 Topography,Geology, And Geomorphology 4-2 4.3 WaterResource 4-3 4.3.1 Precipitation 4-3
i Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult
CONTENTS 4.3.2 LeishuiRiver 4-3 4.3.3 UndergroundWater 4-6 4.3.4 Discharges 4-7 4.4 AtmosphericResources 4-8 4.4.1 ClimateOf The Region 4-8 4.4.2 ExistingAmbient Air QualityOf LeiyangArea 4-8 4.5 AcousticalEnvironment 4-13 4.6 EcologicalEnvironment 4-13 4.6.1 TerrestrialEcology 4-13 4.6.2 AquaticEcology 4-15 4.7 SocialAnd EconomicEnvironment 4-17 4.7.1 PopulationAnd SocialCommunity 4-17 4.7.2 LandUtilisation Plan 4-18 4.7.3 WaterUtilisation 4-19 4.7.4 LocalIndustrial Activities 4-19 4.7.5 Infrastructure 4-20 4.7.6 Culture,Education, Hygienic And RecreationFacilities 4-21 4.7.7 CulturalRelics And Tourism Resources 4-21 4.8 Healthand Safety 4-22 4.8.1 OccupationalHealth And SafetyIn CoalMines 4-22 4.8.2 OccupationalHealth And SafetyIn The PowerPlant 4-23
5. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT 5-1 5.1 EnvironmentalImpact Identification And PollutionFactor Screening 5-1 5.2 OperationPeriod 5-1 5.2.1 AtmosphericImpact 5-1 5.2.2 WaterEnvironment Impact Assessment 5-10 5.2.3 NoiseImpact Prediction And Assessment 5-15 5.2.4 SolidWaste And Coal Dust 5-16 5.3 ImpactsOutside Plant Area 5-17 5.3.1 TransmissionEngineering 5-17 5.3.2 WaterSupply And Ash PipeLines 5-17 5.4 Ecology 5-18 5.4.1 TerrestrialEcology 5-18 5.4.2 AquaticEcology 5-19 5.5 SocialEconomy and LivingStandards 5-20 5.5.1 ElectricitySupply And Economy 5-20 5.5.2 TrafficAnd PublicFacilities 5-22 5.5.3 EmploymentAnd Women's Status 5-22 5.5.4 ImpactsFrom RecruitmentOf Non-LocalWorkers 5-23 5.5.5 BenefitAnalysis For Local Inhabitants 5-23 5.5.6 LandRequisition And Resettlement 5-24 5.6 ConstructionPeriod 5-24 5.6.1 AmbientAir Impact 5-24 5.6.2 WaterPollution 5-24 5.6.3 Noise Impact 5-25 5.7 ReplacementOf ExistingBoilers 5-25 5.8 PossiblePhase 3 Development 5-26 5.8.1 WaterSupply 5-26 5.8.2 Ash Disposal 5-26 5.8.3 Air Quality 5-27 K 5.8.4 Noise 5-28
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CONTENTS
6. ANALYSISOF PROJECTALTERNATIVES 6-1 6.1 No Action 6-1 6.2 PlantSite Altematives 6-2 6.3 BoilerAltematives 6-3 6.4 Fuel Options 6-6 6.5 ParticulateEmissions 6-7 6.5.1 ParticulateControl Efficiency 6-7 6.5.2 SmokeDust Emission Impacts On Ambient Air Quality 6-7 6.5.3 PrecipitatorOptions 6-8 6.5.4 BriefEconomic Comparison 6-9 6.6 SO2 DischargeControl 6-9 6.6.1 LeiyangPower Plant SO2 DischargeControl 6-9 6.6.2 SO2 DischargeMitigation Scheme 6-10 6.7 NOx EmissionControl 6-11 6.8 WasteWater Discharge 6-12 6.8.1 Phase1 ProjectWaste Water Discharge 6-12 6.8.2 Phase2 WasteWater Treatment 6-13 6.9 Ash TreatmentScheme 6-14 6.9.1 Ash RemovalSystem 6-14 6.9.2 Ash TransportationSystem 6-14
7. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 7-1 7.1 EnvironmentalMitigation 7-1 7.1.1 OperatingPeriod 7-1 7.1.2 ConstructionPeriod 7-10 7.2 EnvironmentalMonitoring 7-11 7.3 ResponsibilitiesFor MitigationAnd Monitoring 7-13 7.4 TrainingProgramme 7-14
APPENDICES APPENDIXA LISTOF EA REPORTPREPARERS A-1
APPENDIXB LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES B-1
APPENDIXC CONSULTATIONPROCESS C-1 C.1 EA Preparation - Power Consult C-1 C.2 Site Visits C-2 C.3 EA Consultations -C-3 C.4 MeetingsOf EnvironmentalInstitutions C-5
APPENDIXD ENGINEERSREPORT FOR POWER CONSULT ON THE MINE OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY STATUS
APPENDIXE ATMOSPHERICIMPACT ANALYSIS
.
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TABLES
2.4-1 PRCStandards Implemented In EA Of LeiyangPower Plant 2-4 2.4-1a PRCAtmospheric Standards 2-4 2.4-1b PRCWater Environment Assessment Standards 2-4 2.4-1c PRCNoise Assessment Standards 2-5 2.4-2 WorldBank General Environmental Guidelines For PowerProjects 2-6 2.4-3 WorldBank Air EmissionLimitations For Stationary Sources 2-7 2.4-4 WorldBank And WorldHealth Organisation.Ambient Air Quality 2-8 Standards 2.4-5 WorldBank Recommended Noise Criteria 2-9 2.5-1 DischargeFees Payable On PollutantDischarges 2-10
3.2-1 CostAdvantages (million yuan) Of LeiyangPhase 2 Development 3-11 ComparedTo A SimilarSize Development On a New Site 3.3-1 Major Equipment& EnvironmentalProtection Facilities 3-12 3.4-1 Fuel InformationOf LeiyangPower Plant 3.5-1 WaterTreatment System Leiyang Phase 2 Project 3-14 3.6-1 LeiyangPower Plant Bottom Ash And Fly Ash Amount 3-14 3.6-2 Ash CompositionFrom LeiyangPhase 1 PowerPlant 3-15 3.7-1 Total PollutantEmissions 3-15 3.11-1 BoilersScheduled For ClosureIn HunanProvince During 1996-2000 3-16 3.11-2 Coal ConsumptionAnd EmissionsFrom Boilers Scheduled For 3-16 ClosureIn HunanProvince 4.3.2-1 SourcesOf WaterPollution Near Leiyang 4-28 4.3.2-2 SurfaceWater Monitoring Analysis Methods 4-28 4.3.2-3 SurfaceWater Monitoring Results (Oct) 4-29 4.3.2-4 SurfaceWater Monitoring Results (July) 4-31 4.3.3-1 GroundWater Monitoring Analysis Methods 4-33 4.3.3-2 GroundWater Monitoring Results (Oct) 4-34 4.3.3-3Ground Water Monitoring Results (July) 4-35 4.3.4-1 QualityOf DischargesFrom LeiyangPhase I PowerPlant, 1994-96 4-36 4.3.4-2 The QualityOf SeepageWater Through Dam And Ash Water 4-36 DrainedInto LeishuiRiver Sept. 12-14 1996 4.4.1-1 AverageMeteorological parameters Measured At LeiyangOver 35 4-37 Year Period 4.4.1-2 LeiyangMunicipality Average Air Temperatures 4-37 4.4.2-1 AnnualEmission Rates From MajorSources In LeiyangMunicipality 4-38 4.4.2-2 FunctionsOf VariousMonitoring Points 4-39 4.4.2-3 ResultsOf Monitoring:May 30 to June3, 1993 4-40 4.4.2-4 StatisticsOf MonitoringResults Of PM10: May 25 to May31, 1995 4-40 4.4.2-5aStatistics Of RoutineAtmospheric Monitoring Results In 1995In 4-41 LeiyangMunicipality 4.4.2-5bStatistics Of RoutineAtmospheric Monitoring Results In 1996In 4-42 LeiyangMunicipality
4.4.2-5cStatistics Of 1995-1996Annual Daily Average Conc. Monitoring 4-43 ResultsIn LeiyangMunicipality 4.4.2-6 Recent'Upwind-Downwind'Monitoring: 1997 4-44 4.5-1 PowerPlant Boundary Noise Level Baseline 4-45 4.6-1 InventoryOf PlantSpecies Within Ashyard 4-45 4.6-2 PlanktonRecorded Before and After DongjiangReservoir Construction 4-46
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TABLES 4.6-3 Diversity Indices For Plankton In Leishui River 4-46 4.6-4 List Of Fish SpeciesAfter The ReservoirConstruction 4-47 4.6-5 Benthic InvertebratesFrom Around Leiyang Power Plant Discharge 4-49 4.7-1 Distribution Of EmployeesIn Leiyang Municipality 4-50 4.7-2 Professional Staff And Workers In State Owned And Collective 4-50 Institutions In Leiyang Municipality 4.7-3 Gross Production Value Of Agriculture, Forestry And Fishery In 4-50 Leiyang Municipality 4.7-4 Industrial Gross ProductionValue In Leiyang Municipality 4-51 4.7-6 Statistics Of School TeachingAnd AdministrativeStaff And Students 4-51 4.7-7 Medical Statistics, 1994 4-51
5.1-1 Table Of Principle EnvironmentalImpacts 5-29 5.1-2 The Main Pollutant Factors 5-31 5.2-1 Comparison Of Leiyang Power Plant Stack EmissionsWith Standards 5-32 5.2.1-2 Emission Parametersused in Modelling 5-33 5.2.1-3 Predictions Of Ground Level ConcentrationsOf SO2 Due To 5-34 ProposedAnd ExistingPlant 5.2.1-4 Comparison BetweenADMS And The Chinese Model Predictions Of 5-37 Maximum Daily SO2 Ground Level ConcentrationsFor 10 Worst Days In Year 5.2.1-5 Comparison Of ADMS And The Chinese Model PredictionsOf 5-37 Maximum Hourly SO2 And NOx Ground Level Concentrations For Different Pasquill Stability Classes. 5.2.2-1 Calculated Increase In River Temperatures (IC) DownstreamOf 5-38 Leiyang Power Plant 5.2.3-1 Main Noise Equipment (1st Phase Project) 5-39 5.2.3-2 Main Noise Equipment (2nd Phase Project) 5-39 5.5.2-1 Contributionto Tax Revenueof Leiyang Power Plant II (Unit: Million 5-39 Yuan) 5.6.3-1 The Noise Intensity Of Main Construction Machines 5-40 5.6.3-2 Noise Attenuation At Different Distances 5-40 5.7-1 Comparison Of Coal ConsumptionAnd Pollutant Emissions 5-40 5.7-2 Maximum Effects On Ground Level Air Concentrations From Boilers 5-41 To Be Taken Out Of Commission 5.8.2-1 Relationship Of Ash Yard Area And Volume To Dam Height 5-41 5.8.2-2 PFA + FBA Production By Phase 1,2 and 3 Leiyang Power Plants 5-41 5.8.3-1 Predicted Ground Level Concentrations Due To Leiyang Phase 1, 2 5-41 And 3
7.1-1 Power Plant EnvironmentalMitigation MeasuresAnd Costs 7-15 7.1-2 Major Waste Water And Sewage Treatment Installations 7-19 7.1-3 Major Sound Sources, Noise Limiting Values And MitigationMeasures 7-20 7.2-1 Proposed EnvironmentalMonitoring For Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 7-21 7.2-2 Wastewater Monitoring 7-24 7.2-3 Discharge Monitoring Points 7-24 7.2-4 Principal Instruments & Equipment For EnvironmentalMonitoring 7-25 7.4-1 Training Programme 7-26
FIGURES
Fig 2.1-1 PRC Environmental ProtectionAdministrative Institutions 2-11
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FIGURES
Fig 3.2-1 LeiyangPower Plant Geographical Position 3-17 Fig 3.2-2 Leiyangpower Plant Location 3-18 Fig 3.3-1 LeiyangPower Plant Layout Phase 1 & Phase2 3-19 Fig 3.5-1 Phase2 ProjectWater Balance Diagram 3-20 Fig 3.6-1 PhaseI ProjectAsh DisposalSystem 3-21 Fig 3.6-2 Phase2 ProjectAsh DisposalSystem 3-22 Fig 3.9-1 LeiyangPower Plant 2nd PhaseProject Implementation Schedule 3-23 Fig 3.11-1 Locationof ExistingBoilers (300MW) Scheduled For ClosureBy 3-24 Year2000
Fig 4.1-1 AtmosphericMonitoring Locations 4-52 Fig 4.1-2 PollutionSOurces And Aquatic Baseline Monitoring Sections 4-52 Fig 4.3-1 HydropowerAnd HydrologicalMonitoring Stations On Leishuiriver 4-53 Fig 4.3-2 MonthlyAverage And DailyMinimum Flows In LeishuiRiver, 4-54 BeforeDam Construction At Dongjiang.Also ShowingDesign Flow RegulationScheme Following Phase 2 Developmentof LeiyangPower Plant Fig 4.3-3 MonthlyAverage, Maximum And MinimumTemperatures In 4-54 LeishuiRiver Before and After DamConstruction At Dongjiang. AlsoShowing Existing Conditions 800m Downstream Of Leiyang PowerPlant Fig 4.3-4 MonthlyAverage Temperature Differences From Those At 4-55 DongjiangBefore Dam Construction Fig 4.3-5 WaterTemperature Survey In LeishuiRiver Around Leiyang Power 4-55 StationDischarge 31/5/93 Fig 4.4-1 DistributionOf WindSpeeds At 10 m 4-56 Fig 4.5-1 NoiseMonitoring Survey Locations 4-57 Fig 4.6-1 Resultsof BenthicInvertebrate Sampling Survey Around Leiyang 4-58 PowerPlant Discharge, November 1997
Fig 5.2.2-1 FlowVelocity Field Leishui River - SummerConditions 5-38 Fig 5.2.2-1 ThermalPlume From LeiyangPower Station: Summer 5-38 Conditions9Physical Modelling Results) Fig 5.2.2-3 WaterTemperatures At CrossSections Of LeishuiRiver Shown 5-39 In Fig 5.2.2-1Base On PhysicalModelling: Summer Conditions Fig 5.2.2-4 ThermalPlume From LeiyangPower Station: Winter Conditions 5-39 (PhysicalModelling Results) Fig 5.2.2-5 CrossSections Of LeishuiRiver UsedIn MathematicalModelling 5-40 Of ThermalPlume From LeiyangPower Station Fig 5.2.2-6 PredictedMonthly Average Flow Weighted Water Temperature 5-41 At +30C Isoline(At 105m sl River Flow)Below Leiyang Power PlantDischarge Plotted Against Natural River Temperatures (Pre-DongjiangDam) Fig 5.2.2-7 PredictedMonthly Average Flow Weighted Water Temperatures 5-41 At +30C Isoline(At 105m s l River Flow)Plotted Against Natural WaterTemperatures (Pre-Dongjiang Dam) Fig 5.2.3-1 PredictedNoise Levels At LeiyangPower Plant Phase I & 2 5-42
Fig 7.1-1 ChemicalWaste Treatment Technology Flow Diagram 7-27 Fig 7.1-2 Oil ContaminatedWater Treatment Technology Flow Diagram 7-27 Fig 7.1-3 DomesticSewage Treatment Technology Flow Diagram 7-27
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PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph3-1 Site for Phase2 Development Photograph3-2 CoolingWater Intake Structure (Phases 1 &2) Photograph3-3 CoolingWater Discharge - Phase1 Photograph3-4 Ash PipelineNear Phase I Site Photograph3-5 ExistingAsh Pipeline Photograph3-6 Damfor Ash Lagoon Photograph3-7 Ash Lagoon Photograph3-8 DischargeChannel from Ash Lagoon
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vii 1. INTRODUCTION
I HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 HunanElectricai Power Company (HEPC) proposes to constructa 600MW (two 300 MW boilers)anthracite fired power station on the outskirtsof LeiyangCity, on the bank of the LeishuiRiver. This is a phase 2 development,adjacent to an existing400 MW (two200 MW boilers)power station.
1.2 Associatedwith this projectthere will be a requirementto upgradethe electricity grid infrastructure.This will entail constructionof two 220 kV transmissionlines and associatedsubstations, a 335 km line to connectthe privatelydeveloped ChangshaBuild Operate Transfer (BOT) Project to the HunanPower Grid and a 415 km line to connectthe LeiyangProject to the Hunan Power Grid. The transmissionsystem developments have also beensubjected to an environmental assessmentreported as 'PartB' of this report.
1.3 HEPCwill alsoretire 10 small inefficientpolluting boilers (8 x 25 MW and2 x 50 MVW)at severalother locations in HunanProvince during the periodup to the year 2000.
1.4 In accordancewith Chinese environmentalregulations, an Environmental Assessment(EA) was preparedfor the power generationfacility by Nanjing EnvironmentalProtection Research Institute of Ministry of Electric Power (NEPRI). HEPC requested World Bank financing for this project and in accordancewith World Bank policiesand procedures(OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment)the projectwas rated'Category A' and an EA must be preparedto World Bankspecifications.
1.5 World Bankenvironmental specialists reviewed the draftEA preparedby NEPRI and, for a number of reasons, concluded that the document required strengtheningto meet World Bank EA standards. They also requested an independentevaluation of the ecologicalimpacts to be anticipatedfrom the dischargesof the heated coolingwater, and the occupationalhealth and safety statusof the minessupplying the anthracitefuel.
1.6 Chineseofficials agreed to the recommendationthat an internationalconsultant with substantialrelevant experience be engagedto preparean Englishtext EA documentincorporating all project components(generation, transmission, coal mine safety, and boiler retirement)that will meet World Bank technical requirements.
1.7 The main objectiveof this work programis to producean EA report for the
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HunanPower Development Project in accordancewith World Bankrequirements. This EA report is based on the draft EA reportalready prepared by NEPRIand the considerableamount of analysisthat has been undertakenin supportof the project.
1.8 PowerConsult were engaged to undertakethis work, in closecollaboration with HEPCand NEPRI. In additionIntemational Mining Consultants Ltd (IMCL)were engagedto adviseon safetyissues relating to the coal minesthat will be usedto supplythe phase2 development.
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1-2 2. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION POLICY,REGULATION AND ADMINISTRATIVESYSTEM
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'. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY, REGULATION AND ADMINISTRATIVESYSTEM
2.1 The EnvironmentalProtection Administration And OrganisationIn China
2.1.1 Environmentalprotection in China is mainly led and supervisedby the National EnvironmentalProtection Agency (NEPA) and its subordinateprovincial, municipal and county EnvironmentalProtection Bureaux. The environmentalmonitoring is by the correspondingEnvironmental Monitoring Stations. In the electric power industry, the Ministryof ElectricPower and regionaland provincialElectric Power Companies all include EnvironmentalProtection Offices. The power plantseach have EnvironmentalProtection Sections.The overallenvironmental management framework is shown in Fig. 2.1-1. The local monitoringstations provide reports seasonally or annuallyfor the monitoringstation at regional,provincial and nationallevels. The EnvironmentProtection Bureaux are also responsiblefor the supervisionof the EnvironmentalMonitoring Stations at the samelevel.
2.2 Environmental ProtectionRegulation And Policy In China
2.2.1 The principalChinese laws andregulations conceming power plant environmental impacts are the following:
- PRCEnvironmental Protection Law (Dec. 26,1989)
- PRCAmbient Air PollutionPrevention and Mitigation Law (Revised on Aug. 29, 1995)
- PRCSolid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention And MitigationLaw (Oct. 30, 1995)
* PRCWater PollutionPrevention and Mitigation Law (Revised on May 15, 1996)
* PRCEnvironmental Noise Prevention And MitigationLaw (Oct. 29, 1996)
. ConstructionProject Environmental Protection Administration Regulation (1986)
* ConstructionProject Environmental Protection Design Stipulation (1987)
* ConstructionProject Environmental Protection Administration Procedure (1990)
* ElectricPower Industry Environmental Protection Administration Regulation (1996)
2.2.2 Accordingto the environmentalprotection regulations in China, it is necessaryfor a project,in its feasibilitystudy stage,to carry out an environmentalimpact assessment. For the LeiyangPower Plant, the projectsupervisory unit in HunanElectric Power Company
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submittedan environmentalassessment report to the Ministryof ElectricPower for pre- examination.The Ministryof ElectricPower then submittedthe environmentalassessment reportto the NationalEnvironmental Protection Agency for approval,which was grantedon July 28 1997.
2.3 Environmental Protection Requirements Of The World Bank
2.3.1 The World Bank has establishedguidelines to ensure that borrowerscan appropriately expressthe environmentalimpact incurred by their proposedactions. They mustconsider variousaltemative schemes of the projectto be constructed,develop control measures to alleviatethe unavoidableimpacts and ensure the implementationof these measures.
2.3.2 The World BankOperational Directive (OD 4:01, 1991)provides general guidelines for the compilationof an environmentalassessment report.
2.3.3 Duringthe appraisalprocess, the World Bankscreens projects, according to their potential adverseenvironmental impacts. Projectsare designatedto one of three categories'A', 'B', or 'C'. The Leiyang Power Plant project, as for all new thermal power projects, is designatedas category'A', meaningthat there is a possibilityof adverseenvironmental effects. A full environmentalassessment should therefore be carriedout.
2.4 Environmental Standards In China, World Bank and World Health Organisation
2.4.1 The LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extensionproject (2x300MW) will implementChinese environmentalstandards shown in table2.4-1.
2.4.2 The World Bank has issued special industrial pollutantsemission and environmental qualitycriteria which can be usedfor powerplant.
* Table 2.4-2 showsWorld Bank generalenvironmental protection guidelines for electric powerprojects.
* Table 2.4-3 and 2.4-4 showsWorld Bank and World Health Organisationambient air quality guidelines.
* Shown in table2.4-5 arethe World Banknoise guidelines.
2.4.3 One issue of particularconcem for the LeiyangPower Project is that relatingto the NOx emission standards. Both the World Bank and the Chineseregulations are based on powerplant bumingsoft coalswith relativelyhigh volatility. Hard,anthracite coals have low volatility. This results,amongst other factors, in a requirementfor highflame temperatures to achieve stable and efficient combustion,which in tum tends to produce high NOx emissions. This is compoundedby a relativelack of experiencein buminganthracite in the
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developedcountries and hence the technologyfor cost-effectiveNOx control is not as well developedas for soft coals.
2.4.4 Advicefrom major boilermanufacturers is that practicalemissions of NOx are likelyto be in the range1000-1500 mg Nm-3 : considerablyin excessof the Chinesestandards. New draft World BankGuidelines will adopt 1500mg Nm-3 for NOx emissionsfrom anthracite fired boilers. Giventhat the reasonto controlemissions is to protectthe environment,this EA places greateremphasis on assessingthe potentialimpact of the emissionsfrom the proposedplant, rather than in comparingthe emissionsagainst standards that were framed withoutreference to the particularfuel to be utilised. Morediscussion of this is providedin Chapter5.
2.5 Pollutant Discharge Fees
2.5.1 HunanProvince has introduceda systemof pollutiondischarge fees: MAdministrative Provisionfor Levy Fees on Dischargeof Pollutantsin HunanProvince, Decree 26 January 12 1994'. This sets a fee system payableon dischargesand noise in excess of the appropriatestandards, with the exceptionthat there is also a small volume related fee payableon industrialwastewater discharges which do complywith standards.
2.5.2 Coolingwater dischargesare not includedin the categoryof wastewaterdischarge. Similarly, ash and slag disposedof to a speciallydesigned ash yard 'will not levy fees temporarily'. Table2.5-1 summarises the fee system.
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Table 2.4-1 PRC Standards Implemented In EA Of Leiyang Power Plant
Table 2.4-la PRC Atmospheric Standards
Standard name Standards (mg m )
"Ambient air S02 PM10 TSP No, NO2 quality standard" Hourly average 0.5 - - 0.15 0.12 GB3095-1996 Daily average 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.08 Class II Annual daily avg. 0.08 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.04 "Emission standard of air pollutantsPermitted Permitted discharge mg Nm lue gas for thermal power plants" whole Station SO2 GB 13223-1996 emission SO2 TSP NOx (period Ill, hilly area) (tVh) Phase 2 Phase I |Phase 2 Phase 2 r10.88 2100 600 200 650
Table 2.4-1b PRC Water Environment Assessment Standards (mg l
Environmental Integrated wastewater Groundwater Item quality standard discharge standard quality standard for surface water GB8978-88: Grade I for GBIT 14848-93 GB3838-88 new or extension Class III Class IlIl projects Artificial increase 1OC summer temperature 20C winter pH 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 F 1.0 10 1.0 SS 70 petroleum/oil 0.05 10 As 0.05 0.5 0.05 Crbt 0.05 0.5 0.05 Hg 0.0001 0.05 0.001 Cd 0.005 0.1 0.01 Pb u.05 1.0 0.05
BOD5 30 4.0 CODcr 15 100 CODMf 6 phenol 0.005 0.5 0.002 sulphide 0.2 1.0 .
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Table2.4-Ic PRCNoise Assessment Standards. Leq dB(A) Area Implementedstandard day night Plant Class II in Standardof noiseat boundaryof industrial 60 50 boundary enterprises,GB 12348-90 Area/ noise Class II in Standardof environmentalnoise in urban 60 50 area,GB3096-93 Construction Constructionsite boundarynoise, GB12523-90 Civil works 75 55 Construction Piling 85 NA stage Construction 70 55 Installation 65 55 Health NoiseHealth Standard for IndustrialEnterprises (Nationallabour Bureau Ministry of Health,1979) 8 85 Exposuretime eachworking day (h) 4 88 2 91 1 94 NA - No pilingis allowedat night
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Table 2.4-2 WorldBank General Environmental Guidelines for PowerProjects Environmental Criteria Resource AIR 1. S02: 454 metrictonnes / day (500tons/day)a(See Table 2.4-3) Emissions 2. Particulates:100 mg Nm-3 3. NOx: 300 ng/joule(solid fossil fuel) 1500mg Nm'3 draft guidelinefor anthracitefired boilers AmbientQuality 1. S02: 100ggm- 3 annualarithmetic mean 500 ggm-3maximum 24hr average 2. Particulate: 1001igm- 3 annualgeometric mean 500ggm 3 maximum24hr average 3. NOx 1001tgm- 3 annualarithmetic mean
WATER AND LAND Thermal limitations of +30C for subtropical and tropical waters and 50C for otherwaters, with an altemativemaximum according to the equation URLT-OT Tmax= OT + 3 -
where: Tmax = Maximumallowable stream temperature after mixing OT = Optimumtemperature for speciesaffected URLT= Ultimaterecipient lethal temperature
Also, generalrestrictions on affectingaquatic organisms,human health andwelfare exist.
NOISE Noiselevels (annualaverage) required for protectionof publichealth and welfare are recommendedin the World Bank EnvironmentalGuidelines (September1988) (See Table 2.4-4).
SOCIAL AND Secondarygrowth effects to the generalpopulation shall be addressed CULTURAL andimpacts to tribalpeople shall be mitigated.
OCCUPATIONAL World BankOccupational Health and SafetyGuidelines for PowerPlants, and Fuel Oil; TLVs by AmericanConference of GovemmentIndustrial Hygienists. a For non-pollutedto moderatelypolluted areas (SO2 < 50 igm-3 annualaverage and <200 jigm-3maximum 24 hourinterval)
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Table 2.4-3 World BankAir Emission Limitations for StationarySources
Pollutants Quality Standard Particulates 100mg Nm- NOx 300 ngJ' Solidfossil fuel 1500 mg Nm- draft guidelinefor anthracite fired boilers S02_Criterion I Max.) Criterion11 Max. S02 emission allowable ground (tonsper day) level incrementto BackgroundLevels ±gm-3 ambient(,ugm 3 Annualaverage Maximum24h annualaverage) Unpolluted <50 <200 500 50 Moderatelypolluteda Low 50 200 500 50 High 100 400 100 10 Very Pollutedb >100 >400 100 10 For intermediatevalues between 50 and 100Agm , linearinterpolations should be used. b No projectswith sulphurdioxide emissions are recommendedin theseareas.
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Table 2.4-4 World Bank and World Health OrganisationAmbient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant World Bank WHO Standards Standard Particulates (TSP) Annual geometric mean 100ltgm-3 Maximum 24 h peak 500 ,ugm3 120 JLgm3 3 PM10 Maximum 24 hr 70 pgm
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2 ) Inside plant fence Annual arithmetic mean 100 pggm3 Maximum 24 h peak 1000 ggm-3 Outside plant fence Annual arithmetic mean 100 gggm3 50 glgm 3 Maximum 24 h peak 500 gggm3 125 j±gm3 Maximum 1 h peak 350 ggm-3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual arithmetic mean 100 gLgm,3 40-50 ggm 3 Maximum 1 h peak 200 ±ggf3 Arsenic (As) Inside plant fence 24 h average 6 1igm-3 Outside plant fence 24 h average 3 J4gm3 Cadmium (Cd) Inside plant fence 24 h average 6 ggm3 Outside plant fence 24 h average 3 ggm-3 Lead (Pb) Inside plant fence 24 h average 8 ggm- 3 Outside plant fence 24 h average 4 ug/m3
Sources World Bank Environmental Guidelines September 1988, WHO Guidelines for Europe 1987, and later revisions listed on http://www.who.org/programmes/peh/specprg.htm(on 2/12/97)
2-8 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult
Table 2.4-5 World Bank Recommended Noise Criteria
Indoor Outdoor Activity Hearing To protect Activity Hearing To protect inter- loss against inter- loss against ference both ference both Location Measure effects' effectsa Residential Ldn 45 45 55 55 with outside space and farm Leq (24) 70 70 residences Residential Ldn 45 45 with no outside space Leq(24) 70 Commercial Lq (24) 70 7Q0 70 70c Inside Leq(24) 70 transportation
Industrial Leq(24) D 70 70Q D 70 70c Hospitals Ldn 45 45 55 55 Leq(24) 70 70 Educational Leq(24) 45 45 55 55 Leq(24) d 70 70 Recreational Leq(24) 70 70c D 70 70C Farm land / Leq(24) 70 70c unpopulated
a Based on the lowest level
b Since different types of activities appear to be associated with different levels, identification of a maximum level for activity interference may be difficult except in those circumstances where speech communication is a critical activity c Based only on hearing loss
d An Leq (8) of 75 dB may be identified in these situations so long as the exposure over the remaining 16 hours per day is low enough to result in a negligible contribution to the 24 hour average, i.e. no greater than an Leqof 60 dB.
Source World Bank EnvironmentalGuidelines September 1988.
r
2-9 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult
Table 2.5-1Discharge Fees Payable On PollutantDischarges Discharge Fee yuanper unit
Air emissions( SO2 NOx, 0.04 per kg
CO, CO2 H2SO4Pb Hg Be 0.05 per mu Production dust 0.1 perkg (asbestos,lagging etc.) Powerplant coal dust 0.02 per kg Fluegas dust 3 per t fuel -4 x standard 4 per t fuel 4.1-6 x standard 5 per t fuel6.1-9 x standard 6 pert fuel >9 x standard Water 0.03 perton pH, SS, BOD, COD, variousformulae based on unit per ton of waterx exceedanceof petroleum,Hg etc. prices,concentrations in excess standard of standard volume flow and classificationof discharge Noise 200 per perioda1-3 dB(A)over std. 400 per perod8 4-6 dB(A)over std. 800 per perioda7-9 dB(A) overstd. 1600 per perioda10-12 dB(A) over std. 3200 per period">13 dB(A)over std.
Continuedexceedances +5%per year From3 r' year 2x For not curingwithin time limit a If the environmentalnoise in daytimeand nighttime both exceedthe standard,the leviedfee shall be calculatedfor each. If noiseexists for 15 days- I monththe fee shall be leviedfor one month.
2-10 Hunan Power Development Pmject (Part A) Power Consult
...... I Ministryof ElectricPower Environmental NationalEnvironmental (MOEP) e Monitoring ProtectionAgency Office of Environment Institute .(NEPA) I ~~~~~(MOEP) _ NationalEnvironmental MonitoringInstitute
CentralChina Electric HunanProvincial HunanProvincial PowerGroup (CCEPG) Environmental Environmental Environmental MonitoringUnit ProtectionBureau ProtectionOffice (HPEPB) (HPEPB)
1I _, __, HunanElectric Power Co Environmental HengyangArea H-lengyangArea (HEPC) Monitoring Environmental Environmental EnvironmentalProtection Group (HEPC) MonitoringUnit I ProtectionBureau Office (HAEPB) (HAEPB)
LeiyangPower Station LeiyangCity LeiyangCity Tnvironmental Environmental Environmental Environmental 'rotection Dept. Monitoring Unit Monitoring Unit Protection Bureau | (HEPC) (HEPC) (LCEPB) (LCEPB)
ELECTRICPOWER [ TNAL NVIONMENL INDUSTRY PROTECTIONSTRUCTURE I I EmissionMonitoring and Power | EnvironmentalQuality Monitoring Station Environmental Impacts - - - - EmissionMonitoring Supervision Monitoring I
, Administration Control ...... Technical Supervision .---. Regulatory
Fig 2.1-1 PRC Environmental Protection Administrative Institutions
2-11 3. GENERALDESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
I1 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult
3. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONOF THE PROJECT
3.1 Project Name, Size And Primary Composition
(1) Projectname: Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 ExtensionProject
(2) Constructionunit: LeiyangPower Plant
(3) Size andcomposition * existing'phase1' plant, 2 x200MWunits, total capacity400MW * extension'phase 2' project,2 x 300MWunits, total capacity600MW In addition,consideration is givenin this reportto a potentialPhase 3 development of 2 x 600MW,although there are nofirm proposalsfor furtherdevelopment of this site at present
3.2 Geographical Position And Justification
3.2.1 Geographical Position
3.2.1.1 Leiyangcity is situatedin south-eastemHunan Province, (Fig 3.2-1) at the side of the LeishuiRiver. The topographyis generallyhilly with rivers crossing the terrain. It is part of the of Wuling escarpmentand the catchmentof Xing River. LeiyangPower Plant is locatedin Xinghevillage and Luqi villageat the east side of a meanderin LeishuiRiver, 3 km southof the Leiyangurban area. Accordingto the Leiyangurban expansionplan, the urban area will develop southwardto the west side of Leishuiriver on the oppositeside to the power plant. Thereis a road bridgeto connectthem.
3.2.1.2 The plantsite is surroundedwith water to the south,north and west. To the east of it lies farmlandand hills. The plantsite is higherin the south and lower in the north, gently slopingwith small hills. The naturalground level is 82 to 11Om (related to yellowsea datum). It is composedof class11 terrace and class IV terrace.The majorityof the plantsite is wasteland.
3.2.1.3 The plantsite is 2 km from ZhujitanMarshalling Station of Yonglei railwayto the south, on the oppositebank of LeishuiRiver. The station is 4 km from BaishaMine Bureau to the south,4 km from ZaoshiTownship to the north-west, where Leiyangstation is located. The state highwayruns throughLeiyang city (see Fig.3.2-2).
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3.2.2 Justification
(1) Electric power system
3.2.2.1 Hunanprovincial electricity grid is one elementof the centralChina electric network. To the end of 1995,the installedtotal capacityin Hunanprovince is 8055.5MW,of which hydropoweris 52.3%and thermalpower is the remaining 47.7%. The importof electricityfrom other provinceswas 1.359TW.h. Hunan provincialhydropower stations are mainly mediumand small in size and have low guaranteedoutput. This results in a serious lack of electricityin the dry season.
3.2.2.2 Hunan provincialelectric grid is connectedwith the centralChina electric network via two transmissionlines. One of them is a 500kV line which is connectedinto GezhoubaHydropower Station. The another is a 220kV line, connectedinto the Fenghuangshansubstation in WuhanMunicipality.
3.2.2.3 LeiyangPower Plant,following the phase 2 extension,will becomeone of the mainpower sources in Hunanprovincial electric grid. It will supplyelectricity mainly to the southem Hunan province (Hengyang,Chengzhou, Lingling, Youcha)and the restwill be transmittedto the centralprovince.
(2) The project benefits
3.2.2.4 Leiyang Power Plant Phase 1 was constructedwith an original planned expansioncapability to 1200MW.The water supply,coal transportation,water treatmentcapacity, highway and railwayinfrastructure etc. were all constructed in accordancewith that planningsize. As a result,when comparedwith a new project of the same size, the extensionof LeiyangPower Plant has several advantages: * The investmentcan be reducedby 200-300millionYuan (RMB). Table 3.2-1 providesan approximatebreakdown of cost savingsthat can be anticipated. * The constructionperiod can be shortenedby morethan 6 months. The existing infrastructureand shared commonplant items will clearly reduce construction times.
3.2.2.5 LeiyangPower Plant is a pit-mouthpower plant, to bum the anthracitefrom localcoal mines. This hasthe followingadvantages: * To avoid traffic and environmentalproblems arising from coaltransportation for long distances. * To widen the scope of local employmentin an area which is targeted for 3-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
increaseddevelopment. * To developthe Hunanprovincial coal industry and increasethe prosperityof the localeconomy.
3.3 Layout In The Plant Site
3.3.1 The main LeiyangPower Plant specificationsand environmentalprotection facilitiesare shownin Table3.3-1.
3.3.2 The mainblock of the phase2 projectwill be locatedin parallelimmediately to the east of the phase1 projectmain block, the distancebetween them is 46m. The floor elevationis 86.0m.The switchyardis north of turbine house and is parallelwith the phase1 projectswitchyard. The eastemyard of the main block can be usedas the constructionlaydown area. The layoutof the plant site is shown on Fig3.3-1. Photograph3-1 shows the current appearanceof the proposeddevelopment site.
3.4 Fuel And Air Pollution Mitigation
3.4.1 Fuel
3.4.1.1 Both phase 1 and phase2 projectsof the LeiyangPower Plant fire mainly local anthracitecoal. Baishacoal mine is the biggestsupplier. For phase 2, only three coal mineswill be usedfor fuel supply:-Baisha, Jiahe and Xifangdu coal mines. These are all State owned and operated mines. The coal compositionused at Leiyangis givenin Table3.4-1.
3.4.1.2 The phase1 projectbums 1.368 milliontons coalper annum,of which0.988 million tons is transferredby rail and 0.38 milliontons transferredby road. The annual coal consumptionfor the phase 2 projectwould be 1.65 million tons, giving a total requirementfor the whole powerplant of 3.18 milliontons. All of the coalfor phase2 will be transferredby rail.
3.4.2 Ambient Air Pollution Mitigation
3.4.2.1 Lowsulphur coal is firedfor bothphase 1 andphase 2 of the LeiyangPower Plant.
3.4.2.2 The phase 1 project of the LeiyangPower Plant has a 210m stack and 'doublesize' electrostaticprecipitator (ESP) with four fields, givingan efficiency of 99% particulateemissions control.
3-3 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult
3.4.2.3 The LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 projectis alsogoing to havea 210mstack and higher performanceESP designed to achieve e; -ions below 100 mg Nm 3 .
3.4.2.4It is proposedthat the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 projectis goingto use a 'W flame' boilerwith low NO, combustiontechnology. This will attain as good a controlof NOx emissionsas is practicalwithout compromising boiler efficiency or incurringexcessive costs. As notedin Chapter2, anthracitegives particular problemswith regardto NOx emissioncontrol because its low volatile content resultsin a requirementfor high flame temperaturesto achievestable, efficient combustionconditions. Advice from boiler plant manufacturerssuggests that operating plant, burning anthracite with low NOx bumers, produce NOx emissionsin the range1,350-1,720 mg Nm-3. An estimatedvalue for phase2 is 1,500mg Nm-3, as is consistentwith new draft guidelinesfrom the World Bank for anthracitefired boilers. The best performanceavailable will not be known until detailedboiler design is undertaken,with referenceto the particularcoal qualityavailable, during the tenderprocess for the project,but 1500mg Nm 3 is to be specifiedas a guaranteemaximum NOx emissionlevel in the bidding documentsfor this project.
3.5 Water Supply And Water Treatment
3.5.1 Water Source And Makeup Water System
3.5.1.1 The make up water of the LeiyangPower Plant phase 1 and phase 2 projectsis obtainedfrom LeisuiRiver. The phase2 projectwater pump house was constructedtogether with that for the phase 1 project. The inlet positionis seenFig 3.2-2and Photograph3-2
3.5.1.2 The LeiyangPower Plant phase I project (2x200MW)units has a direct coolingwater system;the makeupwater requirementin summeris 15.6 m3s-1 and 11.2 m3s-1in winter.
3.5.1.3 It is proposedthat the 2nd phase project(2x300MVl) will alsoadopt a direct cooling water system, with designedmaximum abstractionof 21.44 M33s- in summer and 15.97 m3s1 in winter. The proposeddischarge would be immediately downstream from the current Phase 1 discharge position, (Photograph3-3)
3.5.1.4 The 2nd phaseproject water balance diagram is givenin Fig. 3.5-1.
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3.5.2 Feed Water Treatment
Industrial water treatment
3.5.2.1 The industrialwater for the phase2 projectwill be treatedby settling.New facilitiesrequired are: * Industrialwater treatmentstation, within the station, to build a pump house locatedat northside of 2ndphase project transformer station. * Two 430 m3h-1settlement ponds. * Two 1500m 3 cleanwater ponds
Boilerfeed water treatment
3.5.2.2 The phase 2 developmentwill utilise the facilitiesalready installed for the phase 1 powerstation
3.5.2.3 The 1st phase project boiler feed water treatment system comprises: agglutinating,settling and 1st gradedemineralising system using mixed bed ion exchangeresins.
3.5.2.4 The water qualityof outputof the above mentionedsystem can satisfythe criteriaof demineralisedwater quality required for the 2nd phaseproject.
3.5.2.5 For the 2nd phaseproject, it is onlynecessary to refurbishsome of the water treatment equipmentto ensurethat it can reliably meet the increasedwater demandfor the wholepower plant.
3.6.3 Waste Water Treatment
3.5.3.1 Table 3.5-1 summarisesthe water treatmentsystem proposed for Leiyang phase2 development.
3.5.3.2 Machinerycooling water, includingexposed circulating cooling water and other coolingwater for oil-coolerand other purposes:- Havingonly a 2-3 C temperaturerise and no new pollutantsadded, the water will be mixed with coolingwater to be dischargedinto the LeishuiRiver.
3.5.3.3 Drainagefrom air conditioning,including that from forcedand inducedfans, hydrogengenerating stations and air conditioners:-With little temperaturerise and no new pollutant added, this water will be dischargedthrough rainfall collectionsystem into LeishuiRiver.
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3.5.3.4 Acid and alkaline waste water, including the drainage from boiler make-up water treatment plant, and the chemical waster water from the laboratory:- The main problem is pH value, which is treated by neutralisation prior to discharge. The treated water in the 2nd phase will be used to sluice ash.
3.5.3.5 Domestic sewage from the plant area, in which the main polluting items are BOD and COD: The water is treated in the 1st phase by the process of "precipitating-oxidising pond" and treated water, when within the permitted standard, is discharged. In the 2nd phase, the treatment process will be the same as in the 1st phase, but the treated water will be used to sluice ash.
3.5.3.6 Oil contaminatedwaste water, mainly the drainage from oil storage sites:- The waste water in both the 1st and 2nd phase will be treated by a 'filthy oil drain sump', a cyclone oil water separator, a specific filter for oil contaminated waste water and then will be used to sluice ash. The oil recovered from the separators will be recycled.
3.5.3.7 Washing water from the main workshops:- This does not contain detergent but only solids and so will be directly used to sluice ash.
3.5.3.8 Waste water from boiler acid-cleaning:--Mainly contains low pH, SS & Fe and will be treated before being used to sluice ash. See Fig. 7.1-1 for the treatment techniques.
3.5.3.9 Washing water for air pre-heater:- This also contains pH, SS & Fe and will be treated before being used to sluice ash, (Fig.7.1-1).
3.5.3.10 Drainage from coal transport system:- Mainly contains suspended solids and will be treated by settling and then used to sluice ash. The reclaimed coal
can be bumed. -
3.5.3.11 Rainfall drainage in plant area:- The rain water flowing through coal field will be precipitated for coal collection and the water be used to sluice ash. The rain water from other areas is discharged directly into the Leishui River through the rainfall collection system.
3.5.3.12 All the above methods of mitigating pollution in waste water streams are those successfully used in the Phase I project. However, the project in the 2nd phase is designed to minimise discharge of waste water as far as possible. Most of the waste water will be used to sluice ash and the ash water will be recycled so minimising both water supply and discharge requirements.
3-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) Power Consult
3.6 Solid Waste Treatment
3.6.1 Ash (PFA & FBA) Treatment Type and Amount
3.6.1.1 In the 1st phase project, the Leiyang Power Plant adopted a mixed pulverisedfuel ash (PFA)and furnace bottom ash (FBA)removal system, with hydraulicash conveyingand a wet ash lagoon. The rate of utilisationof the ash as a by-producthas been very low.
3.6.1.2 For the 2nd phase project,the power plant is to have the PFA and FBA removedseparately, to facilitateutilisation of the ash as a useful by-product. PFA will be conveyedhydraulically, and stored in the existing wet lagoon (Photographs3-4 to 3-8). It is expectedthat all the FBAwill be utilisedfor the constructionindustry. The powerplant will also preservethe optionto produce dry PFAfor the convenienceof fly ash utilisation.
3.6.1.3 Fig. 3.6-1 and Fig. 3.6-2. showthe ash treatmentsystem for 1st and 2nd phase projectsrespectively. The LeiyangPower Plant ash productionrates are given in table 3.6-1 and analysesof ash from the Phase I plant are given in Table3.6-2.
3.6.2 Ash Lagoon
3.6.2.1 The LeiyangPower Plant ash lagoonis a mountainvalley lagoonwith a permeableash dam.The surroundingsof the ash lagoonare mainlybushes and secondaryforest without rare and preciousspecies. The surroundingland has no housingor farmland. The 1st phase projectash lagoonwater, apart from evaporationand seepage,drains into the LeishuiRiver via a ditch.
3.6.2.2 The 2nd phaseproject is to sharethe same ash lagoonwith the 1st phase project. The 2nd projectneeds only to raisethe dam heightand there are no residentsto relocate.
3.6.2.3 It is proposedto build a surface water drainage interceptingditch at an elevationof 173-175m aroundthe ash lagoonto redirectthe majorityof rain water directly into Leishui River via an open drainage ditch. The flood- intercepting-ditchis designedto accommodatethe P=2%24 hourstorrent flow and has been checkedat the p=0.2%frequency (but for whichthere is somerisk of someoverflow). With this facilityit will be possibleto recirculateall ash water and ash dam seepagewithin the powerstation ash sluicingsystem and so end the requirementto dischargeash water to LeishuiRiver.
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3.7 Total Pollutant Emissions
3.7.1 Estimatesof pollutantemissions, after completionof the LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseextension project, are givenin Table3.7-1.
3.7.2 After extension,the total installedcapacity will increaseby 600 MW, an increase of 150%,while the coal consumptionwill increase by only 121%, demonstratingthat the energy utilisationefficiency is greatly enhanced.SO 2 emissionswill increase by 114% (146% for worst case coal), smoke dust emissionsincrease only by 37%, the ash lagoon no longer dischargeswaste water and plant area drainageincreases only by 143%.Therefore, compared with the 1st phase project,the 2nd phase project is providedwith significant environmentalbenefits.
3.7.3 Only NOx emissionswill increasemore than pro-ratato the increasedpower output. This is unavoidableif higherefficiency combustion is to be achieved, withoutresorting to excessivelycostly altemative technologies (see Chapter 6).
3.8 Transportation Engineering Outside The Plant
3.8.1 Railway For Coal Transportation
3.8.1.1 The Leiyang Power Plant uses a dedicated railway line, 2400m long, connected to the Zhujitan marshalling station (see Fig.3.2-2). Originally constructedwith seven tracks, 870 m long, Zhujitan marshallingstation was expanded for the power plant 1st phase project by two special lines and correspondingequipment.
3.8.1.2 The powerplant now has two locomotives:type Dongfanghong5. The plant railway workingstation now has 8 tracks: 2 for loaded wagons,2 for empty wagons, 1 for locomotiverunning, 1 for unusualcoal-wagon unloading, 1 for locomotivereorganising and 1 for occasionaluse(for oil unloading,acid / alkali unloading and empty wagon rearranging).Some additional provision and renovation of existing facilities will be needed to meet the additional requirementsof Phase2:
* Increasingthe effectivelength of loadedand empty car linesto morethan 850m (from700m at present). * Movingthe rail-weighing-apparatusto outsidethe plant. * Addingan oil unloadingand acid/alkali unloading line. * Addingproduction and welfarebuildings.
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* Adding 1 locomotive: Model 7 Dongfeng
* Improving the rail loading and points systems.
3.8.2 Water Supply And Ash Water Pipe Line
3.8.2.1 Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase project is to adopt a direct cooling water system. The civil construction part of the waterside pump-house has already been completed with the 1st phase project.
3.8.2.2 The 2nd phase project requires a water supply steel pipe line 02440x10 - 830m long. It also needs double culvert 2x2.0x3.Om- 570m long and a single culvert 2.0x3.0m - 100m long.
3.8.2.3 The 2nd phase project requires two 0325x7 ash pipes, 4450m long to Yanpengcheng ash lagoon,to be laid alongsidethe existing 1st phase ash pipe.
3.8.3 Power Transmission System
3.8.3.1 Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase project is to construct 220KV lines to connect into grid systems, and additional work will be undertaken to reinforce the grid elsewhere in Hunan Province. A separate environmental assessment report ('Part B') considersthe impacts of these proposals.
3.9 Construction Schedule
3.9.1 The outline implementation schedule for Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase extensionproject is shown in Fig 3.9-1.
3.10 Phase 3 Development
3.10.1 There are currently no firm proposals for further development of the Leiyang site. However, there is additional flat land adjacent to the site, and there could be additional capacity at the ash yard for future use, beyond the requirementsof Phase 1 and 2. The World Bank therefore requested some preliminary assessment to consider the feasibility of the site for potential future expansion. Given the tendency to select larger, more efficient units for new developments in China, a hypothetical 2 x 600 MW plant is considered.
3.11 Replacement Of Existing Boilers
3.11.1 Although not directly part of this development project, it should be recognised that increasing the power generating capacity in Hunan Province will facilitate the T 3-9 HunanPower Development Prnject (Part A) PowerConsult
closureof someold, inefficientboilers. In the '9th Five-yearsPlan' (1996-2000)it is proposedto close 10 boilersat 5 power plantsin HunanProvince, with a total capacityof 300MW. Table 3.11-1gives some detailsof the units scheduledfor closureand Figure3.11-1 shows their locations.
3.11.2 The coal consumptionand air emissionsfrom the boilersto be closed are shown in Table 3.11-2. This data is base upon knowledgeof the coal consumptionand qualityof eachof the boilersand TSP emissionsfrom periodic monitoring. NOx emissionswere not measured,but are based on information from Xian Thermal Institute, who tested 50 boilers in China for their NOx emissionsbetween 1995 and 1990. From this informationapproximate NOx emissionrates have been estimatedfrom the data relatingto similar types of plant.
3.11.3 These boilersare not in closeproximity of the LeiyangPower Plant, and so there will be no directinteraction in terms of combinedeffects of their emissions on local conditions.However, closure of eachone will havea beneficialimpact on its local environmentand the scaleof thesebenefits is consideredin Chapter5.
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Table 3.2-1 Cost Advantages(million yuan) of Leiyang Phase2 Development Comparedto a Similar Size Developmenton a New Site.
FACILITY LeiyangPhase 2 New Site Difference Railway 31.14 100.00 -68.86 Road 2.60 10.00 -7.40 CW Pumphouse 0.00 28.23 -28.23 Coal Rail UnloadingBuilding 0 7.35 -7.35 Coal Handling / Stacking 5.82 11.55 -5.73 Equipment . Oil Storage 0 1.82 -1.82 Ash Yard 18.72 24.00 -5.82 Roads,walls 1.82 50.00 -48.18 Temporaryconstruction 8.87 15.00 -6.13 Conveyors 13.89 23.00 -9.11 OccupiedLand 31.80 83.00 -51.20 AuxiliaryBoiler 0 5.22 -5.22 Workshop, chemistry, 2.10 7.12 -5.02 environmentbuildings ProductionBuilding (Office) 0 11.21 -11.21 LivingArea 19.83 27.05 -7.22 Civil WorksMaterials 0.72 14.00 -13.28 Pipelinefor WaterSupply 10.00 14.00 -4.00 TOTAL -285.78
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Table 3.3-1 Major Equipment & EnvironmentalProtection Facilities Item unit PhaseI Phase2 UnitI Unit2 Unit3 Unit4 Output MW 200 200 300 300 Startoperating Date 28,June. 16,Nov. Dec.2000 Dec.2001 1988 1989 type quadrc-angleinjected W flamecombuston Boiler combustoncoal doublearch combustion powder chamber rate t(h 670 | 670 1080 1080 Steamturbine type steamcondensing steamcondensing output MWE 200 200 2 300 D 300 type water hydrogen, water hydrogen, Generator hydrogencooling hydrogencooling capacity MW 200 200 300 7 300 Dust type doublechamber four, highlyefficient precipitator electiicfield ESP precipitator efficiency % 99 99 99.r 99.7a emission mg Nmy 259I| 259 100a 10 Flue gas type singletube singletube controlling stack height m 210 210 equipment exit inner m 6 7 diameter NO) type W flame& low nitrogen control combustontechnology emission mgNm 1 750 750 1000-1500D Coolingtype directflow cooling directflow cooling type neutralising, settling neutralising, setUing, Drainagetreatment oxidation,oil isolation oxidabon,separator treated t/h 37 afterbeing treated, used amount in ashwater closed circuit type wet storage wet storage Ash/slagtreatment treated Vh s53.3 S76.1 amount a Assumes discharge to meet World Bank standard - original proposal was for 157 mg Nm-3 TSP emission concentration (99.5% efficiency) to comply with Chinese emission standard of 200 mg Nm 3 . b This exceeds current World Bank and Chinese NOx emission standards (810 and 650 mg Nm-3 respectively). Standards based on soft coals and not achievable with anthracite firing without expensive flue gas treatment or fluidised bed combustion. ,
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Table3.4-1 Fuel Information of LeiyangPower Plant Item Unit PhaseI project Phase2 project (2x200MW) (2x300MW) hourlyconsumption t/h 228 275 daily consumption tVd 4560 5500 annualconsumption 104ta 136.8 165 electricsupply coal (normal 422 345 consumption coal) g/(kW.h) annualoperation h 6000 6000 hours PhaseI projectcoal quality Star0.39% Aar25.19% Qnet,ar=21766kJlkg Phase 2 project design coal quality Item Symbol Unit Value Range moisture(as received) Mar % 9.8 +1, -2 industry ash (as received) Aar % 24.63 +4.5,-4.5 analysis volatilemafter in the dry coal Vd % 5.97 +1.5,-1 low heatingvalue (as received) Qnet,ar kJ/kg 21150 +1254,-2091 Carbon Car % 62.30 element Hydrogen Har % 0.9 analysis Oxygen oar % 1.61 Nitrogen Nar % 0.4 Sulphur St,ar 0.36 +0.1, -0.05
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Table 3.5-1 Water Treatment System Leiyang Phase 2 Project Effluent Flow m'h' Main Treatment Standard(GB Receptor Pollutant 8978-88) Machine 5255 +2-3°C None CoolingWater cooling LeshuiRiver Air 720 +2-3°C None CoolingWater Conditioning LeishuiRiver Water 10 pH Neutralisation 6-9 Ash Sluicing Treatment Plant Domestic 20 BOD Oxidation 30 mg rF Ash sluicing Sewage COD pond 10mg r' Oily Water 348 Oil Separator 10mg rF Ash sluicing Workshops SS None Ash sluicing Boiler Intermittent pH Neutralisation 6-9 Ash sluicing cleaning 5000 Wyear SS settling 70 mg r' Fe Air Preheater Intermittent pH Neutralisation 6-9 Ash sluicing Wash 2000ton per SS settling 70 mg'r time Fe Coal Stock 20 SS Settling 70 mg r, Ash sluicing Drainage
Table 3.6-1 Leiyang Power Plant Bottom Ash and Fly Ash Amount Size PFA FBA t/d 104Va ttd 1Ot4a Phase 1 project (2x200 MW) 948.7 28.5 117.3 3.5 Phase 2 project (2x300 MW) 1304.7 39.1 145.5 4.4 _ total 2253.4 67.6 262.8 7.9
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Table 3.6-2 Ash Composition From Leiyang Phase I Power Plant (Range of 4 Analyses For Ash From 4 Fields in ESP) Bulk Composition (%) Trace Composition (ppm)
SiO2 36.0-47.11 Cr 22-48
A12 03 20.37-22.16 Ni 30-67 TiO2 1.13-1.68 Co 12-25
TFe2C3 4.07-4.66 Cu 47-106 CaO 1.3-1.98 Pb 37-109 MgO 0.96-1.05 Zn 59-181
K20 1.98-2.44 As 114 MnO 0.05-0.06 Hg 0.02-0.57
P20 5 0.33-0.46 Cd 0.25-1.45 S03 0.32-1.64 Mo 2.9-6.5 Cl - 0.01 F 115-700 Ignition Loss 17.66-31.32 B 52-165
Table 3.7-1 Total Pollutant Emissions Item Unit Phase Phase 2' Phase 3" Chinese World Bank I Standard Guidelines Capacity MW 2x200 2x300 2x600 coalconsumption l0tla 136.8 165 330
S0 2 emission" t/h 1.45 1.66(2.12) (2.3)-3.0 10.88 20.8 TO 'Va 0.87 1.00(1.27) (1.39)-1.81 dustemission tth 0.57 0.213 (0.35)-0.66 l0t/a 0.342 0.128 (2.48)-4.51 NO,emission tlh 1.36 3.2 (2.48)-4.52 .Yit 0.816 1.92 (1.51)-2.71 Cooling summer m /s 15.6 37.04 0.8 water winter ms 11.2 27.17 0.8 Effluentfrom tth 218.9 0 0 the plant site 10"tla 1310- ° 0 Ash pondeffluent th 480 0 0 1OtIa 28-8 0 0 PFA+ FBA t/h 53.3 72.5 114 10"tta 320 435 685 Figurein bracketsis the resultsof sulphurcontent 0.46% in the coal b Figuresin bracketsfor coalfrom Luanmine (Shanxi Province) rather than local anthracite c NOx emissionsfor Phase2 basedon assumedNOx emission at 1500mg Nm3 d PhaseI effluentswill be redirectedto ashsystem and so will reduceto 0 forilowingphase 2
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Table 3.11-1 Boilers Scheduled For Closure in Hunan Province During 1996- 2000.
Power plant name Units Sets out of Total (mw) commission(MW) Zhuzhou power plant 8 & 9 2x25 50 Liyujiang power plant 5 & 6 2x25 50 Xiangtang power plant 9 & 10 2x25 50 Jinzhushan power plant 1 & 2 2x50 100 Yueyang power plant 5 & 6 2x25 50 Total 300
Table 3.11-2 Coal Consumption and Emissions From Boilers Scheduled For Closure in Hunan Province.
Power plant Coal S 02 NOx Dust Ash FBA capacity consumption l ~~~tlh10O4tla tVh 103tla tih 103tia tUh '103tla tlh '1O'Va tlh i 0tla Zhuzhou 40.0 240 0.521 3.1 0.423 2.5 0.573 3.5 11.6 69.5 3.05 18.3 power plant 2x25MW Liyujiang 52.0 312 0.280 1.7 0.303 2.5 0.722 4.3 21.2 127.2 2.43 14.6 powerplant 2x25MW Xiangtang 44.0 264 0.862 5.2 0.338 2.0 1.357 8.1 12.2 73.2 1.51 9.1 powerplant 2x25MW Jinzhushan 76.8 461 0.699 4.2 0.585 3.5 1.722 10.3 22.9 137.4 2.73 16.4 powerplant 2x5OMW Yueyang 42.0 252 0.774 4.6 0.303 1.8 0.210 1.3 2.6 15.6 10.80 64.8 powerplant 2x25MW Total 254.8 1529 3.136 18.8 1.952 11.6 4.584 27.5 70.5 422.9 20.52 123.2
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3-20 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult
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3-21 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult
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4. ENVIRONMENTALBASELINE
I HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4. ENVIRONMENTALBASELINE
4.1 Basis Of Assessment
4.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Class
4.1.1.1The WorldBank classifies power plant projects into 'CategoryA' on the basis that they mayhave significant adverse environmental impacts.
4.1.1.2 Accordingto Chineseregulations: "Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment"HJIT2.1-2.4-93, issued by NEPA in 1993, atmospheric environmentalimpact assessments are dividedinto three classesaccording to the pollutantdischarge amount, complexity of surroundingtopography and implementedair qualitystandard etc. The first class work is complicated,the secondis moderateand the third is simple. The assessmentof Leiyangpower plantenvironment atmospheric impact is consideredas beingof first class.
4.1.1.3Surface water environmentalimpact: In the light of "TechnicalGuidelines for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment" HJ/T2.3-93 issues by NEPAin 1993.The surfacewater environmentalimpact assessment work are dividedinto 3 class accordingto wastewaterdischarge amount and water quality,surface waters scale and quality requirement.The first class surface water environmental impactassessment work is complicated,the secondclass is moderate,the third class is simple.No needto implementsurface water EIAif projecthas less than third classsurface water environmentimpact assessment condition. and that of surfacewater environmental impact is of 2ndclass.
4.1.2 Assessment Area
4.1.2.1 The atmosphericimpact assessmentarea, as defined in the Technical Guidelinesfor EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(HJ/T2.3-93), is a 32 km squarewith the powerplant stack as its centre(see Fig. 4.1-1).
4.1.2.2 The water bodyassessment area considered (based on HJIT2.3-93)is from 8km upstreamto 36kmdownstream of the powerplant discharges (see Fig.4.1- 2). In addition,the effects of hydropowerschemes 135 & 147 km upstreamof Leiyangand 36 km downstreamhave been considered in relationto the cooling water systemimpacts.
4-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.2 Topography, GeologyAnd Geomorphology
4.2.1 LeiyangMunicipality is locatedat the southernmargin of Hengyangbasin and foothillsof Wulingmountain range, at 112'37'-11313' E, 26 07'-2643' N. The assessmentarea rises progressively to the east of the site - from 70m elevation to 478.5m(Yellow Sea datum level), south to 301m;south-east to 623m. To the north the land falls gently to around 66m. Thus the area consists of an undulatinginclined surfacefrom south-easttowards north-westand includes mountains,hills, ridgesand plains, but mainlydominated with ridgesand hills.
4.2.2 Leiyangpower plant is locatedin a low hilly regionin the mid sectionof Leishui River,with hill heightsgenerally up to 200-300m.There is only one mountain, 533mhigh, 16 km south-eastof the power plant.Agricultural activities occur in the valleybottoms and low hills, with highestterrace elevation at 130-140m.
4.2.3 The plantarea has no majorgeological faults, and the rockstrata are relatively intact.
4.2.4 The characteristicsof tectonicactivity of the regionare of a.huge area which is rising slowly. Owing to the erosion of the river course, meanderingis pronounced. In the Pleistoceneepoch, the terracesaccumulated along both sides of Leishui River,to 3-7km wide. Duringthe late period of Pleistocene epoch, the Leishui River ran via Yikoudu, Wangjiaaoshang,Yushiwan and Dukouto form an ancientriver bed terrace which now forms the plantarea.
4.2.5 The ash lagoonis locatedin a long and narrow valley runningsouth-north, approximately1.5km long,and 1.1kmacross at the widestpoint. The average widthof the valley bottomis less than 100m.The terrainof the valley bottom is inclining12.5% towards south. The elevationof mountainson the east, west, andnorth sidesare between180-240m.
4.2.6 The hill and mountain bodies are composedof sandstone and shales, intermingledin layers,with fissuresand with stronglyweathered surface layers. Mountainslopes and valleybottoms have a 1.15-2.0m layerof silt andloam.
4.2.7 Varioustypes of soil occur,such as paddysoil, red soil, aqualt,red limestone soil, black limestonesoil, and yellow soil etc. Among these, the red soil is dominant. It is, distributedon mediumand low mountains,hills and ridgesat an elevation 100-750m, occupyingsome 76.1% of the land area of Leiyang municipality.It is formedfrom slaty shale,limestone, granite and quatemaryred soil under conditionsof high temperatureand humidityand is characteristically acidic,sticky andwith poorfertility.
4-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.3 Water Resource
4.3.1 Precipitation
4.3.1.1 Accordingto the LeiyangMunicipal Annals, the long term annualaverage precipitationis 1319.6mm;the maximum(in 1961)1863.5mm; the minimum(in 1971)960.9mm. Rainfall is morethan 1100mmin 80%of the years.The annual averagenumber of rainydays is 166,45.5% of days in a wholeyear.
4.3.1.2 The annualaverage evaporative loss is 1452.4mm.
4.3.2 Leishui River
Flows
4.3.2.1 The LeishuiRiver flows from southto norththroughout Leiyang Municipality. It dischargesinto Xiang Riverat LeishuiRiver mouthin HengyangMunicipality. The LeishuiRiver is 453kmlong, has an averagesurface width of 300m,and its river bed averageslope is 0.2%.The averageflow is 258m3 s', averageannual runoff of 8,154 billionm 3. The maximumrecorded daily total flood occurredon 13th June, 1961of 460.5billion m 3. The LeishuiRiver valley area is 11,783km2, with 1975.3km2 in LeiyangMunicipality, 16.7% of the whole.
4.3.2.2 In Leiyangsection, in the dry season,the river has a width of approximately 240m,and averagewater depth of only1.5m. The Leishuihas an abundantflow which is favourablefor irrigation,power generation and navigation.In the region of the power plant,the river has been officiallyclassified for use for industrial water supply,power generation, irrigation and navigation.
4.3.2.3 The large and small Dongjianghydropower stations were built 147kmand 138kmupstream of Leiyangpower plant section respectively. These were put in commissionfrom 1987-1994. At 36km downstreamof LeiyangPower Plant, there is Yaotianhydropower station, built in 1988-93,and alsoone at Baiyutan at 50km.The flow of LeishuiRiver, at the powerplant, is mainlyregulated by the water drawnoff the DongjiangReservoir. The resultingflow is at its minimumin July, August and September.Figure 4.3-1 showsa schematicdiagram of the hydropowerstations in LeishuiRiver.
4.3.2.4 The Dongjiangreservoir has a catchmentarea 4713km 2, that is 47.6%of the 9902km2 catchmentupstream of Leiyang.The featuresof the reservoirare a large capacityof 8.22 billion m3 and a high carryoverstorage for regulation performance,with reservoircapacity capable to be variedby 5.67 billionm 3.
4-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.3.2.5 The large Dongjianghydropower station has an installedcapacity of 500MW and is a power plant controlledby the electricitygrid. Accordingto runoff analysisand researchby Centraland SouthemHydropower Survey and Design Institute,the Leiyangriver sectionhas. on average,a flow less than 116 m3 s- for 58.3 days in each year, mainly during June, August and September. To regulatethe Leiyangriver section to haveits minimumaverage daily flow in July, August and Septemberto be more than 116 m3s, the large Dongjiang hydropowerstation should have the daily averageoutput increased from 45MW to 103MWin thesethree months.This would utilise600 millionm 3 of Dongjiang reservoircapacity. This is feasiblefrom point of grid operationand reservoir managementand has been agreed by HEPCB as the future operating requirementfollowing Phase 2 development.
4.3.2.6 Figure4.3-2 shows the flow regimesof the LeishuiRiver beforeconstruction of the dam (monitoringfrom 1941) at both Dongjiangand Leiyangsections, togetherwith the designflow regimethat would occur followingconstruction of the phase2 development.
4.3.2.7 An additionalcomplicating factor is that there is a proposalto constructthe Shatou 32MW run-of-riverhydroscheme immediately upstream of the Leiyang PowerPlant. This wouldabstract the wholeflow of the river approximately7km upstream,divert the water acrossthe meanderof the river and dischargeback to the existingriver bed 1150m upstreamof the LeiyangPower Plant intake
4.3.2.8 HEPC commissionedNanjing Hydraulic Research Institute (NHRI) to investigatewhether this schemewould have any influenceon the intake or dischargeof coolingwater by the powerstation.
4.3.2.9 The schemewould have no effecton river flow rates to the powerstation as it has no effect on regulatingriver flow rates.
4.3.2.10 NHRI constructeda physicalmodel of the system:-1:100 horizontal scale and 1:75 vertical scale, the model being 35m long by 20m wide. The conclusionsare that, by the power stationintake and dischargepositions, the flow patternsin the river will have re-establishedto the existingpattems. This conclusion is obviouslydependent on the Shatou scheme implementinga design of dischargethat does not induce large lateral momentumin the dischargethat could causethe riverto meanderfrom its presentcourse. It is understoodthat this will be a designconsideration for the dischargesuch that interactionswith the LeiyangPower Plant will be negligible.
E 4-4 I-lunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
Temperatures
4.3.2.11 The construction of the Dongjiang Dams, at approximatelythe same time as the Phase I of Leiyang Power Plant, has had a marked effect on the temperature regime in Leishui River.
4.3.2.12 Figure4.3-3 shows temperaturedata relating to the Dongjiang and Leiyang river sections before and after dam construction. There is a continuous monitoring station in the downstream vicinity of the Dongjiang Dam. Data is shown for 1983-1985representing conditions before the constructionof the dam in 1987. Comparable data is also given for 1990-1992 to represent existing temperature conditions in the water discharged from the dam. There is no continuous monitoringin the Leiyang river section. However,before construction of the dams, it would be expected that river temperatureswould have been fairly uniform downstream to Leiyang. For existing conditions, a survey was conducted throughout 1993 to gather baseline data for this project. The monitoring was carried out in a cross section 800m downstream of the existing discharge, with sampling at the surface and also at depth (approx. 1-1.5m) at 20 m from each bank and also from mid stream (6 positions in total). Average data across all points is presentedin the figure.
4.3.2.13 The Dongjiang Dams have had a marked effect on river temperature. The reservoir discharges water from deep in a large water body. Temperatures in the discharge are now relatively uniform throughout the year, at slightly higher temperatures than the natural winter temperatures, but at markedly lower temperatures in summer.
4.3.2.14 By the time the water has travelled to Leiyang, these effects are less marked, as a result of water entering the system from the rest of the catchment, and also equilibrationwith ambient temperatures.
4.3.2.15 Figure 4.3-4 illustrates the differences from the pre-dam construction conditions more clearly. At Dongjiang,the summer discharge temperatures are on average some 160C lower now than they were. By the Leiyang section, even with the influencefrom Phase 1 development,temperatures are still 2-3 OClower than they were from March to July. In August and September conditions are approximately the same as before, but from October to December temperatures are again lower than the natural regime. Only in February is there an apparent warming effect from the combined effects of the dam and power station discharges.
4-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.3.2.16 A detailed survey of the temperaturesaround the dischargeof Leiyang Power Stationwas also conductedon 31 May 1993 by the Hunan Provincial EnvironmentMonitoring Central Station. This coveredan area 100mupstream of the dischargeto 1300mdownstream, with surfacetemperatures recorded on a grid every25m acrossthe river at intervalsof 50m downstream.
4.3.2.17 The results are illustratedin Figure4.3-5. It is apparentthat the thermal dischargetends to followthe shorelineon the sideof the discharge
4.3.2.18 The +3° C temperaturerise zoneextends approximately 750m downstream and up to approximately30m across. The total area enclosedis approximately 900Dm2. The +10C zoneextends more than 1700mdownstream, with maximum widthof about60m. The extentof this areadownstream is uncertain,but up to 1700mencloses an areaof approximately64,000m 2.
4.3.2.19 In additionto the surfacetemperature monitoring, temperatures were also recordedat 1.5mdepth 25 and 50m offshorefrom the dischargepoint to 700m downstream.Variation in temperature,from that at the surface,did not exceed approximately0.1-0.2°C, indicating that the thermal plurne is well mixed verticallyin the watercolumn.
Water Quality
4.3.2.20 The major pollutingsources, in the vicinity Leiyang,are Zaoshi steel and iron works and Cailunpaper factory,Leiyang Power Plant, a nitrogenfertiliser factoryand a titaniumwhite powder plant. The principalpollutants are SS, COD, Cd andAs as shownin Table4.3.2-1. The locationsare shownin Fig.4.1-2.
4.3.2.21 Hengyang Municipal EnvironmentalMonitoring Station has collected informationon the waterquality in July 1996and Oct. 1996. The methodsused are summarisedin Table 4.3.2-2 and the samplingcross sectionsused are indicatedin Fig. 4.1-2. Eachcross section was monitoredmid-river and at 30m from each bank on 3 days each in July 1996 (wet season)and October 1996 (dry season),one sampleeach day.
4.3.2.22 The resultsare shownin Tables4.3.2-3 and 4.3.24. The data are all fully compliantwith the relevantambient water quality standards.
4.3.3 Underground Water
4.3.3.1 Withinthe Leiyangarea, the shallowaquifer is abundant,with approximately 2700 natural springs,most distributedon low lying land within hilly areas. The
4-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
dynamic storage of undergroundwater is estimatedas 503 million m3. The subterraneandrainage, formed by flowingfrom watershedsto low lying valleys zone, is distributedmainly within the regionof Renyi,Gongping and Donghu. However,In the region of the power plant and ash lagoon,there is no large movementof undergroundwater.
4.3.3.2 Two monitoringwells were usedfor monitoringnear the ash lagoon,at the municipalhorticulture farm and at Liangjiacong(see Fig.4.1-2). Samplingwas on the same frequencyas for the surfacewater monitoringand the sampling methodsand limits of detectionshown in Table4.3.3-1.
4.3.3.3 The undergroundwater quality monitoring data duringdry and wet seasons are shownin Tables4.3.3-2 and 4.3.3-3. The data all conformwith the relevant standardsfor groundwater,with the exceptionthat pH values at Liangjiacong appear ratherlow in July. Giventhat the pH of water in the ash yard is high (seefollowing section) these results indicate no significantpollution arising from the ash yard.
4.3.4 Discharges
4.3.4.1 HengyangArea EnvironmentalProtection Bureau monitorsthe discharges from LeiyangPower Plant 4 times per year to providethe certifiedmonitoring results. Table4.3.4-1 summarises the monitoringdata for 1994-6. In addition, HunanElectric Test and ResearchInstitute determined the averagedquality of ash water dischargedand permeatedthrough dam duringSept. 12-14of 1996, as shownon Table4.3.4-2.
4.3.4.2 The discharges generally comply well with the requirementsof the wastewaterdischarge standard. An exceptionis that the pH of the discharge from the ash yard are frequentlyin excessof pH 9, as requiredby the standard, and can reachvalues of pHl 0. This is one reasonfor the proposalto recycle water from the ash yard as part of the Phase2 scheme. The breachesof the dischargestandard have resulted in LeiyangPhase 1 PowerPlant being charged pollutantdischarge fees of 200,000yuan per annum. No other dischargefees havebeen leviedunder the requirementsof HunanProvince Decree No 26 (see section2.5).
4-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.4 Atmospheric Resources
4.4.1 Climate of the Region
4.4.1.1 LeiyangMunicipality has a typicalsubtropical, humid monsoonclimate. In Winter, the circulationis controlledby cold continentalhigh atmosphericpressure, generatinga prevailingwind from the north. In summer,southerly winds dominate under the controllinginfluence of subtropicalhigh atmosphericpressure systems. springand autumn,are characterisedby altemateperiods of predominantlynortherly and southerlywinds, marking the transitionperiod between the summerand winter seasons.Overall the climateis mild with four seasons.Typically there are sunny periodswith short spellsof fairly intenseprecipitation. Spring temperature are quite variable,with the summerand autumnbeing the driest seasons. Temperaturesare typicallysub-zero during the winterand the long summeris normallydry.
4.4.1.2 The LeiyangMunicipal meteorological observatory is located 1km north of the plant site. Averagesof the major meteorologicalparameters for the period1958 to 1992,are shownin Table4.4.1-1:
4.4.1.3 Figure4.4-1 shows the distributionof winds speedsat 10mas a functionof wind direction.These data are basedon the five year periodfrom 1990to 1994.As explainedabove, the predominantwind directionsare approximatelynortherly or southerly.
4.4.1.4 In addition to wind data, the stability of the atmospherehas been categorisedover the 1990 to 1994 period usingthe Pasquillmethod. This data is requiredin the calculationof the rate of dispersionof stackgases in the atmosphere usingthe Chinesemodel. The data are presentedin AppendixE.
w 4.4.1.5 Air temperatureshave also been collatedfor the 1990 to 1994 period. Averagetemperatures for eachmonth are shownin Table4.4.1-2.
4.4.1.6 A detailed study of the vertical properties of the boundary layer was undertakenbetween 5th and 20th of January 1995 using an ADAS (SOADAR) remote sensing system. Data on the vertical temperatureand wind profileswere obtainedat 2-hourlyintervals during this period.Measurements were also made of the depth of the boundary layer and the intensity of noctumal and daytime inversions.This data is presentedin detailin AppendixE.
4.4.2 Existing Ambient Air Quality of Leiyang Area
* Sources of Atmospheric Pollution in Area
4-8 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 4.4.2.1 The industrialenterprises in Leiyangare mainlysituated in the urbanareas of the municipality;in the town of Zhaoshi; and the Baisha (coal) Mineral AdministrationBureau. The dischargingheight of atmosphericpolluting sources, exceptthat of LeiyangPower Plant 1st phase (210m)and that of the Baishamine power plant (60m), are all between 35m and 45m. Atmosphericemissions, accordingto 1994statistics of Leiyangmunicipal environment monitoring station, are listedin Table4.4.2-1. The majorgaseous polluting sources are shownin Fig.4.1-2.
4.4.2.2 As shown from Table 4.4.2-1, Leiyang power plant (1st phase) is the principal source of emissionsto air in the Leiyang municipality.The annual dischargedamounts of S02, smokedust, NO. are respectively8700Uta, 3420t1a and 8160Ua. This is respectively83.0%, 31.0% and 90.3% of the total amount discharged. The total emissionsof air pollutantsin LeiyangMunicipality for SO2, smoke(suspended) dust andNOx, are respectively10486tVa, 11016t/a and 9032t/a.
* Measurementsof AmbientAir Qualityin the LelyangArea
4.4.2.3 Routinemonitoring of S02, NOxand TSPwas undertakenduring 1995 and 1996 at three locations.This was carriedout by the LeiyangMunicipal Environment MonitoringStation and dailyaverage concentrations based on 8 of hourly/halfhourly measurementsmade at 3 hour intervalsover periodsof about1 week duringeach season. In addition, at a series of locations,two 5 day periods of air quality measurementswere madeby the HunanProvincial Environment Monitoring Control Station.SO 2, NOx, and PM10 weremeasured during the period30th May to 3rd June 1993 and just PM10 measurementswere madeduring the period25th May to 31st May.
4.4.2.4 In additionto this monitoring,a new programmeof measurementshas been initiatedat the requestof the World Bank. A descriptionof this programmeand resultsavailable to date are alsoincluded in this section.
4.4.2.5 The most importantfactors influencingthe air quality as measuredat the various locations are the prevailingwinds relative to the urban areas such as Zhaoshi town and the residentialquarter of Baisha mine. The locationsof the variousmonitoring sites andthe periodsfor whichthey operatedare shownin Figure 4.1-1. The locationsof the sites were chosen so as to be representativeof the variousindustrial and residential areas in the Leiyangregion (Table 4.4.2-2).
4.4.2.6 The air quality monitoringwas carried out to the relevantenvironmental monitoringtechnical standards as promulgatedby NationalEnvironmental Protection Agencyof China.
4-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
4.4.2.7 The ambientair qualitymonitoring results for SO2, NO,, TSP in 30th May to 3rd June 1993 are listed in Table 4.4.2-3 and that of the PM10 daily average concentrationmeasured during the period25th May to 31stMay in 1995,are listedin table 4.4.2-4. The statistics of the air quality results measuredby the Leiyang MunicipalityEnvironment Monitoring Station in 1995 and 1996 are listed in table 4.4.2-5(a),(b) and (c) (based on 7 days monitoringin January, April, July and Octobereach year, with 8 x 0.5 hoursamples each day)
* Monitoring results analysis.
* Sulphur Dioxide
4.4.2.8 The SO2 monitoringdata as describedabove are shown in Tables4.4.2-3- Tables4.4.2-5c. The routinemonitoring results indicate that the S02 annualaverage concentration, maximum daily average concentrationand maximum hourly concentrationare all less than the NationalAir Quality Standards.SO 2 max. daily averageconcentrations at the variousmonitoring points occurred in the range 0.025- 0.061mgm- 3, whichis only 16.7-40.7%of the dailystandard. Table 4.4.2-5c sets out the annual concentrationsbased on the seasonal measurementcampaigns undertakenin 1995 and 1996. In 1995,the annualdaily averageconcentration at the 3 monitoringlocations were in the range0.027-0.043mg m- 3:- 45.0-71.7%of the relevant National Air Quality Standard. In 1996, the annual daily average concentrationat the 3 monitoringlocations were in the range 0.022-0.040mgm- 3, which is 36.7-66.7%of the Nationalstandard. Comparison with the World Bank annual averageSO 2 standardshows that the maximumconcentrations measured are about60% or lessof the standard.
* Nitrogen Oxides
4.4.2.9 As can be seen from Table4.4.2-3 to Table4.4.2-5c the NOxannual daily averageconcentration, daily average concentration and short-term concentration are all less than the relevantair quality standards.The NO, maximumdaily average concentrationat the variousmonitoring points occurred in the range 0.018-0.039mg m-3 which is only 18-39%of the relevantNational Air QualityStandards. In 1995,the annualdaily averageconcentration at the 3 monitoringlocations were in the range 0.026-0.031mgm- 3, which is 52-62%of the NationalAir QualityStandard. In 1996, the annual daily averageconcentration at the 3 monitoringlocations were in the range 0.021-0.030mgm 3, which is 42-60% of the NationalAir Quality Standard. Comparisonwith the World Bank annual average NOx standard shows that the maximumconcentrations measured are about40% or lessof the standard
* Total SuspendedParticulate E
4-10 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult
4.4.2.10 The TSP monitoringdata as describedabove are shownin Tables4.4.2-3 to Table4.4.2-5b. The concentrationsmeasured are all withinthe relevantNational Air Quality Standards.The TSP maximumdaily averageconcentration measured was in the range0.066-0.282mg m 3, whichis 22-94.0%of the relevantstandard.
4.4.2.11 Comparingthe monitoringresults in 1996 with those made in 1995, the TSP daily averageconcentration at variouspoints dropped from 0.212-0.282mgm 3 in 1995 (70.7-94.0%of Nationalstandard) to 0.204-0.254mgm- 3 in 1996 (68.0- 84.7% of National Standard).The TSP annual daily average concentration 0.127-0.191mgm 3 at variousmonitoring points (63.5-95.5% of NationalStandard) in 1995dropped to 0.122-0.159mgm 3 (61.0-79.5%of NationalStandard) in 1996.
4.4.2.12 The highestambient TSP concentrationsmeasured were mainly due to fugitivedust emissionsfrom the ground.
* PM10
4.4.2.13 PM10 daily averageconcentrations measured during the 2nd short term campaign( Table4.4.2-4) at variousmonitoring locations are all less than the PM1O NationalAir Quality Standard.The PM,0 max. daily average concentrationsat variousmonitoring points fall in the range0.021-0.082mg m 3, whichis 14.0-54.7%of the standard.
* ContinuousMonitoring
4.4.2.14 On the advice from the World Bank, LeiyangPower Plant has recently begun a continuousmonitoring programme at two sites in the vicinity of the power station. One site is at Mei Kuangabout 3km from the powerplant, downwind of the prevailingwind direction This is in the area of Baishacoal minewhich is in a rural area. The otheris in the townof ShiQu about3 km upwindof the powerplant.
4.4.2.15 Initially samples were collected according to standard Chinese wet- chemistrymethods, with 8 samplesa day (0.5 hr eachfor SO2 and NOx and lhr for PM,0 and TSP) every 3 hrs. Samplingbegan on 16 July 1997. In addition, continuousmonitoring equipment (Thermo EnvironmentalInstruments Inc) have been importedfrom the USA. This equipmentwas put into servicein mid October 1997,although there has beena delayon importof PM,0 monitoringequipment.
4.4.2.16 It is intendedto conductmonitoring by both methodssimultaneously for a period to allow cross checkingand possiblecorrection for any bias in the data. Howeverthe data currentlyavailable for analysiscomprises daily averagesfrom the frequentsampling data from Julyto mid Octoberand then continuousmonitoring for
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9-11 days (providing some data on hourly average concentrations).There is insufficientoverlap with the monitoringdata describedabove to allowa comparison to be made.
4.4.2.17 Table4.4.2-6 summarises the resultsof the 'upwind-downwind'monitoring to-date. S02 concentrationsare in the region of 20% of the relevant air quality standards.NO 2 concentrationsare about25% of the relevantstandards. Maximum 1-hour NOx concentrationsreach the air quality standard at the 'upwind' site. However,73% ofthe NOx measuredduring this hourwas in the form of NO which is not consideredto haveany effecton humanhealth. Also the Chinese1 hour NOx standard is particularlyonerous. World Health Organisationguidelines set a 3 3 standardof 200 jig m- for NO2 comparedto the Chinesestandard of 150 pg m 3 NOx and 120 p9gm- NO2. Notwithstandingthe occasional high NOx 1 hour concentration,NOx 24 hour averagesare typically only 50% of the air quality standard ('upwind')and about 20% of the standard('downwind'). PMl0 24 hour averageconcentrations do not exceedthe relevantair qualitystandard. Insufficient data has been collectedto makea meaningfulcomparison with the annualaverage air quality standards. It is interestingto note that the 'upwind'concentrations are higherin generalthan the 'downwind'measurements. Although the meteorological data for the period of measurementshas not been made available,this probably impliesthat the 'upwind'concentrations are influencedto a greaterextent by local industriallurbansources and rather than measuring a significantcontribution from the existingLeiyang phase I powerplant.
, Conclusion
4.4.2.18 The regionwhere the powerplant is locatedis mainlyagricultural in nature with industry located in a few well definedurban areas. 11 major sourcesof air emissionshave been identified.The Leiyangpower plant (1st phase)is the largest emitter of air pollutionin the area. However,because the power plant chimneyis much higher than those of the other 10 sources, it is not necessarilythe largest contributorto measuredair pollutants.
4.4.2.19 Ambient air quality monitoringof TSP, PM10, SO2, NO2 and NOx was undertakenin the area during several years and for periodsvarying from about a week up to two years. The daily average concentrationsof S02, NO2 and PM10 are all less than the relevantair qualitystandards - typicallynot exceeding40 to 60% Of the standard. Very occasionalNOx 1 houraverage concentrations were measured which were comparableto the air quality standard. However,NO 2 concentrations measuredat the same time were about 20% of the NO2 standard. TSP ambient concentrationsat some siteswere alsocomparable to the relevantstandards but are
4-12 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult primarilydue to localsources such as dust blowfrom roadsand not form the Leiyang PowerPlant.
4.4.2.20 The resultsindicate that additionalsources such as the proposedLeiyang 2ndphase development is unlikelyto haveany significant impact on air quality.
4.5 Acoustical Environment
4.5.1 Hunan ProvincialEnvironment Monitoring Central Station carried out a plant boundary noise monitoringsurvey on 2nd June, 1993. No additional noise generatingplant has been commissionedsince then. In order to survey the impact incurredby plantarea noiseto the residentialquarter, the centralstation alsodeployed two monitoringpoints in thatarea in May,1995.
4.5.2 In total, 9 monitoringpoints have been used for the noisebaseline studies - at locationsshown in Fig.4.5-1. The noisesurveys were carriedout in June 1993 and May 1995,during day time (15:30-17:30)and at night(21:00-22:30).
4.5.3 A sound level meter (HY-140digital sound level meter)was used, satisfying the state measurementstipulations and monitoredaccording to GBJT14623-93 "MeasurementMethod of EnvironmentalNoise in Urban Area", GB12349-90 'MeasurementMethod of Noiseat Boundaryof IndustrialEnterprises" and other relevantstandards. The resultsof the baselinenoise surveyare shownin Table 4.5-1.
4.5.4 Plant boundarynoise: The daytimenoise range was 44.0-53.8 dB(A).The night time noise rangewas 40.0-50.0dB(A). The noiseat the plantboundary are all within class 11standard in GB12348-90"standard of Noise at Boundaryof IndustrialEnterprises".
4.5.5 Regionalnoise: The daytimenoise range was 46.0-48.3dB(A), the nighttime noise range was 44.2-45.0 dB(A).They satisfy class 2 standardin GB3096-93 "Standardof EnvironmentalNoise In UrbanArea".
4.6 Ecological Environment
4.6.1 Terrestrial Ecology
Flora
4.6.1.1 Recordsof the naturalresources are maintainedin the LeiyangMunicipal Annals,which is maintainedby a recordingoffice for the Municipality.General
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observationssupport this information,but liftle detailed site survey / habitat mappingwork has beenundertaken concerning the terrestrialecology.
4.6.1.2 No originalnatural habitatsremain in the vicinity of the powerplant or ash yard. Other than cultivatedland, there is extensiveforest, particularlyon the higher hill and mountainslopes. This is entirelysecondary forest and artificial forestwith variouswild shrubs,herbs and vines etc.
4.6.1.3 At elevationsbelow 150m in the central and north-westpart, the semi- natural vegetationis relativelysparse with fewer trees or shrubs.The oil-tea camellia,jujube tree, locusttree andcypress are sparselydistributed.
4.6.1.4 At 200-300m,in hillyareas, the vegetationcover is mainlyof oil-teacamellia forest, and also with artificialforest of Chinafir. Thereare alsoherbs and vines, growingrelatively luxuriantly.
4.6.1.5 At elevationsabove 300m, in the south-eastemmountainous region, the dominantvegetation is subtropicalconiferous forestmasson pine and China fir. There are also Phyllostachyspubescens, oil-tea camellia,sweetgum, oriental white oak and other trees and also vinessuch as kiwi berry.There are bushes and grassclearings on mountaintops.
4.6.1.6 Currently,no rareand preciousplants have been recordedin the area.
4.6.1.7 The afforestationand managementof the vegetationin Leiyangpower plant is carried out very well. In the residentialquarter and productionarea, trees provide pleasantshade and grass make extensivelawns leavingno exposed ground surface. There are also tree screensplanted around features such as the coal stockyardarea to reducedust blow and improvethe visual appearance of the area. The site manages a small nursery to provide stock for the omamentalplanting around the site and otherplanting schemes.
4.6.1.8 At the ash lagoon site, the vegetationon the surroundinghill slopes is dense,comprising mainly secondary woodland and plantations.A list of species from a surveyof the areais providedin Table4.6-1.
Fauna
4.6.1.9 There are few records of rare animals in the Leiyang area, the fauna consistsof speciestypical of southemChina and of the south-westregion.
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4.6.1.10 There are only a few eagles, hawks, goldenpheasant, cuckoo, crows, woodpeckers,boar and otters.Sparrow, tortoise, turtle and mud frog also occur. Abundantspecies are hareand rat.
4.6.2 Aquatic Ecology
4.6.2.1 The ecology of the Leishui River has been strongly influencedby the constructionof hydropowerschemes on the river. This understandingwas confirmed during consultationswith Leiyang Municipal Govemment and MunicipalAnimal Husbandry and Aquatic Products General Station.
4.6.2.2 There is some informationavailable conceming the ecologyof the Leishui River prior to the constructionof the dams. Elevenpositions were monitored prior to damconstruction, in Septemberof 1984and Marchof 1985. All of these sites were upstreamof the Dongjiangdam apart from one site immediately downstream.Data were collectedon bacteria,algae, vascular plants protozoa, rotifers,cladocera and copepoda, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish.
4.6.2.3 Followingconstruction of the hydropowerschemes, field. investigations were also carried out in July 1993 to April 1994 on the 170 km of river from the DongjiangReservoir down to HengyangCity. Table 4.6-2 summarisesthe overall changein planktonicfauna and flora observedbetween this surveyand the informationfrom prior to dam construction. For all taxonomicgroups of plankton,species numbers, biomass and numbershave increased following dam construction.This is probablymainly a resultin the regulationof riverflows such that peak flows are no longer as high as previously. Also there has been an increase in nutrientlevels in the river over the period, resultingfrom some additionalsewage discharges to the river.
4.6.2.4 For benthic invertebratesthere was little overall change,with 17 species identifiedprior to dam constructionand 20 after. Therehas been a reductionin numbersof malariamosquitoes since the damconstruction.
4.6.2.5 Therewere 54 speciesof fish presentin the river prior to dam construction, belongingto 8 families:-predominantly 36 speciesof Cypinidae,5 Cobitidaeand 4 Bagridae. Followingthe reservoirconstruction, there are 50 speciesrecorded, belongingto 13 families. However,there have been markedchanges in fish populationcomposition. 17 specieshave disappeared from the river (including Squalio barbus, Sinipercameric, Amysa sinensis, Cirrhinamolitorella). The speciescomposition now includes13 speciesnot previouslyrecorded (including Cophiocephalusargus, Monopterusalbus etc.). In generalthe species now
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recorded are adapted to slower flow conditionsthan previously and semi- migratoryspecies, such as Squaliobarbus have disappeared.
4.6.2.6 The number of commerciallyimportant fish species is also very low. Relativelyfew individualsof speciessuch as grass and silver carp are caught, and these are probablyartificial introductions or escapesfrom aquacultureas conditionsare not suitablefor breedingof these species. From statisticsin 1992,the commercialvalue of the fisheryis very small- only 2.7%of agricultural production. Withinthe fishery,artificial breeding dominates, with naturalfishing accountingfor only4.76% of production.
4.6.2.7 Currently,no rare andprecious fish are recordedfrom LeishuiRiver.
4.6.2.8 As noted in Section 4.3.2, there are now considerablevariations in temperatureconditions down the length of Leishui River. The effect of the DongjiangDam is to releasewater at a nearlyconstant temperature throughout the year. This is considerablycolder than the natural summer river temperatures.As the water travelsdownstream, the water tends to equilibrate with ambient temperatures,and also tributariescontribute water at ambient temperatures. This variationin thermal regime might be expectedto have a significantinfluence on the ecologicalconditions in the river.
4.6.2.9 Table 4.6.-3 shows the diversity of planktonicorganisms in the river at sampling locations at Mugengqiao,immediately below the dam, Yongxing, (approximately70 km downstream),at Leiyang(146 km) and Hengyang(approx. 170km). In general the diversity of planktonicorganisms was lower at Mugengqiaothan at locationsfurther downstream.
4.6.2.10 This pattemis evenmore pronounced if fish speciesare considered(Table 4.6-4). In the whole riverthere is a total of 50 speciesrecorded belonging to 13 families. Of these 48 species were recorded in the Leiyang river section, whereas only 13 species are recordedimmediately below the reservoir, at Mugengqiao.
4.6.2.11 It should be notedthat the Leiyangsection of the river includesthe zone which receivesthe coolingwater dischargefrom LeiyangPhase 1 PowerPlant. There is no informationavailable as to the distributionof fish speciesin relation to the thermaldischarge. Such information would be difficultto obtain,given that
Margelef Diversity Index d=(S-1)/ln(N) where d=index, S= number of species in sample, N= number of individuals in sample.
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fish are mobile and can move into and out of water at differenttemperature conditions quite rapidly, and may actively select preferred temperature conditionsor avoidadverse ones. It is likelytherefore that, if the dischargedid have an effect on fish distributions,this would be variabledepending on the ambientconditions at the time.
4.6.2.12 Benthicinvertebrates are not so mobileand so a study was undertakenon 4 November1997 to look at the distributionof invertebratesin relationto the Leiyang cooling water discharge. Professor Yu Zhitang (Institute of Hydrobiology,the ChineseAcademy of Sciences)arranged 9 samplingpoints, in which 1-3 were 1500m,1000m and 500mupstream of heat discharge,4-9 were 100m,300m, 600m, 1000m,1500m and 2000m downstreamof heated discharge.Sampling was carriedout usinga 1/60 m2 Petersongrab 6 times for each pointat 25 from the Leiyangpower plant bank of the river. Sampleswere washedthrough a 40 os rifflesieve and fixed in alcohol.
4.6.2.13 Table 4.6-5 shows the data obtained. Figure 4.6-1 summarisesthis informationto showthe numberof species,number of individualsand diversity indexplotted against the recordedtemperatures. There is no clearpattem to the data, and certainlythe samplefrom the mostthermally impacted location does not appearto havea reducedbenthic invertebrate fauna.
4.6.2.14 In summary,the ecology of the Leishui River appearsto have been markedlychanged by the constructionof the hydropowerschemes along the river. In particular,water temperatures below DongjiangDam are much more stablethan would be naturaland are considerablylower in summerthan they would otherwisebe. By the Leiyangreach, this effect has reducedto some extentand, as a consequence,ecological diversity, particularly of fish species,is greaterthan is found immediatelybelow the dam. There is no evidenceof an adverseimpact arising from the currentdischarge from LeiyangPower Plant.
4.7 Social And Economic Environment
4.7.1 Population And Social Community
4.7.1.1 Accordingto LeiyangMunicipality 1995 Annals,the total populationin the wholeMunicipality is 1.1678million: * Male, 0.6135million, female 0.5543 million, * In the city andtowns, 148thousand, 12.67% of the total, * In rural areas,1.02 million, 87.33% of the total.
4-17 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 4.7.1.2 The Municipality area is 2656km2, with a population density of 440 person/kM2 ,
4.7.1.3 In 1994, LeiyangMunicipality had 7 districts, 1 town in district level, 3 subdistrictoffices, 40 townships,9 towns of townshiplevel, 638 villages, 34 neighbourhoodcommittees; 746 village residents groups; 197 residents groups.
4.7.2 Land Utilisation Plan
4.7.2.1 The whole municipalityhas land reserveresources of 136 km2, among whichare: * wasteslopes and unoccupiedland 12.7 km 2 (93.78%of the total reserve) * rural abandonedland 4.6 km2. (3.39%) * sandyislet and beach 2.4 kM2, (1.78%) * wastewater surface 0.5 kM2, (0.37%) * land abandonedby industryand mine 0.9 km2 , (0.68%).
4.7.2.2 Thosethat couldbe utilisedand exploited are 129.4kM 2, 95.32%of the total reserve.
4.7.2.3 Urban land utilisationprogramme: The 'Urban Overall Plan" has been examinedand approvedby MunicipalGovemment, the major contentsare in the following:
Short Term Plan
4.7.2.4 Up to year 2000: * Urbanpopulation: 120-140 thousand person, urban area 14 kM2, * ConstructingWuyi road,Cailun road, Binjing road and Huan Cheng Bei road * ConstructingMartyr Park,Xihu small Park, CailunPark, Wuyi square,Railway StationFront Square, Zhaoshi Plaza, * Constructingwater supplying and drainage network, Wuyi road east-west drainingditch, * Establishingsewage treatment works to have urban domesticsewage and industrialwaste water draining to sewernetwork,
Long Term Plan
4.7.2.4 To year 2020:
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* Urbanpopulation: 230-250 thousand person, urban area 30.8 kM2, * Urbanroads shaped into a roadsystem with two longitudinaland two transverse majorroads. * In urbanarea, adding 8 parks,5 sportsgrounds, 4 cinemasand theatres, * LeiyangMunicipality is to developinto a modemindustrial city with emphasisto be put on electricpower, and for communicationsand trade to play leading roles.
4.7.3 Water Utilisation
4.7.3.1 LeishuiRiver is in the YangtzeRiver system. It is an importantbranch of XiangjiangRiver, rising from GuidongWanyangshan Mountain, flowing through Chenxian,Yongxing, Lelyang and Hengnanfour countiesand one municipality. It has a total length of 453km, in which Hengyangsection 179km,Leiyang section124km, Hengnan section 55km.
4.7.3.2 Leiyangmunicipality water works abstraction point is locatedat Caizichion the right bankof LeishuiRiver approximately1800m downstream of the power plantintake, see Fig.3.2-2.
4.7.3.3 Leiyangmunicipal region industrialuse of water is 146 million m3 a-1. In order of water consumption,customers are the power plant, nitrogenfertiliser factory,Cailun paper mill andZhaoshi steel andiron works.
4.7.3.4 Navigationis for both goodstransportation and passengertransport, with 2000passenger movements per annum.
4.7.4 Local Industrial Activities
4.7.4.1 The statisticalresults for 1994 LeiyangMunicipality industrial activities are shownin Table4.7-1 to Table4.7-4
4.7.4.2 As seen from Table 4.7-1, the number of rural labourersis up to 507.4 thousand- 82.27% of total employees,The rural labourersengage mainly in farming:principally of rice, rape,cotton and vegetables. Farmingis mainlyby manuallabour methods with littlefarm mechanisation.
4.7.4.3 There are no domesticlivestock farms. Somefamilies raise pigs, chickens, ducks andfish etc.
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4.7.4.4 The relative economic status of rural farm workers is very poor. Annual personal incomes are on average approximately (1994 estimates) 1048 yuan per year cash for peasant workers (1540 yuan in total income), 1565 yuan for collective workers and 3894 yuan for state workers.
4.7.5 Infrastructure
Railway
4.7.5.1 State railway: In Leiyang Municipality territory, there is Jiangguang Railway (double track), with a length of 61km; and five stations: Zheqiao, Leiyang, Langshiping,Xiaoshuipu and Gongpingxu.
4.7.5.2 Local railway: Yonglei railway has a total length of 69.9km, in which main trunk line 45.4km This joins the Jiangguang line at Leiyang station.
4.7.5.3 Special railway. There are five special railways in the territory, with total length of 15km, joining the Jianguang line respectively at Leiyang station, Langshiping station, Gongpingxustation, Zheqiao station and Wayuan station.
. Highway
4.7.5.4 The whole municipalityhas 1503.3kmof highway in which: - State high way 57.6km
- Provincial highway 65.65km - Municipal highway 286.43km - Village highway 991.42km
- Special highway 102.2km.
* Water ways
4.7.5.5 In Leiyang municipal territory, there are navigable rivers, mainly Leishui River 124kmand Chunlingshui River 78km.
* Coal mines
4.7.5.6 Leiyang Municipality is an important coal-producing county. In 1994, the whole municipality produced 4.4502 million tons raw coals, of which 2.2768 million tons were produced by mines affiliated with the state and province, 0.142 million tons were produced by mines affiliated with Leiyang municipality, 0.57 million tons were produced by mines affiliated with district and townships, 0.61
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million tons were producedby minesaffiliated with villages,and 0.8514million tons wereproduced by privatemines.
* Electricpower
4.7.5.7 In Leiyang Municipality,there are Leiyang Power Plant, Baisha Mine AdministrativeBureau Power Plant and Yaotian hydropower plant. In 1994,they generated2.8 billionKWh in the year, of which Yaotianhydropower plant 195 millionKWh, Leiyang power plant 2.4 billionKWh.
4.7.6 Culture, Education,Hygienic And RecreationFacilities
* Education
4.7.6.1 There are 86 middle schools in Leiyang Municipalityand 676 primary schools(Table 4.7-6).
* Hospitals
4.7.6.2 LeiyangMunicipality now has 2078 medicalpersonnel, with medicalfacilities wildlydistributed in urbanand rural areas.Medical and hygienicunit distribution is shownin Table4.7-7.
- Recreation
4.7.6.3 LeiyangMunicipality has 11 cinemasand theatres.
Apart from a newly built municipal gymnasium, various institutions and enterpriseshave 152 basketball grounds,109 volley-ballgrounds, 4 football groundsand 18 tabletennis rooms
4.7.7 Cultural Relics And Tourism Resources
4.7.7.1 CailunTomb is 1.5kmto the north-westof powerplant, with an archedvault built of Hanbrick. In June, 1995,Hunan Provincial Peoples' Committee allocated funds to rebuild CailunTomb and his memorialtemple. It has been listed as HunanProvince 'Important Cultural Relic Preservation Unit'.
4.7.7.2 StraightAngling Rock, located at river bank of Tanlongvillage, Taozhou township,30km south of Municipality.Under the rock, there is a Feilongdong, (cave). Accordingto legend,Zhang Liang, in the Huandynasty, lived there for fishingin seclusion,so anothername is ZhangLiang Cave. It is a famousscene in LeiyangMunicipality. r
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4.7.7.3 Leiyangmunicipality sits at the foot of Wulin mountainrange. It has a topographyof rollinghills, unfoldingas a circularscreen of magnificentscenery, with fertilesoil, luxuriantvegetation and interweaving plains and ridges.
4.8 Health and Safety
4.8.1 Occupational Health And Safety In Coal Mines
4.8.1.1 It is a concemof the World Bank that the fuel suppliesfor the phase 2 developmentshould not be associatedwith any unacceptablerisks to workersin the miningindustry that the projectwill dependupon.
4.8.1.2 A report on the Healthand Safetystandards in the minesassociated with this projectis attachedas AppendixD.
4.8.1.3 Therewill be threestate-owned deep coal minesthat will be usedto supply the Phase2 project,namely Xifengdu, Jiaha, and Baishamines. Basedupon underground visits, and meetings with the mine directors, the mine's OccupationalHealth and Safety Status were ascertained. The Consultants overallconclusions and impressions gained were: * Managementare well organisedand informed; • Coal MineRegulations are fully understoodand implemented; * Undergroundhousekeeping is good;
* Fire-fightingsystems are in placeand maintained in goodworking order; * Mines Rescueteams and specialistrescue equipment are availableat all mines;
* There are no major methane gas (CH4) or carbon monoxide (CO) problems; * Ventilationin the minesis adequate,but there is a needto direct more air to the workingareas; * Spontaneouscombustion does not constitutea high risk; * Wateris onlya nuisanceissue and is not a majorproblem; * Face and roadwayconditions are good; * Coal dust was well controlled,and the mines had no problems with Methane/Coaldust inrushes;
4.8.1.4 In summary, there will be three state-owneddeep coal minesthat will be
4-22 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) Power Consult used to supply the Phase 2 project. These comply with national safety standardsand effectively present few healthand safety problems for the project. The poor recordof miningsafety in Chinais mainly associatedwith the large numberof small,privately owned, mining operations, but thesesources will not be usedto supplythis project.
4.8.2 OccupationalHealth And Safety In The Power Plant
4.8.2.1 The generationof electrical power involvesthe buming of coal, which producessteam. The steamis then usedto driveturbines to produceelectricity. Although processhazards involvedin the productionof the electricityexist, numeroussupport functions subjectworkers to hazardswhich result in the majorityindustrial accidents.
4.8.2.2 The safetyand healthissues found in a coal-firedpower plants are grouped intotwo categories.These categories are processrelated and those incidental to the generationof electricity.
ProcessHazards
4.8.2.3 The principlehazards of boilerfumaces and their associatedfuel supplies, pipes,ducts andfans are fires andexplosions.
4.8.2.4 Variations in the size distributionof raw coal may cause erratic or uncontrolledfeeding of coal into mills. Coal may containdebris such as metal, wood,or rock whichmay causecoal feeding interruptions or becomea sourceof ignition.Since coal can form an explosivemixture when airbome,an explosive mixturewill likelydevelop if a momentaryflameout occurs.
4.8.2.5 Coal mills themselvesare potentialsources for fires and explosions.Fires may occur from spontaneouscombustion or the feedingof bumingcoal directly into the mills. Airbornecoal dust will explodeif the mixtureexceeds 12.7 grams per cubic meter (g m-3). A specialhazard is the presenceof methanegas that may be releasedfrom recentlypulverised coal and may accumulatein confined spaces.
4.8.2.6 Hydrogenwill be used as a coolingagent for the turbines.Hydrogen is extremelyexplosive.
4.8.2.7 Installationand maintenance of safetydevices to preventover-pressurisation of boilertubing is criticalfor the protectionof employeesand equipment.
4.8.2.8 Electrical power generationand transmissionposes hazardsto workers.
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High voltage may be encounteredat the turbine generators, transmission substationsand associated wiring.
* Incidental safety and health hazards
4.8.2.9 Hazards incidentalto the processbut occuning as a result of process operationsinclude: - Exposureto boilerfeedwater chemicals, - Heat stress, - Exposureto hot steamlines and equipment, - Handling and disposal of ash.
4.8.2.10 Additionalsafety and health hazards to be consideredas part of the operationof an electricalpower plant include the following:
- Workingsurfaces (such as floors,plafforms, ladders, stairs, etc.), - Emergencyexit placementand maintenance, - High noise exposure,
- Chemicalexposure (including incidental use materialsfor maintenance,etc.)
- Handlingof flammableand combustible materials,
- Exposureto hazardsof workingin confinedspaces (boilers, vessels, sewers, etc.),
- Controlof hazardousenergy (accidental startup of systemsand equipment),
- Fire prevention and protection,
- Materials handling and storage,
- Machineand equipmentmechanical guarding,
- Biohazards,
- Ergonomicdesign and operationof workstations.
* Regulatory Framework
4.8.2.11 In the case of Hunan'spower generationsector, occupational safety and health standardsare promulgatedby the HEPC to assure worker protection. Occupationalhealth and safetyis coveredby both provincialand nationallaw in the PRC.
4.8.2.12 The national regulationsinclude 'Safety at Work Regulationon Electric
4-24 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Powerindustry (Electric Part of Generationand Substations)"issued in 1991. This is a comprehensivedocument covering the followingtopics:
- General Guidelines - Work with High Voltage Equipment - Organisation - Technical Measures - Work on Linesof Generationand Substations
- Live-wire work - Maintenanceof Generator,Phase Adjuster and HighVoltage Motor
- Work on SF6 Electric Equipment - LowVoltage Installations and Low Voltage Lines Without Electricity - RelayProtection and Instrument Secondary Return Circuit - Electric Testing
- ElectricCable Work - Other Safety Measures
4.8.2.13 There is also the "SafetyWork RegulationOn Electric PowerIndustry (ThermalPower and Machine Parts)" revised in 1994. Thiscovers the following: - Generalguidelines
- Work Ticket System - Coal Transportation
- Oil Burning - Boilers and PulverisedFuel
- Boiler Overhaul - Turbine Overhaul - Pipes and Vessels Overhaul
- Chemical Work - HydrogenMaking, Storage and Cooling Equipment - Mercury - Electric Welding And Gas Welding - Work Above Ground
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- Lifting and Transporting - Work on Earth and Stone
- Diving.
4.8.2.14 The developmentof specific standardsis a sectoralobligation. These standardsare describedin the Safety Manualfor the Operationof Electric Power Plants in the Hunan Province and are grouped in the following classifications. - Airbomedust andtoxic particulateprotection, - Protection against poisons, - Protectionagainst occupational illnesses, and - Protection against radioisotopes.
4.8.2.15 The standardspublished by PRCare focusedprimarily on the identification and controlof hazardswhich can causeoccupational illness. Of particularnote is the specialemphasis on the femaleworkforce.
4.8.2.16 The above regulationsare incorporatedinto a local safety management system "Safety ManagementStandard QB: Issued by Leiyang Power Plant StandardisationCommittee Oct. 30 1996)" This comprises:
- Safety at Work ManagementRegulation
- Work Sheetand OperationSheet Institution - StatisticalMethod of Work Sheet - Fire WorkingSheet management Institution
- Mobile Equipment Inspection& Testing _ - Rotating Equipment Testing
- Institution for Shift Handover - Inflammable,Explosive and PoisonousMaterials - Fire Preventionfor ChemicalReagents Store - Fire Prevention for Oil Depot - WorkingInstruction for Oil Depotand Oil CombustionSystem Area - CertificateManagement in Accordancewith Power Industry Safety Work Regulation - SafetySupervision Rules for ContractedProjects
4-26 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult
- Portable Motors
- Fire Prevention in Liquid Gas Station
- Hydrogen GenerationStation
- Safety Helmets - Elevators - CheckingStandards fro GenerationBreakdown and Abnormalities - CheckingStandards for Safetyat Work Management - Checkingand Rewarding Institutions for LongSafety record - Measuresfor ControllingAbnormalities and PersonalMinor Injuriesin Each Workshopand Group - Safety Responsibilities
The proceduresin placecomply with all relevantregulations and provide an effective healthand safety management system. The systemincludes recording of accident statistics- anyaccident requiring more than 3 daysabsence from work is recorded. No accidentshave been recorded at LeiyangPower Plant for morethan 1800days.
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Table4.3.2-1 Sources Of Water PollutionNear Leiyang units:tla Pollutants SS COD Cd As I Pb PhenolPetroleum S2- Zhaoshisteel factory 350 170 0.02 0.07 0.12 41 9.32 6 Cailunpaper mill 1102 6370 0.03 0.82 13 93 Leiyangpower plant 1864 61 1.81 0.01 3.24 17 Nitrogenfertiliser plant 361 614 0.08 0.04 5.76 0.8 Ti white powderplant 946 155 0.02 0.03 0.91 0.2
Table4.3.2-2 SurfaceWater Monitoring Analysis Methods Item AnalysisMethod Basis of Detection unit method Limit water physics 0.2 C0 temperature pH glasselectrode method GB6920-86 0.01 permanganate potassium permanganateSEPA 0.5 index method SS by weightmethod GB10911 0.5 sulphide SEPA 0.02 petroleum ultraviolet photometry SEPA 0.05 volatilephenol spectrophotometry GB7490-87 0.002 Cr6+ disphenyl carbazidespectro GB74617-87 0.004 mg/l pho- tometry Pb atomic absorption spectroGB7475-87 0.01 photometry Cd atomic absorption spectroGB7475-87 0.001 photometry As chemicalanalysis GB7485-87 0.001 F- ion selective electrodeGB7484-87 0.05 method alkalinity(in terms acid/alkalititration method SEPA 0.02 of CaCO3)
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Table 4.3.2-3a SurfaceWater MonitoringResults (Oct.) (mg 1i) MonitoringItem Sampling CrossSection CrossSection CrossSection Standard Points I 1I III GB3838-88 max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. ClassIlIl 1 7.90 7.89 7.94 7.93 8.04 8.02 pH 2 7.89 7.87 7.95 7.94 8.08 8.05 6.5-8.5 3 7.86 7.83 8.01 7.95 8.06 8.03 COD 1 3.52 3.25 4.0 3.5 3.36 2.99 Permanganate 2 3.20 2.84 4.88 3.81 3.40 3.17 6 Index 3 3.60 3.09 3.20 2.93 3.52 3.41 1 11.0 9.67 12.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 SS 2 10.0 9.3 9.0 9.0 12.0 11.0 3 10.0 9.3 10.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 1 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.11 Sulphide 2 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.11 0.2 3 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.06 1 0.043 0.038 0.050 0.027 0.035 0.030 Petroleum 2 0.041 0.032 0.042 0.034 0.035 0.023 0.05 3 0.040 0.033 0.045 0.022 0.045 0.038 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 VolatilePhenol 2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Cr6+ 2 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 3 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 1 0.0305 0.0212 0.0429 0.0345 0.0423 0.0279 Pb 2 0.0305 0.0243 0.0138 0.0124 0.0322 0.0191 0.05 3 0.043 0.0409 0.0264 0.0208 0.0433 0.0263- 1 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 Cd 2 0.002 0.0008 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.005 3 0.0006 0.0004 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 1 0.0035 0.0035 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.005 As 2 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.008 0.005 0.05 3 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.0065 0.008 0.006 1 0.86 0.65 0.086 0.64 0.58 0.53 F- 2 0.86 0.64 0.82 0.61 0.82 0.63 1.0 3 0.90 0.64 0.65 0.55 0.53 0.51 1 76.96 69.92 73.77 66.84 76.46 71.09 TotalAlkalinity 2 71.43 67.49 76.46 69.30 76.46 71.09
(CaCO3) 3 74.09 65.28 75.12 67.69 77.80 ;9.75
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Table 4.3.2-3b Surface Water Monitoring Results (Oct) Continued (mg I" )
MonitoringItem Sampling CrossSection CrossSection CrossSection Standard Points IV V VI GB3838-88
max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. ClassIlIl 1 8.01 7.97 7.95 7.94 8.02 8.00 pH 2 7.96 7.94 7.96 7.96 8.06 8.04 6.5-8.5 3 7.98 7.96 7.96 7.95 8.08 8.06 COD 1 3.52 3.21 3.20 2.75 3.04 2.67 Permanganate 2 3.60 3.27 3.60 3.20 3.36 2.96 6 Index 3 3.76 3.27 3.12 2.93 3.04 2.93 1 15.0 15.0 13.0 12.7 12.0 11.7 SS 2 13.0 12.0 12.0 11.3 11.0 10.7 3 11.0 10.0 12.0 11.3 10.0 9.3 1 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.06 Sulphide 2 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.11 0.2 3 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 1 0.030 0.020 0.030 0.020 0.045 0.043 Petroleum 2 0.045 0.027 0.040 0.030 0.040 0.033 0.05 3 0.045 0.038 0.040 0.037 0.040 0.037 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 VolatilePhenol 2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Cr6+ 2 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 3 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 1 0.0227 0.0110 0.0195 0.0134 0.0330 0.0261 Pb 2 0.0264 0.0173 0.0176 0.0147 0.0231 0.0213 0.05 3 0.0296 0.0189 0.0401 0.036 0.0444 0.0253 1 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 .00008 0.0002 0.0001 Cd 2 0.0001 .00007 0.0001 .00007 0.0002 0.0001 0.005 3 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 1 0.008 0.0065 0.0035 0.0035 0.012 0.0093 As 2 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.05 3 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.005 1 0.58 0.55 0.57 0.54 0.71 0.57 F- 2 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.54 0.67 0.55 1.0 3 0.67 0.59 0.59 0.54 0.74 0.57 1 76.46 72.43 76.46 69.30 75.12 72.88 total alkalinity 2 85.85 72.89 75.12 70.18 84.50 71.86
(CaCO3) 3 84.50 74.67 71.09 67.51 73.77 69.30
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Table 4.3.2-4a Surface Water Monitoring Results (July) (mg I-.1) MonitoringItem Sampling CrossSection CrossSection CrossSection Standard Points I 11 Ilil GB3838-88 max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. ClassIlIl 1 29.0 28.2 29.0 28.7 29.0 28.7 Water 2 29.0 28.2 29.0 28.7 29.0 28.7 Temperature 3 29.0 28.2 29.0 28.7 29.0 28.7 1 7.84 7.83 7.89 7.84 8.03 7.90 pH 2 7.94 7.88 7.84 7.82 7.95 7.90 6.5-8.5 3 7.88 7.87 7.95 7.90 7.96 7.89 COD 1 2.80 2.01 2.96 1.97 2.48 1.97 Permanganate 2 2.48 1.99 3.20 2.05 2.32 2.27 6 Index 3 2.48 1.73 2.40 1.85 2.48 1.39 1 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.3 SS 2 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.3 3 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.3 1 0.20 0.17 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.06 Sulphide 2 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.11 0.2 3 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 I node- no de- node- Petroleum 2 tection - tection - tection - 0.05 1 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Volatile 2 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 Phenol 3 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
6+ 1 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.0023 0.003 0.0023 Cr 2 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.0023 0.002 0.002 0.05 3 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.0027 0.003 0.0023 1 0.0098 0.0081 0.0065 0.0041 0.0050 0.0039 Pb 2 0.0145 0.0082 0.0051 0.0035 0.0056 0.0044 0.05 3 0.0051 0.0041 0.0084 0.0045 0.0055 0.0026 1 0.0004 .00018 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 Cd 2 0.0009 .00038 0.0003 .00013 .00005 .00005 0.005 3 0.0005 0.0003 0.0005 .00025 .00005 .00005 1 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.0065 As 2 0.0085 0.0051 0.008 0.005 0.0035 0.0035 0.05 3 0.012 0.0078 0.008 0.005 0.0035 0.0035 1 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.38 0.42 0.38 F- 2 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.38 0.44 0.39 1.0 3 0.43 0.39 0.43 0.36 0.43 0.39 Total 1 80.16 79.82 87.18 81.34 87.18 82.27 Alkalinity 2 85.84 82.27 83.16 80.03 81.82 77.80
(CaCO3) 3 84.50 80.03 81.12 79.35 87.18 79.10
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Table 4.3.2-4b Surface Water Monitoring Results (July) Continued (mg 11 ) Monitoring Item Sampling Cross Section Cross Section Cross Section Standard Points IV V VI GB3838-88 max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. Class IlIl 1 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 Water 2 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 Temperature 3 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.3 1 7.98 7.93 7.96 7.98 7.96 7.86 pH 2 7.98 7.91 8.01 7.91 7.85 7.81 6.5-8.5 3 7.95 7.82 7.88 7.85 7.84 7.83 1 2.32 1.82 2.16 1.80 2.24 1.84 Permanganate 2 2.32 1.85 2.56 1.90 2.56 1.95 6 Index 3 2.16 1.73 3.36 2.19 2.40 1.72 1 10.0 9.3 10.0 9.3 8.0 8.0 SS 2 9.0 8.3 9.0 8.3 7.0 6.7 3 10.0 10.0 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.7 1 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.17 0.20 0.11 Sulphide 2 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.11 0.2 3 0.06 0.006 0.20 0.11 0.20 - 0.17 1 no de- no de- no de- Petroleum 2 tection - tection - tecton - 0.05 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Volatile Phenol 2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
6+ 1 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.0027 Cr 2 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 3 0.003 0.0023 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.0023 1 0.0087 0.0058 0.0120 0.0098 0.0068 0.0058 Pb 2 0.020 0.012 0.0103 0.0072 0.0062 0.0048 0.05 3 0.0087 0.0058 0.0092 0.0074 0.0065 0.0047 1 0.0005 .00028 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 Cd 2 0.0002 0.0002 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 0.005 3 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005 1 0.008 0.0065 0.008 0.005 0.0035 0.0035 As 2 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.012 0.0063 0.05 3 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.0065 0.008 0.0048_ 1 0.36 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.35 F- 2 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.35 1.0 3 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.38 0.35 1 83.16 80.26 88.52 82.13 83.11 81.13 Total Alkalinity 2 84.50 80.12 83.10 79.12 85.00 80.42
(CaCO3) 3 83.00 77.73 82.16 78.16 79.81 77.11
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Table4.3.3-1 GroundWater Monitoring Analysis Methods MonitoringItem AnalysisMethod Basisof Detection unit Method Limit pH Glasselectrode method GB6920-86 0.02 Alkalinity Acid alkalititration method SEPA 0.05 DissolvedSolids By weight SEPA 0.1 Total Hardness EDTAtitration method SEPA 0.05
N-NO2- Spectrophotometry GB7480-87 0.02
N-NO3- Atomic absorption spectro GB7493-87 0.003 photometry 2 S04 - Bariumsulphate turbidimetry GB5750-85 1.0 mg/A Cr6+ Spectrophotometry GB7467-87 0.004 Pb Atomic absorption spectro GB7475-87 0.01 photometry Cd Atomic absorption spectro GB7475-87 0.001 photometry As Chemicalanalysis GB7485-87 0.001 F- Ion selectiveelectrode method GB7484-87 0.05
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Table4.3.3-2 GroundWater MonitoringResults (Oct.) (mg I") MonitoringItem MunicipalHorticulture Liangjiacong Standard max. average max. average GB/T14848-93 Classill pH 7.99 7.99 7.00 6.95 6.5-8.5 Cr6+ 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 Pb 0.0136 0.0118 0.0102 0.0069 0.05 Cd 0.0002 0.00012 0.0000 0.00005 0.01 5 As 0.0036 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.05 F- 0.47 0.17 0.23 0.14 1.0 TotalAlkalinity 139.13 133.71 17.80 13.53
(CaCO3 ) DissolvedSolids 142.0 138.3 92.0 85.9 1000 Total 7.96 7.93 6.28 2.97 450
Hardness(CaCO 3 ) N-NO2- 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.0077 0.02 N-NO3 0.025 0.025 1.52 1.48 20 S042- 1.7 1.7 4.3 3.1 250
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Table 4.3.3-3 GroundWater Monitoring Results (July) (mg 11)
Monitoring Item MunicipalHorticulture Liangjia cong Standard max. average max. average GB/T14848-93 Class III Water Temperature 18.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 pH 7.58 7.53 6.34 6.23 6.5-8.5 Cr6 + 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 Pb 0.0036 0.0029 0.0048 0.0024 0.05 Cd 0.002 0.00068 0.0008 0.00017 0.01 As 0.008 0.005 0.0035 0.0035 0.05 F- 0.61 0.58 0.06 0.06 1.0 Total Alkalinity 99.26 94.78 6.71 5.35
(CaCO3 ) Dissolved Solids 112.0 101.0 104.0 96.3 1000 Total 5.89 5.64 1.29 1.24 450
Hardness(CaCO 3 ) N-NO2- 0.010 0.0057 0.011 0.0077 0.02
N-NO3- 0.69 0.64 3.60 2.91 20
2 S04 - 5.7 5.5 4.5 4.3 250
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Fig 4.3.4-1 QualityOf DischargesFrom Leiyang Phase I PowerPlant, 1994-96
Item ProductionArea Ash Yard Oil Bank GradeI Standarda Mean Max Mean Max Mean Max GB8978-88 As 0.027 0.08 0.024 0.085 0.007 0.02 0.5 CN 0.026 0.026 0.07 0.36 0.1 0.40 0.5 Phenol 0.002 0.008 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 1.0 F 0.64 2.36 1.50 1.88 0.37 0.37 10.0 COD 12.2 36.4 9.6 19.9 20.6 98 150 pH 7.68 8.62 9.11 10 7.92 8.45 6-9 SS 53.6 82.7 33.3 82 43.6 87 100 SZ- 0.33 0.72 0.39 0.6 0.30 0.56 1 Petroleum 1.6 6.8 0.9 3.8 3.7 8.2 15
a Standardgiven is Grade1 of GB8978-88for existingplant
Table4.3.4-2 The Quality Of SeepageWater Through Dam And Ash Water DrainedInto LeishulRiver ( mg 1I) Sept.12-141996 Item Ash waterdrained Seepagethrough GB8979-88grade I for into LeishuiRiver dam new andextension pH 8.8 7.88 6-9 S042- 22.3 48.94 F- 1.58 0.85 10 As 0.031 0.007 0.5 Cr6+ 0.098 0.015 0.5 Cd 0.005 0.00065 0.1 Pb 0.005 0.0015 1.5 Hg 0.00002 0.00002 0.05
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Table4.4.1-1 Average Meteorological Parameters Measured At LeiyangOver 35 Year Period. AnnualAverage Air Temperature 17.9C ExtremeMax. Air Temperature 40.0C ExtremeMin. Air Temperature -7.7'C AnnualAverage Relative Humidity 81% AnnualAverage Evaporation Amount 1457.4mm AnnualAverage Precipitation 1319.6mm Max.Precipitation In Years 1863.5mm Min. PrecipitationIn Year 960.0mm AnnualAverage Barometric Pressure 1005.6Pha SurfaceAverage Wind Speed In Years 2.2m/s WholeYear Prevailing Wind Direction NNW SummerPrevailing Wind Direction SSE WinterPreviailing Wind Direction NNW
Table4.4.1-2 Leiyang Municipality Average Air Temperatures |MonthJanFeb. Mar. AprilMay June JulyAug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Whole 4-37Janf Feb. year oc 70 7.3 10.6 19.324.8 26.0 28.2 27.3 23.4 17.3 14.9 9.4 18.0
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Table 4.4.2-1Annual Emission Rates From Major SourcesIn Leiyang Municipality
Coal Wastegas In which SO2 Particul NOx Polluting source name consump total fuel -ates -tion discharge waste (t a-) amount gas (t a-') (ta) (t a-') (10 6 M3) (10 6m 3) LeiyangPower plant (1st 1368000 10437 10437 8700 3420 8160 phase) Zhaoshisteel factory 20000 260 2.5 300 150 46 Baishamine 36028 300 300 600 525 315 administrativeBureau powerplant FeilongCo. cement 10786 395.5 107.9 514 6054 274.0 factory Nitrogenfertiliser factory 27694 145 110 169 202 96.0 Railwaycement plant 4117 41.2 12 144 582 75.0 Cailunpaper mill 4586 47.5 45.9 78 62 37.0 Ti whitepowder plant 1500 49.2 60 12 23.37 Machinefactory 80 0.8 0.8 2 2 0.85 Candyand pastry plant 78 0.8 0.8 3 3 1.7 Kongshoupharmaceutical 1500 3.6 , 6 4 3.15 factory Total 1474369 11680.6 11016.9 10486 11016 9032.07
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Table4.4.2-2 Functions Of VariousMonitoring Points Point Monitoringpoints Function No. 1 Zhaoshitown concentratedresidential quarter 2 Ordnancefactory industrialarea 3 Teacheresin-service training school culturaleducational area 4 Cailunpaper mill industrialarea 5 Marquistemple residentialquarter 6 Theatre recreationplace 7 Baishamine administrative bureau mixed area of industrial area and residentialquarter 8 Nitrogenfertiliser factory industrialarea 9 Leiyangpower plant industrialarea 10 Irrigationregion administrative office mixed area of industrial area and residentialquarter 11 Commercialbureau mixed area of industrial,commercial areaand residential quarter 12 Jinnanpickles plant ClassI industrialarea
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Table 4.4.2-3 Results of Monitoring: May 30 to June 3, 1993 Once Value Daily Average Concentration max.value Concentrationmax. value MonitoringPoints Pollutant range(mgNm 4) % of standard range(mgNm 4) % of standard S02 0.019-0.053 10.6 0.021-0.044 29.3 Ordnancefactory NOX 0.008-0.029 19.3 0.011-0.018 18.0
TSP 0.015-0.108 - 0.024-0.066 22.0 Baishamine S02 0.023-0.060 12.0 0.025-0.054 36.0 administrative NOX 0.006-0.040 26.7 0.010-0.025 25.0 bureau TSP 0.030-0.244 - 0.023-0.153 51.0 LeiyangPower S02 0.032-0.087 17.4 0.039-0.067 44.7 Plant NOX 0.006-0.038 25.3 0.008-0.022 22.0
TSP 0.031-0.351 - 0.077-0.179 59.7 MarquisCai S02 0.025-0.061 12.2 0.035-0.055 36.5 temple NOX 0.010-0.041 27.3 0.017-0.035 35.0
TSP 0.015-0.396 - 0.037-0.183 61.0
Teachersin- SO2 0.033-0.074 14.8 0.037-0.057 38.0 service NOX 0.006-0.049 32.7 0.012-0.031 31.0 trainingschool TSP 0.015-0.196 - 0.077-0.122 40.7
Table4.4.2-4 Statistics Of MonitoringResults Of PM10 : May 25 To May 31,1995 (DailyAverage Concentration) Concentration Max.Value % of 2nd class Monitoringpoints range standard Leiyangpower plant 0.028-0.070 46.7 Nitrogenfertiliser factory 0.018-0.054 36.0 Theatre 0.029-0.065 43.3 Teacher'sin servicetraining 0.008-0.044 29.3 school Cailunpaper mill 0.028-0.082 54.7 Zhaoshitown 0.024-0.073 48.7 Ordnancefactory 0.008-0.021 14.0 Baishamine administrative 0.015-0.045 30.0 bureau
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Table 4.4.2-Sa Statistics Of Routine AtmosphericMonitoring In 1995 In Leiyang Municipality
Irrigation Come- Jinnan GB3095- region rcial pickles 1996 2nd Item admin. bureau plant class office standard (A -3 _ _ , _ _ _ _.._ (jpt m ) conc. range(p±gm ) 10-78 22-81 7-76 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 500 standard(%) SO2 conc. range(gg mi) 28-61 35-60 947 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 150 average standard(%) conc. range(gg m ) 5-54 550 4-47 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 150 standard(%) NOx conc. range(p.gmn) 16-39 14-38 6-34 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 100 average standard(%) conc. range(pLgrnm) 101-425 100-482 79-263 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 standard(%) TSP conc. range(.g mi) 111-282 163-278 92-212 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 300 average standard
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Table 4.4.2-5b Statistics Of Routine Atmospheric Monitoring In 1996 In Leiyang Municipality
Irrigation Comme- Jinnan GB3095- region rcial pickles 1996 2nd Item admin bureau plant class office standard (jigm ) cone. range( ig m ) 20-59 26-61 12-27 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 500 standard(%)
SO2 conc. range(p.gm') 2647 31-55 20-25 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 150 average standard(%) conc. range(jg/m3) 9-51 11-51 5-35 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 150 standard(%) NOx conc. range( g m ) 16-38 18-36 10-28 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 100 average standard(%) conc. range(jg m-) 107410 104417 87-240 once conc. rate of exceeding 0 0 0 standard(%) ____ TSP conc. range(jg m ) 122-247 125-254 109-204 daily rate of exceeding 0 0 0 300 average standard I
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Table 4.4.2-5cStatistics Of 1995-1996Annual Daily AverageConc. Monitoring ResultsAt LeiyangMunicipality Irrigation Comme- Jinnan GB3095- region rcial pickles 1996 2nd Year administr- bureau plant class ative standard office (Jg m ) annualdaily average cone. 38 43 27 (g -3) (jig m ) _ _ _ S02 rateof exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 60 annualdaily average cone 27 31 26 -3
1995 NOx rateof exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 50 annualdaily average conc 167 191 127 (j.g m. )___ TSP rateof exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 200 annualdaily average conc 32 40 22 (gM-3 (jig m) S02 rate of exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 60 annualdaily average conc 26 30 21 (gM-3 (jig m ). 1996 NOx rate of exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 50 annualdaily average conc 155 159 122 (A -3
TSP rate of exceedingstandard(%) 0 0 0 200
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Table 4.4.2-6 Recent 'Upwind-Downwind' Monitoring: 1997
mg m' JMe! Kuang Mei Kuang Shi Qu Shi Qu Chinese (downwind) continuous (upwind) continuous Standards July-Oct (downwind) July-Oct (upwind) October October S02 max lhr 0.0746 0.123 0.5 max 24hr 0.076 0.0275 0.026 0.0330 0.15 annual 0.012 0.0156 0.0079 0.0170 0.06 average
N02 max lhr 0.039 0.113 0.12 max 24hr 0.013 0.026 0.08 annual 0.009 0.0067 0.04 average
NOx max lhr 0.04715 0.154 0.15 max 24hr 0.01 0.016 0.009 - 0.059 0.1 annual 0.007 0.012 0.007 0.028 0.05 average
TSP max 1hr max 24hr 0.265 0.296 0.3 annual 0.202 0.206 0.2 average
PM10 max 1hr 0.387 max 24hr 0.049 0.131 0.065 0.15 annual 0.033 0.118 0.031 0.1 average
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Table 4.5-1 PowerPlant BoundaryNoise Level Baseline Unit:dB(A)
Site Monitoringpoints position Daytime National Night National no. standard standard 1 Environmentalprotecton officegate 53.8 60 47.1 50 entrance 2 powersubstation side 44.0 60 46.0 50 3 NE point 49.9 60 50.0 50 4 Railwayexit (due east) 49.0 60 46.0 50 5 Railwayexit (southeast) 50.6 60 47.0 50 6 Overpassbridge 48.7 60 40.0 50 7 Oildepot 51.6 60 48.9 50 8 Westem livingquarter 48.3 60 45.0 50 9 Westem livingquarter 46.0 60 44.2 50
Table 4.6-1 InventoryOf Plant Species Within Ashyard.
Bochmeria nivea Dendrunthemaindicum Populus nigra Litsea pungens Citrus reticulata Litsea cubeba Citrus medica Sessafrastsumn Imperata cylindrica Cinnamomumcamphora Gnaphalium hypoleucum Ulmus changii Scleria hookeriana Camellia oleifera Pinus elliotii Rhus succeedanea Pinus teada Picrasma quassioides Pinus massoniana Veroniciafordii Cunninghumia canceolata Dryopteriscabordei Prunus calleryana Dryopterischinensis Prunus persica Miscanthusftloridulus Prunus serrulatus Mallotusjaponicus
4-45 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft
Fig 4.6-2 Plankton RecordedBefore and After DongjiangReservoir Construction Species Numbers(No. I") Biomass(mg I") Before After Before After Before After Algae 40 101 110,000 459,200 0.53 0.64 Protozoa 14 64 386 1840 0.0154 0.186 Rotaria 11 64 36.4 506 0.0031 0.2245 Cladocerra 9 37 0.07 0.45 0.0014 0.005 Copepoda 4 21 0.66 1.58 0.0026 0.0189
Fig 4.6-3Diversity Indicesfor Plankton In Leishul River Time Hengyang Leiyang Yongxing Mugengqiao Algae Summer 3.65 2.4 2.95 2.42 Autumn 2.07 1.82 2.32 1.73 Protozoa Summer 2.14 1.73 1.48 1.12 Autumn 1.28 1.22 1.97 0.32 Rotaria Summer 2.09 1.40 1.03 1.44 Autumn 1.80 1.03 1.90 0 Cladocera Summer 0 0 1.60 1.51 Autumn 1.37 2.25 3.34 1.05 Copepoda Summer 0.62 0.26 0.81 0 Autumn 0.87 0.94 1.35 0.35
4-46 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
Table 4.6-4 List Of Fish SpeciesAfter The ReservoirConstruction No. ScientificName Family MugengqiaoLeiyang I Ctenopharyngodonidellus Cyprinidae 2 Opsariichthysuncirostns baicalensis ditto 3 Zaccoplatypus ditto 4 Hemiculterleueisculus ditto s 5 Parabramispekinensis ditto 6 Cultererythropterus ditto 7 Pseudohemiculterdipar ditto 8 Megalobramisterminalis ditto N' 9 Erythroculterdabryi ditto 10 Erythrocultermongolicus ditto N 11 Erythroculterilishaeformis ditto 12 Plagiognathopsmicrolepis ditto 13 Xenocyprisdavidi ditto s s 14 Xenocyprisargentea ditto 15 Rhodeussinensis ditto NN 16 Rhodeusocelatus ditto 17 Paracheilognathusimberis ditto 18 Barbodescaldwelli diito 19 Barbodessinensis ditto 20 Varicorhinusgerlachi ditto 21 Hemibarbusmaculatus ditto 22 Torbreviflis ditto 23 Pseudorasboraparva ditto *T T 24 Sarcocheilichthysnigripinnis ditto _ 25 Abbottinarivularis ditto N 26 Pseudogobiovaillanti ditto 27 Saurogobiodabryi ditto 28 Cyprinuscarpio ditto N N 29 Carassiusauratus ditto s 30 Hypophthalmichtaysmolitrix ditto s 31 Aristichttysnoblis ditto 32 Cobitissinensis Cobitidae 33 Misgumusanguillicaudatus diito 34 Paramisgumusdabryanus diito 35 Vanmaneniapingchowensis Homalopteridae 36 Silurusasotus Siluridae 37 Pseudobagrusbrevicaudatus Bagridae
Continued ->
4-47 Hunan Power Development Project (Paft A) Power Consult
Table4.6-4 Continued 38 Pseudobagrusfulvidraco ditto 39 Pelteobagrusnitidus ditto 40 Mystusmacropterus diKto
41 Oryzias latipes Cyprinodontidae _ _ 42 Monopterusalbus Synbrahidae 43 Channaargus Channidae 44 Channamaculata ditto 45 Sinipercaobscure Serranidae 46 Sinipercaschezeri ditto 47 Sinipercachuats ditto 48 Hypseleotrisswinhonis Eleotnidae 49 Ctenogobiusgiumus Gobiidae T T 50 Mastacembelus Mastacembelidae
4-48 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
Table 4.6-5 Benthic Invertebrates From Around Leiyang Power Plant Discharge. Sampling point 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Water temperature 18.9 18.9 18.9 19.2 21.8 19.8 19.9 19.8 19.2 Gomphus _ 1 2 1 1 Neureclipsis 1 2 3 1 1 lschnuraasiatiea 2 1 1 2 1 Cryptochironmusdigitatus 5 1 3 4 1 2 Cricotopustrifasciatus 6 10 13 21 1 7 15 9 Tendipesplumosus 1 Pelopia 1 1 3 Branchiurasowerbyi 3 1 5 3 1 2 Limnodrilusclapredianus 2 2 Limnodrilushoffmeisteri 2 2 5 3 2 1 3 1
Monopylephoruslimosus 1 - - 3 2 = - Branchiodrilus I Hiurdonipponia I Glossiphoniacomplanata 1 Macrobrachiumnipponensis 1 1 Cipangopaludinacathagensis 15 18 26 23 17 3 29 56 31 Cipangopaludinachinensis 1 Cipangopaludinaventncosa 3 1
Bellamga quadrata - = = - - - - Radixswinhoei 1 2 Gyraulus compressus 1 3 3 2 5 Stenothyraglabra 10 15 3 5 11 21 2 5 4 Radix ovata 3 1 2 5 1 2 Radixlagotis 3 3 1 5 1
Bellamgaqeruginosa 2 1 - - - - Hippeutisumbilicalis 1 5 2 4 Radixauricularia 1 Semisulcospiraamurensis 57 31 69 73 14 138 20 5 18 Semisulcospiracancellata 39 21 1 13 2 Anodontaglobosula 11 1 5 4 19 13 2 Lanceolariagladiolus 1 Non-identifiedspecies 3 17 7 3 2
4-49 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult
Table4.7-1 Distribution Of EmployeesIn Leiyang Municipality (1994,Unit:Thousand Person) Employees State owned, Urban Private Rural Other collective individual enterprise society labourer economy labourer s labourer labourer organisation staff I 61.67 8.04 2.26 0.30 50.74 0.33
Table 4.7-2Professional Staff And Workers In StateOwned And Collective Institutions In eiyang Municipality (Unit:Person) State Collective owned Agricultureforestry. Fishery 553 Excavatingindustry 32522 Manufactureindustry 5814 8213 Electricpower, coal gas andwater supply 2210 Buildingindustry 325 206 Geologicalprospecting water conservation management 1745 Communicationtransportation, storage and post 985 225 Wholesaleretail trade and foods beverage business 5157 3213 Financialand insurance 599 344 Real estate 165 Socialservice 798 17 Hygienicphysical culture and social welfare 2173 Educationcultural art andbroad casting cinema and T.V. 7099 Scientificresearch and technical comprehensive service 21 State organisation political party organisationand social 4995 37 group Others 2984
Table 4.7-3GrossProduction Value Of Agriculture, Forestry And Fishery In LeiyangMunicipality Unit: Million Yuan) Gross AFHFAgriculture Forestry Husbandry pro- Fishery Production production product-ion duction value product-ion value value value value 1205.82 686.99 95.21 372.03 51.59
4-50 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult
Table4.7-41ndustrial Gross Production Value In Leiyang Municipality (Unit:MillionYuan) Industry GP Light industry Heavyindustry 2089.04 367.34 1721.70
Table 4.7-6Statistics Of SchoolTeaching And Administrative Staff And Students(Unit:Person)
Personnel Common Professional Common Common middle middle middle primary vocational school school school school
Teachingand 141 105 3417 6387 administrativestaff
Students 1078 1363 42740 146136
Table4.7-7 MedicalStatistics 1994(Unit: Number)
Hospital affiliated District hygienic Township Village Individual to municipality group hospital clinic clinic
9 7 46 639 58
4-51 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult
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0 (8 9\ \^ \ t ~~~~~AshLaon N \> { \ \ \ Sl .harDschage \ 8s_\ 3 e r Pla ~~~~~Intake | | ~~~~~~~BaishalinPoePlt Fig 4.1-2 Pollution Sources and Aquatic Baseline Monitoring Sections 4-52 : Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Pail A) Power Consult Hengyang 0 Baiyutan HS ] I -d (- < lYaot an Lya YongGi \ SmallDongjiang H$ - -'\ J-' Qui ong( Guiyany, -enzho g LargeDo gjian HS - - HuamuqiaoHS I uheng HydrologicalStation > _, Water Level Station '>6, Fig 4.3-1 Hydropowerand HydrologicalMonitoring Stations on Leishui River 4-53 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult 500 450 400 350 i X \ / ik ~ * ~ODongjiangBefore Dam ,,300/ ------MinimumDongJiang = / . * \ I ~ +~ LelyangBefore Dam , 250 - - ' \\ \ @------' 'MinimumLeiyang : 200 / / \ \ / Design Leiyang . .Minimum Design /...... 1100 . ' 50 r * 50 n Month Fig 4.3-2Monthly Average and Daily MinimumFlows In LeishuiRiver, Before Dam Constructionat Dongjiang.Also ShowingDesign Flow RegulationScheme Following Phase2 Developmentof LeiyangPower Plant. 35- 30 ...... _...... ng...... "N"~ ~ ~ ~ 4 Dongjiang83-85av 25- ...... _ Dongjiang83-85min u . 'Q - - - Dongjiang83-85max . -.. 2D - . ----- Dongjiang90-94 av ---- Dongiiang90-93mmi z X o tS " ^ ' . \\^\ \ --- - - Dongjiang90-93max 15 - - -... 15/ . /,¢ , __ ...... ,,,_,,,,_,,..,\> -~-----ing909irLLeiyang93av - - -, Leiyang93min - - - Leyang93max -c Ca (I c X @ < X n n << O,) 0O z Month Fig 4.3-3 MonthlyAverage, Maximum and MinimumTemperatures in Leishul River,Before and After DamConstruction at Dongjiang. Also ShowingExisting Conditions 800m Downstream of LeiyangPower Plant 4-54 1iln PowerDevelopment Projet (PartA) PowerConsut AverageMonthly Temperature Difference From LeishuiRiver Before Dam Construction(1983-1985) 4 2 2 0 - ...... -2 _i ' w ° w Dongiiang After -6E t + LeoyangAfter 1.8 -10 -12 O -14 O -16 O . &t; 0 z a Month Fig 4.3-4 Monthly Average Temperature Differences From Those at Dongjiang Before Dam Construction 200.00-p50 5.00 -1 150.00 4.00 IL 150.00-_ 3.00 1000 32.00 1 00 50.00 ° 0.00 200 00 400 00 600 00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 0.00 Metres Downstream From Discharge Fig 4.3-5 Water Temperature Survey in Leishui River Around Leyang Power Staton Discharge 3115193. Note Expanded Scale in 'y Dirmcbon - Across River Width. Natural Water Temperature 19A C, River Flow 483 m3Ss,River Width 238m Outlet at + 1.1 C (30.5 C), Flow Rate 12.9 m3bs, Flow Speed 0.6 mis. 455 furnanPower Devebpment Project (Padt A) PovourConsul 18 16 14 12 V'nd Speed 10 m/s LL M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.0-5.9 St 6*j : : | | l'30-3.9 * 0.5-O.9 2 0 z w ci cJw z z z zC Xz cI C, Wind Direction Fig 4.4-1 Distribution OfWind SpeedsAt lOm 4-56 r~ -, 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ * ~~ ~ ~~~~~~asba _ lg 4/5-1 dpu NdSQ Monitorlni 5urvey Locaffons ~zcz C=3 C= /~ * 9' Fi4i' NoiseMoioi ure oain HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft Benthic InvertebrateSampling Leishui River 4111197 25 - 20 0~~~~~ . 15 - 0.1xNoindividuals *@ . * No. sp E10 ** A Diver'sity(Margelef) z * 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~A AA o- ~ ~ ~I ~ ~~~~~II 18 19 20 21 22 Water temperature Fig 4.6-1 Results of BenthicInvertebrate Sampling Surve Around LeiyangPower Plant Discharge,November1997: Total Numberof Individuals,Number of Speciesand Diversity Plotted AgainstWater Temperature. 4-58 5. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT i HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.1 EnvironmentalImpact IdentificationAnd Pollution Factor Screening 5.1.1 The principalenvironmental impacts predicted during LeiyangPower Plant constructionand operation are shownin Table5.1-1. 5.1.2 The principalpollution factors to be consideredduring Leiyang Power Plant construction,operation and transfer project are shownon Table5.1-2. 5.2 Operation Period 5.2.1 Atmospheric Impact Emissions 5.2.1.1 Table5.2.1-1 shows the stackgas emissionsfrom the phase1 & 2 Leiyang PowerPlant in comparisonwith the Chineseand World Bank standards. 5.2.1.2 Sulphurcontent in the coalfor the existingLeiyang Power Plant (phase 1) is 0.39%, that designedfor phase 2 projectwould be 0.36%with range 0.31- 0.46%. 5.2.1.3 With this quality of low sulphurcontent coal, the SO2 emissionsfrom the LeiyangPower Plant will easilycomply with the relevantstandards. 5.2.1.4 Particulateemissions are essentiallydependent on the specificationof the dust arrestingequipment (ESPs). It is assumedthat thesewill be designedto attainthe WorldBank standard which is morestringent than the Chinesenational standard. 5.2.1.5 As notedpreviously, both the WorldBank and Chinese NOx standardshave been formulatedwith referenceto soft coals with high volatile contents. The LeiyangPower Plant will burn anthracitewith very low volatility. This constrains the plant from achievingthe low NOx emissionsas set out in the standards, without resortingto costly emissioncontrols (see chapter6) rather than simple optimisationof boiler design. It is proposedthat, providingthat attainmentof ambientair qualitystandards for NOx are not compromised,additional costs for NOx controlshould be consideredexcessive when applyingthe 'Best Available TechniquesNot EntailingExcessive Cost' (BATNEEC)principle. 5- HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft Prediction Of Ground Concentration Of Atmospheric Pollutants 5.2.1.6 Table 5.2.1-2 shows the emissionparameters applicable to the Leiyang Power Plant, as used in the modellingpredictions of impactson ground level concentrations. 5.2.1.7 Computerdispersion modelling has been usedto predictthe contributionof phase 2 to local air quality and to determinewhether or not the proposed developmentwill causeany ambientair qualitystandard to be exceededwhen in full operation. 5.2.1.8 Two differentcomputer models were usedin the assessment:i) a Chinese model which uses a standardGaussian treatment of dispersionfrom a point source,and ii) a 'new generation'dispersion model called ADMS (Atmospheric DispersionModel System) which uses advancesmade in the understandingof dispersionmade over the past 2 decades. 5.2.1.9 A detailed descriptionof the models and of their output is included in AppendixE. 5.2.1.10 ADMS is an intemationallyrecognised dispersion model and its role in this assessmentis to providesupport to the more comprehensivepredictions made using the Chinesemodel and to establishan appropriatelevel of confidencein the conclusionsreached. 5.2.1.11 Meteorologicaldata for a complete year (1993), as measuredby the Leiyang MeteorologicalObservatory, were used to predict SO2, NOx and particulatehourly average; daily average;and annualdaily average ground level concentrations.Due to the use of the ESPs,the particulatedischarge from the chimneysof the phase1 and 2 powerplants was takento be entirelyas PM10. _ 5.2.1.12 The meteorologicaldata used in the assessmentincluded measurements at Leiyangof the verticalwind profile,mixing layerheight and stabilityusing an ADAS acousticsounder system. 5.2.1.13 A correctionfor localtopography was also made using a simple algorithm (see AppendixE). This is likely to lead to some over-predictionof ground level concentrations. 5.2.1.14 Model calculationswere performedover an area of side 32km centredon Leiyangphase I power plant. The grid resolutionused by the Chinesemodel was 500mwhilst ADMS useda 1000m resolution. 5.2.1.15 For each day of the year, average ground level concentrationswere if 5-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult calculatedbased on the 8 measurementstaken at 3-hourlyintervals during the day. Thesewere then orderedby maximumground level concentration.This establishedthe worst 10 daysand the 97th percentile.Maximum hourly average groundlevel concentrationswere calculated for eachstability class based on the wholeyear's data. 5.2.1.16 Predictionswere also made at locationscoinciding with the sensitive locationslisted in Table4.4.2-2. SO2 ground level concentrations predicted by the Chinese Model 5.2.1.17 In reportingthe predictionsset out below,concentrations in bracketsrefer to the impactsfrom bumingcoal with the maximumdesign sulphur content of 0.46%. Predictionsof groundlevel concentrationswere undertakenfor phase 1 (existing2x200 MW) ,phase2 (proposed2x300 MW) and phase 3 (possible future2x600 MW). 5.2.1.18 More detail of the resultsof the modellingstudy resultsare containedin AppendixE. The followingtext brieflysummarises these findings,with cross referencesto tablesand figures in the appendix. 5.2.1.19 The annual average, daily average and maximum hourly average concentrationsof SO2, NOx (expressedas NO2), and PM10 at groundlevel due to phase 1, phase2 and phase3 were predictedusing the Chinesemodel for each hour of the year, usingthe 1993 meteorologicaldataset. The resultsare summarisedTables 5.2.1-3a,b,c which show the cumulativemaximum ground level concentrationsas each phase is completedcompared with the Chinese andWorld Bankair qualitystandards. 5.2.1.20 The resultsfor phase1 and phase2 combinedare discussedin moredetail below,whereas the discussionof phase3 is in section5.8.3: - SO2 hourlyaverage concentration 5.2.1.21 PredictedS02 maximumhourly average ground level concentrations at the monitoringpoints are listedin TableE3.2.3. 5.2.1.22 The maximumhourly averageconcentrations at these points range from 0.051 to 0.095 mg m3 (0.057-0.108mg m3) which is 10.2 to 19.0% (11.4- 21.6%)of the relevantstandard. 5.2.1.23 The results are presentedin Table E3.2.2 in terms of the maximum concentrationpredicted in eachstability category. The maximumhourly average concentrationoccurs under stabilityclass A, at 0.154 (0.173)mg m-3 which is 5-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) Power Consult 30.8%(34.6%) of the Chineseair qualitystandard. It occurs at a distance of 1.59km from the source. - SO2 Daily average concentration 5.2.1.24 Predicteddaily averageground level concentrationsfor the 10 days which had the highest concentrationsare shown in Table E3.2.4 togetherwith the locationsof the maxima.The 10worst days were calculatedby rankingthe daily averagesfor eachday of the year. The 10thworst day is the 97 percentiledaily averageconcentration for which there is a nationalstandard. The SO2 97th percentilemaximum daily averageis 0.037 mg m-3 (0.043 mg m3) which is 24.7% (28.7%)of the relevantstandard. The worst daily average is 0.057 (0.065) mg mn3. FiguresE3.2-1 to Fig.E3.2-10show contour plots of SO2 concentrationfor each of the 10 worst days (assuminga sulphur content of 0.36%). 5.2.1.25 Table E3.2.5 shows the maximumdaily averageconcentrations at the variousmonitoring points. 5.2.1.26 The S02 maximumdaily averageconcentrations at the various monitoring points range from 0.011to 0.028mg m3 (0.012-0.032mg m3) which is 7.3- 18.7%(8.0-21.3%) of the air qualitystandard. - SO2 Annual averageconcentration 5.2.1.27 TableE3.2.6 gives the SO2 maximumannual average concentration values predictedby the Chinesemodel, compass bearing and distancesfrom Leiyang power plant. Fig.E3.2-11gives the distributionof S02 annual daily average concentration. 5.2.1.28 The SO2 maximumpredicted annual average concentration is very small, only 7.8% (8.8%)of the relevantChinese standard. It occursSSE of Leiyang PowerPlant and at a distance7.5km from the source. 5.2.1.29 Table E3.2.7 shows the predictedannual average concentrationsat the variousmonitoring points. NO. ground level concentrations Predictedby the ChineseModel 5.2.1.30 Figures showing contours of NOx ground level concentrationsare not shownin AppendixE, but havethe sameappearance as those shownfor SO2. The SO2 contourvalues shouldbe multipliedby 1.47 to obtain the equivalent valuesfor NOx. 5-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult - NO, hourly average concentrations 5.2.1.31 Predicted NOx maximum hourly average ground level concentrations at various monitoring points are listed in Table E3.2.9. 5.2.1.32 The maximum hourly average concentrations at these points range from 0.076 to 0.142 mg m-3 which is 51 to 95% of the relevant standard. 5.2.1.33 The hourly average concentrationof NOx at ground level for phase 1 and phase 2 combined was predicted using the Chinese model for each hour of the year, using the 1993 meteorologicaldataset. The results are presented in Table E3.2.8 in terms of the maximum concentration predicted in each stability category. The maximum hourly average concentration occurs under stability A, at 0.233 mg m 3 which is 155% of the Chinese air quality standard. It occurs at a distance of 1.59 km form the source. - NO. daily average concentrations 5.2.1.34 Predicted daily average ground level concentrationsfor the 10 days which had the highest concentrations are shown in Table E3.2.10 together with the locations of the maxima. The 10 ten worst days were calculated by ranking the daily averages for each day of the year. The 10th worst day is the 97 percentile daily average concentration for which there is a national standard. The NOx 97th percentile maximum daily average is 0.056 mg m-3 which is 56% of the relevant standard. The worst daily average is 0.085 mg m3. 5.2.1.35 Table E3.2.11 shows the predicted NOx maximum daily average concentrations at the various monitoringpoints. 5.2.1.36 The NOx maximum daily average concentrations at the monitoring points range from 0.015 to 0.042mg mi3 which is 15 to 42% of the air quality standard. - NO,, annual average concentration 5.2.1.37 Table E3.2.12 shows the NOx maximum annual average concentration and its location relative the Leiyang Power Plant. 5.2.1.38 The NOx maximum annual average concentration is 17% of the relevant Chinese air quality standard. It is located 7.5 km SSE of the power plant. 5.2.1.39 Table E3.2.13 shows the maximum annual concentrationspredicted by the Chinese model at the monitoring sites. 5.5 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult PMioground level concentrationmodel predictions 5.2.1.40 Figuresshowing contours of PM10 ground level concentrationsare not shown in AppendixE but havethe same appearanceas those shownfor SO2. The SO2 contourvalues should be multipliedby 0.25 to obtain the equivalent valuesfor NOx. - PM10 daily average concentration 5.2.1.41 Table E3.2.14 shows the PM10 maximumdaily average concentrations correspondingto the 10 worst days. The 97th percentilemaximum daily averageis 0.09mg m-3which is 6% of the relevantChinese air qualitystandard. 5.2.1.42 Listed in Table E3.2.15 are maximumof predictedPM 10 daily average concentrationsat the monitoringsites. They rangefrom 0.004to 0.007 mg m-3 which is 2% to 5% air qualitystandard. - PM10Annual average concentration 5.2.1.43 TableE3.2.16 shows the PM10 maximumannual average concentration and its locationrelative the LeiyangPower Plant. 5.2.1.44 The PM10 maximumannual average concentration is only 1%of the relevant Chineseair qualitystandard. It is located7.5 km SSEof the powerplant. 5.2.1.45 Table E3..2.17 shows the PM10 annual average concentrationsat the monitoringpoints. The powerplant is predictedto makea negligiblecontribution of PM10 annualaverage concentrations. Comparison Of The Environmental Impact Due To The 2nd Phase With That DueTo The 1st Phase 5.2.1.46 TablesE3.3-2(a), (b) & (c) showrespectively the predictedS02, NOx and PM10 maximumdaily averageconcentrations predicted by the Chinesemodel due to phase 1, phase 2 and for both phasescombined. The concentrations from the worst 10 daysare listedwith highestvalues first. 5.2.1.47 The 97th percentileof the SO2 maximumdaily averageconcentrations due to the Leiyang 1st phase,the 2nd phase and whole plant after phase 2 are respectivelyless than 12.0%,12.7% (16.7%), and 24.7%(28.7%) of the relevant air quality standard.The highest daily ground level concentrationsfrom the combinedphase 1 and phase2 is 38.0%(43.3%) of the standard. 5.2.1.48 For NOx,Table E3.3-2b,the predicted10th worst daily averagefor Leiyang 5-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 1st phase,Leiyang 2nd phase andthe whole plant are respectively17%, 37% and57% of the air qualitystandard. The worstday is respectively27%, 58% and 84%of the standard. 5.2.1.49 For PM,0, the predicted10th worst daily averagefor the two phases combined(Table E3.3-2c) is 5.8% of the air quality standardand the highest daily averageis predictedto be 8.7%of the standard. Comparisonof ADMSPredictions with ChineseModel Predictions 5.2.1.50ADMS was configuredto predictdaily average ground level concentrations of SO2,NOx, and PM1O due to Leiyangphase 2 powerplant. The modelused wind speed,wind direction,cloud cover, temperature, boundary layer height, as measuredor determinedfrom the meteorologicaldata recordedby the Leiyang MunicipalObservatory every 3 hours during each day. The 10 worst days identified by the Chinese model were used in the ADMS analysis. The maximumdaily averageground level concentrationspredicted to occurduring each of thesedays are presentedin Table5.2.1-4 for SO2. The positiorsof the maximaare also indicated. The sametable includesthe predictionsfrom the Chinesemodel. 5.2.1.51 It can be seenthat ADMSpredicts maximum daily average concentrations of SO2 on averageabout 20% of thosepredicted by the Chinesemodel. There are severalreasons for ADMSto consistentlypredict lower daily concentrations. One likely contributingreason will be that ADMSallows for some or all of the plumeto penetratethe boundarylayer under some conditions and henceallows the plumeto contributelittle or nothingto the groundlevel concentrations during these periods. Plumepenetration occurs most often when the boundarylayer is low, such as at night or during early moming/evening.The Chinesemodel assumesthat the plume is reflectedback downwardsupon reachingthe top of the boundary layer leading to higher concentrations. Other reasons for differencesbetween the modelsmay relateto the differentformulations used to calculatethe dispersionparameters and the inclusionof an adjustmentdue to topographythat has been appliedto the Chinesemodel but not to the ADMS model..The effect of topographyis not consideredto be importantin ADMS unlessthere are majorslopes greater than 1 in 10. 5.2.1.52 It is concludedthat the Chinesemodel is likely to over-estimatedaily average,and annualaverage ground level concentrations(although a suitable meteorologicaldataset was not availableto use in ADMS in order to calculate annualaverages). 5-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft 5.2.1.53 Also includedin Table 5.2.1-4are the ADMS predictionsof the maximum hourlyconcentrations generated during each day. The highesthourly average S02 concentrationduring these 10 particulardays is 104(133)pg m4. This is not necessarilythe worst hourlyconcentration since that may occuron a day other thanthose with the highestdaily values. 5.2.1.54 In order to obtain a reasonableestimate of the highest hourly average groundlevel concentrationsthat might occur as a result of the Leiyangpower plant,ADMS was run with a seriesof extremeweather conditions. In orderto comparethe predictionswith those from the Chinesemodel a weathercondition was selectedfrom the rangeof conditionsassociated with each Pasquillstability category. 5.2.1.55 Table5.2.1-5 shows the resultsof the analysisfor SO2, NOx undertakenfor Leiyangphase 1 and2 andthe combinationof both. The Chinesemodel results for each stabilityclass (takento be the maximumground level concentrations predictedin each class)are comparedto those predictedby ADMS. ADMS predictedzero groundlevel concentrations for the categoryE conditionchosen. 5.2.1.56 ADMS has predictedhigher groundlevel concentrationsfor categoriesA and B than the Chinesemodel. Sincethese categories correspond to unstable conditions and ADMS treats dispersion in unstable conditions in a more advancedmanner than the Chinesemodel, it is likelythat ADMS is providinga better estimateof the maximumhourly concentrations. Inclusion of Background Componentin Assessmentof Effecton Air Qualityof Leiyang Phase2 5.2.1.57 Referringto Tables5.2.1-3a,b,c: In the caseof S02, the total concentration predictedby the Chinesemodel due to the phases I and 2 combinedis less _ than the relevant standardswhen added on to the backgroundcomponent. However,in the case of NOx,the combinedmaximum hourly averageground level concentrationsdue to the two power plantsare greaterthan the Chinese standard for NOx (150 pg me). Such exceedances of the standard will be rare. The maximum daily NOx concentrationpredicted by the Chinese model also exceeds the standard if account is taken of the backgroundconcentration. However,the Chinesemodel probably over-estimates the daily concentration. 5.2.1.58 As discussedfurther in AppendixE, at groundlevel, the proportionof the NOx in a powerstation plume presentas NO2 is typically30% or less and only occasionallyreaches 50% when levelsof ambientozone are high. It is generally consideredthat it is the NO2 that is harmfulto healthrather than total NOx. The 5-8 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult Chinesehourly averagestandard for NO2 is 120 pgmn and is likely not to be exceededeven under the extremeconditions of classA atmosphericstability. 3 5.2.1.59 Other standards for NO2 such as the UK (300 pg m4) or WHO (200 pg m ) standardswill alsonot be exceeded.The WorldBank guidelines only providea NOx standardfor annualmean concentrations. No levelsare set for hourlyor daily meanvalues. 5.2.1.60 It has alsobeen assumed that the flue gas NOx concentrationswill be 1500 mg m-3 which may possiblybe betteredby plant that will be tenderedfor this project. 5.2.1.61 It is therefore consideredthat, not withstandingthe possibilityof the Chinese NOx standard being exceeded infrequentlydue to the combined operationof Leiyangphases 1 and 2, the contributionof the Leiyangplant to ambientNOx concentrationsis consideredacceptable. 5.2.1.62 ADMS predictions of PM10 daily average and annual ground level concentrationsare less than those predictedby the Chinese model which thereforemay be consideredto be pessimistic.The contributionof the plantto PM10 concentrationsis smalland the standardswill not be exceededeven when accountis takenof the backgroundcomponent. 5.2.1.63 A discussionof the effect of a phase 3 on air quality may be found in section5.8.3. ConclusionsOn AtmosphericImpacts 5.2.1.64 The majorityof the predictionsof groundlevel concentrationsof SO2, NOx, and PM,0 were producedusing the Chinesedispersion computer model. A 'worst' case conditionsstudy was also undertakenusing the Atmospheric DispersionModel System(ADMS) in order to providesupport to the Chinese modellingand to test the robustnessof the conclusionsreached. 5.2.1.65 Predictionsof groundlevel concentrationswere comparedto the relevant Chineseand Intemationalair qualitystandards. 5.2.1.66 It was found that the World Bank or ChineseSO 2 and PM1O air quality standardswere very unlikelyto be exceededby phase2 on its ownor together with phase 1. 5.2.1.67 Somedifferences between the Chinesemodel and ADMS predictionswere evident. These could be explainedin terms of the model formulation- the Chinese model tending to predict higher daily and annual ground level 5-9 Hunan Power Development Piject (Part A) Power Consult concentrations. 5.2.1.68 The NOx Chinesemaximum hourly averagestandard is predictedto be exceededfor a small percentageof the year. However,the World Bank does not apply guidelinesfor 1hr NOx concentrationsand other Intemationalhourly average standardsfor NOx or NO2 will not be exceeded. It is therefore concludedthat suchsmall exceedancesof the Chinesestandard are acceptable on humanhealth grounds. 5.2.2 Water Environment Impact Assessment ReliabilityOf WaterSupply 5.2.2.1 The water resourcefor the 1st and 2nd phase of the LeiyangPower Plant projectis LeishuiRiver. The flowsin the Leishuiare now controlledby the large and small Dongjanghydro-power stations. According to flow monitoring, the minimum24 hr averagedwater flow in the intake river sectionis 41.7m3s1at 97% insurancerate This is just sufficientfor the LeiyangPower Plant supply, which requiresup to 37.04m 3s- for phases1 and 2. 5.2.2.2 However, in future, accordingto the No.13 documentissued by Hunan Electric Power Controlling and CommunicateBureau (HEPCB,1997),an assurance has been given for Lelyang Power Plant water supply that, by controllingDongjiang Reservoir, the minimumdaily flow will be ensuredto be morethanl16ms 1 3S-1. CoolingWater SystemImpacts 5.2.2.3 The water intake and outletof LeiyangPower Plant will bring two possible kinds of impact. One is that it could changethe flow velocityfield of Leishui River and so affect river shipping. The other is that the cooling water will increaseriver water temperatures. 5.2.2.4 The department of cooling water, Institute of Water Resources and HydropowerResearch (IWHR) was commissionedto compare four possible coolingwater intake/ ouffalldesigns by physicaland mathematical modelling. 5.2.2.5 The physicalmodel was constructedon a 1:150 horizontalscale and 1:75 verticalscale andcovered a 3.8 km reachof the river in a model26m x 3m. This was primarilyused to investigatethe detailednear field impactsof the potential dischargedesigns, including stratification of the thermalplume and recirculation to the intake. 5-10 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft 5.2.2.6 2-Dimensional (depth averaged) mathematical models were also used to predict the extent of the thermal plume at greater distances downstream than was feasible to investigate in a physical model. 5.2.2.7 The possible designs differed in the angle that the discharge entered the river and the presence and size of a flow guiding dam upstream of the discharge. The intention was to find a design that would i) not cause cross flows that could affect shipping, ii) prevent warm water being entrained at the intake and iii) as far as possible maintain a cold water channel for fish to pass freely past the immediate vicinity of the discharge. 5.2.2.8 The configuration of the river and intake structure is such that when water is being abstracted for the 2nd phase of the project, a "cool water wedge' will form in front of the intake, which be helpful to obtain cooler in-flow water. Hence, the water temperature rise at the intake in all trial designs for the 2nd phase, even during the dry season, is small at only 0.0°C-0.3°C. 5.2.2.9 A recommendedoutfall design consists of setting the phase 2 discharge at an angle of 470 to the river bank, outlet width of 12.7m at a bottom elevation of 72.00m, and adding a flow guiding dam upstream of the outlets at an elevation of 73.5m. With this design, no detectable increase in intake water temperature through recirculationwas detected in the physical model. 5.2.2.10 IWHR considered a few different flow conditions in their models. River flows were modelled based primarily on concerns about worst case dry river flow conditions, over the range 43.6 m3s-1 to 120 m3s-1. Outlet flows were also considered for both a phase 2 development at 2 x 350 MW as well as the 2 x 300MW scale now proposed. All of the modelling included the impact from the phase 1 discharge, on the basis that the combined heat field from both project would be the impact on the river until closure of the phase 1 plant, which is not yet planned. The additional impact from a possible phase 3 development is considered in section 5.8. The following discussion abstracts the principle findings that are relevant to the proposed 2 x 300MW scheme discharging alongside the existing 2x200MW discharge.. 5.2.2.11 Not surprisingly at the very low flows considered, although recirculation could be avoided, thermal impacts on the river were predicted to be large. For example, for 41.7 m3s-1 the cooling water flow represents nearly 89% of the river flow so very little dilution of the thermal plume can occur. Temperature would then slowly be lost by heat exchange at the surface, but essentially, the full temperature increment would travel several tens of km downstream. 5-11 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5.2.2.12 However,minimum river flowswill in future be regulatedat a minimumof 116 m3s1. The followingresults presented are thereforea selectionfrom the runs undertakenat 105 m3s, which will be more nearly representativeof dry flow conditionsfor Phase2. 5.2.2.13 Duringdry season,the waterintake and outlet of the 2nd phaseof the plant projectwould only havea small impacton the water headand cross flow in the river, with cross river velocitypredicted to be below0.3ms 1 and the longitudinal flow velocityout of the drainageexit below 1.5ms'. Thiswould have no adverse impacton navigation.Flow pattems in the river, as estimatedfrom the physical modelare shownin Fig 5.2.2-1 5.2.2.14 For summeroutfall conditions, the surfacetemperature pattern, and some depth profilesare shownin Figure5.2.2-2. Temperaturedepth profilesfor two crosssections are shownin Fig 5.2.2-3. This showsthat the hottestwater tends to follow the bank downstreamon the side of the dischargefor over 1 km downstream. There is quite strongthermal stratification, with temperaturesat the river bedremaining at nearto ambientuntil nearly the edgeof the model. By point 'e' in Fig 5.2.2-2, approximately1.7 km downstream,this thermal stratificationhad largelybroken down, possibly as a resultof turbulencearound the islandsin the river. 5.2.2.15 It thereforeappears that the fully mixed conditionwould give rise to a temperatureincrease of approximately3-3.1°C. Priorto full mixing,there would remaina zoneat nearambient temperatures near the river bottomand alongthe far bank. This will help protectorganisms in the riverfrom adverseimpact since free swimmingfish will be able to select their preferredtemperature tolerance zones and less mobileorganisms living at or in the river bottom will not be exposedto the moreextreme conditions. 5.2.2.16 Fig 5.2.2-4shows the pattemthat wouldarise from dischargeunder winter conditions.The higherincremental temperatures in the dischargewould result in a slightly larger extensionof the surface temperatureimpacts. However,in winter,river flows wouldbe expectedto be 2-4 timeshigher than those modelled resultingin muchmore rapid dilution. 5.2.2.17 For further distancesdownstream the severityof the thermalplume was estimatedby 2-D mathematicalmodelling. This approachis reasonablewhere stratificationof the plume has brokendown. Figure5.2.2-5 shows the cross sectionsused in the mathematicalmodel - extendingdown to Yaotian Dam 36 km downstream. 5-12 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult 5.2.2.18 Table5.2.2-1 Showsthe predictedtemperatures at the locationsshown in Figure5.2.2-5. From this it is clearthat temperaturewill only decreaseslowly followingcomplete mixing, such that by YaotianDam, some 36 km downstream, river temperatureswould still be 1.80Chigher than otherwisein summer,and 2.30C higherin winter,assuming a low riverflow of only 105m 3s1. 5.2.2.19 As previouslynoted in Chapter4 (Fig4.3-4) summer water temperatures in Leishui River are now lower than the natural conditionas a result of the operationof the DongjiangDams. It is possibleto approximatelyestimate the temperatures that would occur at a position at the point of +30C impact, at 105 m3s1 river flow. The +3C incrementcan be addedto the 1993 temperature survey data from Leiyang,but flow weightedto reflect the monthly average 'design'river flow rate as a proportionof the 105m 3s-1modelled flow. This gives an approximationof additionaldilution that wouldoccur during the wet season. Although,only approximate, since the changedflows could alter the shapeof the plumeto some extent,this givessome indicationof the expectedscale of the impact over naturaltemperature conditions. It shouldalso be notedthat this approachis pessimistic,in that the 1993temperature monitoring data included the impact of the phase 1 scheme,at a point 800mdownstream of the power plant discharge,and the modellingalso includesthe phase 1 impact. This monthlytemperature pattem is shownin Figure5.2.2-6. 5.2.2.20 It appearsthat the areaimpacted by +30Cat low flowswould be subjectto temperaturesvery closeto the naturaltemperature regime. Thereis a tendency for slightlyhigher temperatures than natural to occurlater in the summer(August and September),at a time when natural temperaturesbegin to fall. Annual maximumtemperature is not significantlyaltered. This close correspondence betweenthe temperatures(predicted temperature vs. naturaltemperatures) is illustrated in Figure 5.2.2-7 which shows that the regressionline is almost identicalto a 1:1 relationship,with a very highcorrelation coefficient (r 2=0.93). 5.2.2.21 It follows that the 'true' +30C impact zone, usually considered in environmentalassessments, should perhaps be consideredto be the +60Czone as estimatedin the modellingstudies of summerconditions (Figures 5.2.2-2 & 5.2.2-3). For the 105 m3s-1 flow rate, at the surface this zone extendsfor approximately0.9 km downstreamx 50 m wide, but is very restrictedin the depththat is affected. At higherriver flows it wouldbe expectedthat the extent of this zonewould be smallerthan this. Other WasteWater Discharges 5.2.2.22Waste water will be treated to attain the requiredstandards by standard 5-13 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult technologiesappropriate to powerstation operations. These includesettlement of suspendedsolids, neutralisationtanks to controlpH, oil interceptorsto treat water contaminatedwith oil,sewage treatment oxidation ponds etc. 5.2.2.23Following the phase 2 development,waste waters (includingash water, acid/alkalinewaste water, oil contaminatedwater, sluicing water from coal handlingplant, domesticsewage) will be directedto the ash sluicingsystem, rather than being dischargedto Leishui River. This will ensure negligible environmentalimpacts from wastewater discharges. Ash Water 5.2.2.24 There is one ash site for both the 1st and 2nd phase,only the dam height needsto be increasedin the 2nd phase.This ash site is builtin a valleyand the dam bottomis water permeable. In the 1st phase,most of ash water, except that part permeatingthrough the dam, leakingthrough the bottom or lost by evaporation,is dischargedthrough a dedicateddrainage channel into Leishui River. 5.2.2.25 As notedin the baselinedata (Tables4.3.4-1 & 4.3.4-2ythe dischargefrom the ash yard is often non-compliantwith the dischargestandard. It is unlikely that this wouldhave a highlysignificant effect on a river as large as the Leishui, as dilutionrates of the dischargewill be very large. However,opportunity will be taken of the phase2 developmentto interceptsurface run-off entering the ash yard and directthis to the river. Water within the yard will be recycledto the power plant. Followingthis, the ash yardwill haveno impacton surfacewaters and so will haveeliminated the pollutingeffects of the existingdischarge. 5.2.2.26 Accordingto 3Thegeology report for Leiyangpower plant ash disposal"by HunanElectric Power Design Institute, the ash site bottomhas an upperlayer of subclaycrust with a thicknessof 0.5-0.8mand a lowerlayer of dark-brownpuddly subclay. The total thicknessis 1-3.3m. Becausethis tight clay layercovers this area, the groundwatersupply is limited. The permeationcoefficient of the subclay is between3.33 x10 -2.06 x 10-7cm/s and the averageis 2.39x 10-7cm/s. 5.2.2.27 The bedrockmainly consistsof carbonicshale, mud shale and compact texturelimestone with poorpermeability. The groundwaterlevel can be measured only in a few bore holes on the east side of the valley.The groundwateris from the bedrock crevicewater. The conditionsfor groundwatercollection are very poor. 5.2.2.28 The leakagethrough ash site bottomcan be approximatelyestimated by Darcy law: K 5-14 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Q=KJA where, Q = amountof the leakingwater J = Hydraulicgradient, taken as 1 (representingthe maximumpossible); A =Ash site area,98 x 104 m; K = Permeationcoefficient, 2.39 x 10- cm/s. The calculatedmaximum groundwater leakage rate from the above equationis 8.4 tUh. 5.2.2.29 Becausethe dam was built on compactlimestone and carbonicshale throughwhich the waterpermeation is difficult,ash water will mainlyleak through the dam, not the site boKtom.The ashwater that leaksthrough the damwill be collected,returned to the ash yardand then reused. 5.2.2.30 The ash water leakinginto groundwateris extremelysmall, at only 8.4tVh and so the impactof ashwater to groundwateris small. Monitoringdata indicate that the "GroundwaterQuality Standard"(Class IlIl in GB/T14848-93)is not exceeded(see Tables 4.3.3-2 & 4.3.3-3). Thereis no reason'tosuppose that the storageof additionalash from the phase2 projectwill addsignificantly to the rate of dischargeto groundwaterfrom the existingash yard. 5.2.3 Noise Impact PredictionAnd Assessment SourceStrength Of NoiseSource 5.2.3.1 The noise generatedby equipmentin the powerplant is mainlyof medium and low frequency. The major noise sourcesare generators,ball mills, forced and inducedfans and pumps. These are mainlylocated in the main planthall. The powerplant noise sourceparameters in the 1st phaseproject are shown in Table 5.2.3-1. For the 2nd phase project noise source parameters are determinedby analogyto similarpower stations - their noise levelsare shownin Table5.2.3-2. PredictionModel 5.2.3.2 After generationfrom the source,the noise radiatesoutwards and reaches the sound receptorpoint throughdistance attenuation, screening and reflecting by the groundsurface and attenuationby meteorologicalconditions etc. With respect to the common impact at one sound receivingpoint from multiple sources,the resultingnoise level is a resultof energysuper imposition. 5-15 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult 5.2.3.3 The sound levelsin Tables5.2.3-1 and 5.2.3-2were the sourceparameters for the sound model.On the powerplant generallayout diagram, model points were set out as a 25x25mgrid, with planthall as centre. From this is calculated the anticipatednoise distribution, taking into accountsuper imposition of multiple sources,shown in Fig. 5.2.3-1. 5.2.3.4 From this diagram,the noise at the powerplant boundarynoise would not exceedcriteria of GB 12348-90,GB3096-93 or thoseof the WorldBank. 6.2.4 Solid Waste And Coal Dust 5.2.4.1 The ash removalsystem is shownin Fig.3.6-2. 5.2.4.2 Ash (PFA)and slag(FBA) utilisation is the effectiveway to tum wasteinto a resource. Power plant ash and slag can be used widely in the construction industry. Phase 1 has had a low rate of ash utilisation - typically only approximately1% is used in pit-fillingand road-paving. The use is possibly increasing,with a privatelyowned local manufacturerusing ash from the site to makeheat insulating building blocks. 5.2.4.3 PFA and FBA in the phase2 projectwill be removedseparately. FBA is an excellentconstruction material, which is likelyto be entirelyutilised. 5.2.4.4 The ash removalsystem will be designedwith hydraulictransport to the ash yard. However,to facilitatethe comprehensiveutilisation of ash, the powerplant is to reservean interfaceand field for dry ashoutput. Dry ash removalconserves the physicaland chemicalproperties of the ash, makingutilisation easier. 5.2.4.5 Fly ash has many potentialuses: in brick fabrication,road foundations,and as cementadmixture and can also used in filling ditch to reclaimland, in earth bankingto farm fields. 5.2.4.6 Cementmixed with fly ash and mortarmixed with fly ash used in highway foundationsare energysaving measures strongly recommended by the National EconomyCommission and Ministryof Communication.Various provinceshave widely adoptedthese projectswith good results. A highwaysix meters wide, could use 1000t fly ash everykilometre. With the constructionof a state highway and expresswayin the vicinity of power plant,the utilisationof ash slag has a huge potential. 5.2.4.7 The ash lagoon is in a mountainvalley with relativelysteep slopes and luxuriant vegetationand is always to be operatedwith a water surface until completionof the scheme.The surface water effectivelyprevents dust blow 5-16 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult problemsarising from the ash yard. Currentlythere is a small proportionof floating ash, that may become strandedat the shoreline and cause some dustblow. This is an excellentmaterial for thermalinsulating blocks and someis currentlyrecovered for that purpose. Encouragingthis usewill further minimise the potentialfor dust problemsat the ashsite. CoalYard & CoalDust 5.2.4.8 LeiyangPower Plant, currentlyhas had one dry coal shed with a span of 72m and lengthof 120m. The 2nd phaseproject is to buildanother similar dry coalshed. 5.2.4.9 The coal yard has a maximumwidth of 70m and pile height of 12m. The maximumcapacity of coal is 171 thousandtons - enoughfuel for 14.3 days operation. The maximumcapacity of the dry coal shed is 97 thousandtons, that is enoughfuel for 8.4 days. 5.2.4.10 The specialitems for controllingfugitive dust in coal transportationsystem and coalyard are primarly: * to addtightly sealed damper on coalconveyors, * to addfunctional dust precipitationsystem at transferpost, * to addvacuum dust precipitationin coalbunker etc. to effectivelyprevent coal dust from affectingthe environment. * To spraythe coalstock with water during dry wintermonths. 5.3 ImpactsOutside Plant Area 5.3.1 TransmissionEngineering 5.3.1.1 The environmentalassessment of the transmissionsystem impacts are the subject of a separatereport : "EnvironmentalAssessments of LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 ExtensionProject (2x300 MW) HunanProvince, PRC. Part B - TransmissionSystem" 5.3.2 Water Supply And Ash Pipe Lines 5.3.2.1 In 2nd phaseproject, the powerplant is to constructone water supply pipe line (2440 mm diameter,830 m long),a doubledrainage ditch (2x2.0x3.0m, 570 m long) and single drainageditch (2.0x3.0m, 100 m long) and anothertwo ash pipelines(325mm diameter, 4450 m long).The routesof the water supplyand draining pipes and ditchesand the ash pipelinesare mainlyacross hills and a 5-17 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft few farm fields.These pipelines and ditchesare to be laid or constructednext to those of the 1st phaseproject. They will bringvery little additionalimpact to the environment. 5.4 Ecology 5.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology 5.4.1.1 The potentialmajor impactsto terrestrialecology associated with Leiyang powerplant 2nd phaseextension project are impactsto terrestrialplants incurred by ash lagoonextension, and by flue gas dischargedby 2nd phaseproject. The proposedpower plant site itself, is situatedon landadjacent to the existingplant and is largelyon landpreviously used for worksassociated with the construction of phase 1. There is thereforeno significantecological impact arising from developmenton this site. Ash Yard 5.4.1.2 Aimingat the requirementof storingash for 20 yearsproduction from the for 1st and 2nd phase projects,the power plant has had the ash yard land requisitionelevation increased from 174 m to 200m. The newly requisitioned area is 0.47kM 2, whichrepresents the areaof vegetationthat will be lost from 20 years operationof phase 2 plantassuming no utilisationof ash as a usefulby- product. 5.4.1.3 The plant species surroundingthe ash lagoon have been surveyed and identified(Table 4.6.1-1). It was found that the plants surroundingthe ash lagoon are composedof 16 families 23 generaand 28 species. There are no rare or preciousspecies to be found,the speciespresent being widely distributed in this part of China. 5.4.1.4 On completion,the ash lagoonwill be coveredby earthand revegetated. 5.4.1.5 Based upon predictionsof ground level concentrationsof atmospheric pollutantsand viewingfrom the angle of influencingthe plant growth,the SO2 daily average ground concentrationsall are relatively small, satisfying the requirementsof GB9137-88'The max. permissibledischarge concentration of atmosphericpollutants for protectionof crops", implying no impact to plant growth. AfforestationIn PowerPlant 5.4.1.6 With manytrees providingshade and shelterfrom winds,cultivated flowers 5-18 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult blossoming in profusion and grass carpeting more open areas, the soft landscapingof LeiyangPower Plant area and residentialquarter is excellent. It providesa pleasantenvironment and co-ordinateswell with the surrounding vegetation.After the completionof 2nd phaseextension project, the powerplant will be furtherafforested in a similarway. 5.4.2 Aquatic Ecology 5.4.2.1 After the completionof the phase 2 extensionproject, the LeiyangPower Plant is to have the oil contaminatedwaste water, domesticsewage, acidic alkaline waste water and coal yard drainagewater all treated and then re- utilised.The ash lagoonash waterwill be recirculatedfor reuse.Therefore, the water drainingto LeishuiRiver will mainlybe coolingwater and uncontaminated surfacewater drainage. 5.4.2.2 The data from the baseline studies suggestthat the fauna below the DongjiangDam is impoverishedas a result of the cold summertemperature regime that occurs there. By the LeiyangSection, thermal conditionshave improved to more natural levels and consequentlythe- diversity of fish populationshas alsoimproved. This findingincludes the existingimpact arising from the phase1 LeiyangPower Plant, for whichthere is no evidenceof marked adverseimpacts. 5.4.2.3 Benthic invertebratesampling, in the vicinity of the LeiyangPower Plant dischargealso did not indicateany adverseeffects on invertebrateabundance or diversity in the area affectedby the thermaldischarge by up to 2.90C above ambienttemperatures. 5.4.2.4 The combinedeffects of the phase I & 2 LeiyangPower Plants will be to return water temperaturesto approximatelynatural conditions (Figures 5.2.2-6 and 5.2.2-7), after full mixingwith even the minimumriver flows (see section 5.2.2.19). 5.4.2.5 In the near-fieldthe heated plumetends to be buoyantand leave a cold water channelto the side and belowthe thermalplume. This will allow mobile organismssuch as fish to avoidany areasthat are unfavourable,and will also minimiseimpacts on sedentarybenthic organisms. 5.4.2.6 As a result of the existingabnormally low summerwater temperatures, and the buoyancyof the thermaldischarge in the near field, adverse impactsfrom the proposeddirect coolingwater systemwill be muchless than might normally be anticipated.It is consideredthat no significantadverse impacts will arisefrom 5-19 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult this proposeddischarge. Any potentialdetectable impact would be restrictedto the immediatevicinity of the dischargearea before significant dilution occurs with riverwater. 5.5 Social Economy And Living Standards 5.5.1 Electricity Supply And Economy 5.5.1.1 Beginningin the late 1970s,power deficienciesare getting progressively worse, as the generaleconomy in Hunandevelops. The annual shortageof power was estimatedas 3.OTW.hduring the 8th five-yearsplan (1990-1995). Duringthe next decade,the powerdemand will still exceedgenerating capacity within the province,despite of a number of large scale power plants being scheduledfor construction,including the 2nd phase projectof LeiyangPower Plant. The constructionof large scaleelectric power sources, such as the 2nd projectof Leiyangpower plant, is consideredessential if powerdeficiencies are not to becomea key factorrestricting economic development. 5.5.1.2 Hydroelectricpower accountsfor 52.3%of generatingcapacity in Hunan (1995). 78% of the hydropowerstations are usedto regulateriver flows or are run-of-riverpower stations, all with poordemand following ability. Also thereis a big differenceof poweroutput availability between dry and wet seasons.During the dry season, there will always be a seasonalpower deficiencyand the operationof the powergrid becomesvery difficult. Moreover,all of the largeand medium-sizehydropower stations under constructionor plannedin Hunan are seasonallyadjusting stations. Whenthese stations become operational, the load following ability of hydropowerin Hunan power grid will reduce further. It is anticipatedthat the gap of powergeneration capacity between the dry and the wet seasonwill increaseto over2000MW by the year of 2000,from 1OOOMW at present. To counteractthis, it is necessaryto further developthermal power to improvethe powersource structure. 5.5.1.3 The main power sourcesof Hunanpower grid are centralisedin north-east and north Hunan,while the main power load is in central and southem Hunan (with overthe 50% of powerload of wholeprovince compared with 37.6%of the generating capacity). This requires a large quantity of electric power to be transmittedfor a long distances,presenting difficulties for the operationof Hunan power grid. To mitigate these problems,it is necessaryto construct large capacity power sources in the area of central and southemHunan. The 2nd phase projectof LeiyangPower Plant is the sole largescale project scheduled in southem Hunan. With its operation as scheduled,the power generating E 5-2O HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult capabilitywill nearly keep a balancein southemHunan. Otherwise, it will be inevitableto transmita large amountof powerto south Hunan(the end of the powergrid), which will compromisethe safe andstable operation of the grid. The improvementof the powergrid structure will improvesecurity of supplywhich will assist economicand industrialdevelopments that requirea reliablesource of power. 5.5.1.4 There is a large proportionof uneconomicsmall thermo-generationsets in Hunanpower grid. In 1995,the poweramount generated by mediumand low pressureunits was about4.2 TWh requiringan additional106-207 x 104 tons of coal compared with more modem units. Considerable economic and environmentalbenefits would follow closure of 300MW of medium and low pressurethermo-generating sets if replacedby 2x300MW units of the Leiyang project. The environmentalbenefits are discussedfurther in section5.7 5.5.1.5 With approximately20x10 9 tons of potentialreserves of hardcoal in Hunan, this representsa valuableresource for exploitationfor powergeneration. After operationof the 2nd phase projectof LeiyangPower Plant, the moneyspent in purchasingcoal by the powerplant will exceed0.4 billionRMB yuan. This will be of significancefor enhancingjob opportunitiesand developingthe local coal industryand the localeconomies. 5.5.1.6 The existent power station site and its associatedinfrastructure offer considerablebenefits with regard to the potential of this site for further development.Thus there is an existingrailroad, highway, cooling water pump house,ash lagoonand other auxiliary installations, together with well established livingquarters for operatingstaff andtheir families. 5.5.1.7 Comparedwith a projecton a new site with equal capacity,the investment will be reduced by 0.2-0.3 billion RMB yuan (see Table 3.2-1) and the constructionperiod shortenedby at least six months. With such favourable economicbenefits, this projectshould be constructedas earlyas possible. 5.5.1.8 The electricpower generated by the projectwill satisfythe powerdemand of society in south Hunan,and alleviatestrained power supply for local industrial and agriculturalproduction. This improvementto the local energystructure will ensuresecure power supplies and so boostthe localeconomy. Assumingeach kilowatt-hour,will producea valueof 6.5 yuanin increasedlocal production,then the 3.102billion kWh annuallygenerated by the project,will produce20.16 billion yuanof benefitsto local societyeach year. 5-21 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5.5.2 Traffic And Public Facilities 5.5.2.1 Local hardcoal will be usedas the fuel for the 2nd phaseproject of Leiyang PowerPlant. This will helpto minimisecoal transport requirements 5.5.2.2 The extensionof the powerplant will producefinancial and taxationincome to the local govemment(Table 5.5.2-1). This will allow the local govemmentto invest in infrastructuresuch as roads and highways,telecommunication and such social systemsas the fire services, publicorder and security,and also medicaland healthcare institutions,schools and culture and recreationfacilities. This investmentwill helpto raiselocal living standards. 5.5.3 Employment And Women's Status 5.5.3.1 At present, a majority of labour in Leiyang prefectureare engaged in agricultural production with low income and poor living standards. The constructionof projectwill not only assist local coal industriesand create job opportunitiesthere, but also a certainamount of labourwill be neededfor the constructionand operationof the power plant. Some local labour, after being trained to meet the requirementsof constructionand operation,will be directly employedby the powerplant. 5.5.3.2 It is estimated that the average workforce during constructionwill be approximately4000, with a maximumof 7000 persons. Approximately550 people will be employedduring operationof the power station, althougha substantialnumber of these jobs will be from personnelcurrently employed on phase 1 and whowill be madeavailable by manpowerefficiency improvements. 5.5.3.3 The projectwill promotethe developmentof local constructionand building materialsindustries with the creationof someemployment opportunities. 5.5.3.4 During construction,the project will also increase demands on social commoditiesand services,which will promotethe developmentof local trades andcreate indirect employment. 5.5.3.5 In China, both men and womenhave equality in rights and duties.The role of women as contributorsand beneficiariesof the projectwill be fully considered during constructionand operation.The projectwill createdirect and indirectjob opportunitiesfor women which will increasetheir income and enhance their socialstatus. E 5-22 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5.5.4 Impacts From RecruitrnentOf Non-LocalWorkers 5.5.4.1 The constructionof all powerplants in Chinais undertakenby a professional workforce with many skilled technical workers. They undertakethe main technicaltasks of power plant construction. At the same time, some local workerswill be employedto undertakeauxiliary tasks. 5.5.4.2 Variousservices for the constructionworkers, such as food supply,culture and recreationfacilities, will be providedby the localpopulation. 5.5.4.3 No conflictin economicand culturalaspect has occurredin other placesin Chinawith this arrangement. 5.5.4.4 Becausethey undertaketasks which the localsare untrainedfor and bring technicalassistance, the constructionworkers coming from outsidethe areaare generallywelcomed by the localpopulace. 5.5.4.5 Experiencesuggests that the localworkers generally play a supportingrole in co-operationwith outsidetechnical workers. Generally,the entry of technical workersfrom outsidewill tend to raise the technicallevel of local inhabitants, widentheir field of visionand enhance their life quality. 5.5.4.6 By undertakingauxiliary jobs during construction,the income of local inhabitantswill be uplifted.Also, the entryof outsiderswith bringa largenumber of consumersfor local servicetrades. 5.5.4.7 A majorityof the constructionworkers would comefrom the local province, and only in a rare caseswould come from other regions. In general,there are no significantdifferences in cultureand custombetween the outsidersand the localsand so no conflictsshould arise. 5.5.5 Benefit Analysis For Local Inhabitants 5.5.5.1 On completionof the project,Leiyang Power Plant will supplymore electric power to local inhabitants, improve the energy structure and mitigate environmentalpollution. The increaseof the electricityconsumption of some industriesand inhabitantswill reducethe consumptionof crudeenergy (coal and oil) and consequentlywill helpto reduceother pollution sources. 5.5.5.2 With the electricityconsumption per capitaincreasing, the localeconomy will expandrapidly and the incomeper capitawill rise accordingly.The adoptionof domestic electronic apparatus and a modem life style will enhance living standardsand the qualityof culturalactivities. 5-23 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5.5.5.3 With an increasedpower supply in rural areas,the levelof mechanisationin agriculturalproduction and processingof farmingproducts will be raisedto some extent. As a result,productivity should rise andimprove the ruraleconomy. 5.5.5.4 Increasedsecurity of power supplywill promotethe developmentof village and town ship enterprises,and speedthe developmentof rural areasso as to help narrowthe gapbetween city andrural areas. 5.5.5.5 Traditionalconcepts of a smallscale peasanteconomy will changewith the enhancementof living standards and increased communicationswith the outside. At the same time, knowledgeand informationabout the market economy,needed in developinglocal production, will alsoincrease. 5.5.6 Land Requisition And Reseftlement 5.5.6.1 Havingbeen agreed with the WorldBank, these issueswill be discussedin anotherspecific report. 5.6 Construction Period 5.6.1 Ambient Air Impact 5.6.1.1 Fugitivedust pollutionmay arise during construction from: - excavatingand exploring of land; - extension of the ash lagoon dam; - Fugitivedust pollutionraised by transportationof constructionmaterials and otherequipment. 5.6.1.2 The above mentioneddust pollutionwould last for a short time, with low intensity. The potential impacts are those associatedwith any large scale constructionproject. Impactto the surroundingcan be minimisedif appropriate mitigationmeasures are applied,as discussedin chapter6. 5.6.2 Water Pollution 5.6.2.1 Water pollutioncan be avoidedif the small amountof muddywastewater, producedduring construction can be dischargedafter settling. 5.6.2.2 Domesticsewage produced from the constructionworkers will be drained into the phase 1 project sewagetreatment system and dischargedafter it is withinthe requiredstandards. 5-24 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult 5.6.2.3 The small amount of oil-contaminatedwastewater, produced from the installationof equipment,can be also drainedinto the phase 1 projecttreatment systemand discharged only after satisfying the appropriatestandards. 5.6.2.4 With appropriateconstruction and mitigationmeasures, the impact on surfacewaters during the constructionperiod should be low. 5.6.3 Noise Impact 5.6.3.1 Plant noise duringconstruction period mainly comes from the operationof constructionmachines and traffic,etc. for whichnoise levels are shownin Table 5.6.3-1. 5.6.3.2 Predictionshave been made of expectednoise intensities at distancesfrom the constructionsite, assumingthe site is a point sourcewith an approximate constantnoise intensity of 105dB(A) (Table 5.6.3-2) 5.6.3.3 Table5.6.3-2 shows that the day and nightnoise level at 400mfar from the constructionyard can meet with class 2 standardin GB3096-93'Standard of EnvironmentalNoise in UrbanArea' (seeTable 2.4.1-c). The nearestresidential or other sensitiveareas are approximately500m from the outside the plant boundary. 5.6.3.4 In additionthe constructionactivities will haveto meetthe requirementsof the regulationsconceming "Construction Site BoundaryNoise" of GB12523-90 as set out in Table2.4.1-c. 5.6.3.5 The World Banknoise guidelines(Table 2.4-5) shouldalso not be violated by the proposedconstruction activities. 5.7 ReplacementOf Existing Boilers 5.7.1 The boilers scheduledfor closure and their emissionsare listed in Tables 3.11-1and 3.11-2. These may be comparedwith the emissionsfrom Leiyang PowerPlant as shownin Table5.7-1. This showsthat the phase2 plant has 2x the capacityof the plantto be closed,but wouldonly use an additional7.9% coal and emit 65.5%more NOx. Moreover,despite the increasedcapacity it would emit considerablylower amountsof S02, particulates,ash and slag. Clearlyit representsa considerableenvironmental benefit to HunanProvince to replace these relativelypolluting boilers with the muchmore efficient and highercapacity phase2 development. 5.7.2 The effect on local air qualityof closingdown these boilersis summarisedin 5-25 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 5.7.2. Although the areas affected by these boilers do not overlap significantlywith the areaaffected by the Leiyangplant, it is clearthat there will be a significantimprovement in air quality in various parts of Hunan Province oncethe plantsare closed. 6.8 Possible Phase 3 Development 5.8.1 Water Supply 5.8.1.1 The water requirementsof Phases 1 and 2 (at 2x200MW+ 2x300MVV) amount to 37.04 m3s-1. However,the phase 2 project originally received environmentalapproval for 2x35OMW,with a 39.9 m3s4 water requirement. Thus the new scheme representsa saving of 2.86 m3s-1 over a demand previouslyconsidered feasible and approved. 5.8.1.2 Phase3 wouldhave to be constructedwith an indirectcooling water system with coolingtowers. This is becausethe additional2 x 600 MWwould morethan doublethe water demandif directcooling were employed such that almostall of the dry riverflow wouldbe required.This would clearlyhave detrimental effects on thermaland ecological conditions downstream of the discharge. 5.8.1.3 The water demandfor 2x600MWindirect cooling systemwould only be approximately1.2 m3s-1,with a dischargeof approximately0.8 m3s' after lossof water through evaporation. This is within the difference in scale of water demand betweenthe phase 2 developmentusing 350MW units comparedto 300MW ones. As such, there should be no particular problem in accommodatingthe additionalrequirements of a further,indirect cooled, power station. 5.8.2 Ash Disposal 5.8.2.1 It would be feasible to increasethe size of the ash yard in stages to accommodatethe increasedash disposalrequirements from an extensionto a phase 3 development. Table5.8.2-1 shows the areacovered and capacityof the ash yard followingraising the ash dam to various level,the maximumof 230m (Yellow Sea Datum) is still consideredfeasible. This would provide a capacity of some 54.7 million i 3. 5.8.2.2 The potentialash disposalamounts from all three phasesof developmentis indicatedin Table 5.8.2-2. This assumesthat phase2 is completeby mid 2001 and that phase 3 is commissionedin 2010. 30 years disposalfrom phase 3 is then considered,together with the assumptionthat both phase 1 and phase 2 5-26 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult alsocontinue to produceash throughoutthis period. Clearlythis is a worst case assumptionin that phase I plant would then be over 40 years old, but still assumedto be operatingat full capacity. 5.8.2.3 Anotherpessimism is that the figuresassume that there will be no utilisation of ash or slagas a by-product. 5.8.2.4 Evenwith thesepessimisms it appearsthat it wouldbe feasibleto disposeof ash to the existingash yard,subject to increasingthe damheight. 5.8.2.5 There would of coursebe additionalloss of vegetationon the mountain slopesabove the ash yard. This is generallysimilar to the vegetationthat would be lost duringphase 2. There is also little or no farmingactivity on these high mountainslopes, so loss of farming land and resettlementissues should be relativelyminor in scale. 5.8.3 Air Quality 5.8.3.1 Tables 5.2.3a,b,cpresent estimates of the contributionof a third phase development,consisting of 2x600 MW unitswith an additional210m stack, to ground level concentrationsof SO2, NOx and PM1O. It can be seen that maximum hourly concentrationsof NOx are likely to exceed the Chinese standardsby a considerablemargin. 5.8.3.2 The effect of phase3 couldbe reducedby combiningthe phase2 stackwith the phase 3 stack, therebygreatly increasing the buoyancyof the combined plume. 5.8.3.3 There may also be some scope for limitingthe NOx emissionsfrom the phase3 plantby adoptionof the latestlow NOx bumertechnologies, that may be availableby the time of the phase3 development,and possiblyby using coals other than anthracite. It may be possibleto transportcoal to the site with a highervolatile content that wouldenable current low NOx bumertechnologies to achieve lower emissionrates. However,this would negate the benefits of buildingand operatingpit-mouth power stations. 5.8.3.4 it is concludedthat NOx air quality is at risk from a 2 x 600 MW phase 3 developmentat the samelocation. More detailedstudies would be requiredto determinewhether it is possibleto improvethe dispersion(e.g. by combiningthe stacks of phase 2 with the phase3 stack)or whetheraltemative technologies would be requiredin orderto protectthe environment.Another altemative may be to locatethe phase3 developmenta few kilometersfrom the existingLeiyang 5-27 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult site, such that the impacts from the stack emissions are not entirely superimposed.It may then be possibleto minimisepeak short term groundlevel concentrationsof air pollutants,whilst still sharingthe ash disposalfacility and utilisinglocal coaland water resources. 5.8.4 Noise 5.8.4.1 Noiseissues for Phase3 are reallya matterfor detailedengineering design and plantlayout. Thereare no reasonsto anticipateany particularproblems for a phase3 developmentrelating to noiseissues. 5.8.4.2 The requirementsof the national noise standards and World Bank requirementswill form part of the specificationof the plant which must be compliedwith as part of the supplycontracts. 5-28 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table5.1-1 Tableof PrincipalEnvironmental Impacts Item | EnvironmentalImpact A. EnvironmentalImpact From Location 1. Landoccupied 1. No land requisitionof plantsite ,ash site with partialland requisition 2. Mine 2. Plantsite is not on the mineyard 3. Preciousecology 3. Littleimpact 4. Historiccultural relics 4. No damage 5. Watersupply 5. No impact 6. Hydrologicstatus and flood frequency 6. No impact B. EnvironmentalIssues In The ProjectDesign 1. Atmosphericpollutants 1. Satisfythe relevantstandards, carry out (SO2,Nox,TSP,etc) monitoringprogram. 2. Surfacewater 2. The drainageof the plantdoesn't affect the functionof waters. 3. Groundwater 3. A little impact,needs to be monitored routinely. 4. Solidwaste (ash , slag, etc.) 4. Hydraulictransportation to ash lagoon or utilisation. 5. Noise 5. A littleimpact to staff. 6. Coolingwater system 6. Thewater in-taken does not affectthe growingand breading of the aquatics,but coolingwater discharge has some effects on LeishuiRiver water temperature. 7. The wasteliquid of boilercleansing 7. To sluiceash afterbeing treated to attainstandard. 8. Optionof pollution-controllingequipment 8. The optimalenvironmental protection technologyis to be consideredto havethe relevantcriteria attained after treatment C. EnvironmentalIssues During Construction 1. Vegetation 1. Someimpact locally 2. Kickedup dust and NO, emissionfrom 2. Someimpact traffic. 3. Noiseand vibration 3. Someimpact to the constructorsand surroundingpeople. 4. Sanitationfacility and constructorsliving 4. To satisfyrelevant sanitation requirements Continued-> 5-29 HunanPower Development Pmject (Pad A) PowerConsult (Table5.1-1 continued) D. EnvironmentalImpact During Operation 1. Fund 1. Sufficientfunds requiredto ensurethe operationand administrationof the various environmentalprotection measures 2. Personnelhealth and safety 2. Periodicphysical examination. 3. Treatmentof pollutantsdischarged by 3. Effluent within relevant criteria, carry the plant out monitoringprogram 4. Transportationeffects 4. The noise and dust raised bring some impactto the personneland inhabitantsin the vicinity 5. Ash lagoon 5. Damagesmall amount of vegetationand littleimpact to groundwater E. Off-site transmissionline (SeePart B of EA) 1. Rareand preciousecology 1. No impact 2. Environmentalaesthetics 2. Basicallyno impact 3. Landdestroyed and occupied 3. A little uncultivatedland 4. Electromagneticpollution and noise 4. A liftle impact F Social-economicimpact 1. Project occupiedland 1. Give compensationto mitigateimpact 2. Resettlement 2. Nonerequired 3. Employment 3. To provide chances of employee,to increaseincome of family and positionof women 4. Life leveland quality 4. To satisfy the need for electricity, to improve public facilities and living standards. 5. Regionaleconomic 5. To increasegross nationalproduct and taxes G. Overallexplanation of the key environmentproblems 1. Damage to natural conservation 1. No impact region 2. Damageand improper utilisation of 2. None scareresource 3. Do harmto speciesnear extinction 3. None 4. Leadingto unreasonablemigration of 4. None inhabitants 5. Enlargethe gap betweenthe rich and 5. No effect the poor E 5-30 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table5.1-2 The MainPollutant Factors Main pollutantsources Mainpollutant factors Air Water Solidwaste Noise Constructing High, Machines med. Low frequency Building TSP Constructing Med. ,low Construction Construction Rubbish frequency Period Traffic TSP Med., Transportation low frequency Constructing BOD5, Living Workers Petroleum Rubbish Stack SO2 , NO, PM 1 0 Coalyard TSP SS Coal Ash site TSP pH Ash andslag Operation Mainbuilding High, Period med. low frequency Plantdrainage SS Acid cleaning pH, SS, Water of boiler Fe, COD Coal Coal Med., Transportation transporting low line frequency Engineering Power Electrom transmission agnetic line noise r 5-31 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 5.2-1 ComparisonOf LeiyangPower Plant Stack Emissions With Standards Item Phase Emission Units GB13223-96 World Bank S02 1+2 (av.)' 3.11 tth 10.88 1+2(max.)| 3.57 t/h 10.88 1+2(max.)D 85.6 t/day 500G 1 801 mg Nm' 2 (av.)a 778a 2100" 2(max.) 886 mg Nm200 TSP 1 259e mgNm- 600e 2 1000.1 mg Nm'j 200" 100 NOx 1 750 mgNm1 - - 2 1000-1500 mg Nm'T 650 8109 a Phase2 coalsulphur (SLar) =0.36% b Phase2 coalsulphur = 0.46% Assuminglow ambient S02 d Excessair factor= 1.4 (approx6% 02) e Excessair factor= 1.7 (approx7.3% 02) f Assumesdesign to meetWorld Bank requirements 9 Equivalentto 300 ngfjoule 5-32 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult Table5.2.1-2 Emission Parameters Used In Modelling Items Symbol Unit 2X200 2X300 Total 1st 2nd Phase Phase (MW) ( MW) stack type CCSr CCST Stack heightof chimney Hg m 210 210 exit innerdiameter D m 6 7 Flue dry flue gas amount Vg Nm s- 560 622 gas wet flue gas amount VO Nm s 5580 646 = emission oxygen content in flue 02 % 7.5 6.7 age (exit ESP) excess air coefficient a 1.56 1.47 stackexit flue gastemperature TS C 120 118.5 parameters exit velocity VS m/s 29.5 24.1 = S02 massemission rate MS02 t/h 1.45 1.66 3.11 (2 .12)d (3 .5 7)d (Kg s') 0.40 0.46 0.86 I (O. 5 9 )d ( 0 *gg)d flue gas concentration Cs02 mg Nm 801 778(996) - Dust massemission rate MA t/h 0.57 0.213 0.783 Kg/s 0.158 0.059 0.218 (exit ESP) flue gas concentration CA mg Nm 259 100 - NOx massemission rate MNOx t/h 1.36 3.2 4.56 flue gas concentration CNOx mg Nm 750 1500 - a: CCST:concrete construction single tube b: the valueconverted to a=1.4 c: the value convertedto a=1.7 d: the value without bracketscorresponding to St,ar=0.36%; the value in brackets correspondingto St,ar=0.46% 5-33 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 5.2.1-3a Predictions Of Ground Level Concentrations of SO2 Due To ProposedAnd Existing PowerPlant SO2 PWgmi Max. Ann. Av Max. at Sensitive Sensitive Background at Background at Receptor Receptor no Max. Ann. Av. Receptor Phase I 2 0.4 3 20-40 40 Phase II 3(4) 1 (1.3) 20-40 40 Phase III 5 1.4 3 20-40 40 Phase lil Luan coal 4 1.1 20-40 40 I + Background' 22-42 40.4 Chinese Standard i 60 World Bank Standard = 100 1+ll+Background 25-45(26-46) 41.4(41.7) Chinese Standard a 60 World Bank Standardi 100 14l+11+Background 30-50(31-51) 42.8(43.1) Chinese Standard 5 60 World Bank Standard = 100 1+11+111Luan 29-49(30-50) 42.5(42.8) Chinese Standard 5 60 coal+Background World Bank Standard a 100 Max. Daily av. Max. Daily av. at Sensitive Background at Background at Sensffive Receptor no. Max. Daily Av Receptor Receptor An Av. Max day An Av Max day Phasel 29 15 5 20-40 76 43 55 Phasell 30(38) 15(19) 3 20-40 76 40 57 Phase Ill 40 19 3 20-40- 76 40 57 Phase Ill Luan coal 32 15 3 20-40 76 40 57 I+ Background Estr 49-69 58 Chinese Standard 5150 Monitored" 76 57 World Bank Standard = 500 1+ll+Backgroundo 79-99 (87-107) 73 (77) Chinese Standard = 150 World Bank Standard = 500 +114ll+l+Background' 119-139 (127- 92 (96) Chinese Standard . 150 147) Worid Bank Standard 3 500 1+11+111Luan 111-131(119- 88(92) Chinese Standard = 150 coal+Backgroundb 139) World Bank Standard a 500 Max. hourly av. Max. hourly av. Sensitive Background at Background at at Sensitive Receptor no. Max. hourly Av. Receptor Receptor An Av Max 1hr An Av Max lhr Phase I 97 65 3 20-40 87 40 74 Phase II 57(73) 46(59) 11 20-40 87 40 81 Phase Ill 78 64 11 20-40 87 40 81 Phase Ill Luan coal 62 51 11 20-40 87 40 81 I + Background Est" 117-137 111 Chinese Standard - 500 Monitored' 75 81 1+ll+Background' 174-194(190- 157(170) Chinese Standard = 500 210) Il4l+4lI+Background' 252-272(268- 221(234) Chinese Standard a 500 288) 1+11+111Luan 236-256(252- 208(221) Chinese Standard - 500 coal+Backgroundb 272) * Monitored background includes operation of Phase I power plant, but may not coincide with position of peak ground level impact b Estimate based on modelling prediction addedto annual average concentration f 5-34 HunanPower Development Project (Pat A) PowerConsult Table 5.2.1-3bPredictions of ground level concentrationsof NOx ( expressed as NO2 ) due to proposedand existing power plant NOx Max. Ann. Av Maxat Sensitive Background at Background at (NOx Sensitive Receptor no. Max. Ann. Av. Receptor expressed as Receptor N0 2 ) Phase I 6 1 3 20-30 22 Phase II 6 2 3 20-30 22 Phase ill 9 3 3 20-30 22 Phase liI Luan coal 4 1 3 20-30 22 I + Backgrounds 26-36 23 Chinese Standard =50 (NOx) 40 ( NO2 ) World Bank Standard = 100 ( NO2 ) I+ll+Background 32-42 25 Chinese Standard =50 (NOx) 40 ( NO2 ) World Bank Standard - 100 ( N02 ) l+11+.l1+Background 41-51 28 Chinese Standard =S0 (NOx) 40 ( NO2 ) World Bank Standard = 100 ( NO2 ) 1+11+111Luan 36-46 26 Chinese Standard =50 (NOx) 40 ( NO2 ) coal+Background World Bank Standard - 100 ( NO2 ) Max. Daily av. Max. Daily av. Sensitive Background at Background at at Sensitive Receptor no. Max. Daily Av Receptor Receptor An Av. Max day An Av Max day Phasel 27 27 4 20-30 25 27 35 Phase II 58 29 5 20-30 25 27 35 Phase liI 82 40 3 20-30 25 22 31 Phase IlIl Luan coal 34 16 3 20-30 25 22 31 I + Background Est' 47-57 59 Chinese Standard = 100 (NOx) 80 (NO2 ) Monitoreda 25 35 1+li+Backgroundo 105-115 88 Chinese Standard = 100 (NOx) 80 (NO2) l+ll+ll+Backgroundo 187-197 123 Chinese Standard = 100 (NOx) 80 (NO2) 1+11+111Luan 139-149 99 Chinese Standard = 100 (NOx) 80 (NO2) coal+Backgroundb Max. hourly Max. hourly Sensitive Background at Background at av. av. at Receptor no. Max. hourly Av. Receptor Sensitive Receptor An Av Max lhr Ann Av Max 1hr Phasel 113 100 3 20-30 40 22 49 Phase II 110 87 10 20-30 40 27 54 Phase liI 158 132 10 20-30 40 27 54 Phase ill Luan coal 63 53 10 20-30 40 27 54 I + Background Este 133-143 122 Chinese Standard = 150 ( NOx) 120 ( NO2) Monitored' 40 49 1+l+Background' 243-253 214 Chinese Standard = 150 ( NOx) 120 ( NO2 ) 1Il+ll1l+Background 401-410 346 Chinese Standard = 150 ( NOx ) 120 ( NO2 ) 1+11+111Luan 306-316 267 Chinese Standard = 150 ( NOx) 120 ( NO2) coal+Backgroundb a Monitored background includes operation of Phase I power plant, but may not coincide with position of peak ground level impact b Estimate based on modelling prediction addedto annual average concentration 5-35 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult Table 5.2.1-3c Predictions of ground level concentrations of PM10 due to proposed and existing power plant PM10 Max.Ann. Av Max.at Sensitive Backgroundat Max. Background at Sensitive Receptorno. Ann. Av. Receptor Receptor (Daily Av) PhaseI 0.3 0.1 3 38 8-44 PhaseII 0.4 0.1 3 38 8-44 Phaseli 0.6 0.2 3 38 8.4 Phase III Luan coal 0.4 0.2 3 38 8-44 l Background' 38.3 8.1-44.1 ChineseStandard (PM 10 ) .100 ChineseStandard(TSP) = 200 .I1+lBackground 38.7 8.2-44.2 ChineseStandard (PM 10) -100 ChineseStandard(TSP) 3 200 i+l+ill+Background 39.3 8.4-44.4 ChineseStandard (PM 10) °100 ChineseStandard(TSP) = 200 1+11+111Luan 34.1 8.4-44.4 ChineseStandard (PM 10) -100 coal+Background ChineseStandard(TSP) = 200 Max.Daily av. Max. Daily av. Sensitive Backgroundat Max. Background at at Sensitive Receptorno. Daily Av. Receptor Receptor An Av Max day Max day Phasel 6 6 5 38 131 44 Phase'I 4 3 3 38 131 44 PhaselIlI 6 3 3 38 131 44 PhaseliI Luan coal 3 1 3 38 131 44 1+Background Est 44 14-50 ChineseStandard (PMRo) 3150 Monitoredi 131 44 ChineseStandard (TSP) * 300 World BankStandard (TSP). 500 I+11+Background 48 17-53 ChineseStandard (PM 1g) 3150 ChineseStandard (TSP) * 300 World Bank Standard(TSP)i 500 1+11iii+Background 54 20-56 ChineseStandard (PM 1o)=160 ChineseStandard (TSP) - 300 World Bank Standard(TSP). 500 1+11+111Luan 51 18-54 ChineseStandard (PM 10) -150 coal+Background ChineseStandard (TSP) 3 300 World BankStandard (TSP)z 500 _ ' Monitoredbackground includes operation of PhaseI powerplant, but may not coincidewith positionof peakground level impact b Estimatebased on modellingprediction added to annualaverage concentration E 5-36 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 5.2.1-4Comparison Between ADMS And The ChineseModel Predictions Of MaximumDaily SO2 Ground Level ConcentrationsFor 10 Worst Days In Year (jxgmi3). ADMSPredictions ChineseModel Predictions Date Max Location Max Location Max Location Daily x,y km hourly x,y km Daily x,y km 116/95 11 1,-2 87 1,-2 38(44) 11,-11 1/7/95 11.6 1,-2 98 1,-2 41(47) i1,-11 1/19/95 1.0 8,-15 6.5 8,-15 41(46) 4,-8 2/12/95 16.2 2,-4 101 2,-4 47(53) 5,-12 2/23/95 5.1 4,-9 34 4,-10 44(50) 3,-6 3/9/95 12.9 2,-4 63 2,-4 57(65) 3,-6 3/13/95 14.1 2,-4 68 1,-2 50(57) 3,-6 5/20/95 6.9 3,3 62 3,3 40(44) -4,9 10/17/95 8.9 2,-4 41 2,-4 37(43) 3,-6 10/28/95 1 24.2 1,-2 104 1,-2 38(43) 2,-5 Table 5.2.1-5Comparison Of ADMS And The ChineseModel Predictions Of Maximum Hourly SO2 And NOx GroundLevel ConcentrationsFor Different Pasquill Stability Classes(ugmi 4). Note ThatThe Precise Meteorological Conditions Assumed For EachCategory Vary BetweenModels. SO2 Pasquillstability class LeiyangPhase 2 A B C D 0.36(0.46)%S 132(170) 88(113) 56(72) 16(20) LeiyangPhase 1 108 81 52 14 Total 240(278) 161(194) 108(124) 30(34) Chinesemodel 154(173) 96(110) 112(128) 87(99) NOx LeiyangPhase 2 256 171 108 31 LeiyangPhase 1 108 81 52 14 Total 364 252 160 45 Chinesemodel 233 144 167 130 5-37 HunanPower Development Project (Pail A) PowerConsult Table 5.2.2-1 Calculated Increase In River Temperatures (°C) Downstream Of Leiyang Power Plant (2x200MW + 2x300MW). River Flow = 105 m3s' . Section Summer Winter CS23 3.0 3.1 CS22 2.9 3.0 CS21 2.8 3.0 CS20 2.8 3.0 CSi9 2.6 2.9 CS18 2.5 2.8 CS17 2.4 2.8 CS16 2.4 2.7 CS15 2.3 2.7 CS14 2.2 2.6 CS13 2.2 2.6 CS12 2.1 2.6 CS1i1 2.1 2.5 CSI0 2.0 2.5 CS9 2.0 2.5 CS8 1.9 2.4 CS7 1.9 2.4 CS6 1.9 2.4 CS5 1.9 2.4 CS4 1.8 2.4 CS3 1.8 2.4 CS2 1.8 2.3 CS1 1.8 2.3 5-38 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 5.2.3-1 Main Noise Equipment ( 1st PhaseProject) unit: dB(A) Nameof equipment amount noise intensity Steamturbine 2 89 Generator 2 85 Circulatewater pump 4 84 Air compressor 5 89 Ballcoal mill 8 103 Pulveriserjet 8 98 Feedcoal machine 8 75 Main exciter 2 86 Feedpump 4 90 Coagulator 6 88 Table 5.2.3-2 Main Noise Equipment (2nd Phase Project) unit: dB(A) Nameof equipment Amount Noiseintensity Steamturbine 2 85-118 Generator 2 85-93 Smallsteam turbine 2 <85 Exciter 8 90 Inducedfan 4 <85 Forcedfan 4 <85 Feedpump 6 82-102 Table 5.5.2-1 Contribution to Tax Revenue of Leiyang Power Plant II (Unit: Million Yuan) Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 TOTAL Income Tax 19.35 77.40 101.73 110.00 118.98 128.72 139.31 Surcharge Fee 2.11 8.99 9.77 10.06 10.36 10.69 11.04 Net Value-added Tax 21.11 89.89 97.69 100.56 103.62 106.89 110.38 Total 42.57 176.28 209.18 220.62 232.96 246.30 260.72 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Income Tax 150.82 163.32 176.92 172.80 101.67 108.38 115.51 Surcharge Fee 11.42 11.81 12.23 12.29 10.94 11.38 11.84 Net Value-added Tax 114.10 118.07 122.32 122.93 109.37 113.75 118.42 Total 276.32 293.20 311.47 308.03 221.98 233.51 245.77 Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Income Tax 123.09 130.99 92.88 92.88 92.88 92.88 92.88 2403A1 Surcharge Fee 12.33 12.85 12.51 13.00 13.53 14.08 14.29 237.51 Net Value-added Tax 123.34 128.53 125.10 130.04 135.28 140.81 142.91 2375.11 Total 258.77 272.38 230.49 235.93 241.69 247.77 250.08 5016.04 t S-39 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft Table 5.6.3-1 The Noise Intensity of Main Constructing Machines The distance between No. Machinetype monitoring point and Noise Intensity dB(A) operating machines 1 Piledriver 5-7m 130-145 2 Digger 1-2m 115-130 3 Bulldozer 1-2m 125 4 Mixer 1-2m 90-100 5 Roller 1-2m 90-110 6 Vibrator 1-2m 95-110 7 Electricsaw 1-2m 120-130 8 Electrcdrll 1-2m 130 9 Loader 1-2m 95 Table 5.6.3-2 Noise Attenuation At Different Distances Propagating 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 80011000 distance . l Acoustic intensity 77.0 67.5 65.0 63.1 61.6 60.3 59.2 57.4155.954.7 53.8 52.2 5.7-1 Comparison Of Coal Consumption And Pollutant Emissions Item Unit T.G. sets The phase 2 of Amount of Rate of up out of Lelyang power up and commission plant and down down(%) Capacity MW 300 2x300 +300 +100.0 Coal 10JUa 1529 1650 +12.1 +7.9 consumption S 0 2 10t3a 18.8 10 -0.885 -46.8 N Ox 104Ua 11.6 19.2 -0.328 +65.5 Dust iVta1 27.5 1.28 -2.479 -95.3 Ash I0;5Va 422.9 391 -3.19 -7.5 Slag 11 123.2 44 -7.92 -64.3 540 HunanPower Development Project (Paft A) Power Consult Table 5.7-2 Maximum Effects On Ground Level Air Concentrations From Boilers To Be Taken Out Of Commission Plant S02 NOx TSP I hr 24 hr year I hr 24 hr year 24 hr year STANDARD 500 150 60 150 100 50 300 200 Zhuzhou 198 68 8 161 55 6 107 8 Liyujiang 143 63 6 155 68 7 175 14 Xiangtang 353 170 20 138 67 8 272 30 Jinzhushan 63 18 2 53 15 1 107 4 Yueyang 355 1 91 22 139 75 9 53 6 Table 5.8.2-1 Relationship Of Ash Yard Area And Volume To Dam Height (m, Relative To Yellow Sea Datum) Dam level 160 170 180 190 200 230 Area 106xm j 310 460 620 810 980 1600 Volume 0lxm' 5 8.8 14 21 28 54.7 Table 5.8.2-2 PFA + FBA Production By Phase 1, 2 And 3 Leiyang Power Plants 1997 1998-2000 2001 2002-10 2011-40 Phase 1 10"xtpa 320 3X320 320 9x320 30x320 Phase 2 10"xtpa 0 0 254 9x435 30x435 Phase 3 104xtpa 0 0 |00 30x685 Accumulated Total 3.0 3.96 4.S3 11.33 54.53 106tonnes Table 5.8.3-1 Predicted Ground Level Concentrations Due To Lelyang PS Hourly Daily Annual Hourly Daily Annual Daily Annual S0 2 SO2 SO2 NOx NOx NOx PM10 PMIO ChineseStd. 500 150 60 150 100 50 150 100 Leiyang1+2 2478) 24 (32) 83 361 5 6 1 Leiyang 3 264j(340) 26J(34) 9.44(10.6)4512 505 18.24 35 11Z Total 504'(618) ' 50'(66)' 18.2'(20.5)' 876' 86' 23.2' 2' 1 ADMS prediction 2 Chinese model prediction 3 ADMS prediction upper estimate 4 Chinese model upper estimate 541 Hunan Power DevelopmentPoject (Part A) Power Consult , -,, 4p: f',, 0.5m/s 1S0M Oup 105 m3/s Q= 15.6M3.s Q2 M3s124.8 H = 73.35 T1 =8.8 C T2 =9.7oC Discharge Figure5.2.2-1 FlowVelocity Field Leishui River - SummerConditions 0246 0246 0246 .0246 0 46 -S 2 2~~ 2! 2 2 ~~a ~ b 3 c 3d e Qup= 105m3Is H= 73.35m AT = 9.7t N QI= 15.6m31sQ2= 21.2m3/s I eDischarges Figure 5.2.2-2 ThermalPlume From Leiyang Power Station: Summer Conditions (PhysicalModelling Results) 5-42 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult A A 0. 0 . a) 3N, 0 100 200 Width,m B B E 2| 0 100 200 -240 Width,m Figure 5.2.2-3 WaterTemperatures At Cross Sections Of Leishul River Shown In Fig. 5.2.2-1Based On Physical Modelling:Summer Conditions Qup= 105m3/s H = 73.35m JT=12.71C Q1=11.2m3/s Q2 = 16.6m3/s Intakes Discharges Figure 5.2.2-4Thermal PlumeFrom LeiyangPower Station: Winter Conditions (Physical Modelling Results) 5-43 Hunan Power Development Project (PartA) Power Consult Shuinaqiao CS2 Yaotianrenba AJiangbianhiji S3 Paishuipian CS4 CS5 CS6CS7 uc LimeFactory Fujiacong Dashisiang Tanwanli 10 CS11 Changshen Baiyangdu CS12 ' CS13 Zijiajifu CS14 Caojiawan CS15 SiliangqiaoCS21 S2 CS22 CS16 S19 CS2 ~CS17 Kangshi LeiyangCity) S24 CS25 LeiyangHydrological Station .CS29 CS26 Langshiwei C \Discharge Intake LeiyangPower Plant Figure5.2.2-5 CrossSections Of LeishulRiver Used In MathematicalModelling Of ThermalPlume From Leiyang Power Station. 5-44 Hunan Power development Projecit (Part A) Power Consult 30 - 25 20 dl 15 E Month- -Dongiang 83-85av 10 Predictedp re t O- I - 5 -- _ E 20 H 0 -m U- m -) ( l0 Month Figure5.2.2-6 Predicted MonthlyAverage Flow WeightedWater Temperatures At +3 C Isoline (At 105m31sRiver Flow) Below LeiyangPower Plant DischargePlotted Against Natural River Temperatures(Pre-Dongjiang Dam). 30 - 'Woo,- O-~~~~~r . 75 l I 6 I l ~~ 0L25 ~~y 0.9957x10 +0.422 < 20 z53 R2 0.9335 ~20 E 10 ~ 5 0 -J~ ~~ ~~~~~~54 HunanPower Development Project (Pail A) PowerConsult No NAME 1 MainBlock 2 Stack 3 Coal Stock 4 Boiler -Acid/ AlkalineWastewater TreatmentPlant / . _ .ChemistryWater Treatment House 12/ _ . ^,1 < . _7 CirculatingWater Pump - IndustrialWAter Treatment 60 55 50 9 Ash&Siag Pump House < °1 1~ p 10 10o }1 S -- )~~~~M t7T=t2C 1` -//11CoalConveyorBridge 'S\\) _ . f / 12 220 KVSwitchyard Figure 6.2.3-1 Predicted Noise Levels Leiyang Power Plant Phases I & 2 5-46 6. ANALYSISOF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES U. I HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult 6. ANALYSISOF PROJECTALTERNATIVES 6.1 No Action * Without Increased Generating Capacity, Social And Economic Development Will Stagnate 6.1.1 To the end of 1995,the installedcapacity in HunanProvince totalled up to 8055.5MW,of whichhydropower was 52.3%and thermal power 47.7%. In 1995, the electricitygenerated and purchasedby the wholeprovince was 33.94TW.h, that by the Hunangrid was 30.92TW.h, and that sent intoHunan Province from otherprovinces was 1.359TW.h. Moreover,the hydropowerstations are mainly mediumand small ones,of low guaranteedoutput with only approximately2000 operatinghours, leading to seriouspower shortages in the dry season. 6.1.2 One of the targetsfor HunanProvince Grid Developmentis to try to improve its capabilityto follow peak demandduring the wet seasonand to ease power shortagesin the dry season. However,because of the constraintof financialand materialresources, it is difficultto resolveall the problemssimultaneously within a short periodof time. Consequently,Hunan Grid has put a priority on the resolutionof power shortagesin the dry season so as to guaranteereliable powersupply to powerconsumers. 6.1.3 To achievethis aim, it is necessaryto rapidlyconstruct large thermalpower plants,together with furtherdevelopment of hydropowerresources. According to the power planning, by the year 2005, the utilisationrate of hydropower resourcesof Hunan(inclusive of thoseunder construction at that time) will reach beyond50% with large hydropowerresources mainly fully developed. 6.1.4 The existing hydropowerplants in Hunan have insufficientcompensatory capacity.For the hydropowerprojects which are not yet implemented,few have adequateregulation performance. Therefore the furtherdevelopment of those hydropowerprojects can not resolvethe sharpconflicts of energyoutput and use and wet anddry seasondemands. * Leiyang Power Plant Phase2 ProjectWill Improve GridSystem Operation 6.1.5 Resultingfrom the largevariability in outputbetween wet and dry season,as well as the unfavourablelayout of power sources,there is a requirementto transmita large amountof powerbetween different regions of the CentralChina PowerGrid. At present,the maximumpower exchange between Central China 6-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft PowerGrid and HunanGrid reaches700MW. By 2005,with the serviceof the Three-GorgeProject and a large batch of other power stations, the power exchangevolume within the CentralChina Power Grid will becomeeven greater. If few thermal power sourcesare built in Hunan Province,the tidal current exchangevolume between Central China Power Grid and Hunan Grid will increasegreatly, resulting in difficultiesfor gridmanagement 6.1.6 Similar problemsexist within the Hunan PowerGrid becausethe recently plannedlarge hydropowerprojects are mostlysituated in centraland northem Hunan. LeiyangPower Plant Phase 2 ExtensionProject is the onlylarge power projectplanned to be constructedin the Southof HunanProvince. If this project can not be constructed,there will be a large requirementfor powertransmission to the Southof Hunan,which is bothat the end of the HunanPower Grid and at the end of the CentralChina Power Grid. If the end of the powersupply system is short of generatingsupport, it will be unfavourablefor the safe and reliable operationof the powergrid. * Construction Of Lelyang Phase2 Will Improve Power Supply And Promote Economic DevelopmentIn The Local Area 6.1.7 LeiyangPhase 2 projectis to be locatedin the centralpart of south Hunan. This is an area whereeconomic development is relativelyslow and is identified in state govemmenteconomic policy as a key areafor supportand development. However,the south of Hunan,although of backwardeconomic development, is rich in naturalresources, has good communicationsand has becomethe new focal pointin Hunanfor economicdevelopment. 6.1.8 Mostof the local coalsare anthracitesof very low volatilematter with relatively little market demand and hence limited income to the mines. This has constrainedthe local economicdevelopment in southof Hunanas a whole. 6.1.9 LeiyangPhase 2 developmentis the onlynew, large,mine-mouth power plant plannedin Hunanand is proposedto utilisethe local fuel, with an annuallocal coal consumptionof 1.872million tons. Thereforethe constructionof phase 2 will play an importantrole in the promotionof the local coalindustry and increase employmentopportunities and livingstandards for the coalworkers in the south of Hunan. At the sametime, the plantconstruction can also give an impetusto the developmentof otherrelated industries. 6.2 Plant Site Alternatives 6.2.1 If the same size new projectwere to be built at another site within Hunan 6-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult province,this would miss the opportunityto take full advantageof the existing infrastructureand investmentalready made for the phase I Leiyang plant. Theseinclude the followingconsiderations: - The investmentwill increaseby 200-300million yuan (RMB). A breakdownof costsavings possible by adoptionof the Leiyangsite is shownin Table3.2-1. - The constructionperiod will be prolongedby more than 6 months due to additionalconstruction activities required to establisha newsite. - The land was occupiedin accordancewith plansfor 1200MWfinal capacity when LeiyangPower Plant phase 1 (2x200MW)was constructed.The water supply, coal transportation,water treatment plant, highway and railway infrastructure,were all constructedin accordancewith thatplanning size. - There is an existing,experienced and well-trainedwork force runningthe phase I plant. There are 1500 staff for phase 1, but it is envisagedthat approximatelythe same numbercould operatethe phase2 plant as well. Similarly there is an existing infrastructure(accommodation, services, schools,police, fire department,entertainment, etc.) to providefor the needs of this staff and their families. These facilities will also serve the requirementsof the phase2 staff,albeit with someimprovements over time. 6.2.2 The Leiyang Power Plant extensionproject is a unique,large, pit-mouth electric power project, which can fire local coal. There are the following advantagesfrom buminglocal anthracite: - To avoid traffic and environmentalproblems arsing from transportingcoal longdistances to othermarkets. - It is not necessaryto build a new railwayand so the constructioncosts can be reduced. 6.3 Boiler Alternatives 6.3.1 The Leiyang power plant phase 2 project is designedto bum the local anthracite with low volatile maKter(Vdat=5. 9 7%), heating value approximately 21150KJ/kg)and very high stickiness,which is prone to bring about coal blockages.The projectdesign is proposedto bum pulverisedfuel in a 'W flame' boiler. 6.3.2 The technologyof pulverisedfuel firing is aimedat mixingfuel and air to heat the fuel quickly to ensure stable combustionand rapid bumout as well as 6-3 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult ensuringmaximum thermal efficiency. The high flame temperaturesresults in formationof thermal NOx by oxidationof nitrogenin the air, as well as from nitrogen inherent in the fuel. The boiler configurationand bumer design therefore has a substantialeffect on the final NOx emissionconcentrations. Three basicdesign configurations are availablefor commercialpulversed coal boilers:-wall firing, comerfiring (tangentialor quadri-angle)and downshotfiring (archfiring or W flame'). The optimumchoice of designvaries depending on the type andquality of coal. 6.3.3 Wall firing is used by several manufacturers,and uses an array of swirl- stabilisedbumers arrangedeither as front wall or opposedwall firing. The comer firing design is mainlyused by ASEA BrownBoveri (ABB) Combustion Engineering.In this designthe bumersare arrangedin a verticaldistribution in the comers of the boiler and directedto induce a rotatingfireball inside the fumace. The downshotfiring design (Foster Wheeler and Riley Stoker etc.) uses bumers on the venturithroat directedvertically down or at an angle into the fumace. 6.3.4 Circularbumers were typicallyused in wallfiring boilersand were designedto achievemaximum flame stability and carbonbumout in a minimumcombustion volume. However,the high flame temperaturesgenerated produced relatively high NOx emissions. Usually,non-swirling bumers are used in comer and downshotboiler designsand producelower NOx emissionlevels due to a more fuel rich combustionzone. 6.3.5 China has had many yearsof experiencein buminganthracite in powerplant boilers, with accumulatedknowledge of direct flow bumer and comer fired tangential combustiontechnology. The power plants with single turbine-set capacity of 200MW at Jiaozuo (buming Jiaozuo anthracite Vdae=7 .2 %), Shaoguang,Baima and Congqingpower plants (buming Sichuan Songzao anthracite Vdaf=9.31%) and Leiyang (buming local anthracite Vdaf=6 .6%) etc. have beenin operationfor manyyears. The 300MWturbine-boiler sets, adopting tangentialcombustion technology to bum anthracite,have also been in operation in recentyears. 6.3.6 The inherentproblems in comerfiring technology are: - With anthracitefuel it is difficultto achievehigh combustionefficiencies. This resultsin a large wasteof fuel reflectedin high carbonin ash and ash ignition loss values(see Table 3.5-2). - Poor flame stabilitieslimit load regulationcapability requiring operation at 6-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult relativelyhigh load to achieveacceptable combustion conditions. Therefore the powerplants with cornerfired boilers,buming low volatilefuel, can hardly satisfythe technicaland economical performance requirements of a modem powerplant. 6.3.7 In the practicalexperience of intemationalpower plant boiler manufacturers, downshot'W flame' combustionboilers have unique advantages in buminglow volatileanthracite under low load: - Relativelystable and complete coal combustion. - Reduced combustionchamber height. - Reducedsegregation of flue gas temperature. - Basedupon operating experience abroad and in China,for buminganthracite coal, the stable combustionload without assistanceof oil will be 20-30% lowerthan that for a quadri-angleinjected combustion boiler. - Havegood performancein economicaspects matching high efficiencywith relativelylow cost. 6.3.8 When the 1180 t/h downshotboiler (362MW)in HuanengYueyang power plant bums mixed coal (Vdarf10± 1.5%), the designed minimum stable combustionload withoutoil assistanceis 55 ± 3% BMCR. The elevationof the steam drum centreline is 52m, almostthe sameas that of a comerfired boiler equippedwith the 125MWturbine set manufacturedin Chinaand morethan 1Om lowerthan that of the Chinesecomer fired boilerequipped with 300MWturbine. 6.3.9 Capital costs of downshot boilers are approximately10% higher than conventionalwall fired designs, but the advantagesfor combustionof low volatilitycoals is consideredto offsetthis additionalcost. 6.3.10 An altemative to the above boiler designs is to adopt Fluidised Bed Combustion(FBC) boiler system. FBC boilers are a much more advanced technologyof clean coal combustion.There are two basic kinds:Atmospheric FluidisedBed Combustion(AFBC) and PressurisedFluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC).The advantagesof FBC boilersare: - Suitable coal quality range is wide. - Not only can it limit NO, production,but it can also limit SO2 emissionduring the combustionprocess. It is particularlysuitable for power plant buming high sulphurcoal. r 6-5 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult - The disadvantagesof FBCboiler are: - Greater investment:Recent experience in China of a PFBCplant (Jiawang PowerPlant in JiangsuProvince) cost 1550.2million yuan for 159MW plant. This representsan investmentof 9.81million yuan per MWcompared to only 5.16 million yuan per MW for the proposedphase 2 project.(However, it is understoodthat AFBCboilers may possiblybe slightlymore cost effectiveat present) - Little operating experienceon large capacity units:- there is no current experienceof anthracitefiring in a FBC boilerof 300MWor larger. There is also no Chineseoperating experience which would add to project risks of havingto establisha newtechnology in China. 6.3.11 Leiyangpower plant is to bum anthracitewith low sulphurcontent. The S0 2 emissionfrom the plant can alreadymeet the PRC and World Bank standards, so it is unnecessaryfor Leiyangpower plant to adopta FBC boilerto controlS02 emissions. 6.3.12 The proposedboiler would result in relativelyhigh NOx ermissionsbecause of the requirementto bum anthraciteas a fuel. However,air dispersionmodelling has established that this would not adversely affect ambient conditions sufficientlyto causeany problemsin attainingambient air qualitystandards. As such, the additional costs can be judged to be excessive, in that the environmentalbenefits would be limited. However,under circumstances where ambientNOx levelsare marginalor poor,FBC technology,perhaps with smaller sizedunits, may be a technologyto be consideredfor anthracitefiring. 6.4 Fuel Options 6.4.1 The main purposesof extensionphase 2 projectof Leiyangpower plant is to resolve the problem of shortage of electricitysupply. The considerationon selection of the fuel for the extensionproject is on the basis of the practical conditionsin Leiyangand the economicaffordable capability. On the selection of fuel the followingpossibilities have been considered: - No suitableconditions exist to constructlarge hydropowerplant and nuclear power plant in the area. Thesetwo types of power plant need tremendous investmentand a long constructionperiod. It is obviousthat both of these two types of powerstation are not reasonablefor this area. - AlthoughLNG and LPGare cleanfuels, there is no sourceof this type of fuel in the vicinity of Leiyang. Moreover,Govemment policy does not allow the 6-6 Hunan Power Development Pmiect (PartA) Power Consult use of that kind of clean energy resourcein an area with little industryor populationlike Leiyang.Selection of gas fuel is alsoimpossible. - Oil fuel is very expensive.At presentthe oil-firedpower plant in Chinauses importedfuel. Bumingoil will not only requiretransportation, but will also dramaticallyincreases the cost of electricitygeneration. The electricitytariff wouldbe higherthan 666yuan/MW.h. 6.4.2 Leiyangpower plant phase 2 extensionproject is to bum local anthracite which is a reliablecoal resource,has convenienttransportation, low cost and is in accordancewith PRC nationalenergy policy. The electricitycost per unit will be 244.0yuan/MW.h. 6.4.3 In conclusion,the selectionof local anthracitecoal for Leiyangpower plantis reasonableafter the considerationof all altemativefuels for this project. 6.5 Particulate Emissions 6.5.1 Particulate Control Efficiency 6.5.1.1 The original design for Leiyangpower plant phase 2 project was for precipitatorswith an efriciencyof 99.5%. In this condition,particulate emission quantityis 0.335tlhand emission concentration 157 mg Nm . Underthis design the particulateemission concentrations for LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 project could meet with the permittedemission concentration stipulated in GB13223- 1996(period ll), of 200mg Nm3 , seeTable 5.2-1. 6.5.1.2 If the particulateemission concentration is 100mg Nm3dry flue gas (excess air factor,a=1.4) or 50 mg Nm-3 dry flue gas (a=1.4),the correspondingrequired precipitatingefficiencies are 99.68%and 99.84%. 6.5.1.3 The World Bankrequirement is that emissionsshould achieve 100 mg Nm3 in the stack emissions. This is a moderatelyonerous target to achievewith electrostaticprecipitators when buminganthracite fuel with a very low sulphur content. It is believedthat 50 mg Nm3 would be extremelydifficult to achieve with this type of fuel. 6.5.2 Smoke Dust Emission Impacts On Ambient Air Quality 6.5.2.1 The modellingpredictions of groundlevel impactsof particulateemissions from LeiyangPower Plant indicatethat the plant has little effect on local air quality (see section 5.2.1). Maximumpredicted impacts from phase 2 were 6-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult approximately4.3% of the daily averagestandard and only 0.6% of the annual averagestandard. This impliesthat there is little environmentalbenefit to be gainedfrom strivingto achieveextremely low dust emissionlevels. Even the originalproposal of 99.5%efficiency ESPs would have little effect. However,it is believedthat the World Bankstandard of 100 mg Nm-3 (99.68%efficiency) is achievableat moderatecost. 6.5.2.2 Littleadditional benefit would result from pushingperformance down to try to attain 50 mg Nm-3 sinceground level dust levelsare dominatedby sourcesother than the power station. Achieving this level of control would present considerabletechnical difficulties with this low sulphurcontent fuel. Thereis no Chineseoperating experience of maintainingperformance at suchlow levels. As such it is suggestedthat the currentWorld Bank standardof 100 mg Nm-3 shouldbe adoptedfor this project. 6.5.3 Precipitator Options 6.5.3.1 Several differenttypes of particulatematter controlequipment have been employedat powerplants. Theseinclude wet scrubbers,multicyclones, electric- static-precipitators(ESP) and fabric (bag) filters. Of these, high particulate removalefficiencies are onlyachievable by ESPsand by fabricfilters which both can giveremoval efficiencies well in excessof 90%. 6.5.3.2 In an ESP a high voltage electricfield is generatedto impart an electric charge to particlesin the gas stream. Theseare then removedby attractionto oppositelycharged collectors. Efficiencyof collectionis highlydependent on the electrical characteristicsor resistivityof the ash to be collected,particle size distributionand loading. As these factorsmay vary duringnormal operations, ESP performancemay also be expectedto vary. A thorough maintenance programme is required to ensure that optimal ESP performancecan be maintained. 6.5.3.3 It is possibleto assist the efficiencyof ESPs,when workingon fly ash with poor resistivitycharacteristics, by injectingS0 3 and / or ammoniato condition the ash particles. Althoughrelatively simple technology,there is no current operatingexperience in China. Also, there can be adverseconsequences in terms of residualchemicals present on the ash which may causeproblems in utilisationof the ash as a by-product. 6.5.3.4 An alternativefor ESPs with high precipitationefficiency is the fabric filter dust collector.This employsa nylon or fibreglassfabric, normallyarranged as a 6-8 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult numberof bagsthrough which the flue gas is directed. Particlecollection relies on gravitationalsettling, direct impaction,inertial impaction, diffusion and electrostaticattraction. The particulatematter, as it collects,forms a filter cake that furtherimproves collection efficiency, but at a cost of reducingability to pass the requiredgas flow. Whenthe pressuredrop acrossthe bagsreaches a pre- determinedlevel the bag is taken off-linefor cleaning. Cleaningmay be by shaking,pulse jet cleaningor reverseair cleaning. 6.5.3.5 The bag dust collectorhas been rarely used in Chinesepower plants, so there is a lack of experiencein its operationand management. Moreover, operatingcosts are relativelyhigh. With electric-static-precipitatorswidely used in Chinesepower plants, there is muchexperience and abilityto achievehigher precipitatingefficiency under condifions of differentcoal quality. 6.5.4 Brief EconomicComparison 6.5.4.1 AdoptingESP with four fieldsfor 300MWunits (precipitatingefficiency is up to 99.5%),the domesticcost of its ESP main body, steel supportsand ESP electric resource etc. is about 15 million Yuan (RMB). If the precipitating efficiencyis designedfor 99.68%,it would be necessaryto adopt ESP with 5 fields. The domesticcost of ESP mainbody, steel supportsand ESP electric resourceetc. is about18 millionYuan (RMB). 6.5.4.2 At present,there is no precedentin China for the operationof ESPs to achievea precipitatingefficiency of 99.84%or 50 mg Nm`3 particulateemission concentration.This lack of practicaloperating experience would presenta risk that it would prove difficult to operatesteadily under such a tight emission control. The very low sulphur contentof the coal also results in ash with relativelypoor characteristicsfor ESPsto work at very high efficiencies.To obtainemissions significantly below 100 mg Nm-3 wouldprobably either require somefly ash conditioningsystem, by additionof SO3 and / or ammonia,or would favouradoption of a fabricfilter system. 6.6 SO2 Discharge Control 6.6.1 Leiyang Power Plant SO2 DischargeControl 6.6.1.1 The oxidationof sulphurin coalgenerates SO 2 and a small amountof S03. Completeoxidation of sulphuris generallybefore that of carbonand therefore the amountof SO2 producedis entirelydetermined by the fuel compositionand is not dependenton the combustiontechnology. For boilersbuming pulverised 6-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult coal,the majormeasures to reduceS02 dischargesare (a) to bum coal of low sulphurcontent, and (b) to carryout flue gas desulphurisation; 6.6.1.2 In the USA, between1975 and 1985,the Departmentof Energyinvested more than 60 billion US dollarsto cut S02 discharges.Within this investment; 17.0 billion US dollars were used to install and run flue gas desulphurisation; 11.0 billionUS dollar,to dressby washing35% of the coalto be used in power generation;and about 34 billion US dollars, to change to buming more expensivelow sulphurcoal at powerplants originally buming high sulphurcoal. Usinglow sulphurcoal as a fuel in powerplants was the mostcommon measure for reducingS02 discharges. 6.6.1.3 There are manypossible technologies in flue gas desulphurisation,all with expensiveinvestment and operatingcost. Evenin developedcountries, to use low sulphurcoal in powerplants is still one of the mostcost effectivemeasures in controllingSO 2 emissions.In China,flue gas desulphurisationin powerplants is a recent developmentand there is a shortage of successful operating experience. 6.6.1.4 LeiyangPower Plant 1st phaseand 2nd phase projectswill bum local low sulphuranthracite. (St,ar in 2ndphase being 0.36% average, maximum 0.46%) 6.6.1.5 The S02 dischargemass emissions and concentrationsare well within both Chinesenational standards and alsoWorld Bank guidelines (see Table 5.2-1). 6.6.1.6 In addition,the predictedimpacts on ground level SO2 concentrationsare very low and the resultingconditions would be well within the relevantambient air qualitystandards. 6.6.1.7 Therefore,it is not necessaryto utiliseflue gas desulphurisationtechnology in controllingLeiyang Power Plant S02 discharges. 6.6.2 SO2 Discharge Mitigation Scheme 6.6.2.1 The Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Companyis to reduce regional S02 dischargeamounts, mainly by meansof the retirementof subordinateold and small generatingunits. The retirementprogramme in the "ninthfive year" (1996- 2000) has been discussedin Chapter 3.11 and the resulting reductionsin emissionsare givenin Table5.7-1. 6.6.2.2 LeiyangPower Plant, with a 2x300MWincrease in capacityof the newly- installed units and a decreaseby retirementof 300MW in 10 small units, 6-10 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult considerablyreduces SO 2, smokedust and ash slag emissionscompared with the existingemissions. 6.7 NOx Emission Control 6.7.1 The importanceof boiler design in relation to NOx emissionshas been discussedbriefly in section6.3. 6.7.2 Much can be achievedin controllingNOx emissionsby attentionto boiler designand combustion technology. Techniques include bumer staging, in which a primarybumer zone is operatedin fuel rich conditionsand then combustionis completedin a secondarybumer zone with more air. 6.7.3 Mostof this developmentwork on low NOx bumerdesign has beenconducted in developedcountries and primarily in relation to bituminouscoals. The developmentof technologiesappropriate to anthracitefiring are currentlyless well developed,but this is an area where developmentsare currentlybeing made. As a result, it is importantthat NOx emissionperformance is a major criterion in selectingthe final boiler designchosen for the Leiyang Phase 2 development. This will ensure that the best possible environmental performance,available from internationaltenders of commerciallyproven plant, is selectedfor the project. Weightingof the NOx performancecriterion against other performancefactors must be assessedon the basis of achievingBest AvailableTechniques Not EntailingExcessive Cost (BATNEEC). 6.7.4 Thereare a numberof post-combustiontreatments for flue gas designedto reduce NOx emissions. These includenon-catalytic and catalyticprocesses, both of whichreact with NOx to producenitrogen gas andwater. 6.7.5 Selective Non Catalytic Reduction(SNCR) reduces emissions through a reactionof ammoniaor ureaat hightemperatures (>810 0C). 6.7.6 SelectiveCatalytic Reduction (SCR) reduces emissionsthrough a reaction between ammonia and NOx on the surface of a catalyst operating at a temperatureof 315-4000C. Thesetemperatures are achievedin the economiser to pre-heater sections of the boiler. However, operating outside of this temperaturerange can result in catastrophicdamage to the catalyst. Chemical poisoningoccurs at lowertemperatures, whereas thermal degradation occurs at higher temperatures. Reactivitycan only be achievedby replacementof the catalyst. 6.7.7 Two types of catalyst are available:base metal oxides and zeolite. Base 6-11 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsuft metal catalystsconsist of vanadiumor titaniumembedded into a ceramicmatrix. Zeolite catalysts are ceramic molecularsieves extruded into a honeycomb structure.Zeolyte catalysts are moredurable than arethe basemetal ones. 6.7.8 There is experiencein operatingSCR in coal fired boilers in Japan and Europe,whereas SNCR has had more limited applicationin Germany. SCR offers the potentiallybest NOx control,but at highercost. There is a general lack of experienceof eithertechnology utilising low sulphurlow volatilitycoals, as are availablein Chinaand would be usedat Leiyang. 6.7.9 SCR costs dependon the requiredNOx removal,the reagent used and, critically,on the cost of catalyst.The costof catalystis a majoruncertainty. 6.7.10 As a guide, annualoperation and maintenancecosts for a notional500 MW supercriticalPF plantwith tight NOxstandards are approximately: * Catalystreplacement 1.4 million$ - Ammoniareagent 0.4 million$ * GeneralMaintenance 0.4 million$ * TOTAL 2.2 million 6.8 Waste Water Discharge 6.8.1 Phase 1 Project Waste Water Discharge 6.8.1.1 The wastewater producedby powerplant are: A. acidicand alkalinewaste water, B. drainage from coal transportationsystem and coal yard, C. oil- contaminatedsewage, D. drainagefrom ashyard, E. Livingsewage. 6.8.1.2 Leiyang1st phase projecthas installedwaste water treatmentfacilities for variouswaste waters (exceptdrainage from the ash lagoon)so as to attainthe requiredstandards prior to dischargeto LeishuiRiver. 6.8.1.3 The drainagefrom the ash lagoon,without treatment goes to the Leishui River, 0.5km downstreamof the power plant, via a drainageditch. The water quality of ash yard drainagecan sometimeshave a pH value greaterthan 9 - exceedingthe requiredstandard of pH6-9. 6.8.1.4 The once-throughcondenser cooling water and other machine cooling waters,without increaseof pollutantsother than temperature,are dischargedto the LeishuiRiver without treatment. E 6-12 HunanPower Development Project (Pad A) PowerConsult 6.8.2 Phase 2 Project Waste Water Treatnent 6.8.2.1 Althoughthe wastewaters produced in the powerplant are dischargedinto waters only after being treated,they would still bring about some impactsto waters. 6.8.2.2 In the designof Leiyangpower plant 2nd phaseproject, the variouswaste waters,after beingtreated sufficiently, are to be usedas make-upwater in the ash sluicingsystem. 6.8.2.3 To use variouswastewaters in ash sluicingwill not only reduce the water demandfor ash sluicing,but will also preventany environmentalimpacts from their discharge. 6.8.2.4 The ashyard sluicingwater, afterbeing treated by addingantiscaling agent if needed, will be recirculatedback to the plant for re-use. Thus, after completionof 2nd phase project,the ash yard will no longerdischarge to the LeishuiRiver. 6.8.2.5 The condensercooling water and other machinecooling waters, without increaseof pollutantsother than temperature,are still to be dischargedto the LeishuiRiver. 6.8.2.6 A comparisonbetween the 2nd phase project waste water treatment proposals and those for traditionalwaste water treatment offers several advantages: 6.8.2.7 additionof an ash-sluicingwater retrieval system. 6.8.2.8 reductionof the waterabstraction requirement for the powerplant. 6.8.2.9 preventionof wastewater impacts to the environment. 6.8.2.10 An alternativeto the direct coolingsystem proposed would be to use an indirectcooling water systemusing cooling towers to reducethe temperatureof the water circulatingthrough the power plant. Such a schemeconsiderably reducesthe water demand. Approximately1% of the water would be lost by evaporationand would need to be replaced. An additional1-2% would be requiredas a 'purge flow' to preventbuild up of dissolvedsolids in the system and potentialscaling problems. 6.8.2.11 Sucha systemtypically reduces water demand to approximately3% of that of a direct cooledsystem and dischargesonly 2%. Moreoverthat discharge, havingbeen throughcooling towers will generallyalso be at lowertemperatures 6-13 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft thanfrom a directcooling discharge. 6.8.2.12 However,in the case of the LeiyangPower Plant, the influenceof the hydropowerschemes upstream has beento reducesummer water temperatures below their natural levels. The increasedtemperature from the Leiyang dischargewill tend, after mixing, to bring river temperaturesto levels more generallysimilar to naturalones. 6.8.2.13 A coolingtower system is estimatedto cost 30 million yuan. In this particularinstance this additionalcost would seemto be unwarranted,given the limited,if any, environmentalbenefit that would be expectedto result. 6.9 Ash Treatment Scheme 6.9.1 Ash Removal System 6.9.1.1 Ash removal systemscan be categorisedinto dry (pneumatic)and wet (hydraulic)treatment systems. The LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseproject is to treat fly ash by means of dry pneumaticmethod and reserves a dry ash interface. The alternatescheme is to treat fly ash by meansof wet hydraulic method. The advantageof the wet-typeash removalsystem is its small initial investment. Howeverit is then difficultto re-utilisethe fly ash. For this reason, the Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase projectwould adopt a dry ash removal system. 6.9.2 Ash Transportation System 6.9.2.1 The power plantfly ash can be conveyedto the ash yard by meansof dry type (belt conveyor,truck transportation) or hydraulicmethod (pipe line). The dry ash transportationsystem, together with dry ash storage,are linkedsystems. Its advantageslie in the fact that water resourcescan be minimisedand potential pollution of undergroundwater, due to ash water leakage,can be prevented. However,Leiyang 2nd phaseproject shares the same ash storagelagoon with the 1st phase project. Moreover,the ash lagoonis in a mountainvalley. The bottom of the lagoon and foundationsof the dam have low permeability, preventingsignificant impact to undergroundwater. 6.9.2.2 Leiyang1st projecthas adopteda hydraulicash transportationsystem and wet ash storage. If the 2nd phaseproject were to adopta dry ash transportation system,then the ash removaland ash transportationsystem in the 1st phase projectwould alsoneed to be changed,or the ashyard wouldneed to be located 6-14 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult elsewhere.This would not only requireadditional investment, but also would raiseresettlement and compensation issues and alsoincrease dust emissions. 6.9.2.3 The ashyard is about4.5km distant to the powerplant and located in a hilly region. Adoptingdry ash transportationwould be relativelydifficult, whether by transportationby truckor by belt conveyor.Moreover, it is proneto fugitivedust emissions,incurring additional potential impact to the environment. 6.9.2.4 Adoptinghydraulic ash transportationand wet ash storagelagoon the 2nd phase projectonly requiresthe heightof ash dam at ash lagoonto be raised, economisingthe investment. 6.9.2.5 The 2nd phaseproject will havethe waterin ash lagoonre-circulated for re- use. Additionalsupplies, to replaceevaporative losses, will be made up by wastewaterfrom the plantarea. 6.9.2.6 For these reasonsit is preferablefor Leiyangpower plant to adoptwet ash storagebased on the existingash yard. . 6-1 7. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PROGRAMME L HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 7. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 7.1 EnvironmentalMitigation A summaryof principalmitigation measures and their associatedcapital and runningcosts is givenas Table7.1-1. 7.1.1 Operating Period EnvironmentalManagement 7.1.1.1 One of the main mitigatingmeasures against adverse impacts from power stationdevelopments is the applicationof strongenvironmental management techniques. 7.1.1.2 LeiyangPower Plant Phase1 alreadyhas an EnvironmentalManagement Department,including a staff of 2 managersand 8 technicalstaff. Their responsibilitiesinclude environmentalprotection management,monitoring, operation and supervision of environmental protection installations, environmentaleducation, tracking social economicbenefit of power plant construction.They haverequirements for environmentalreporting to relevant departments and establishingvarious environmentalprotection files and systematicrecords. 7.1.1.3 The phase 2 development will utilise the existing environmental managementstructure. It is thoughtthat approximately5 new staff may be requiredin the department,including 1-2 at manageriallevel and the remainder as technicalstaff. The existinglaboratories are sufficientlylarge (600m 2) to accommodatethe additionalstaff and work load. * Atmospheric Pollution 7.1.1.4 LeiyangPower Plant 1st phaseproject uses coalwith a sulphurcontent of 0.39%,while the coal designedfor 2nd phase projectwill be anthracite,also with particularlylow sulphurcontent, average to be 0.36%. 7.1.1.5 LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase project is to havea 210mhigh single tube stack withinner diameter 7m. Under this condition: The whole plant SO2 total massemissions and concentrationsfrom each stack all will satisfythe requirementsChinese national and World Bank standards. 7-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult - The maximumground level concentrationsbrought about by the whole plant SO2 discharge in the assessedarea will all easily meet Chinese and World Bank air quality standards. 7.1.1.6 No further mitigationof SO2 is considerednecessary, other than the use of low sulphurcoal as specified. 7.1.1.7 Leiyang Power Plant 1st phase project has adopted an ESP with four electric fields and an efficiency of 99% particulateremoval. In order to meet World Bank particulateemissions standards(100 mg Nm-3), the 2nd phase project will adopt highly efficientESPs, with designeddust removalefficiency of 99.68%: - The smoke dust dischargeconcentration of each boiler after passing through ESPwill also satisfythe requirementsof GBI 3223-1996(200 mg Nm3); - The maximumground level PM10 concentrationsincurred by the whole plant particulate discharge are only a small fraction of the permitted ambient air quality standards. 7.1.1.8 The power plant should strengthenthe managementand -maintenance of the ESPs to guarantee that the precipitatingefficiency will be kept stable at a high level. 7.1.1.9 The stack should be fitted with continuousmonitoring of particulateemissions. The results should be relayedto the control room, with alarms set to alert unit operators when the 100 mg Nm3 particulate emission value is approached or exceeded. In addition, operationalprocedures should be adopted such that unit operators adopt appropriate measures to bring performance back within specificationin the event of high particulateemissions occurring. 7.1.1.10 The fact that the emission standard required by the World Bank is half the Chinese national standard impliesthat the World Bank will need to follow up with surveillance of compliance to ensure continued operations to their own requirements. The Chinese environmentalagencies can not be expected to enforce standardsmore onerous than their own regulationspermit. 7.1.1.11 Leiyang Power Plant 2nd phase projectwill adopt 'W flame' boilers equipped with coal bumers suitablefor anthracite. It is unlikelythat the performanceof this system will meet the Chineseemission standard, or that of the World Bank,due to difficultiesinherent with buminganthracite coal with very low volatile content. The respective standards have been formulated with reference to anticipated performanceof power plant usingsoft, bituminouscoals with high volatile contents. 7.1.1.12 Leiyang is in an area with extremely low ambient NOx concentrations. Air 7-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsu/t quality modellingindicates that, even with the anticipatedNOx emissions,the ambientair qualitywill remainbroadly within the requiredstandards. As such,it is notproposed that any additional control measures should be implemented. 7.1.1.13 In orderto minimisethe NOx emissions,it is importantthat this is a major factorthat will be incorporatedinto the tenderassessment process for purchasing the boilersfor phase2. Bythis meansit shouldbe possibleto ensurethat boilers are selectedwith the bestavailable emission control characteristics, together with otherkey performance characteristics, available as proventechnologies from latest internationalexperience. The principleto be adoptedin selectionof preferred designshould be one of BestAvailable Techniques Not EntailingExcessive Cost (BATNEEC). * Water Environment 7.1.1.14 The aim of the phase2 projectis to reducethe amountof water being abstractedby power plant and enhancingthe reutilisationrate of water, the Leiyangpower plant2nd phase projectwill retrievethe followingwastewater afterbeing treated: - Ash water at ash lagoon. - Acidic and alkalinewastewater. - Oil contaminatedwater. - Drainageof sluicingwater in coaltransportation system. - Domesticsewage etc. 7.1.1.15 After retrieving this wastewater, the plant will reduce abstraction requirementsby approximately1OOOt/h water. 7.1.1.16 The water intakestructure for LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseproject has already been built as part of the 1st phase project. The design is already sufficientto ensure no impacton navigation,and will be providedwith band screensto avoid entrainmentof organismsand debris into the coolingwater system. 7.1.1.17 The possibleeffects of the dischargefrom LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase projectare impactsto navigation,incurred by the outfallstructure and currents, and impactsto the aquaticecosystem incurred by heatpollution of temperature field. 7.1.1.18 The department of cooling water, Institute of Water resources and HydropowerResearch (IWHR) had four designsof coolingwater outfall for the 7-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 2nd phase project comparedand optimised by means of physical and mathematicalmodels. 7.1.1.19 The optimiseddischarge design is such that the axis line of the drainage exit intersectsthe bank at an angle 470. An arc shaped flow-guidingdyke should be built beforethe drainageexit. This will not only avoid impactsto navigation,but also retaina cool water channelpast the dischargeplume to minimiseadverse effects. 7.1.1.20 There shouldbe a grille and movingscreen at the intaketo preventfish from beingentrained with the coolingwater and killedwithin the system. 7.1.1.21 For all wastewaterdischarges, the criteria of environmentalprotection promulgatedby people'sRepublic of Chinawill be strictlyimplemented. 7.1.1.22 Under the prerequisiteof being economicaland practical,the Leiyang PowerPlant has endeavouredto reducewastewater discharges as much as possible.By optimisingthe dischargeschemes, the power plant design has maximisedre-utilisation of wastewater. 7.1.1.23 Waste water from the boiler feed water treatment system, condensate treatmentsystem, boiler acid-washingwaste water and air-preheaterflushing waterdrainage are of similarwater quality, will be treatedin a unifiedtreatment system,as shownin Fig.7.1-1. 7.1.1.24 Whenthe water quality,after being treated, attains a suitablestandard, the waterwill be usedin hydraulicash sluicing. 7.1.1.25 The 2nd phaseproject is to use appropriateoily water sumps,cyclone oil- water separators,and nutshellfilters, to treat oil contaminatedwastewater in both the It and2 ndphase projects. (Fig.7.1-2). 7.1.1.26 After beingtreated, with the oil concentration<=10 mg 1.1,this water is also to be used in ash sluicing. Recoveredoil will be retumedto the oil stores and reused. 7.1.1.27 In the 2nd phase project, the power plant is still to apply a 'sand settlement-oxidationpond" treatment system for treatment of domestic sewage,as is usedeffectively in the 1stphase project (see Fig 7.1-3); 7.1.1.28 Again, after being treated, the water attaining a standard of COD<100 mg 1- and BOD<30 mg 1-' will be used in ash sluicing. Sludge from the treatmentponds will be disposedwith municipalwatse. So far there has been 7-4 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part A) PowerConsult no requirementto dispodeof sludgefrom the phase 1 plantas the oxidation pondshave a largecapacity. 7.1.1.29 The drainagefrom coal transportationsystem and coal yard are to be treatedin a settlingpond; 7.1.1.30 After beingtreated, the upperlayer of clarifiedwater will be usedas make- up water in the ash sluicingsystem. Coal that is settledout will be used as fuel. 7.1.1.31 Table 7.1-2 shows the water quality to be achieved in the above wastewaterprocessing scheme. * Ash Disposal 7.1.1.32 After completionof the 2ndphase project, the ash waterfor the wholeplant will be retrievedfor reuse. 7.1.1.33Around the ash yard periphery,a trench is to be constructed,at an elevationof 173m-175m,to interceptthe majorityof surfacewater run-offthat wouldotherwise enter the ash yard. This will drain,via an opendraining canal, directlyinto the LeishuiRiver. Thiswill guaranteethe safe operationof the ash yard even in flood periodsand reducethe amountof water to be recycledin the system. By diverting water around the ash yard, the potential for environmentalpollution will be significantlyreduced. 7.1.1.34 The ashdam is a waterpermeable one. The 2ndphase project will retrieve the water permeatingthrough the ashdam to useit in ash sluicing.This will be achievedby pumpingwater collected at the baseof the dam backinto the ash yard. The recyclingof water back to the station can then be by gravity, becauseof the differencein elavationbetween the ash yard and the power stationsite. 7.1.1.35 The bottom of the ash yard is clay with a low permeabilitycoefficient, (averageof 2.39x10-7 cm s-1). The dam foundationsare on shale,mud shale and a thick layer of compactlime stone, also with low permeability.This ensures that little contaminationof groundwatersystems will occur from leachatesfrom the ash yard. * Noise 7.1.1.36 To alleviatenoise impactsto the environment,the plant is to controlthe noise emissionsfrom equipmentand workshops.The major noise sources, 7-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult noise limitingvalue and mitigationmeasures in the powerplant are shown in Table7.1-3. 7.1.1.37 For power plant equipment,the supplierswill be requiredto provide productsthat will achievethe attainmentof the requirednoise standards within the plantbuildings and alsoat the plantboundary. 7.1.1.38 For any equipmentwith high noise levels,the plant shouldinstall suitable controlmeasures such as fittingsilencers or noiseenclosures etc. Thesewill includethe measuresoutlined in Table7.1-3 7.1.1.39 Noise should be a considerationin detaileddesign and plant layout to minimisecombined effects of noisyequipment, to minimisenoise exposureto workers in the power station and to guaranteecompliance with the noise limitationsat the site boundary. Some tree planting and constructionof landscapingmeasures may also be usedto help mitigatenoise levels at the plantboundary and beyond. 7.1.1.40 Suitablelimitations on the numberand locationof open windowsin the plantand workshopareas should be considered. * Solid WasteAnd Coal Yard 7.1.1.41 Currently,Leiyang power plant has a coal shedwith 72m span and 120m long. The 2nd phase projectwill build anothercoal shed of the same size. The maximumwidth of the coal yard is 70m and the coal pile height is up to 12m. 7.1.1.42 One mitigation measure, to minimise impacts arising from the transportationof fuel to the powerplant, is to adoptrail transportfor all of the coalfor the phase2 development.Rail transportis also usedfor transportof bulkfuel oil. 7.1.1.43 Coal handlingis by meansof a bucket-wheelloader and dump truck to pile and reclaimcoal. 7.1.1.44 In order to prevent and controlenvironmental impacts arising from coal dust,the power plantis to adoptthe followingmeasures: - To add tightlysealed baffles to coalconveyors. - To haveefficient dust brushingsystems at transferposts. - To installa vacuumdust precipitatorat the coalbunker. 7-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult - To buildwind shieldbank at the west and northsides of the coal yard and to planttree screens. 7.1.1.45 Leiyangpower plant2nd phaseproject will sharethe ash lagoonwith the 1st phaseproject. This is in a denselyvegetated valley andthe ash lagoonis always operatedwith a cover of water. From several years of operating experience,the ash lagoonhas had no significantproblem with fugitive dust emissions. 7.1.1.46 In the ash removal system design for LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extensionproject, provision will be madefor dry ash output. This will help to facilitatefavourable conditions for comprehensiveutilisation of ash as a by- product. 7.1.1.47 Leiyangpower planthas establisheda Fly Ash ComprehensiveUtilisation Companyto activelypromote use of ashas a by-productresource. 7.1.1.48 Marketingof ash as a resourcewill extendthe potentiallife of the ash lagoon,and delay requirementsto constructnew stagesof the ash dam and also could have considerablecommercial benefits. Use of the floating ash 'cenospheres'would also be of benefitas thesecause particular problems for fugitive dust emissionswhere floating ash may become stranded at the margins of the lagoon, dry out and then become wind-blown. These cenosphereshave particularlygood insulatingproperties and so are valuable for makingthermal insulating building blocks. Someuse is alreadymade of ash for this purposefrom Phase1 andfurther utilisation should be encouraged. 7.1.1.49 Whenfinally complete, the ash lagoonshould quickly be coveredwith earth andtumed into farm fieldsor forested. ContingencyMeasures 7.1.1.50 The operationof a power plant presentssome potential risks to the environment,such as oil spills,fires or chemicalspills. To minimisethese risks it is necessaryto providea managementsystem that will identifyand minimise risks,and providesystems and facilities to handleany occurrences. 7.1.1.51 One measurethat couldimprove on the statusof the Phase1 plantis the bundingof oil (bothfuel oil andareas storing lubricating oils) andbulk chemical storage. This would be intendedto containany significantaccidental release from bulk storagetanks. It is standardpractice to providebulk storagetanks with an impermeablebund of sufficientcapacity to containthe whole contents 7-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsuft of the tank, (or of the largesttank if severaltanks are enclosed),plus a margin for rainwaterand fire fightingwater. Typicallybunds are designedfor 110%of the capacityof the largesttank, but somevariation may be consideredin areas of eithervery high or low rainfall. Guidelinesare availablefrom Construction IndustryResearch and InformationAssociation on the 'Constructionof Bunds for Oil StorageTanks' (Report163, 1997). This sets out a basisof calculating requiredbund sizes, taking into accountthe storagecapacity together with additionalfreeboard required to accommodaterainwater and fire fightingfoam, etc. 7.1.1.52 Where practicable, pumps, valves, couplings, delivery nozzles and overspillpipes should also be containedwithin the bundedarea. It is also recommendedthat pipeworkleading to or from the bundshould be routedover the top of the bundin orderto avoidthe needto piercethe walls 7.1.1.53 Whereit is requiredto removean accumulationof rainwater,this shouldbe by meansof a systemrequiring manual supervision, rather than simplyto allow drainagethrough the bundin an uncontrolledmanner. Typically this may be by meansof a pumpedsystem. Simpledrainage points with a controlvalve are generallynot consideredsuitable, since experience indicates that valves may oftenbe left in the openposition. 7.1.1.54 Materialsshould be maintainedon site to deal with any minor spills. This may includeoil absorbentbooms, to be employedon drainageditches or the river andabsorbent granules to mopup spillson land. 7.1.1.55 In order to minimisethe potential risks to the environment,it is also recommendedthat the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 should develop and maintaina risk managementplan. This shouldinclude a managementsystem and allocationof responsibilities,process safety information, hazard analysis, assessment of environmental consequences, incident investigation procedures,emergency response planning, training requirementsand audit system. * Offsite 7.1.1.56 The engineeringoutside the plant includewater supply and drainagepipe lines andash water pipe lines,transmission power lines and railwaylines. The majorityof thesehave been completed in 1st phaseproject. 7.1.1.57 The possibleenvironmental, impacts incurredby engineeringoutside the powerplant are on communication,landscape etc. 7-8 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 7.1.1.58 By considerationduring design, the engineeringoutside the power plant should, as far as possible,keep clear of vital communicationlines, villages, and denselypopulated areas. Routesshould pass mainlythrough hills and farm fields. 7.1.1.59 The occupiersof the small amountof cultivatedland occupiedshould be compensated.In generalthe requirementsfor ash andwater pipelinesshould have little effect, as the routeswill followclosely the existingpipelines for the phase 1 projectand so the additionalimpacts will be extremelylimited. The impactsof the transmissionline and substationworks associatedwith this projectare the subjectof Part B of this reportand are not consideredfurther here. 7.1.1.60 The main impactsincurred by LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase extension projectto terrestrialecology are thatthe extensionof ash lagoonwill ultimately destroythe vegetationin an areaof 0.47km2. 7.1.1.61 The surveymade for the ecologicalsituation of the plantsto be destroyed, showedthat the flora is typicalof the regionto surroundingvegetation, without any rare or precious flora. The vegetationis dominatedby secondary woodlandand plantations. 7.1.1.62 The power plantvegetation plan requiresthe front of the plant (all around the principal plant buildings,coal yard peripheryand living quarters)to be plantedin a co-ordinatedway, to integratewith the generalarrangement and buildingstyle. - At the sides of roadsin plant area, plantingmainly with evergreentrees and hedges,with inter-plantingwith some omamental trees. - Around the principalplant buildings,with a lot of undergroundpipelines and outgoingcables, plantingshould be restrictedto low growing and shallowrooted hedges and oleander etc. - The groundsurface in the plant areashould be pavedand integrated with a wide coveringof stronggrowing turf. - Increasingthe densityof trees plantedaround the plant boundary,which are favourablefor providingshelter from wind and heat andreducing dust, so as to maintaina good livingenvironment. 7.1.1.63 The entire plantarea should be at least15% vegetated. 7.1.1.64 The extension of power plant will incur negligibleimpact to terrestrial 7-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult animalsand to protectterrestrial plants is alsoto protectterrestrial animal. * Visual Impact 7.1.1.65 The plant area layout and the colour scheme of structuresshould co- ordinatewith the surroundingsas muchas possible. 7.1.1.66 The powerplant should consider planting and adding to existing,evergreen woods,not only for the plantarea andsurroundings, but alsofor the ash dam and lagoon. The dam revetmentshould be plantedwith turf, as is the case withthe existingdam (seephotograph 3-6). 7.1.1.67 The power plantand ash lagoonextension and pipelineoutside the plant area, should minimisedestruction of woodlandand semi-naturalvegetation. Soil andwater conservation measures should be takento preventerosion. 7.1.2 Construction Period 7.1.2.1 Environmentalmanagement during construction will be the responsibilityof the EnvironmentalDepartment, based on the existing phase 1 system. As discussedin section7.1.1, this departmentwill only requirea small increasein staff numbers to provide an adequate environmentalmonitoring and managementsystem. * AtmosphericPollution 7.1.2.2 Timely removal of constructionrubbish and refuse will help preventdust emissionsand generationof smellduring construction. 7.1.2.3 In addition,provisions should be madeto minimisethe amountof soil and dirt tracked onto roads by constructionvehicles. This should include the provisionof a wheelwash for vehiclesleaving the site. Also provisionshould be madefor cleaningof roadwaysused by constructiontraffic and also routing vehiclesto minimisenuisance to residentialareas. * Water Pollution 7.1.2.4 The surfacewater drainageproduced during construction should be treated by settlement. Both this and the domesticsewage from constructionworkers is to be put into the treatmentsystem of LeiyangPower Plant 1st phase project. * Noise 7-10 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult 7.1.2.5 The major sound sources during power plant constructionare from constructionmachines and communicationand transportationwith noise level generallyapproximately 90-130dB(A). 7.1.2.6 Preventionand control measures are: - Adoptingconstruction equipment and technologies of low noisegeneration. - Controllingthe operatingtime, to havehigh noiseequipment avoid as muchas possiblenight operation so satisfyingthe requirementof relevantcriteria and regulation. 7.2 Environmental Monitoring 7.2.1 The proposedenvironmental monitoring to be conductedfor the phase 2 developmentis summarisedin Table7.2-1. 7.2.2 There is an existingsystem of environmentalmanagement and monitoringin place for the phase 1 development.The only monitoringrequirement is to ensurethat personnelcontinue to be sufficientlywell resourcedand trainedto carry out their role efficiently. Thus the environmentalperformance of the powerstation in generalshould be the subjectof regularmanagement review. 7.2.3 A numberof mitigationfeatures, including stack height, provision of bundsfor oil and bulk chemicalstorage, and designof coolingwater and ash disposal systems,are a simple matterof ensuringthat the designand constructionare in accordancewith the mitigationrequirements. Essentially this is a quality assurancematter for the designand construction process. 7.2.4 In orderto guaranteethe averagesulphur content in 2nd phaseproject coal to be 0.36%and that in 1st phase projectcoal to be 0.39%,the Leiyangpower plantshould: - Carry out coal quality analysis(mainly of basic sulphurcontent and low heatingvalue) for everybatch of coalentering plant. - Installcontinuous stack gas monitoringfor S02. This is a requirementof the Chinese regulationsrelating to new power plant (GB13223-1996). This will not permitany operationalcontrol of S02 emissions,these being entirelydependent on coalquality. However,the datawill providea cross checkthat the coalsupplied is consistentlyof the correctquality. 7.2.5 As well as continuousmonitoring of stack emissionsof S02, particulateand NOx emissionsshould also be monitoredcontinuously. These should all have 7-11 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult readingsin the control room, with alarms set at levels to give waming that required emission standards are being approachedor exceeded. Unit operatorsshould then be providedwith proceduresto rectifyany emissions outside of the requiredstandards, for exampleby rectifyingfaults on ESPsor in last resortby sheddingload. 7.2.6 On-linestack gas monitoringof particulateemissions is based on an optical density methodology. This needs to be calibrated against actual TSP measurementsacross a rangeof emissionvalues. The calibrationwill depend on coal qualityand particlesize distribution.Therefore, instruments should be calibratedwhen installed and checked periodically. 7.2.7 It is also anticipatedthat the Environmental Agencywill continue with its routinechecks on emissionlevels using its ownstandard methodologies. 7.2.8 In addition to the emissions monitoring, it is proposed to continue measurementsof ambient SO2, NO, N02, TSP and PM10 levels at two monitoringsites - upwindand downwindof the prevailingwind direction. This will providelong term evidenceas to the impactsarising from operationof the powerplant on the localenvironment. 7.2.9 Wastewaterstreams should be monitoredon a regularbasis to ensurecorrect operationof the pollutioncontrol measures. Table 7.2-2 lists the parametersto be measuredand Table7.2-3 gives the monitoringpositions. Methodsto be used and limits of detectionfor waste water monitoringare given in Table 4.3.2-2. 7.2.10Two monitoringwells are to be establishednear the ash yard periphery,at Lianjiachongand the Municipal gardeningfarm, with monitoring4 times annually(once a season). Methodsto be used and limits of detection are given in Table4.3.3-1. 7.2.11 Noise monitoringis mainly a concem for the plant area and residential quarter.The monitoringfrequency is one a year. Monitoringshould be when approachingthe annualaverage load, monitoring both in day time and at night (withday time monitoringgenerally at 08:00-12:00,night time at 22:00-05:00). 7.2.12The arrangementof monitoringpoints is to havethe plantarea and residential quarter divided into a 100mxlOOmgrid. In measuring,for continuousnoise, one measurementto be taken at each monitoringpoint. For intermittentnoise, readingsto be taken every five seconds,for 100 readings,levels then to be averaged. In the residentialquarter and sensitiveareas outside plant, fixed 7-12 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult monitoringpoints should be established. 7.2.13Some mitigation measures require monitoring by means of simple managementreview of progress. This includessuch aspectsas plantingof tree screens,ensuring that rail is usedfor fuel deliveries,progress with ash utilisation, environmentalemergency response provisions/ systems and generalsite housekeepingstandards. 7.2.14The effectivenessof the various measuresto control fugitive dust (tree screens,wheel wash facilities,coal handlingplant etc.) shouldbe monitored. Monitoringpoints should be installedin the oid plantarea, extension plant area and residentialquarter. The locationsselected should be typicalin reflecting the averagequality of the atmosphericenvironment in the plant area and residentialquarter. The immediatesurroundings should be open terrain,with distancefrom buildingsnot lower than twice the buildingheight and steering clearof low stacks,construction sites, coal yard and highway etc. 7.2.15 TSP at the ash lagoonand vicinity of coalyard shouldalso be monitored. 7.2.16 The environmentalmonitoring and supervisingitems during construction includeTSP, water discharges,mud and constructionrubbish etc. noise and conservationof soil andwater. 7.2.17 The principalinstruments and monitoringequipment to be providedare shown in Table7.2-4 7.2.18 The contractfor constructionof the powerplant project should include clauses concerning relevant environmentalprotection and about situations to be supervisedimplemented by local environmentalprotection department and power plant. This shouldensure that the daily life of residentsin the vicinityof constructionsite not to be seriouslydisturbed. 7.3 Responsibilities For Mitigation and Monitoring 7.3.1 During the initial operationalperiod, the NationalEnvironmental Protection Agency is responsiblefor checkingall mitigationmeasures and monitoring systems. This includes all equipment, instruments and institutional arrangements. This comprisesa completioncheck for the acceptanceof the environmentalprotection and control equipment. 7.3.2 Followingthe completioncheck, the powerstation is responsiblefor operation and supervisionof all mitigationmeasures and environmentalmonitoring. The 7-13 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult plant is requiredto set up its own EnvironmentalManagement Department to carry out theseresponsibilities. Day to day managementof the variouspollution abatementsystems will be undertakenby the relevantoperational departments, but overallenvironmental performance will be monitoredby the Environmental ManagementDepartment. 7.3.3 The local EnvironmentalProtection Bureau then has the responsibilityof enforcingthe relevantdischarge and emissionstandards. To this end they will institutetheir ownperiodic monitoring and audit arrangements. 7.4 Training Programme 7.4.1 Locatedin the centraland westem part of China,Leiyang Power Plant has less experienceof environmentalmanagement and monitoringcompared with its counterpartsin eastemand coastal areas. 7.4.2 HEPC are alreadycarrying out trainingin EnvironmentalManagement Systems (e.g. the ISO 14001environmental management standard). This will include staff from Leiyang. 7.4.3 One areawhere expertisewill need to be furtherdeveloped is in the operation of continuousambient and stack gas monitoring of TSP,S02 and NOx. 7.4.4 Followingconsultation with the World Bank,it is proposedto carryout training in continuous monitoring. This will include training of two environmental managers - for two man months at a cost of $14,000. In addition, four environmentaltechnical engineers will be trained,again for two man monthsat a cost of $14000. An outlineof the proposedtraining programme is given in Table 7.4-1 , 7-14 Hur. Ner DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult Table7.1-1 Power Plant EnvironmentalMitigation Measuresand Costs MITIGATIONOF CONSTRUCTIONIMPACTS No Item Capital cost (10 yuan) Running cost (10 ResponsibleAuthorities yuanlyear) Local Imported Local Imported la Supervision & Control by Leiyang 0 Table7.2-1 HengyangEPB require EnvironmentalManagement Department Leiyangto provideEMD (LEMD) 2 MaintainSite Housekeeping Standards 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 Wheelwash and roadcleaning equipment 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 for constructionperiod 4 Time noisy constructionactivities during 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 daytime ConstructionUnit & 5 Selectlow noise methodsof pile driving 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeiyangEnvironmental where possible . ManagementDepartment 6 Usesilencers on constructionvehicles 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 Treat surfacewater drainagein existing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phase I system 8 Treat construction workers domestic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sewagein existingPhase I system TOTALS 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 7-15 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult Table7.1-1 PowerPlant Environmental Mitigation Measures and Costs MITIGATIONOF OPERATIONALIMPACTS - ONSITE No Item Capitalcost (110 Runningcost (10 Responsible yuan) yuanlyear) Authorities Local Imported Local Imported lb Supervision& Controlby EnvironmentalDepartment 0.0 0.0 Table7.2-1 HengyangEPB requireLeiyang to provideEMD 9 Utiliselow sulphurcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 Stack(including foundation) 0.0 8.30 0.0 0.0 11 Precipitator, support4 Fields 0.0 35.52 5.0 0.0 foundations->159 mg Nm3 Alternative 5 Fields->100 mg Nm3 0.0 42.62 6.0 0.0 12 1300 mg Nm`- NOx emissionlimit to be specifiedin Bidding 0.0 100 0.0 0.0 Documents 13 OptimalCooling water intake & dischargeconfiguration 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Leiyang 14 Waste water treatmentsystem (oil contaminated,water living 17.95 0.0 1.0 PowerPlant sewage,acidic alkaline water, boiler acid washing waste water and drainagefrom coal yard) 15 InducedFan Silencer 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 16 ForcedFan Silencer 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 17 Coalmill soundshields/foundations 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 18 Generatorsound shields/foundations 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 7-16 PR I Hun, wer DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult Table 7.1-1 Power Plant Environmental Mitigation Measures and Costs MITIGATION OF OPERATIONALIMPACTS - ONSITE No Item Capital cost (IO' Running cost (106 Responsible yuan) yuanlyear) Authorities Local Imported Local Imported 19 SteamTurbine sound shields/foundations 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 PowderInjector sound shielding 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 21 Feed Pumpsound shielding 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 22 Air compressorsound shielding 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 23 Boilersteam valvessilencers 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 24 Workshopsound shields 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 25 Landscapeplanting schemesto mitigate against noise and fugitive 0.60 0.0 0.02 0.0 dust 26 Use only rail transportfor fuel 0.50 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leiyang 27 Baghousefor uniloadingmachine and coal bank 0.695 0.0 0.03 0.0 PowerPlant 28 Hydrauliccleaning 1.47 0.0 0.02 0.0 29 Ash dewateringbin 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 Ash sluicingpump & house 2.48 0.0 0.02 0.0 31 Sluicingwater pump & house 0.8 0.0 0.03 0.0 32 Phase 1 ash water retrievalpond 0.1 0.0 0.03 0.0 33 Make provisionfor alternativedry ash handlingsystem (dry ash silo) 0.92 0.0 0.2 0.0 34 Bundingfor oil and bulk chemicalstorage 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 35 ProvideEmergency equipment (oil booms,absorbent granules etc) 0.0 0.02 0.01 0.0 TOTALS 27.805 187.02 12.36 0.0 7-17 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 7.1-1 Power Plant Environmental Mitigation Measures and Costs MITIGATION OF OPERATIONALIMPACTS - OFFSITE No Item Capital cost (10 yuan) Running cost (10 Responsible Authorities yuanlyear) Local Imported Local Imported Ic Supervision & Control by Environmental 0.0 0.0 Table 7.2-1 0.0 Hengyang EPB require Department Leiyang to provide EMD 36 Ash removalsystem 47.72 26.56 0.0 0.0 37 Surface water interception ditch around 12.91 0.0 0.0 0.0 ash yard 38 Ash pipeline. 3.61 0.0 0.02 0.0 Leiyang PowerPlant 39 Ash water retrievalsystem 2.98 0.0 0.40 0.0 40 Route pipelines etc off-site to minimise 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 impact _ TOTALS 67.22 26.56 0.42 0.0 7-18 *~~~ ia i Huun verDevelopment Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 7.1-2Major WasteWater And SewageTreatment Installations. (Unit, except pH, all in mg 1-1) Wastewater stream Flow Rate Treatment Major Incoming Discharge Required Dischargeuse installation pollutant quality Quality Discharge technology Standard Drainagefrom boilermake-up 10 Vh watertreatment system Drainagefrom condensate Intermittent Neutralising pH pH=2-12 pH=6-9 pH=6-9 treatmentsystem pond Drainagefrom laboratory Intermittent Drainagefrom boileracid- 5000tVyear Neutralising pH pH=2-12 pH=6-9 pH=6-9 Hydraulicash washing oxidisingpond SS SS=1000 sluicing- Closedsystem Fe=5000 Drainageform air pre-heating 2000ton per Mixing agglut- PH=2-6 SSs70 SSs70 flushing time inating settling SS=3000 Fes10 Fes10 pond Fe Fe=5000 Oil contaminatedwater 45 ton per Oil-water Oil Oil >15 Oil •10 Oil •10 time separator Drainagefrom coal 20 t/h Highly efficientSS SS>300 SS•70 sss70 transportationsystem settlingpond Domesticsewage 20 t/h Settlingoxidising BOD 5,SS SSs70 SSs70 BOD5•30 BOD5s30 CoolingWater Summer 21.44m$s-' Directcooling, Temperature +9.70C None To LeishuiRiver Winter 15.97m3s-1 (No biocide) +112.7°C 7-19 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 7.1-3 Major Sound Sources, Noise Limiting Values And Mitigation Measures Sound source Noise limiting value Noise reduction InducedFan 85 Silencer Noisereduction ForcedFan 90 Silencer 20-25dB(A) Coal mills 95-105 Sound isolation shield, Generatorand 90 Shockisolation executor foundation Steamturbine 90 Noisereduction Powderinjector 85 Sound isolation shield, 10-25dB(A) Feedpump 101 Shockisolation cushion Air compressor Soundisolation shield, soundabsorption inner wall Boilersteam release Silencer,noise reduction 20-30dB(A) Workshop <90 Soundisolation room sound absorption inner wall, noisereduction Plantarea Day•60,night s50 Tree planting,noise 2-4 dB(A) reduction 7-20 Hut. jwer DevelopmentPfoject (Part A) Power Consult Table 7.2-1 Proposed Environmental Monitoring For Lelyang Power Plant Phase 2. Mitigation Parameters Location Frequency Comments Capital Running cost Responsibility No. io6 yuan 106 yuanly Local Imported Local Imported 1, Environmental PowerPlant Annual Management 0 0 0.1 0 HEPB Management review. Department (EMD) 2,3 Site tidyness / PowerPlant & Daily 0 0 0.03 0 cleanliness construction sites 4,5,6 Construction Construction Monthly 0 0 0.05 0 LeiyangEMD noise sites 7,8 Wastewater Dischargepoints 10 days- SeeTable 7.2-2 0.1 0 0.05 0 monthly 9 Coal sampling Coalbelt Coal 0 0 0.15 0 LeiyangPP and analysis deliveries ChemistryLab 10 Stackheight Stack I QA of 0 0 0 HEPB construction 9,11,12 StackTSP, S0 2 & Stack Continuous Alarmsto control 0 1.0 0.1 0 LeiyangEMD NOx room 11 StackTSP Stack Annual Calibration 0 0 0.01 0 LeiyangEMD opacity-mgNm 3 7-21 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult Table 7.2-1 Proposed Environmental Monitoring For Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2. Mitigation Parameters Location Frequency Comments Capital Running cost Responsibility No. 106yuan 106yuan/y Local Imported Local Imported 9,11,12 Stack TSP, SO2 Stack Annual Env. Agency 0 0 0.01 0 HEPB & NOx Monitoring 9,11,12 Ambient S02 3km SSE& Continuous Instruments 0 2.0 0.8 0 LeiyangEMD NOx, TSP and 3km NNW alreadyinstalled PM10 13 Cooling Water Intake/outfall 1 QA of 0 0 0 0 HEPB Structures Construction 14 Cooling Water Intake& Outfall Continuous 0 0 0 0 Temperature. 14 Plant area Drainage 1Odays- 0.05 0 0.1 0 discharge dischargepoint monthly 14 Chemical plant Dischargepoint Monthly 0.05 0 0.1 0 neutalisingpond 14 Underground Municipal 4 seasons Dischargeto 0.05 0 0.1 0 LeiyangEMD water- ash yard Horticulture closedash Farm& sluicingsystem Liangjiacong . 14 Domesticsewage Discharge monthly/ 0.1 0 0.1 0 seasonal 14 Coal yard Discharge When 0.05 0 0.1 0 drainage draining 7-22 Hut Ner DevelopmentProject (Part A) Power Consult Table7.2-1 ProposedEnvironmental Monitoring For LeiyangPower Plant Phase2. Mitigation Parameters Location Frequency Comments Capital Running cost Responsibility No. 106yuan 106yuanly Local Imported Local Imported 15-24 Noisewithin plant Annual 0 0 0.005 0 LeiyangEMD 15-24 Noise outside 100x 100m grid Annual 0 0 0.02 0 plant 25 Planting Site Annual Management 0 0 0 0 Afforestation review Dept.Leiyang PP 26 Railtransport Site Continuous Records of 0 0 0 0 LeiyangPP deliveries 2,3,25-28 Fugitivedust CoalYard and Eachseason 5-7 days, each 0 0 0.02 0 Ash Yard with at least-12h LeiyangEMD sampling 29-33 Ash utilisation Site Continuous Recordsof sales 0 0 0 0 Ash Utilisation Department 34 Bunding BulkoiV I QA of 0 0 0 0 HEPB chemicaltanks construction 35 Emergency Site Annual Managemnent 0 0 0.01 0 SafetyDept. equipment review 36-40 Ash system Site-ashyard QA of 0 0 0 0 LeiyangEMD Construction TOTAL OA 3.0 1.855 0.0 7-23 Hunan Power Development Project (Part A) Power Consult Table 7.2-2 Wastewater Monitoring. Monitoring item Plant area Chemical plant Domestic Coal drainage neutralising pond sewage yard drainage drainage pH Once/ten days Once/month Once/month Suspended Solids Once/ten days Once/month COD Once/ten days Once/month * Oil Twice at least per month Fluoride Once/month As Once/month Suiphide Once/month Volatile mater * BOD5 Once/season * Monitoring when draining Table 7.2-3 Discharge Monitoring Points Series Drainage kind Sampling points No. 1 Plant area drainage Power plant area drainage outside drainage mouth 2 Chemical plant neutralising pond Discharge point drainage 3 Domestic sewage Discharge point 4 Coal yard drainage Coal yard discharge point 7-24 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 7.2-4Principal Instruments& Equipmentfor EnvironmentalMonitoring Nameof Equipment Usage Quantity 1. Spectrophotometer Analysing composition in gas 2 ,liquid(ultraviolet, routine) 2. Atomabsorption spectrophotometer Analysing heavy metal I composition 3. Atmospheresampler SamplingS02 ,NOxgases 4 4. Soundlevel meter Measuringnoise 2 5. Ten thousandthbalance Weighing 2 6.Totalsuspension particles sampler SamplingTSP 4 7.Electric contact wind directionRecording 24 hourswind direction 1 anemometer windspeed 8. Refrigerator Storingmedicine, sampling 1 9. Micro-computer Dataprocessing ,statistics 1 1O.Environmentmonitoring van Plant area surroundings,distant 1 monitoring 11.Fluegas monitoringsystem Measuringsuspended dust, S02 & 1 NOx in flue gas 12. pH meter MeasuringpH 1 13. conductivitymeter Measuringconductivity in waste 1 water 14. COD analyser MeasuringCOD contents I 15.Biochemistryculture boxlBOD 5 MeasuringBOD 5 contents 1 analyser 16. Oil analyser Measuringoil contents 1 17. Flow-meter Measuringdrainage flow capacity 1 . 7-25 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult Table 7.4-1 Training Programme Training Staff Departments Location Duration Cost US$ Time Numbers Local Foreign Ambient & 2 Environmental Foreign 2 man 0 14,000 1998- stack gas Managers Management Country months 2001 continuous Department monitoring . Ambient & 4 Environmental China 2 man 0 14,000 1998- stack gas Technical Management months 2001 continuous staff Department monitonrng 7-26 HunanPower Development Project (Part A) PowerConsult [Drainage of boiler | -i make-upwater f D treatmentsystem W W T Wastewater pond Mixingpond Drainageof condensate< ^ 5000m3 s treatmentsystem O ...... ------|Settling pond | Drainage[ of boiler } | Concentratingpond | | SFinalneutralisingip acidwashing S W Pond ar s DewatepngdmachineaClearti pondoation Drainageof air .l |Preheater flushing | Dry slagWransfer Ash sluiing pond Fig 7.1-1Chemical Waste Water Treatment Technology Flow Diagram Reclaimed Toil Oil contaminated Fith oi Cyclone oil-water Oil conteIminated ---Water to Wastewater drainsum separator wastewater ash system strainer Fig 7.1-2 Oil ContaminatedWater TreatmnentTechnology Flow Diagram Sludge to Municipal Waste Domestic |and-settling | wastewater | |reliminary Secondary| sewage pond pump house oxidation pond oxidation pond WaterFor sluicing ash Fig 7.1-3 Domestic Sewage TreatmentTechnology Flow Diagram 7-27 APPENDIXA: LIST OF EA REPORTPREPARERS a1 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXA PowerConsult APPENDIXA: LIST OF EA REPORTPREPARERS A.1.The main personnel involved in the preparation of the EA report are included in the following table:- Name Unit Title Speciality Main Work Liu SiMei NEPRI Professor AtmosphericEnviron. Generalmanager Zhu Fahua NEPRI SeniorEngineer Environmental Vice-generalmanager Geochemistry Waterassessment Zhu Genfu NEPRI Engineer Atmosphericphysics Atmosphericassessment You Yian NEPRI SeniorEngineer Environmental Ecology ______planning Lin Chenan NEPRI Engineer Fluiddynamics Atmosphere LiangBaoyin NEPRI SeniorEngineer Environmental Transmissionlines planning HaoTianming NEPRI Engineer AtmosphericPhysics Transmissionlines ZhaoGang NEPRI Engineer Computer Noise ZhangYulan HEPTI SeniorEngineer Chemistry Pollutantsources Ma Fengxian HEPTI SeniorEngineer Chemistry - Pollutantsources TianBo HEPDI Engineer Projectdesign Projectanalysis Pu Wenging NEPRI Engineer Computer Socialeconomy Xu Yong NEPRI Assistant ATmosphericphysics Atmosphere Engineer Zhu Xuelei NU Engineer Ecology EcologySurvey Ma Yunze NEPRI Assistant Atmosphere Socialeconomy Engineer Yu Zhitang IH Professor Ecology EcologyLeishui River ChenHuiquan IWHR Professor Hydolology Coolingwater discharge Xu Yulin IWHR SeniorEngineer Hydolology Coolingwater discharge XinzhiLiu IWHR Vicemanager Hydolology Coolingwater discharge KeithSadler Power Sr. Environ. Ecology ProjectManager Consult Consultant Tim Hill Power Sr. Environ. Atmosphericphysics Atmosphereassessment Consult Consultant ColinStocks NEPRI Mining Coalmining Coalmine safety Consultant management NEPRI - Nanjing Environmental Protection Research Institute(MOEP). HEPTI - Hunan Electric Power Testing Institute. HEPDI - Hunan Electric Power Design Institute. NU Nanjing University. IH - Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of Science. IWHR - China Institute of Water Resourcesand Hydropower Research. A-1 APPENDIXB LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXB PowerConsult APPENDIXB: LIST OF MAINREFERENCES HEPDI, The GeologyReport For LeiyangPower Plant Ash Disposal HEPDI,1997: FeasibilityStudy Report for HunanPower Development Project, Aug 1997. IWHR, 1995:The MathematicalCalculation on EnvironmentalWater Temperature ImpactArouse from LeiyangPower Plant Thermal Discharge. IWHR, 1995: Study Report on CoolingWater PhysicalModel for Leiyang Power Plant ExtensionProject. IWHR, 1996The SimulationCalculation on the HeadDischarge from the 2nd Phase 2x350MWextension of LeiyangPower Plant. LeiyangEPB, 1990: Report on LeishuiRiver Assessment and ProtectionMeasures, 1990 LeiyangMunicipality, 1993: Leiyang Municipal Annals, ChinaSociety Press. LeiyangMunicipality, 1995: Leiyang Municipal Annals - LeiyangYearbook. Li Zongkai et al, 1985 MeteorologicalTheory and Applicationfor Atmospheric Pollution, MeteorologicalPress. Nanjing Environmental Protection Research Institute, 1997: Environmental Assessmentsof the LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 ExtensionProject (2x300MW), HunanProvince PRC, October1997. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997 : TechnicalAppendix A for EA of Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 Project: Pollution Meteorologyand AtmosphericPollutant Prediction. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997 : TechnicalAppendix B for EA of LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 Project:The Predictionof CoolingWater Dispersion. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997 : TechnicalAppendix C for EA of LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 Project:Noise Prediction Methods. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997 : TechnicalAppendix D for EA of LeiyangPower Plant Phase 2 Project:The Inventoryof Plant Species B-1 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXB PowerConsult withinAsh Yard. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997: TechnicalAppendix E for EA of LeiyangPower Plant Phase 2 Project:Aquatic Ecology in LeishuiRiver. NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute, 1997: EnvironmentalBenefit Analysisfor PuttingOld and SmallT.G. SetsOut of Commission. NanjingHydraulic Institute, 1997: Report on PhysicalModel for the ShatouHydro Scheme. NEPA,1989: Measuring and Analytic Methods for Wastewater,China Environmental SciencePress. NEPA, 1992: Technical Principle and Method for Environmental Impact Assessment,Beijing University Press. NEPA, 1993: TechnicalGuidelines for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment HJ/T 2:1-2,4-93 NEPA & MOEP, 1996: Specificationfor FormulatingEnvironmental Impact Statementof ThermalPower Plant Construction Project, HJ/T 13-1996. Southern Central Survey and Design Institute,MOEP, 1997EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport for DongjiangHydro Station. SouthernCentral Survey and DesignInstitute, MOEP, 1997: Environmental Impact ReviewReport for DongjiangHydro Station. Yu Zhitang, 1997, Commenton Aquatic Ecology Survey, Inst. of Hydrobiology, ChineseAcademy of Sciences. B-2 APPENDIXC CONSULTATIONPROCESS HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXC PowerConsuft APPENDIX C: CONSULTATION PROCESS C.1 EA Preparation - Power Consult C.1.1 PowerConsult,a part of PowerGenPLC, was askedto collaboratewith Hunan Electric Power Company (HEPC), Hunan Electric Power Design Institute (HEPDI)and NanjingEnvironmental Protection Research Institute (NEPRI) in the productionof an EnvironmentalAssessment of the LeiyangPhase II Power PlantProject. PowerConsult assembled a team,consisting of Dr KeithSadler, Dr Tim Hill and Mr ColinStocks to undertakethis work. Dr Sadler and Mr Stocksundertook a field visit to China,during the periodOctober 14 1997 to November6 1997. The purpose of this visit was to obtain background information,resolve outstandingquestions and liase with NEPRI and HEPC and local coal mining personnel in collatingthe required information to completethe EA. report. C.1.2 The resultingEA reportrelies very heavilyon the substantialamount of work assembledby NEPRI in collaborationwith variousother Chineseinstitutions who have worked on the project. The role of PowerConsult has been to collatethis informationinto WorldBank required format and to 'peer review'the availableinformation, particularly with emphasison aquaticecology, stack gas emissionimpacts and miningsafety issues. C.1.3 In addition, Dr Sadler visited the China Instituteof Water Resourcesand HydropowerResearch (IWHR) in Beijing. IWHRwere primarilyresponsible for undertakingthe modellingstudies of the coolingwater intake and discharge and their potentialimpacts on LeishuiRiver. C.1.4 The followinglists the mainparticipants in this process: * PowerConsult Dr KeithSadler: Project leader with specialismin ecologicalimpacts. Dr Tim Hill: Air dispersionmodelling I stackgas emission impact. Mr ColinStocks (from InternationalMining Consultants Ltd): Coal mining safety. * HEPC Mr. Xiao Qibiao: ChiefWorld Bank Loan Office DirectorSenior Engineer responsiblefor Phase2 Project Mr. PanZhenchi: Vice DirectorLeiyang Power Plant c-1 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXC PowerConsuft Mr. ZhaoZhendong: Vice DirectorLeiyang Power Plant Mr. Li Jianping:Vice DirectorLeiyang Power Plant Mr Mo Ting: Chief,Administration Office Leiyang Power Plant. Mr. ChenLixin Vice Chief,Extension Dept Leiyang Power Plant Mr Li Yadong: Chief, EnvironmentalProtection Department, Leiyang PowerPlant Qu Zhonge:Engineer, Leiyang Power Plant Mr ZhongChangyuan: Senior Engineer / EnvironmentalSpecialist HEPC Mr Ge Ronggen:General Engineer, Leiyang Power Plant. Mr WangLianhuai: Engineer Hengyang Municipal Supply Bureau Mr RenTieping: Engineer HEPC Mr JiangYousheng: Engineer Changsha Municipal Power Supply Bureau * HEPDI Ms. Zheng Baiyan EngineerHunan Electric Power design Institute - transmissionsystems - NEPRI Prof. Liu Si Mei: SeniorEngineer - overallresponsibility for EA Dr Zhu Fahua:Senior engineer - waterimpacts specialist Mr Lin Chengan:Engineer Atmospheric Science Research Dept. * IWHR Prof.Chen Huiquan: Chief Engineer Mr Xinshi LiuVice Manager Mr Xu Yulin SeniorEngineer. * CoalMines Mr Li: DirectorBaisha Coal Mine Mr Li:General Engineer Baisha Coal Mine Mr Tyn: DirectorJiahe CoalMine Mr Li: Vice DirectorJiahe CoalMine Mr Luo:Director Xifendu Coal Mine Mr He: GeneralEngineer Xifendu Coal Mine C-2 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPEND XC PowerConsult C.2 Site Visits C.2.1 The existingLeiyang Power Plant, Phase1 development(2 x 200 MW) was visited. This enabledinspection of the facilities,many of which will be shared with the Phase 2 development,and the collectionof additionalinformation relatingto monitoringdata and othermatters. This visit includedinspection of the ash disposalarea and also two of the proposedsubstation sites (Hengen andChangsha) and an existingoperational substation (Motang) C.2.2 Mr. Stocks,visited two of the three coal minesthat will supply the Leiyang Phase2 development.These mines were the Baishaand Xifengdu mines and the visits included inspectionof the undergroundworkings. In addition consultationswere held with responsibleengineers from these and also the Jiahemine. C.3 EA Consultations C.3.1 Duringthe preparationof the EA anddevelopment of the projectas a whole, great importancehas been attachedto gatheringthe opinionsof all circles in societyabout socialeconomic development and environmentalimpacts etc. A rangeof publicparticipation programmes was arrangedand opinionsfed back into the developmentproposals. The principle environmentalspecialists consultedare indicatedin TableC.3-1. C.3.2 The LeiyangPower Plant firstly solicitedthe opinionson 2nd phaseextension projectfrom the State, Hunan provinceand Leiyangmunicipal govemment departmentsat all levels. This particularlyincluded those from environmental protectiondepartments. Following this, views were solicitedfrom all circles in societyon environmentalimpacts incurred by powerplant construction. To do this, a consultationsymposium was calledfor LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phase projecton environmentalprotection issues. Public opinion was also surveyed by questionnaire. C.3.3 The National Environmental Protection Agency invited environmental protection experts of wide range specialities to examine the outline environmental impact assessmentfor Leiyang power plant 2nd phase extensionproject in detail. Followingthat, the EnvironmentalProtection Office of the Ministryof ElectricPower sponsored a pre-examinationmeeting for the project(2 x 300MWclass) Environmental Impact Report. C.3.4 A 'Consultation symposiumon Hunan ProvinceLeiyang power plant 2nd phase project environmentalprotection issues" was held on the 21st March, C-3 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX C Power Consult 1997 at LeiyangPower Plant. The symposiumwas chairedby LeiyangPower Plant. Participantswere from HengyangMunicipal Environmental Protection Bureau,Leiyang Municipal govemment, People's Congress, People's Political ConsultativeCommission, Women's Federation, EnvironmentalProtection Bureau, Planning Commission, Economic Commission, and relevant representativesfrom surroundingvillages and towns around power plants, totalling45 persons(See Table C.3-2). C.3.5 Hearinga reporton the 2nd phaseproject construction proposals and detailed presentationsconceming predicted environmental impacts, the participants discussedthoroughly the necessityof the project, the issues of pollution preventionand control,ash yard,water sources and environmentalimpact etc. The contentsof the symposiumwere recorded as follows: C.3.6 All the participantsacknowledged unanimously that there is a severesupply shortage of electric power in Hunan province, especially in central and southern Hunan. The coal resource in Leiyang municipalityis abundant. Leiyang Power Plant, burning local coal, is a pit mouth one and hence minimisestransportation requirements. The site has excellentpotential for expansion. The extensionproject is well positionedto exploit local coal sources. By alleviatingthe imbalancebetween electricity supply and demand and hence facilitating local industrial and agricultural production, living standardsin the areawill be enhanced.The generalbenefits were recognised by all participants. A wish was expressed,for the projectto be started and completedearly and henceto produceexpected results as soonas possible. C.3.7 The participantsalso acknowledged that the extensionproject would inevitably bring some adverseenvironmental impacts. However,it was consideredthat the project would adopt necessary and reliable mitigation and control measuresto minimisepollution. It was believedthat, under the supervision and managementof the local environmentalprotection department, the power plant extensionwill not only play a role in generatingeconomic benefit, but would also promotelocal and regionalenvironmental protection work by acting as an example of a large industrial plant adopting high standards of environmentalmanagement. C.3.8 Aiming at solicitinga wider crosssection of opinion,a questionnairehas been distributedon various occasionsduring the public consultationprocess. The questionnairecomprises 10 questions,designed to solicit opinionsrelevant to the local economy, the necessity of project construction and those of environmentaland personalimpact etc. The questionsused are given in Table Et C-4 H-unan Power Development Project APPENDIX C Power Consult C.3-3. C.3.9 Of 36 surveyingforms distributed,33 were returned. The statisticsof the returnedforms were: - 33.8%thought the local economyto be very good,36.4% relatively good and33.3% ordinary; - 97.0% of those surveyed alleged the main problem affecting the developmentof local economyis electricpower supply,3% though other problems; - All of those surveyedthought the constructionof LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseproject to be very necessaryand would promote development of the localeconomy. - After the completionof the project,73.7% of those surveyedwere most concemedby economicdevelopment; 27.3%, employmentopportunities andincome increase; and 34.2%, environmental improvement. - With respect to the status quo of local regional environment,36.4% thought it very good; 33.3% relatively good, 24.2% ordinary; 6.1% relativelybad. - Among the environmental issues, main concems were, 57.6% atmosphere,30% water, 36.4% suspended particles, and 24.2%noise. - After the completionof the project,51.5% thought the environmentto be improvedand 48.5%to remainthe same, - 100%of those surveyedheld that the constructionof Leiyangpower plant will be very favourable or relatively favourable for the reasonable exploitationand utilisation of localcoal resources. - 78.8% of those surveyedheld that the projectconstruction will enhance the employmentopportunities and social status of women; only 21.2% thoughtit wouldbring little change. - 97.0% of those surveyed held that its constructionwill promote the improvementof communications;only 3.0%thought it will haveno effect. C.4 Meetings Of EnvironmentalInstitutions C.4.1 Authorised by document 085(1994) of National EnvironmentalProtection C-5 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX C Power Consult Agency, the EnvironmentalAssessment Centre of NEPA called A 'Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 Extension Project Outline Environmental Impact AssessmentExamination Meeting' at Changsha,Hunan province, on 19thDec. 1994.Those participatingin the meetingwere Central China Electric Power AdministrationBureau, Hengyang Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Leiyang Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Bureau, and institutions of construction,design and assessmentetc. ten institutionswith a total of 43 representativesand experts(see Table C4-1). The meetinginvited 8 expertsto organiseinto an ExpertAssessment Group to providean examinationopinion. C.4.2 The EnvironmentalProtection Office of Ministryof ElectricPower chaireda meeting at Beijing in 17th May, 1997 to pre-examinethe "Hunan Leiyang Power Plant 2nd,phase extensionproject (2 x 300MW class) Environmental Impact Report". Those participatingin the meeting were NEPA, Hunan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, Hengyang Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Bureau, Leiyang Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau,Electric Power Programming General Institute, Central China Electric PowerGroup and HunanProvincial Electric Power Bureau etc., with a total of 15 institutionsand 26 representatives(see Table C4-2)). The experts and representativesparticipating in the meetinghad the reportreviewed thoroughly and had the 9 expertsorganised into an assessingand examining group. cz~~~~~~~ Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDI C Power Consult C.3-1. PrincipalExperts Consulted Name Unit Title Telephone Xu Zhengan NEPA SeniorEngineer 01066153366-5632 WangZhixuan MOEP SeniorEngineer 01066023857 Pan Li MOEP Engineer 01066023857 Xu Shunlu HunanEPA Director 0731 5464643 Le Mingdao HunanEPA SeniorEngineer 07315464643 Ren Ming HunanEPA SeniorEngineer 0731 5464643 ZhangZhaozu HengyangEPB SeniorEngineer 0734 8222433 ZhouJingdong LeiyangEPB Vice-Director 073443324123 ZhenJiucang LeiyangEPB Vice-Director 073443324123 Xue Liangfang SouthemC. SeniorEngineer 07315582633-3121 ElectricPower Survey& Design Inst. Yu Zhitang Inst. Hydrobiology Professor 027 7647714 Wuhan,Chinese Acad. Sci. Liu Wenbing NanjingAgricultural Vice-Professor 0254395382 University C-7 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX C Power Consult Table C.3-2 Attendeed At ConsultationSymposium on Environmental Protection Issues For Hunan Leiyang Power Plant 2nd Phase Project 21/3/97. Name Sex age Institute Postltitle/occu Tel. pation Zhenjindong Male 32 LeiyangEPB DeputyDirector 07344332413 Luoxianggui Male 46 LeiyangEPB Director 07344332413 Wuzhongdong Male HengyangEPB Director 07348228352 Tangxiaoping Male HengyangEPB Engineer 07348222563 Xujianzhong Male Municipalgovemment DeputyMayor 07344331002 Liuhonggao Male Municipalgovemment Director 07344331002 office Wangshuqi Male 59 MunicipalPeople's DeputyDirector 07344332253 Congress Binyueyu Male 80 MunicipalPeople's Director 07344332253 CongressWorker Committee Dengjiaxiang Male Municipalplanning DeputyDirector 07344332312 commission Xushuangmei Female MunicipalWomen Chairperson 07344332132 Federation Xudongguo Male 42 Jinnanvillage Villagedeputy- 07344332527 head Wuyongnian Male 42 Luqivillage Peasant 07344332777 Wucongfen Female 28 Luqivillage Peasant 07344332777 Liangxiaohong Female 27 Luqivillage Peasant 07344332777 Liangfeng Male 35 Changshengvillage Branchsecretary Liangguolin Male 41 Changshengvillage Head Jianglongsheng Male Shuidongjiang Secretary 07344332613 Xuwangjie Male Shuidongjiang Peasant 07344332613 B Liangruihua Male Dongluvillage Branchsecretary Zhengqincheng Female Dongluvillage Peasant Guronghua Male MunicipalEconomic Director Commission Zhengminchun Male CoalBureau Director Wuqiusheng Male 52 Zao Municipalityoffice Deputysecretary 07344222925 Yanqiusheng Male 32 Zao Municipalityoffice Clericalworker Liguiying Female 49 Caizichioffice Deputysecratary 07344222295 Longhuojun Male 40 Zao Municipalityoffice, Branchsecretary Shatouvillage liangxiangyi Female 36 Zao Municipalityoffice, Peasant Shatouvillage continued -> C-8 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX C Power Consult C.3-2 Continued Name Sex age Institute Post/title/occupa Tel. tion Zhuwuguan Male 22 Caizichi office Clericalworker Leiyangsheng Male 34 Simenzhoutown Deputy secretary Lichengqiu Male 43 MunicipalAgriculture Deputy director Bureau Liuhongbo Male 40 MunicipalAgriculture Director Bureau Hushanli Male 49 Expert peasantwith Village residents MunicipalHorticulture Bureau Wujinya Male Xinhe village 1st Village residents section Liangxiaobao Female Xinhe village 1st Village residents section Zhangying Female Xinhe village 1st Village residents section Zhouhuanan Male Municipalgovernment Clericalworker Pengjunqing Male 48 Leiyangpower plant Director Jingjinyun Male 58 Leiyangpower plant Secretary Chengruixiang Male 58 Leiyangpower plant Deputy general Engineer Liyadong Male 56 Leiyang powerplant Environmental protection director Quzhonghe Male 33 Leiyang power plant deputy director Lianganming Male 45 Leiyang power plant Extension construction office deputy director Liuyouli Male 33 Leiyangpower plant Engineer Wangsuzhi Female 33 Leiyangpower plant Laboratory technicianfor environmental protection Zhoulijun Female 34 Leiyang power plant Extension constructionoffice ,data personnel Continued-> C-9 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXC PowerConsult Table C.3-3 PublicConsultation Survey On EnvironmentalImpact For Leiyang Power2nd StageEngineering Construction Name |Age |Sex | |Culturallevel Work unit Post Pleasemake your acknowledgedanswer( ) 1. You holdthat the situationof developmentof the local economyis: very good ( ) relativelygood ( ) ordinary( ) relativelybad ( ) 2. You hold that the major problemaffecting the developmentof the local economy is: electricpower supply ( ) communicationsituation ( ) naturalresources ( ) others( ) 3. You holdthat the constructionof LeiyangPower Plant is: very necessary( ) ordinary( ) with no greatprospect ( ) 4. After completionof LeiyangPower Plant construction what concemsyou mostis: economicdevelopment ( ) employmentopportunity ( ) incomeincrease ( ) improvementof environment( ) 5. You hold that statusquo of localregion environment is: very good ( ) relativelygood ( ) ordinary( ) relativelybad ( ) 6. The environmentalissue that concemyou mostis: atmosphere( ) water ( ) suspendedparticles ( ) noise( ) others( ) 7. Afterthe completionof constructionof powerplant, the localenvironment will: be improved( ) very little ( ) becomeworse ( ) seriouslybe deteriorated( ) 8. You hold that to exploit the coal resourcesreasonably, the constructionof the powerplant will be: very favourable( ) relativelyfavourable ( ) unfavourable( ) 9. The constructionof Leiyang Power Plant will have the employment opportunityand socialstatus of localwomen: greatlyenhanced ( ) enhanced( ) little changed( ) lowered( ) 10. The constructionof LeiyangPower Plant will have the local communication situation: greatlyimproved ( ) improved( ) little changed( ) tum worse( ) c-10 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX C Power Consult Table C4-1 SomeOf TheAttendees at Leiyangpower Plant Phase2 Extension ProjectOutline EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Examination Meeting 19112194 Name Workunit Business telephone XingWenli NantionalEnvironmental Protection Agency 010-8329911-732 Liu Xingzhi CentralChina Electric Power Bureau 027-6773398 Xu Shunlu Hunan Environmental Protection Bureau0731-5464643 (EPB) XiaoZhigang HunanEPB 0731-5464643 ZhengJiuchang LeiyangEPB 0734-4332413 Jiang Fenlan NEPA 010-8329911 Huo Huan BeijingEnvironment Science Academy 010-68313842 ZhangWei SouthwestElectric Power Design Institute 028-4402517 Wu Yianwu CentralSouth Electric Power Design Institute 0731-7811172 Wu Zhongdong LeiyangEPB 0734-4332413 Jia Chongxiang HengyangEPB 0734-8222433 Hu Dongyuan HunanEnvironmental Monitoring Station 0731-5583358 Liao Anyu HunanElectric Power Company 0731-5543241 Zhong HunanElectric Power Company 0731-5543337 Changyuan ZhaoZhengming ChangshaEnvironmental Protection Institute 0731-5529941 Hu Huanming ChangshaEnvironmaental Protection School 0731-2213708 Li Shaozhai HunanElectric Power Design Institute 0731-5527700- 7201 ChengRuixiang LeiyangPower Plant 0734-4302248 c-il Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX C PowerConsult Table C.4-2 Some Of The Attendees At The MOEP Meeting in Beijing on 17th May 1997 Name Work unit Business telephone Wan zhixuan Ministry of Electric Power 010-66023857 Yu zhengnang National EnvironmentalProtection Agency 010-66153366- 5632 Liu xinzhi Central China Electric Power Bureau 027-6773398-3234 Xu xunlu Hunan EnvironmentalProtection Bureau 0731-5464643 Peng qiang Hunan EnvironmentalMonitoring Station 0731-5583358 Re mindao Hunan EnvironmentalProtection Bureau 0731-5464643 Zhang junxiang Changsha Design Institute for Light Industry 0731-5584411 Zhang zhaozhu Henyang EPB 0734-8222433 Zheng jiuchang Leiyang EPB 0734-4332413 Zhang xingning Southwest Electric Power Design Institute 028-4402298 Huo huan Beijing EnvironmentalScience Academy 010-68313842 Lipinghen IWHR in Beijing 010-68415522- 6734 Cheng dequan North China Electric Power Bureau 010-63543377- 2310 Yang jianxiang Electric Power Plan Design General Institute 010-64013311- 4354 Zhong Hunan Electric Power Company 07311-5543337 chuangyuan Xu youyuan Hunan Electric Power Design Institute 0731-5527700- 7334 Tian bo Hunan Electric Power Design Institute 0731-5527700- 7091 Liu ximei NEPRI 025-8851421-521 Zhu fahua NEPRI 025-8851421-221 Zhang yulan Hunan Electric Power Test Institute 0731-5542801 Xiao qibiao Leiyang Power Plant 0734-4302248 C-12 APPENDIXD ENGINEERSREPORT FOR POWER CONSULTON THE MINE OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETYSTATUS I1 APPENDIX D MINE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY STATUS OF MINES SUPPLYING ANTHRACITE COAL TO LEIYANG POWER STATION FOR THE HUNAN POWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT r Contents Page 1 CONTENTS Page 1.0 I NTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 Intemational Mining Consultants Ltd.1-1 1.2 Hunan Electrical Power CompanyProject .1-2 1.3 Scope of Work.1-2 1.4 Overall Conclusions of the Consultants .1-3 2.0 MINING OPERATIONS ...... 2-1 2.1 Main Level Roadways.2-1 2.2 PrincipalProduction .2-2 2.3 Coal Transport .2-3 2.4 Coal Delivered to Leiyang Power Plant. 24 3.0 SAFETY AUDIT .. 3-1 3.1 }Flood .. 3-1 3.1.1 Aquifers.3-1 3. 1.2 Large Accumulationsof Water.3-1 3.1.3 Water Pipes and Tanks.3-2 3.1.4 Pumping Capacity.3-3 3.2 Fire.3-3 3.2.1 Fire Prevention .3-4 3.2.2 Fire-FightingTraining. 3-4 3.2.3 Flammable Material. 3-4 3.2.4 Fire Fighting Equipment.3-4 3.2.5 Early Warning System.3-4 3.2.6 Mines Rescue .3-4 3.3 Methane Gas .3-5 3.3.1 Ventilation.3-5 PowergenPower Consuit IntemationalMining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 Contents Page 2 Page 3.0 SAFETY AUDIT (continued) 3.3.2 AutomaticMonitoring ...... 3-5 3.3.3 Methane Inrushes...... 3-6 3.4 Roof Collapse...... 3-6 3.4.1 Roadway Support.3-6 3.4.2 Longwall Support.3-6 3.5 Coal Dust ...... ,. .,. 3-7 3.5.1 Dust Suppression...... 3-7 3.5.2 Dust Samples...... 3-7 3.5.3 Miners Protection...... 3-8 4.0 MINING AUTHORISATIONS ...... , , , , .,.. 4-1 5.0 PRC MINING REGULATIONS .5- 5.1 Glossary of Mining Terminology.5-5 6.0 OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .6-1 APPENDICES A Coal Production Certificates E Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 3176/1 November 1997 Introduction Page 1-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION The People's Republic of China (PRC) is the world's largest producer and consumer of coal. In 1996the main coal statisticswere: Total Production 1.350 Mt Total Exports 28.58 Mt Total Imports 2.1 Mt Approximately300 Mt/a is produced by surface miningoperations, the remainder 473 Mt/a is produced by 600 State owned undergroundrnines and 577 Mt/a is produced by 80,000 small Provincial and County operated underground mines. About 35% of coal consumption (472 Mt/a) is for power -generation(UK 75%: USA 85%) whereas 45% (608 Mt/a) is for industrial heating boilers, 10% (135 Mt/a) for households and 10% (135 Mt/a) for metallurgicalindustries. The State owned minesare operated under licence from the Ministryof Coal Industry (MOCI) in 29 regions by 103 Coal Bureaux. This report ascertains the Occupational Health and Safety Status of the State Owned mines Xifengdu, Jiaha, and Baisha which will be supplying anthracite coal to the Leiyang Power Station Project situated in the Hunan Province of China 1.1 [nternational Mining ConsultantsLimited InternationalMining Consultants Limited(IMCL) is a leadinginternational firm of consultants providing technical advice and engineeringdesign and construction managementin the fields of mining and general engineering. The company is registered and based in the UK and is a principalsubsidiarv of the IMC Group which has other subsidiarycompanies in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia. IMCL was established in 1947 to provide technical services to its parent company Powell Duffrvn, the UK's largest coal mine owner/operator at that time, which also had substantial overseas mining interest. Following a number of changes of ownership, including a major shareholding for twenty years by the British Coal Corporation the company is now wholly owned by Inter-Continental Fuels Limited, a private sector company which specialises in the internationaltrading of energy minerals. IMCL employs more than 400 full time staff and around 100 contracted associates, covering everv aspect of mine project development and operation from geological to geophysical assessment, through mine planning and engineering, operational planning, health and safety improvement,environmental mitigation, cost auditing and financialmodelling. Powergen Power Constlt InternationalMining Consultants Limited 0040! I November 1997 Introduction Page 1-2 In this regard they have carried out major feasibility studies and prepared bankable documents, due diligence and stock market flotation reviews (technical advice or reports), mine development, planning and management, technical and financial audits. IMCL operate through a number of divisions which relate generally to the type of service provided. 1.2 Hunan Electrical Power Company Project Hunan Electrical Power Company (HEPC) proposes to construct a 600 MW (two 300 MW boilers) anthracite fired power station on the outskirts of Leiyang City, along the edge of the Leishui River and adjacent to an existing 400 MW (two 200 MW boilers) power station. HEPC will also close ten small inefficient polluting boilers (8 x 25 MW and 2 x 50 MW) at several other locations in Hunan Province. In addition HEPC will construct two 220 kV transmission lines and associated substations. One 300 km line to connect the privately developed Changsha Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Project to the Hunan Power Grid and the other 200 km line to connect the Leiyang Project to the Hunan Power Grid. The project is in the second phase of what is likely to be a three phase programme as there may be an additional thermnalpower station utilising imported coal. -Anthracite fuel for the project will be supplied by Xifengdu, Jiahe, and Baisha coal mines. Fuel delivery is mainly by rail although some fuel is currently delivered by truck. In accordance with Chinese environmental regulations, an Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared for the power generation facility by Nanjing Environmental Protection Research Institute (NEPRI). HEPC requested World Bank financing for this project and in accordance with World Bank policies and procedures (OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment) the project was rated "Category A" and an EA must be prepared to World Bank specifications. 1.3 Scope of Work World Bank environmental specialists reviewed the draft EA prepared by NEPRI and for a number of reasons concluded that the document required strengthening to meet World Bank EA standards together with an independent evaluation of the ecological impacts to be anticipated from the discharges of the heated cooling water, and the occupational health and safety status of the mines supplying the anthracite fuel. Chinese officials agreed to the recommendation that an international consultant with substantial relevant experience be engaged to prepare a well written English text EA document incorporating all project components (generation, transmission, coal mine safety, and boiler retirement) that will meet World Bank technical requirements. The main objective of this work program is to produce an EA report for the Hunan Power Development Project of outstanding quality in strict accordance with World Bank requirements. The EA report is to be based on the draft EA report already prepared by Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 004011 November 1997 Introduction . Page 1-3 NEPRI and thus should be completed to an acceptable final draft, in approximately three months, by December 1997. IMCL's objective was to visit the three mines supplying anthracite fuel to Leiyang Power Station and investigate on behalf of the World Bank, their status with regard to Health and Safety. 1.4 Overall Conclusionsof the Consultants Underground visits, and meetings with the mine directors where held at Xifengdu, Jiahg, and Baisha mnines,which are the three mines that will supply the proposed Leiyang Power Station Project. The objective of the visits and meetings was to ascertain the mine's Occupational Health and Safety Status.. The Consultantsoverall conclusionsand impressionsgained were: • Management are well organised and informed. * Coal Mine Regulations are fully understood and implemented. * Underground housekeeping is good. - Fire-fighting systems are in place and maintained in good working order. * Mines Rescue teams and specialist rescue equipment are available at all mines. • There are no major methane gas (C- 4) or carbon monoxide (CO) problems. • Ventilation in the mines is adequate but there is a need to direct more air to the working areas. * Spontaneous combustion does not constitute a high risk. * Water is only a nuisance issue and is no major problem. * Face and roadway conditions are good. . Coal dust was well controlled, and the mines had no problems with methane/coal dust outbursts. PoNvergenPower Consult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 0040/1 November 1997 Mining Operauons Page 2-1 2.0 MINING OPERATIONS The geological structure of a coal seam normally dictates the miningmethod best suited for coal extraction. Anthracite coal is a hard coal with the highest fixed-carbon content and the lowest amount of volatile matter of all types of coal. Anthracite was formed primarilyat the end of the CarboniferousPeriod by earth movementsthat generated heat and pressure which transformed the carbonaceous material then present in the earth. The Hunan Anthracite Coalfieldhas undergone geological disturbancesduring the transformation of the coal seams, so much so that the coal measures strata is steeply inclined. Seams dip range is 22° to 370 which is not suitable for mechanised mining, so coal is worked using drilling, blasting and handfillingmining methods. The mining methods employed at all three mines were very similar,and are: 2.1 Main Level Roadways The main levels are driven between seams in solid rock strata, approximately 50 m apart vertically,dependant upon the dip angle of the coal seam. They rise at gradients suitable for the use of battery powered locomotives, and allowingfor the natural drainage of any mine water to the pit bottom pumps. The roadways are supported by roof bolts which are interlaced with a matrix of steel wire then systematicallysprayed with-concrete to provide a smooth lined roadway. Longwall roadways are accessed from the main levels by cross measure drifts which may be graded up or down, depending upon the circumstances. Longwall roadways are driven in the coal seam and are supported by either arch or square profile steel girders. Having been subjected to very little strata loading the roadways have maintaineda good profile throughout their length. 2.2 Principal Production Principalproduction is from handfilledlongwall faces, with an average face length of 60-80 m dependantupon the dip angle of the coal seam. The miningmethod used, is to drive the main and return roadways in seam anproximately300 m in length, the return gate being the higher of the two. A longwall face is then establishedby heading in the coal seam to connect the main and return gates. The longwall face is supported by link-bars and hydraulic props. During miningoperations the iongwall face is systematicallyadvanced in 1 metre increments, starting at the tail gate end. First by drillingand blasting the coal, then hand loading the coal down the longwall face deliveringit onto a series of short, flexiblechain conveyors installed in the main gate. Roof supports are advanced as the cycle of operations progresses down the longwalltowards the main gate. When a I metre increment has been extracted throughout the whole length of the longwall face, then the cycle starts again. Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 3 17613 November 1997 MiningOperations Page 2-2 2.3 Coal Transport The main coal transport system underground is by mine cars of I t capacity. Coal is delivered from the longwall face chain conveyors into the mine cars, which are hauled by battery powered locomotives to the pit bottom. The mine cars are then wound out of the mine and the coal emptied by a tippler on the surface. The empty mine cars are then wound back underground. At Jiaha mine the I t capacity mine cars are emptied into an underground bunker in the pit bottom, coal from the bunker is then loaded into 6 t mine cars for winding out of the mine. 2.4 Coal Deliveredto Leiyang Power Plant 1.67 Mt/a of anthracite coal is supplied by rail to Leiyang Power Station from the three mines, in the following quantities:- Mine t/a Baisha 1,200,000 Xifengdu 200,000 Jiahe 270,000 PowergenPower Conisult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 317613 November 1997 SafetyAudit Page3-i 3.0 SAFETY AUDIT Five kinds of disasters are associated to the Chinese mining industry: flood, fire, explosion, roof collapse and methane/coal-dust outbursts. The national guidelines emphasis Safety First, encouraging mine owners and directors to consider all aspects of safety during their daily mining operations, with the prevention of accidents being a very high profile activity. The principal prevention measures currently exercised are for explosion, fire and methane/coal-dust outburst. Ventilation requirements are being up-rated especially as the mine workings get deeper. Methane monitoring is now common practice with automatic cut off of electrical equipment as pre-set limits are reached. Enquiries into accidents are jointly carried out by the Departments of Labour, and Public Security and Prosecutions. Corporate and personnel liability may result in fines or punitive measures. From the figures given in Section 1, for each individual State Owned Underground Mine there are 133 other underground mines. The poor mining accident statistics associated with PRC mining operations are mainly attributed to the latter sector of mining. To ascertain the Health and Safety Status of the three State Owned mines, Baisha, Xifengdu, and Jiahc, the Consultants investigated the mines management's, organisation and control with regard to flood, fire, explosion, roof collapse and methane/coal-dust outburst. 3.1 Flood The sudden inrush of water or material that will flow when wet has always been a potential hazard during mining operations. Prevention of such inrushes is the duty imposed by PRC mining regulations on owners and directors. Each of the mines visited had an Operations Technology Department responsible for the management and control of water within the mines working area. There are four possible ways that underground mine workings can become flooded, and the Consultants investigated the mines organisation in respect of these, namely water from aquifers, large accumulations of water within the rnining area, the sudden rupture of water pipe lines or associated equipment and insufficient pumping capacity. 3.1.1 Aquifers There are no major water aquifers associated with the current rmineworkings. 3.1.2 Large Accumulations of Water The Local Coal Bureaux is responsible for supplying to the mines Operational Technology Department the location and size of all abandoned and operational mining activities, and any large surface accumulations of water within the mines working area. PowcegenPower Consult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 Safety Audit Page 3-2 Mining plans showing all possible sources of water accumulations are kept at the mines, updated as new informationbecomes available. Miningoperations are planned to protect the mine from any dangers associatedwith such water accumulations. Large surface water accumulations are not underworked, a pillar of support being left to protect them. A barrier of strata not to be mined is left between current mine workings and any abandoned mine workings. The size of the barrier is calculated using a formula laid down in the PRC miningregulations. At the mines visited the depth of the mine workings below the surface was between 300 and 400 m, with private mines operating at a much shallower depth. The mine plans inspected showed the location of all possible water accumulationsand the protective barriers. The size of protective barriers between current mine workings and abandoned mine workings varied in size. The size of the barrier is calculatedaccording to the followingcriteria:- * If the abandoned mine workings cannot be accessed in any way, then calculationswould be made taking into account the type of strata between the abandoned mine workings and current mine workings, and water pressure within the abandoned mine workings assuming the workings to be full of water. * If the abandoned mine workings are in close proximityto the current mineworkings, then a bore-hole would be drilled to access the abandoned mnineworkings at their lowest point to drain any water present. Any water drainage is strictly controlled by the Operational Technology Department. . If ready access is available into the abandoned mine workings and the workings are physicallyexamined. 3.1.3 Water Pipes or Tanks The sudden rupture of water pipes or storage tanks can flood areas of the mine, cutting ofF access and ventilation. Preventative measures to minimisethis risk are laid down in the PRC mine regulations, these requirements are: A surface tank of sufficient size to supply water for both dust suppression and fire fighting shall be installed. The tank shall be of sound construction and situated away from the entrance of the mine, so as to prevent an inrush of water into the mine should the tank rupture. Water pipes used to supply water to the workinz areas of the mine shall be capable of withstanding any pressure head developed within the pipeline. The size of the pipes installed shall be capable of deliveringa set amount of water to all parts of the mine, in the quantities as stated in the PRC mniningregulations. Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 Safety Audit Page 3-3 A water meter shall be fitted to monitor the amount of water entering the mine at all times. Any sudden increase in the amount of water enteringto be investigatedand rectified. At the mines visited a concrete water tank situated away from the mines entrance was in use. Around the perimeter of the tank was a drainageditch connectedto the mines surface drainage system designed to control overflow water or water from a sudden rupture of the tank. A water meter measuring the flow of water from the tank into the mine was in place fitted with an alarm, which would operate if the water entering the mine expected a pre-set amount. An emergency shut off valve was located near to the water flow meter, closure of this valve would stop the flow of water into the mine. All water pipe lines, and associated valves and joints observed at the mines were well supported throughout their length with no visual signs of leaks. They were normally of 120 mm diameter which is quite adequate to deliver the quantities of water required for fire-fightingand dust suppression. 3.1.4 Pumping Capacity During the bore-hole exploration of any intended mining area, water content within that proposed working area is analysed. The mine design engineers use this information to calculate the anticipated amount of water likely to be encountered during mining operations. Tanks, pumps and pipes will be purchased and installed during the construction of the mine, to handle all calculated water flows, providing also for any spare capacity that may be required. PRC miningregulations state that the mines shall have pumping equipmentinstalled to operate in the sequence of-one pump running, one pump standby and one pump spare. The tanks and pipes installed shall be capableof handling water flows consistentwith all three pumps running simultaneously. Pumping equipmentand normal water extraction's for the three mninesare as follows:- Mine NormalWater Single Pump Total Pumping FlowM 3IH Capacity M3/H Capacity M3/H Baisha 370 850 2550 Jiahe 430 900 2700 Xifengdu 190 500 1500 At the mines visited underground water flows seen were quite normal, created by surface run- off or water draining out of abandoned mine workings. The water source into the mine workings was along natural fissures, mainlyassociated with fault planes. 3.2 Fire Prevention is the best means of dealing with fire, but if a fire does occur, the equipment to extinguishthe fire and people trained in its use are an essentialpart of a mines organisation. Po-vergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 317613 November 1997 SafetyAudit Page 3-4 During the mine visits and discussions with mine management the Consultants looked for verification that emergency organisation and equipment for the imnmediateresponse to underground fires was available and that the following structures were in place for the eliminationof potential fire risks. 3.2.1 Fire Prevention At all three mines an engineer was statutorily appointed under PRC miningregulations, who's duties and responsibilitiesincluded the monitoringand control of Ventilationand Methane, (a potential fire hazard), fire-fighting training and the supply and maintenance of fire-fighting equipment. 3.2.2 Fire-fightingTraining All workmen are initiallytrained in fire fighting,with refresher training given annually. 3.2.3 Flammable Material All flammablematerials are stored separately to other materials, and flammablematerials used underground are strictly controlled. 3.2.4 Fire Fighting Equipment A large water tank is situated on the mine surface. The size of the tank and the water storage capabilityis as specified by PRC miningregulations. A water pipe-line connected to the tank, capable of delivering water to all parts of the mine was installed. Along the length of the pipeline at distances not exceeding 250 m there were hose connections. Supplies of hoses, extinguishers and sand are kept in emergency stores at the mines surface, underground at pit bottom and in all major electrical substations. 3.2.5 Early Warning Systems Oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are monitored at the mine main fan. Any fluctuations from the established normal readings for the mine are fully investigated and any necessary actions taken. 3.2.6 Mines Rescue Each mine has two fully trained rescue teams available on the surface at all times, with access to teams from other mines should an emergencyoccur. Each mine has specialist emergency equipment stores, and all rescue men are fully trained in the use of that equipment. E Po%vergenPower Consult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 317613 November1997 SafetvAudit Page 3-D All people entering the mine are issued with a self-rescuer. A self-rescuer is a personal piece of equipment normallycarried attached to the belt used for carrying an electricalcap lamp. In the event of an underground fire, the self-rescuer allows workmen to breath in mine atmosphere contaminated by the products of combustion. The life of a self-rescuer is up to one hour, enablingworkmen to get to a part of the mine which has clean air. 3.3 Methane Gas Methane is an inflammablemine gas given off from coal during mining operations, it will readily burn when exposed to an open flame. If the percentage of methane in the mine air reaches 5% to 15% it will explode violently. The engineer in charge of ventilation is responsible for the monitoring and control of methane within the mine workings. The Consultants investigated the mines organisation and control of methane in respect of ventilation,automatic monitoring and methane outbursts. 3.3.1 Ventilation PRC mining regulations state that it is the duty of the Mine Director to secure that there is adequate ventilation in all parts of the mine to dilute gases that are inflammableor noxious so as to render them harmless. At the mines visited ventilation plans and records are kept showing the quantities of air flow throughout the mine. Monthly air samples are taken at specific points around the mine and their analysisrecorded in a book. Air samples monitor Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxideand Methane. Mine officials were appointed to be in charge of sections of the mnines.Their duties included the monitoring of ventilation and the detection of any accumulations of methane. Examinations were carried out at intervals not exceeding four hours at all places were men regularlywork. 3.3.1 Automatic Monitoring Automatic monitoring for methane was installed throughout the mines visited, specificallyat places were coal is worked. If the percentage of methane reaches 1 % then all electrical power is switched off. If the percentage of methane reaches 1.5 % then all workmen are withdrawn. In both cases the ventilation quantity is increased to dilute the methane gas in the effected area. During the formation of anthracite coal methane is given off therefore methane content within the anthracite coal measures normaly is low. At Xifengdu and Jiaha mines the nornal methane content within the general body of the mine air were less than 0.5 %, but at Baisha mine the normal methane levels were found to be much higher. The current mine workings at Baisha mine are overlain by a mudstone 0.05 to 4 m thick, which prevented some of the methane from being driven off during the formation of the coal, it was quite normal after shotfiring operations for methane levels to reach over I %. To control and reduce the amount Powergen Power Consuli International Mining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 SafetyAudit Page3-6 of methane present within the general body of the mine air more ventilation is passed through working longwall faces. To assist mine managementin the control of methane content within the mine air, methane levels at certain points in the mine are electricallytransmitted to the main control room on the mines surface. During discussions with directors of Baisha mine it was established that increased ventilation through longwall faces, was their main means of ensuring methane content within the mine air was maintainedwithin the permitted limits. In some cases if the amount of methane being given off during longwall face operations was high, then methane drainage techniques would be used, achieved by drilling holes up to 10 m in length in the coal seam ahead of the working face. 3.3.2 Methane Outburst During the formation of anthracite coal, earth movements generated heat and pressure, and sometimes reservoirs of methane gas under great pressure are locked into the coal measures strata. When mining operations breach these reservoirs then methane gas, normally together with large amounts of very fine coal dust can suddenly flow into the mine workings (methane/coal-dust outburst). It was established through discussions that the mines had not been subjected to any such outbursts, and the bore-hole information deemed the mines to be low risk with regard to methane/coal dust outbursts. 3.4 Roof Collapse The Mine Director is responsible for ensuring that the mine workings are systematically supported as miningoperations are carried out. PRC miningregulations provide a formula for calculatingthe density of support dependent upon depth and strata. The Mine Director is also responsible for ensuring that there is an adequate supply of equipment and materials necessary to provide that support. 3.4.1 Roadway Support Roadway supports at all mines were of a similar nature. The main level roadways were all driven in solid strata and concrete lined, all other roadways being supported by steel girders. The roadways observed were very well constructed and showed no signs of deterioration. Support rules stating the type and structure of support to be used, the distance between those supports, the maximumdistance that can be advanced beyond the last permanent support set, and signed by the director of the mine, where displayed at all drivage sites. 3.4.2 Longwall Support Longwall supports were link bars and hydraulicprops. The seam section being extracted at all mines visited was 2.2 m. Props and bars were systematically advanced as the coal was removed to provide support to the newly exposed roof of the coal seam. As the prop and bar supports were advanced the roof behind the working face was allowed to collapse, maintaining the width of the working face at approximately3 m. Support rules stating the type of prop PowergenPower Consult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 Safert Audit Page 3-7 and bar to be used, the distance between rows of bars and props, and the maximum distance that they can be advancedbeyond the last permanent support set, and signed by the director of the rninewere displayedat the entrance to the longwall face visited. 3.5 Coal Dust Coal dust explosions, normallyinitiated by methane explosions are the most violent type of underground explosion known. In the past whole mines have been destroyed by coal dust explosions. Coal dust inhaled be miners can cause pneumoconiosis and other respiratory problems. To minimisethe risk of coal dust explosions, and also to protect workmen strict controls are exercised to minimisethe amount of coal dust in the mine air. The ventilation engineer is responsiblefor the monitoringand controllingof coal dust. The Consultants discussed these controls with mine directors and the ventilation engineer responsible for the monitoringand controlling of coal dust, paying particular attention to dust suppression, dust samples and the protection provided for mineworkers. 3.5.1 Dust Suppression Coal dust suppression is achieved by wetting the coal during mining operations and then ensuring that it remains damp duringtransportation out of the mine. After shotfiring the coal is sprayed with water to minimisethe amount of dust which may be given off whilst the coal is transported along the coal face. Coal from the coal face is transported along the flexiblechain conveyorsto the loading point. During loading operations any coal dust is suppressedby the use of fine mist water sprays. During transport the coal is damp and therefore very little dust is raised. The coal transport roads seen had regular cross-sections throughout their length, therefore there were no areas of high air velocity resulting from the sudden reduction in cross-section of the roadways, which would in turn give vulnerabilityfor coal dust to be raised into the air as coal carrying vehiclespass through. 3.5.2 Dust Samples Dust samples are taken each month and analysed for the amount of coal dust in the mine air. These samples are taken on the return side of coal miningoperations, and also along roadways used for the transport of coal. PRC mining regulations state the permitted limits, if the samples exceed those iimitsthen action must be taken by the managementto comply with the permitted limits. I~~~~~ PowvergenPower Consult Intemational Mining Consultants Limted 317613 November 1997 SafetvAudit Page3-8 3.5.3 Miners Protection All mineworkers have chest X-rays taken each year to check for pneumoconiosis, and other respiratory problems which could be caused by the inhalation of coal dust. Powergen Power Consult InternationalMining ConsultantsLimited 3176/3 November1997 Mining Authorisations Page 4-1 4.0 MINING AUTHORISATIONS The coal industry is governed principally by the Law of the People's Republic of China. The Coal Law which was promulgated on 29 August 1996, came into effect on the 1" December 1996. Every coal mine in the PRC is required to obtain a mining permit and a processing permit in order to entitle them to carry out mining operations. The Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources (MGMR) and the Ministry of Coal Industry (MOCI) are responsibly for the granting of mining permits and processing permits. The Coal Law has stipulated among other things, the qualifications required for carrying on coal mining business, the safety requirements for coal mines and the protection of coal mining areas. Each of the three mines have obtained valid mining and processing permnitsentitling it to carry on mining and associated operations. Details are summarised in the table below Coal Production Certificate Mine Reg No Date of Valid Valid Time lssue From To Remaining Jiahe 113 1990 1990 2054 57 years Baisha 003 1990 1990 2010 13 years Xifengdu 118 1990 1990 2030 33 years The Consultants were provided with copies in Chinese of the documents relevant to the laws and registrations necessary to permit them to carry out their business activities, these are attached in Appendix A. PowergenPower Consult InternationalMinung Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 PRC Mining Regulations Page 5-1 5.0 PRC MINING REGULATIONS All mining operations at the mines visited by the Consultants are carried out within the framework of the Coal Mine Safety Regulations 1986. (Revised 1992), issued by the MOCI, the main content of those regulationsare as follows:- Section 1 - General Guidelines Regulations make provision with respect to the management and control of mines and for securing the safety, health and welfare of all persons thereat; to regulate the employment of women and young persons; to require the fencing of abandonedand disused mines. Section 2 - Exploitation General duties of Mine Owners; The appointment, and general duties and powers, of mine directors; and the managementand control of mines. The keeping of mine plans. Systematic support; the duty to secure safety of roads and working places. Hydraulic roof supports. Subsidencecontrol; evacuationunder buildings,railways, and aquatic body. Precautions when working a seam which may contain gas under pressure. Maintenance and abandonmentof rnine workings. Section 3 - Monitoring of Air, Gas, Coal Dust and Safety Duty to provide adequate ventilation. Avoidance of danger from gas. Coal dust precautions. Safetv monitoring. Section 4 - Coal and Methane Release General regulations impose on owners and directors of all mines duties to take precautions aeainst inrushes of gas. Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 PRCMining Regulations Page5-2 Methane drainage. Precautions in faulted area. Precautions during tunnel and extraction. Section 5 - Fire and Rescue Regulations for the detection and combatingof outbreaks of fire. Fire precautions. Spontaneous combustion: Fire-fightingand rescue operations. Emergency organisation. Section 6 - Inrushes General regulations impose on owners and directors duties to take precautions against inrushes of water, and materialthat will flow when wet. Surface water. Underground water. Water discharge from the mine. Environmental control of water discharged from the mine. Section 7 - Explosives The storage, issue, and use of explosives. The conveyanceand care of explosivematerial. Shot firing in mines. Section 8 - Transportation,Shafts, and Air Compressor Transportation systemsin mines. Winding and haulage apparatus in shafts. Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November1997 PRC Mining Regulations Page 5-3 Windingand haulage ropes. Construction of cages and carriagesand apparatus ancillaryto. Equipment which contains air greater than atmosphericpressure. Section 9 - ElectricalEquipment The control and installationof electrical apparatus. The construction and use of electrical apparatus. Electric cables in the mine. Lighting, telephone and signallingapparatus. The earthing of electrical apparatus. Section 10 - Industrial Sanitary Specification of the places at which sanitary conveniences shall be provided. Duty of mine director to ensure that sanitary conveniences are provided. Health and welfare management. Section 11 - Emergency Winders The owners shall ensure that at all times there is in force a scheme providing for the provision and maintenance of equipment, providing for all persons employed underground a means of egress, in an emergency in the event of the mechanically operated winding apparatus failing to function. Section 12 - Mine Rescue The provision, maintenance and manning of rescue facilities, for necessary work after any explosion or fire, or in an irrespirable atmosphere. The provision also of trained rescue workers to conduct any rescue work. Section 13 - Safe Technology Training The owner shall provide a scheme to ensure that all persons receive adequate instruction in, and training for, the workl he is emploved to do, and that the person is competent to do that work without supervision. Powergen Power Consult Intemational Mining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 PRCMining Regulations Page54 Section 14 - Reward and Punishment These regulations place certain duties and impose certain prohibitions upon individuals at mines, with a view to the preservation of safe working and the avoidance of accidents with rewards for good working practice or penalizationfor failureto observe safety directions. Section 15 - Supplementary Articles Additional relevant modificationsand revocations. E Powergen Power Consult Intenational Mining Consultants Limited 3 176/3 November 1997 PRC Mining Regulations Page 5-5 5.1 Glossary of Mining Terminology Bunkers structures built along conveyor lines for short term storage of coal to control and regulate loading. Cage a frame, generally constructed of steel or wrought iron, provided with a roof, sides and one or more decks, for conveyingmen, mine cars or tubs, or material,in a shaft. Caving the collapse of strata which overlie the coal seam after underground extraction has taken place. Coal Section measured height of the coal seam measured at right angles to its dip, between the floor and roof of the seam. Cross Measure an underground roadway driven at an angle to the bedding planes of the strata Drill and Blast holes are drilledinto the strata/coal normallyup to 2 metres in length, charged with explosive and fired normally using electricallyinitiated detonators. Drift an underground roadway which allows access to underground mining workings either from the surface, or from one part of the mine to another. Face Length The distance between the main and return gates measured along the longwall face. Flexiblechain conveyor A flexible scraper chain conveyor used particularly along a longwall face to transport coal after loading. Handfilled coal or other mineral which is loaded by hand, generally after drillingand blasting operations. Hvdraulic Prop an individualsupport member which is set between roof and floor by the use of hydraulic/mechanicalenergy lowered and then advanced by hand. Inbve a direction underground away from the main shaft or surface outlet. Lift to work coal or mineral in layers. Powergen Power Consult International Mining Consultants Linited 3176t3 November 1997 PRCMining Regulations Page5-6 Link Bar a steel roof bar capable of being joined to a similarroof bar by a coupling and locking arrangement. Locomotive an underground self-powered vehicle used for hauling track- mounted vehicles. Longwall the part of an underground mining block from which the coal is extracted. Typicallythis may measure 50 to 200 metres in length. Main Gate an access roadway to a longwall face in which the majority of the equipment to support longwall operations are installed. Normally the ventilationintake for the longwall. Main Level underground roadways driven in order to gain access to the coal reserves and to establish a miningblock Mine car a rail mounted conveyance primarily used for mineral transport. Pit bottom the roadways in the area around the bottom of the shaft or inclined drift. Roadways undergroundtunnels, driven to access mine workings. Reserves coal seams availablefor mining operations. Return the return roadway of a longwall face, normally used for the supply of materials and the exhausting ventilation from the longwall. Roof Bolt steel bolts up to 2.4m in length and 25mm diameter, inserted into holes drilled into the profile of the roadway and then held in place by either resin, cement grout or friction. Seam a layer or bed of mineral:generally applied to coal Shaft vertical or inclinedaccess to a mine workings. Strata beds of any type of rock Tippler a mechanical arrangement for tipping wagons, rnine cars or tubs. PowergenPower Consult IntemaEionalMining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 Observaions and Recommendations Page 6-1 6.0 OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The following observations and recommendations relate to all mines visited by the Consultants. Underground infrastructure is outdated but adequate for current operations. If in the fature mechanised operation were considered, then larger roadways will be required for the transportation and installation of equipment required for mechanised mining operations. Ventilation quantities in some parts of the mine were quite sluggish. The whole ventilation system should be analysed with a view to directing more ventilation through parts of the mine where men regularly work, to provide a better working environment. During mine visits it was observed that women and children not employed at the mine were allowed ready access to buildings and equipment on the mine surface. A rmines surface has many potential hazards and non-authorised personnel should not be allowed within the working areas. Steps provided on inclined roadways were found to be slippery underfoot and in places parts of the steps had broken away. The steps should be maintained in good repair and handrails need to be provided to prevent people from stumbling and falling whilst travelling along the roadway. Underground roadways where men regularly pass were found to be very dark and it was difficult to see whilst travelling, such areas should be whitened to improve visibility and the mining enviromnent. Underground areas where vehicles are regularly shunted, and the coupling and uncoupling of trains takes place were again found to be very dark limnitingvisibility. This area should be whitened and illuminated by the provision of permanent electrical lighting. Protective clothing and safety equipment should be improved. At the moment workmen are provided with wellington boots, jacket and trousers, helmet, gloves, disposable dust mask, self-rescuer. The wellington boots are inadequate as they do not have steel toe caps to protect the miners toes. Neither eye nor ear protective equipment is issued. Open drainage channels could became blocked with debris creating an area where water overflows onto the regular walkway. Where this frequently occurs the open channel should be replacing by a piped system, to provide a continuous dry walkway. Powergen PowerConsult InternationalMining Consultants Limited 3176/3 November 1997 0O 4 -9- es . - _ _ I, _L ''1'' ' ;s S } ; * 'r iw~~~~~J Z, t., 3-w t-y -s -q . . .l . - SE6ib{0f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7Y>8S :':tTis( | f i L 'I, 1o4 8~bSsY X 14 i t 4S(;& j _. i_, .4_,4 I -I*-!t'I - viti t p 1 --- -- ! - - Ies i o61* - _ _ _ - _~~4- li E 9 9 1XS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ja~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t I Fbg t~ ii.6s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vt,4 I t14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,1~~~~~~~~1 '5 - r - - LM 4 . 1t Ii~Wt,*CF t 'j -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ APPENDIXE ATMOSPHERICIMPACT ANALYSIS Hunan Power Development Project APPENDLX E Power Consult APPENDIX E ATMOSPHERICIMPACT ANALYSIS W Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult APPENDIX E: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT ANALYSIS E.1 Details Of Local Meteorology E.1.1 Routine Meteorological Data Analysis * Climate Characteristics E.1.1.1 LeiyangMunicipality has a typicalsubtropical, humid monsoonclimate. In winter, the circulationis controlledby a cold continentalhigh atmospheric pressure,generating a prevailingwind from the north. In summer,southerly winds dominateunder the controllinginfluence of subtropicalhigh atmospheric pressuresystems. Springand autumn,are characterisedby alternatingperiods of northerlyand southerlywinds, markingthe transitionbetween the summer andwinter seasons. Overall the climateis mild withdistinct seasonal variations. The climate is typified by sunny periods with short spells of fairly intense precipitation. Spring temperaturesare quite variable,with the summer and autumnbeing the driestseasons. Temperaturesduring the winter can be sub- zero. E.1.1.2 LeiyangMunicipal Meteorological Observatory is locatedabout 1km to the north of the plant site. Measurementshave been madeat this observatoryfor approximately35 years. The followingis a summaryof the findingsaveraged over this period: annualaverage air temperature17.9 0C, max. air temperature 40.00C, min. air temperature-7.7oC; annual averagerelative humidity 81.0%, annual average evaporativeloss 1457.4mm;annual average precipitation 1319.6mm, max. precipitationrecorded during any one year is 1863.5mm;min. precipitationduring any one year is 960.9mm; annual average barometric pressure1005.6 mb; annualaverage wind speed at 10mis 2.2 m/s; prevailing wind direction is NNW; summerprevailing wind direction is SSE,andduring winterit is NNW. * Wind DataAnalysis E.1.1.3 Table E1.1.1shows the monthlyand annual average wind speeddata in the Leiyangarea as recordedby the municipalmeteorological observatory over the period 1990to 1994. Wind data were recordedat 10m. As can be seen from the table,the monthlyaverage wind speedin the areadoes not vary very much. The annualaverage wind speedis 1.6 m s-1. E-1 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult E.1.1.4 Table E1.1.2 lists the frequency with which the wind blows from each directionas a functionof the wind speed. This data is for the year 1993. The frequencyof the occurrenceof variouswind speed categoriesare 19.63%for 0.5-0.9 m s-1, 30.14%for 1.0-1.9m s , 21.75%for 2.0-2.9 m s-, 19.25%for 3.0-3.9m s-1,5.0% for 4.0-5.9m s-1and 0.67%for >6.Oms1'. E.1.1.5 Data for the period 1990 to 1994 have been analysedin terms of the frequencywith which the wind blows from a certaindirection as a functionof season. The resultsare presentedin Table E1.1.3and also as a set of wind rosesin FigureE1.1.1. E.1.1.6 The influence of the monsoon is evident in Figure E1.1.1. Winter is dominatedby a NNWto N wind whichblows for nearlytwo thirdsof the season. During the summerthe situation is nearly reversedwith prevailingsoutherly winds dominating. The other seasonsmark the transitionbetween these two dominatingweather pattems. - AtmosphericStability E.1.1.7 Table E1.1.4shows the resultof a Pasquillstability analysis based on the statisticsof five yearsof data recordedby the LeiyangMunicipal Meteorological Observatoryfrom 1990to 1994. This type of analysisclassifies the atmosphere into 6 categories defined as strongly unstable, unstable, weakly unstable, neutral, relatively stable and stable (known by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F respectively). As can be seen in TableE1.1.4, neutral stratification (D) occurs the most frequently,with a frequencyof 62.0%. Stablestratification (E & F) tends to occurat nightand occursin this casefor 20.2%of the year. Unstable stratification,which tends to producethe highest ground level concentrations from elevated point sources, occurs at a slightly lower frequency of 17.8%. Comparingthe stabilityin variousseasons, unstable conditions occur most often in summeras is to be expected,since instabilityis dominatedby solar energy warmingthe ground. Air Temperature E.1.1.8 TableE1.1.5 recordsthe monthlyand annualaverage temperatures for the period1990 to 1994. E.1.1.9 The average temperaturein whole year is 180C. Winter temperatures typicallyremain above 0°C andtemperatures reach an averageof 28°C in July. E E-2 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDLXE Power Consult * Characteristics Of The Boundary Layer In The Leiyang Region E.1.1.10 In order to understandthe characteristicsof the boundary,which are importantin determiningthe dispersionof pollutionform elevatedsources, a detailed study was undertakenbetween 5 and 20 Jan. 1995. An acoustic doppler system,ADAS, was used to obtain verticalprofiles of the wind and temperatureat the plant site. Monitoringwas undertakeneach day at 01, 03, 05, 07, 09, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 o'clock,resulting in morethan 150 wind profilesand morethan 120temperature profiles. Variationof wind direction with height E.1.1.11 Based on the profiles measuredbetween 5 and 20 Jan., 1995, Table E1.1.6presents the variationof the wind directionwith height. It was foundthat the wind directiontended to rotateclockwise with height as is to be expected from the Coriolisforce. Notethat the dispersionof the LeiyangPower Station plumeswill predominantlyrespond to the wind propertiesabove 200 m. Variationof windspeed with heights E.1.1.12 The wind profiles obtainedwere used to derive an algorithmfor the variationof wind speedwith height. The datafitted an exponentialfunction well for heightsless than 300m(where wind speedvaries greatest with height).The datafits the standardalgorithm function in which: u, - averagewind speedat Z height,m/s; u10 ---- averagewind speedat 1Om height, m/s; Zl,--- 1Om height; p ------powerindex. E.1.1.13 TableE1.1.7 showsthe valuesof p whichgave the best fit for the stability classeswhich occurredduring the measurementperiod. Since not all stability categoriesoccurred, missing values of p were obtainedfrom data sets from similar regionsto Leiyangand usingthe recommendationsset out in HJ/T22-93. E.1.1.14 TableEl.1.9 showsthe variationof windspeed with height. It can be seen that above100m the are no occurrencesof zerowind speed. E-3 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Boundary Layer TemperatureCharacteristics E.1.1.15 The variationof temperaturewith heightis usedto determinethe stability of the boundarylayer and the presenceand strengthof inversionlayers which may affectthe dispersionof the plume. E.1.1.16 TableE1.1.10 sets out the averagetemperatures measured by ADASas a functionof heightand time of day. The lapse rate duringthe day tends to be less than at nightdue to the changein the groundfrom a heat sourceto a heat sink. Someindications of boundarylayer inversions can be seenin the daytime data as the lapse rate decreasesand changessign. At nightthe temperature becomes more constantwith height and even reverses, indicatinga stable atmosphere.The developmentof stronginversions in the lowestlayer at nightis evident. E.1.1.17 Table E1.1.11sets out the frequencieswith which inversionsdeveloped during the night-time.A distinctionis made betweeninversions which occur close to the ground and those which occur higherin the boundarylayer as a result of the collapsedinversion at the top of the boundarylayer. E.1.1.18 The characteristicsof the inversionlayers as measured at 01, 07, 19, 23 o'clockare givenin Table E 1.1.12. As can be seenthe averagestrength of the ground-level inversion is 1.19°C/100mwith a the maximum strength of 3.40C/100m. For the low-levelinversion it is 0.37°C/100m,max. strength with a maximumof 1.40°C/100m.As expected,the ground-levelinversion is stronger becauseof its directcontact with the ground. E.1.1.19 Table E1.1.12sets out the thicknessof the ground-levelinversion layer and its averagestrength. Since the thicknessis less than 200m, the power station plume will be above the inversionat night and consequentlywill not normallymake any contributionto groundlevel concentrationsduring the night. The height of the low-levelinversion, also shownin the table suggeststhat the plumewill be trappedbelow this layerat night. Mixing LayerHeight E.1.1.20 Adoptingthe method recommendedby HJ/T2.2-93,the annual average mixing layer height for each stabilitycategory was calculated(Table E1.1.13). The values are comparedto those measuredduring the 5 to 20 Jan 1993 campaign. As is to be expected from a study undertakenin winter, the measuredboundary layer heightsunder unstableconditions are less than the averageheights estimated for the year. E-4 HunanPower DevelopmentProject APPENDILXE Power Consult E.2 AssessingThe ImpactOf The ProposedDevelopment By Computer Modelling E.2.1 Methodology E.2.1.1 Two differentcomputer models have been usedin the assessment:a model developedby the Chinese,which uses a standard gaussiantreatment of dispersionfrom a point sourceand a 'new generation'dispersion model called ADMS (AtmosphericDispersion Model System), which uses advancesmade in the understandingof dispersionin the atmospheremade over the past 2 decades. ADMS is used to provide additionalcredence to the predictions obtainedby the Chinesemodel. E.2.1.2 Meteorologicaldata for a complete year (1993), as measuredby the Leiyang MeteorologicalObservatory, was used to predict SO2, NOx and particulatehourly average; daily average; and annualdaily average ground level concentrations.Due to the use of very efficientESPs, the particulatedischarge from the chimneysof the phase 1 ,2 and 3 power plantswas taken to consist solelyof particlesless than 10 micronsin diameter(PM, 0). Particlesof this size are dispersedin the same manner as a gas and depositionunder gravity is insignificantover a few tens of kilometres. E.2.1.3 The effects of topographywere taken into account in modelling the dispersionof the power plant plume by the Chinesemodel. Topographical influenceswere not consideredimportant when the ADMSmodel was used. Details Of The Chinese Model * For wind speeds at 10m ,u10 >1.5 m/s, the concentrationat the ground is given by: Q (He+(He 2NZ C(x,O)= _ expa( 2E when He' Zi and a,!s1.6 Z; C(xY.O)= exp4_ when He' Z1, z,>1.6Z1 E-5 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDLYE Power Consult C(x,y,O)=O when He> Z; where: Q ---- source strength, mg/s; Y, az---- transverse and vertical direction dispersion parameters, m/s u average wind speed at stack exit, m/s; y horizontal transverse distance at perpendicularto average wind direction, m; H, --- effective source height, H. = H, + AH,m; H, --- stack geometric height, m; AH ---- plume rise height, m; Z- mixing layer ( boundary layer) height, m; N ---- number of boundary reflections, here taking N=4; C(x,y,0) --- hourly average concentration at ground level at co-ordinatex,y, mg/m3. * When the windspeed is small (0.5m/s< ulo <1.5m/s) and under calm conditions (u10<0.5m/s) then for a point source, C(x,y,)= Q G where n2=(x2 +y2 + 2 He2) G = e- ){1se1 + 2 b(s)} G =~~e '7(s) =f * - 2 di iux Y OItI and yo7,y72 are the regressioncoefficients of transverseand verticaldispersion parameter; E-6 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDL E Power Consult * Revisionsfor topography E.2.1.4 The Egan method was adoptedto allow for topographyby having the effective source height He in model replaced by THe, where T is the topographicalcoefficient, taken as the following 2HcF h where hr - topography height, m; T - topographycoefficient. * Daily averageconcentration E.2.1.5 The calculation of the daily average concentrationwas achieved by calculatingthe arithmeticmean of hourly averageconcentrations in each day (calculating8 hourlyconcentrations daily at the times 02, 05, 08, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 o'clock): Cd(x,y,O)= iEC,(x,y,O) in which 3 Cd(x,y,0)-- daily averageconcentration mg/m at groundpoint (x,y); 3 Ci(x,y,0) -hourly averageconcentration mg/m at groundpoint (x,y). * The annual average concentrationis calculated from the mean daily concentrationsthus: 365 in which C,(x,y,O) annualaverage concentration, mg/M 3 at the ground; Cd(x,y,0) daily averageconcentration, mg/m3 at the ground. E-7 HunanPower Development Project APPEfNDIXE Power Consult * PlumeRise Formula * Underneutral and unstableconditions H= l3= Q33 H' /U3 I where: QH- flue gas heatreleasing rate, KJ/s; u- wind speed at stack exit, m/s; H- stackgeometry height, m; AH - plume rise, m. * Understable and windy conditions AH =t303Q 3 3H2 3 /u5 where 4 3 F - flue gas buoyancyflux, m /S ; S stabilityparameter, S= =T T az * Understable and calmor very lightwind conditions AHlAH=5= 5.5Q8V4 50 (z(dTQO + Q0098) 3B) * The SelectionOf ParametersIn Model E.2.1.6 The emissionused in the modellingof the Leiyang1st and 2nd phase plant are shown in Table E2-1.1 * Dispersionparameters E.2.1.7 Tables E2.1.2a-bpresent the lateral and vertical dispersion parameters usedby the Chinesemodel when the wind speedis greaterthan 0.5 m/s. E.2.1.8 Under light winds and periodsof calm, the dispersionparameters used are thoseset out in TableE2.1.3. E.2.1.9 The averagingtime of the abovementioned dispersion parameters is half an E-8 Hunan Power Development Project APPE:NDIXE Power Consult hour. In calculatingaverage concentrations over 1 hour,the verticaldispersion parameteris keptthe same, but in the y-directionit is changedto the following: E.2.1.10 the regressioncoefficient a of asy need not change but the regression coefficienty , shouldsatisfy the followingformula: ~~~"2~~ where: YTy2,ay?1 - transverse direction dispersion parameters corresponding to samplingtime, 'Ytl2 XYl - regressioncoefficient of transversedirection dispersion parameterscorresponding to samplingtime q - averagingtime dilutionindex, determined by TableE2.1.4. E.2.2 Chinese SO2 And Dust MaximumEmissions Calculation E.2.2.1 Maximum emissionsof S02 and dust from thermal power plant are calculatedto a standardformula set out in GB 13223-1996'Emission standards for air pollutantsfor thermalpower plant' .Themaximum permissible emission Of SO2 from the Leiyangpower plant phases1 and 2 combinedis calculated accordingto the followingformula: Qs2= PuHg'x1 O-6 it =10 HN H, = Hr, + AHi E-9 HunanPower DevelopmentProject APPENDIXE Power Consult in which: Qso2- Maximumpermitted S02 emissionin t/h; N - total numberof plantstacks; I-- stack identifying no.; u -average wind speedat the variousstack exit heights; u- averagewind speedat ith stackexit, m/s; ul- averagewind speedat 1Omheight, m/s Hg -equivalent stackheight for a an equivalentsingle source, m; Hsi -ith stack height, m; Hei -ith stack effective height, m; AHi -ith stack plume rise, m; p -- emission controlling coefficient; m - regionaldispersion condition index. E.2.2.2 In orderto comparethe resultsof the aboveformula with the predictedor actualemissions from the powerplant, the flue gas concentrationsfrom Leiyang 1 and 2 chimneysare to convertedto that with excessair coefficienta=1.4 by the followingformula: C QC = C-C 2 a 5 2 14 in which, a - id the excessair coefficientat stack or duct actuallymeasured (or designed) Cs02 - S02 emissionconcentration at stack or duct actuallymeasured (or designed)mg/Nm 3 ( dry flue gas) 3 CS02 - S02 emissionconcentration converted to a=1.4 mg/Nm (dry flue gas). E-10 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIYE Power Consul/ E.2.2.3 The flue gas dust emission concentrationof each boiler after ESP, is convertedto the referenceconditions required by the standardby meansof the followingformula: Csmoke dust = C smokedust a /a in which, a'- excessair coefficientactually measured (or designed)at ESPexit; 3 C'smokedust - smoke dust concentration,mg/Nm dry actually measured(or designed)at ESPexit; Csmokedust - smokedust emissionconcentration, mg/Nm3 dry when a converted to 1.4 (or 1.7). E.2.2.4 Listedin TableE2.2.1 are the total plantSO 2 actualemission amount, the total plant S02 permittedamount, the S02 emissionconcentration, and the permittedemission concentrationfrom the two stacks. It can be seen that the total SO2 emissionand the SO2 flue gas concentrationsof the two stacks in Leiyang Power Plant complex are lower than the permittedSO 2 emission amountand permittedemission concentration. E.2.2.5 The dustflue concentrationof LeiyangPower Plant existing boilers 1 & 2and the proposedboilers 3 & 4 after the ESPsare comparedwith the maximum permissible flue gas concentrationsstipulated by GB13223-1996in Table E3.1.2. The actualand designedconcentrations are all less that the maximum permitted. E.2.2.6 LeiyangPower Plant 2nd phaseproject boiler 3 & 4 will be designedto give a NO, flue gas concentrationof between1000 and 1500mg/m3dry (a=1.4). All modelling calculations are based on a worst case NOx concentrationof 1500mg/m3 dry (a=1.4). E.2.3 Description of Dispersion Model, ADMS E.2.3.1 The ADMS model (AtmosphericDispersion Modelling System) is a model for calculating short-range atmospheric dispersion from point sources (developedby CambridgeEnvironmental Research Consultants and described in CERC 1995). The model adoptsa modernapproach to boundarylayer scaling based on the Monin-Obukhovlength and boundarylayer depth rather than on Pasquill-Giffordstability classes. The concentrationprofiles are E-Il Hunan Power Development Project APPEANDIXE Power Consull assumed to be Gaussianin neutral and stable conditions,but non-Gaussian profilesare adoptedin convectiveconditions to allow for the skewnessof the vertical velocitydistribution. The systemincludes modules for plume rise and dispersion of particulates,and for the effects of buildings, hill roughness variations and coastlines, as well as modules for predicting deposition, fluctuations in concentration,radioactive decay and doses from gamma radiation. The modelcalculates mean concentrations and depositionover short time periods(1 to 24 hours)and statisticsover manyshort time periods,e.g. an average or 98-percentileof hourly means. The model can describe the dispersionof pollutantsfrom multiplepoint, area, volume and line sources. E.2.3.2 ADMS has a numberof key scientificfeatures which distinguishit from the US EnvironmentProtection Agency model, Industrial Source complex (ISC) and similar modelssuch as the Chinesemodel discussed above. Theseare: i) The use of self-similarvertical profiles of wind speed and turbulencewhich depend on the key boundarylayer parameters,namely the Monin-Obukhov length and boundarylayer height. These supersedethe use of the Pasquill StabilityCategories (PSC). Howeverthey can be calculatedfrom the same basic meteorologicaldata. Atmosphericstability is thereforetreated as a continuumrather than classified.This is illustratedin Figure2.3.1 which shows the variation of atmosphericstability using non-dimensionalisedparameters based on Monin-Obukhovlength and boundarylayer height. The ranges representedby the PasquillStability Classes ( PSC) are alsoshown. It can be seen that dispersioncharacteristics of the atmospherevary considerablywithin a PSC. ii) A non-Gaussianvertical concentrationdistribution in unstable conditions which arises as a result of the observedskewness in the vertical velocity fluctuations. For elevated sourcesthis brings the maximumconcentration down towardsthe surface. iii) The rate of changeof a, and cy dependon the meanflow and turbulenceat the local meanplume height. iv) An integralplume rise modelin whichthe rate of plumerise and associated plume spread depend on the local mean flow, turbulenceand temperature within the boundarylayer. It is not necessaryto definea final plume rise. If the plume rises to near the top of the boundarylayer, allowanceis made for plume penetrationof the inversionand the inhibitingeffect of any overlying stableair on furthervertical motion. If the plumeis initiallyabove the inversion, E-12 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult it remainsabove the inversionunless there is deposition. v) A model to calculate the variance and probability distrbution of concentrationfor a givenaveraging time (all averagingtimes lessthan or equal to onehour). vi) Complexeffects (not consideredrelevant to the currentstudy) which allow for buildingsand complex terrain. Extensivevalidation of the model has alreadybeen undertaken( for example HMIP 1995). E.2.3.3 The ADMS model requiresdata in eitherof two forms. It will accept data in statisticalform i.e. data classifiedby e.g.wind direction,wind speed, boundary layer height and heat flux, with frequencies of occurrence associatedwith each class. It will also acceptdata as a set of sequential hourlyvalues of meteorologicalparameters as specifiedby the user from a largerlist of possibleparameters that the modelcan deal with. The model uses this data to calculate parameters describing the state of the atmospheresuch as heat flux and boundarylayer height for subsequent intemaluse by the model. E.2.3.4 SupplyingADMS with a statisticaldataset has the advantageof allowing large time series of data to be madeuse of in an assessment- the use of sequentialseries longer than about 1 year taking a prohibitiveamount of time to run - but has the disadvantageof not allowingthe use of certain modulessuch as the coastaleffects or complexterrain modules. For this projectthese modulesare not required. A sequentialdata set is, however, requiredin order to calculate24 hourly averages.In this case 8 sets of meteorologicaldata were used per 24 hour period. Daily average concentrationswere calculated as the meanof the concentrationscalculated for eachof the 8 ( 1 hour) periodsduring each day. E.2.3.5 The basic meteorologicalquantities that ADMS needs for dispersion calculationsare: the wind speedU (or frictionvelocity u. ), the wind direction 0, the surface heat flux Feo(or the Monin-Obukhovlength L) and the boundary layer depth h. If Feo and h are not available, the ADMS meteorologicalinput module will estimatethem from routinelyavailable data, suchas cloudcover, time of day andtime of year. Otherparameters can be input to override defaults (e.g. the stability above the boundarylayer or surfacealbedo). E-13 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult E.3 Predictions Of Ground Level ConcentrationsOf Pollutants E.3.1 NOx ConversionRates In Power Plant Plumes E.3.1.1 Approximately95% of NO. is releasedfrom chimneysas nitric oxide,NO, with nitrogendioxide, NO 2 contributingonly about5%. Oncereleased, however, NO can be converted into NO2 by reaction with low-level ozone in the atmosphere.The processis reversiblein sunlightand the net rate of conversion of NO to NO2 in the plume is thereforea complicatedfunction of the rate of dilutionof the plume by ambientair, trace gas concentrationsin the air and meteorology. E.3.1.2 The chemicalreactions involving combustion products from power stations and low-levelozone havebeen studiedin detail and measurementshave been made of the rates of production/destructionof ozone and NO2 formation in power stationplumes (e.g. White, 1977; Melo and Stevens,1981 and Hegg, 1977).It is found in thesestudies that NO2 formationis limitedfirstly by the rate at which ambient ozone can be mixed into the plume and secondly by the decompositionof NO2 in sunlight.On averageonly about30% of NOx in plumes during sunlighthours is in the form of NO2. At nightwhen all the availableozone could be usedto form NO2, a powerstation plume will not dispersedown to the ground anyway. An upper limit to the amountof NO2 that can be formed is thereforethe concentrationof ozonein the surroundingair at the time. E.3.1.3 It is assumedin the followinganalyses that all the NO, is emittedinto the environmentas NO2 despitethe fact that, in reality,only a fractionof it may be contributingto ambientconcentrations of NO2. E.3.2 Predictions Of The Combined Impact Of The Phase I And Proposed Phase 2 On Air Quality E.3.2.1 The area of assessmentis a 32x32kmsquare area centred on the Leiyang PowerPlant (see Fig.E3.2.1).Within this the areathere is the Leiyangmunicipal urban area, Zhaoshi town and the Baisha mine residentialquarter. A grid spacingof 500mwas usedfor the Chinesemodel predictions. ADMS used a grid spacingof 1000m. E.3.2.2 In additionto the receptorson these grid points, various other receptors were included.These corresponded to the locationsof the air qualitymonitoring sites. The distancesof these monitoringpoints from the LeiyangPower Plant emissionsources and their compassbearing position are shownin Table E3.2.1. E-14 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult E.3.2.3 The total contributionof Leiyangphase I and Leiyang phase 2 were calculatedtogether SO2 groundlevel concentrations E.3.2.4 In reporting the predictionsset out below,concentrations in bracketsrefer to the coalwith the highersulphur content of 0.46%. A. S02 hourlyaverage concentration E.3.2.5 The hourly average concentrationof SO2 at ground level was predicted usingthe Chinesemodel for each hour of year, usingthe 1993 meteorological dataset. The resultsare presentedin Table E3.2.2in terms of the maximum concentrationpredicted in eachstability category. The maximumhourly average concentrationoccurs under stability A, at 0.154 (0.173) mgfm3 which is 30.8%(34.6%)of the Chineseair qualitystandard. It occurs at a distanceof 1.59km from the source. E.3.2.6 PredictedSO 2 maximumhourly averageground level concentrationsat variousmonitoring points are listedin TableE3.2.3. E.3.2.7 The maximumhourly averageconcentrations at these points range from 0.051to 0.095mg/m 3 (0.057-0.108mg/M 3) whichis 10.2to 19.0%(11.4-21.6%) of the relevantstandard. B. SO2 Daily averageconcentration E.3.2.8 Predicteddaily averageground level concentrationsfor the 10 days which had the highest concentrationsare shown in Table E3.2.4 together with the locationsof the maxima. The 10 ten worst dayswere calculatedby rankingthe daily averagesfor eachday of the year. The 10thworst day is the 97 percentile daily averageconcentration for which there is a nationalstandard. The S02 97th percentilemaximum daily averageis 0.037mg/m 3 (0.043mg/m 3) which is 24.7%(28.7%)of the relevantstandard. The worstdaily averageis 0.057(0.065) mg/m3. Figures E3.2.1 to Figure E3.2.10 show contour plots of SO2 concentrationfor each of the 10 worst days (assuminga sulphur content of 0.36%). E.3.2.9 Table E3.2.5 shows the maximumdaily average concentrationsat the variousmonitoring points. E.3.2.10 The SO2 maximumdaily averageconcentrations at the monitoringpoints rangefrom 0.011to 0.028mg/m 3 (0.012-0.032mg/m 3) which is 7.3-18.7%(8.0- r E- 15 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult 21.3%)of the air qualitystandard. C. SO2 Annual averageconcentration E.3.2.11 Table E3.2.6 gives the S02 maximum annual average concentration values predictedby the Chinesemodel compassbearing and distancesfrom LeiyangPower Plant. Fig.E3.2.11gives the distributionof SO2 annual daily averageconcentrations. E.3.2.12 The S02 maximumpredicted annual average concentration is very small, only 7.8% (8.8%)of the relevantChinese standard. It occurs SSE of Leiyang powerplant and at a distance7.5km from the source. E.3.2.13 Table E3.2.7 showsthe predictedannual average concentrations at the variousmonitoring points. NO. groundlevel concentrations E.3.2.14 NOx concentrationswere originallycalculated on the basisthat the flue gas concentrationwould be 650 mg/M3. In order to be consistentwith the EnvironmentalAssessment main documentwhich assumesa flue gas NOx concentrationof 1500mg/m 3, these are convertedin the text and tablesof this Appendix to reflect this revised concentration(estimatedby portioning the predictedconcentration between Leiyang 1 and Leiyang2 in proportionto their respective NOx emissions and multiplyingthe phase 2 emission rate by 1500/650). Figuresof NOxconcentration distributions have not been presented, as these essentiallyfollow the same pattem as do the SO2 concentrations. Conversionfrom the S02 figuresrequires multiplication by 1.466to obtain NOx concentrations A. NO. hourlyaverage concentrations E.3.2.15 The hourly averageconcentration of NOx at ground level was predicted using the Chinese model for each hour of the year, using the 1993 meteorologicaldataset. The resultsare presentedin Table E3.2.8 in terms of the maximumconcentration predicted in eachstability category. The maximum hourly averageconcentration occurs under stabilityA, at 0.233 mg/im3. This is 155% of the Chineseair qualitystandard. It occursat a distanceof 1.59 km form the source. The NOx maximumhourly concentration during the 10thworst day in the year (the day with the 97th percentiledaily mean concentration)is predictedto be 138 mg/m3(again estimated from the emissionrates of the two plantsand assuming1500 mg/m3NOx in phase2 flue gas). This is 92% of the E-16 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPEADIXE Power Consult relevantair qualitystandard. E.3.2.16 PredictedNOx maximumhourly averageground level concentrationsat variousmonitoring points are listedin TableE3.2.9. E.3.2.17 The maximumhourly averageconcentrations at these points rangefrom 0.076 to 0.142mg/m 3. This is 51%to 95%of the relevantstandard. B. NO. dailyaverage concentrations E.3.2.18 Predicteddaily averageground level concentrations for the 10 dayswhich had the highestconcentrations are shownin Table E3.2.10together with the locationsof the maxima. The 10 ten worstdays were calculatedby rankingthe daily averagesfor eachday of the year. The 10thworst day is the 97 percentile daily averageconcentration for which there is a nationalstandard. The NOx 97th percentilemaximum daily averageis 0.056 mgIM3 which is 56% of the relevant standard. The worst daily averageis 0.85 mg/m3. Figuresshowing contoursof NOx groundlevel concentrationsare not shownbut havethe same appearanceas those shown for SO2. The SO2 contourvalues should be multipliedby 1.5 to obtainthe equivalentvalues for NOx ( basedon the relative total NOx andtotal SO2 emissionrates ). E.3.2.19 Table E3.2.11shows the NOx maximumdaily averageconcentrations at the monitoringpoints. E.3.2.20 The NOx maximumdaily averageconcentrations at various monitoring pointsrange from 0.015to 0.042mg/m 3 which is 15%to 42% of the air quality standard. C. NO,,annual average concentration E.3.2.21 Table E3.2.12 shows the NOx maximumannual averageconcentration and its locationrelative the LeiyangPower Plant. E.3.2.22 The NOx maximumannual average concentration is 17% of the relevant Chineseair qualitystandard. It is located7.5 km SSEof the powerplant. E.3.2.23 Table E3.2.13 showsthe maximumannual concentrations predicted by the Chinesemodel at the monitoringsites. E-17 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consul * PMi0 groundlevel concentrationmodel predictions A. PM10 dailyaverage concentration E.3.2.24 Figuresfor contoursof PM10 groundlevel concentrations are not shownas they are similarin pattemto thosefor SO2. Plotsof S02 shouldbe multipliedby 0.25 to obtainthe equivalentvalues for PM10. E.3.2.25 Table E3.2.14shows the PM10 maximumdaily average concentrations correspondingto the 10 worst days. The 97th percentilemaximum daily averageis 0.09 mg/m3which is 6% of the relevantChinese air qualitystandard. E.3.2.26 Listed in Table E3.2.15are maximumof predictedPM, 0 daily average concentrationsat the monitoringsites . They rangefrom 0.004to 0.007mg/ m3 which is 2% to 5% air qualitystandard. B. PM1OAnnual average concentration E.3.2.27 Table E3.2.16shows the PM,o maximumannual average concentration and its locationrelative the LeiyangPower Plant. E.3.2.28 The PM10 maximumannual average concentration is only 0.9% of the relevant Chineseair quality standard. It is located7.5 km SSE of the power plant. E.3.2.29 Table E3.2.17 shows the PM10 annual average concentrationsat the monitoringpoints. The powerplant is predictedto makea negligiblecontribution to PM10 annualaverage concentrations. E.3.3 Comparison Of The Environmental Impact Due To The 2nd Phase With That Due To The 1st Phase E.3.3.1 Tables E3.3-1(a),(b), (c) show respectivelythe predictedS02, NOx and PM,0 maximumdaily averageconcentrations predicted by the Chinesemodel due to phase 1, phase2 and for both phasescombined. These were predicted at the locationsof the variousmonitoring sites. E.3.3.2 In addition,Tables E3.3-2a-c show the daily maximumpredictions for the 10 worst days. The days are rankedwith the worstfirst. E.3.3.3 The 97th percentileof the S02 maximumdaily averageconcentrations due to by the Leiyang1st phase,the 2nd phase andwhole plant after phase 2 are respectivelyless than 12.0%,12.7% (16.7%),and 24.7%(28.7%) of the relevant E-18 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIYE Power Consult air qualitystandard. The worstday is respectively19.3%, 20.0(25.3), 38.0(43.3) of the standard. E.3.3.4 For NOx,Table E3.3-2b, the predicted10th worst daily averagefor Leiyang 1st phase,Leiyang 2nd phaseand the whole plant are respectively17%, 37% and 57% of the air quality standard. The worst day is respectively27%, 58% and84% of the standard. E.3.3.5 For PM10, Table E3.3-2c,shows that the contributionsfrom each plant are 6% or lessof the daily averageair qualitystandard. E.3.4 Results Of ADMS Modelling Of Leiyang Development And Comparison With Chinese Model Results E.3.4.1 ADMS was configuredto predictdaily averageground level concentrations of SO2, NOx,and PM10 dueto Leiyangphases 1 and2 powerplants. The model used wind speed, wind direction,cloud cover, temperature,boundary layer height,as measuredor determinedfrom the meteorologicaldata recordedby the LeiyangMunicipal Observatory every 3 hours during each day. The 10 worst days identifiedby the Chinesemodel were used in the ADMS analysis. The maximumdaily averageground level concentrationspredicted to occur duringeach of thesedays are presentedin Table3.4-1 for SO2. The positions of the maximaare also indicated.The sametable includesthe predictionsfrom the Chinesemodel. E.3.4.2 It can be seenthat ADMSpredicts maximum daily averageconcentrations of SO2 to be betweenabout 15 and 50% of those predictedby the Chinese model. There are likelyto be severalreasons for ADMSconsistently predicting lower daily concentrations. One likely contributingreason will be that ADMS allowsfor some or all of the plumeto penetratethe boundarylayer under some conditionsand hence allows the plume to contributelittle or nothing to the ground level concentrationsduring these periods. Plumepenetration occurs most often when the boundarylayer is low, such as at night or during early morning/evening.The Chinesemodel assumes that the plumeis reflectedback downwardsupon reachingthe top of the boundarylayer leading to higher concentrations. Other reasonsfor differencesbetween the modelsmay relate to the differentformulations used to calculatethe dispersionparameters and the inclusion of an adjustmentdue to topographythat has been applied to the Chinesemodel but not to the ADMS model..The effect of topographyis not consideredto be importantin ADMSunless there are major slopesgreater than 1 in 10. E-19 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Conult E.3.4.3 It is concludedthat the Chinese model is likely to over-estimatedaily average,and annualaverage ground level concentrations(although a suitable meteorologicaldataset was not availableto use in ADMS in order to calculate annualaverages). E.3.4.4 Also includedin Table 3.4-1 are the ADMS predictionsof the maximum hourly concentrationsgenerated during each day. The highesthourly average S02 concentrationduring these 10 particulardays is 104(133)pg m-3. These concentrationsare not likelyto be the highesthourly ground level concentrations that would occur during the year since the highest individual hourly concentrationsdo not have to occur during the days with the highest daily averages. It does,however, provide an indicationof a typicalmaximum hourly value that mightoccur on thesedays. E.3.4.5 In order to obtain a reasonableestimate of the highest hourly average ground level concentrationsthat mightoccur as a resultof the Leiyangpower plant,ADMS was run with a seriesof extremeweather conditions. In order to comparethe predictionswith those from the Chinesemodel a weathercondition was selectedfrom the rangeof conditionsassociated with each Pasquillstability category. E.3.4.6 Table 3.4-2shows the resultsof the analysisfor SO2, NOx undertakenfor Leiyangphase 1 and2 andthe combinationof both. The Chinesemodel results for each stabilityclass (takento be the maximumground level concentrations predictedin each class) are comparedto those predictedby ADMS. ADMS predictedzero groundlevel concentrations for the categoryE conditionchosen. E.3.4.7 ADMS has predictedhigher ground level concentrationsfor categoriesA and B than the Chinesemodel. Since these categoriescorrespond to unstable conditions and ADMS treats dispersion in unstable conditionsin a more advancedmanner than the Chinesemodel, it is likelythat ADMSis providinga betterestimate of the maximumhourly concentrations. E.3.5 Comparison With General BackgroundAir Quality E.3.5.1 Table 3.5-1 comparesthe predictionsof ADMS for the Leiyang 1 and 2 plants combinedwith the expectedbackground concentrations. It is assumed that it is unlikelythat peak backgroundconcentrations would coincidewith the peaksdue to the plant. E.3.5.2 Referring to Tables 3.4-2 and 3.5-1: In the case of SO 2 , the total concentrationpredicted by either model due to both phasescombined is less E-20 Hunan Power Development Projecr APPENDLXE Power Consult than the relevantstandards when added on to the backgroundcomponent. However,in the case of NOx,the combinedground level concentrationsdue to the two power plants are greater than the Chinese standard for NOx (150pg m-3) in bothcases. Suchexceedances of the standardwill be rare. E.3.5.3 As discussedin SectionE3.1, the proportionof NO2 in a power station plume at ground level is typically30% or less and only occasionallyreaches 50% when levels of ambient ozone are high. The Chinesehourly average standardfor NO2 is 120 pgm4 andis likely not to be exceededeven under the extremeconditions of classA atmosphericstability. 3 4 E.3.5.4 Otherstandards for NO2 such as the UK (300pg m ) or WHO (200 pgi ) standardswill not be exceeded. The World Bankdoes not set guidelinesfor short term NOx concentrations,with only an annual average guideline (of 100 ggm-3 ) beingset. E.3.5.5 It has alsobeen assumedthat the flue gas NOx concentrationswill be 1500 mg m3 which may possiblybe betteredby plantthat will be tenderedfor this project. E.3.5.6 It is thereforeconsidered that, not withstandingthe possibilityof the Chinese NOx standardbeing exceededinfrequently due to the combinedoperation of Leiyangphases 1 and 2, the contributionof the Leiyangplant to ambientNOx concentrationsare consideredacceptable. E.3.5.7 ADMS predictions of PM10 daily average and annual ground level concentrationsare less than those predictedby the Chinese model which thereforemay be consideredto be pessimistic.The contributionof the plantto PM,0 concentrationsis small andthe standardswill not be exceededeven when accountis takenof the backgroundcomponent. E.3.6 Conclusions E.3.6.1 The majorityof the predictionsof groundlevel concentrations of SO2, NOx, and PM,0 were producedusing the Chinesedispersion computer model. A .worst' case conditionsstudy was also undertakenusing the Atmospheric DispersionModel System (ADMS)in order to providesupport to the Chinese modellingand to test the robustnessof the conclusionsreached. E.3.6.2 Predictionsof ground level concentrationswere comparedto the relevant Chineseand Internationalair qualitystandards. E-21 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult E.3.6.3 It was foundthat in the majorityof casesair qualitystandards would not be exceededby phase2 on its own or togetherwith phase1. E.3.6.4 Somedifferences between the Chinesemodel and ADMSpredictions were evident. These could be explainedin terms of the mode!formulation - the Chinese model tending to predict higher daily and annual ground level concentrations. E.3.6.5 The NOx Chinesemaximum hourly averagestandard is predictedto be exceededfor a small percentageof the year. However,other Intemational hourlyaverage standards for NOx or NO2 will not be exceeded. It is therefore concludedthat suchsmall exceedancesof the Chinesestandard are acceptable on humanhealth grounds. REFERENCES CERC (1995). ADMS 1.5 - United KingdomAtmospheric Dispersion Modelling System. User Guide:compiled by CambridgeEnvironmental Research Consultants Ltd., NationalPower pic andThe MeteorologicalOffice. Her Majesty'sInspectorate of Pollution1995. Validationof the UK-ADMSDispersion Model and Assessmentof its PerformanceRelative to R-91 and ISC usingArchived Lidar data. Melo, O.T. and Stevens, R.D.S. (1981). The Occurrenceand Nature of Brown Plumesin Ontario. Atmos.Env., 15, pp. 2521-2529. White,W. H. (1977). NO,-03 Photochemistryin powerplant plumes:Comparison of Theorywith Observation.Environmental Sci. & Tech.,11, pp. 995-1000. E-22 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E.1.1 MonthlyAnd Annual AverageWind Speed(m/s) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. whole year wind speed 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.6 (mis) Table E1.1.2Various Wind DirectionOccurrences At Various Wind Speed lntervals(1993,unit:%) Wind N N N E E E S S S S S W W W N N To m/s N E N S E S S W S N W N tal E E E E W W W W 0.5-0.9 1.4 0.9 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.1 1 1.6 19.6 1.0-1.9 2.7 2.4 1.5 0.2 0.9 0.7 2.7 3.1 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.3 5.8 4.3 30.1 2.0-2.9 2.6 0.5 0.2 0 0 0.4 1.8 2.8 0.7 0.3 0.3 0 0.1 0.7 5.1 6.1 21.8 3.0-3.9 1.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.3 1.4 3.7 19.3 4.0-5.9 0.8 0.2 o 0 0 0 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.3 1.7 5.0 >6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 Total 8.7 4.1 3.5 1.2 1.8 2.0 7.0 8.9 5.0 2.1 1.9 1.5 2.4 4.4 14.7 17.4 86.4 Table E1.1.3Wind FrequenciesDistribution (%) In Various Seasons Seas- N N TE E E S S S S S W W W N N C on N E N S E S S W S N W N E E E E W W W W Spri- 7.7 4.3 3.7 1.1 1.0 1.8 4.9 12.7 8.0 3.2 1.9 1.2 1.8 3.1 13.5 17.6 12.5 ng I I I I | I I I I I I Sum- 5.2 3.6 3.7 1.9 4.1 3.6 14.5 15.6 8.9 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.9 3.2 6.4 4.3 14.4 mer Autu- 10.8 4.1 4.0 0.6 0.9 1.2 2.5 3.3 2.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 2.3 4.2 19.0 19.6 22.4 mnI Win- 11.8 1.9 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.8 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.9 2.5 8.1 19.2 31.4 12.4 ter Year 8.9 3.5 313- 1.0 1.8 2.0 6.1 8.6 5.1 1.9 1.6 1.4 2.4 4.7 14.5 18.2 15.4 E-23 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E1.1.4 Atmospheric Stability Frequency Distribution In Whole Year And Various Seasons(1990-1994,Unit,%) Stability A B C D E F Season Spring 2.5 7.6 3.2 67.5 9.4 9.8 Summer 6.4 14.2 6.9 53.6 9.3 9.6 Autumn 4.3 13.0 3.8 54.8 6.2 17.9 Winter 1.8 5.6 1.9 72.1 9.0 9.6 Year 3.7 10.1 4.0 62.0 8.5 11.7 Table E1.1.5 Leiyang Municipality Average Air Temperature Month By Month And Whole Year Month Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Jun July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. whole - ~~year g°C | 7.0 7.3 10.6 19.3 24.8 26.0 28.2 27.3 23.4 17.3 14.9 9.4 18.0 Table E1.1.6 Wind Direction Frequency Distribution At Various Heights (5-20,Jan,1995,Unit:%) N N N E E E S S S S S W W W N N C Height N E N S E S S W S N W N E E E E W W W W 10 2.9 17.6 2.9 5.9 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 5.9 8.9 2.9 2.9 11.8 11.9 11.2 9.4 100 17.6 11.8 2.9 2.9 0.0 2.9 2.9 0.0 2.9 5.9 8.9 2.9 5.9 8.8 14.7 8.8 0.0 200 8.8 17.6 2.9 5.9 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 5.9 8.9 2.9 5.9 11.8 11.8 8.8 0.0 300 11.8 14.7 2.9 0.0 2.9 5.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 5.9 8.9 2.9 2.9 11.8 8.8 11.8 0.0 400 15.2 6.1 3.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 3.0 6.0 15.2 6.1 12.1 0.0 500 11.8 8.8 5.9 11.8 5.9 8.8 0.0 0.0 2.9 5.9 8.8 0.0 5.9 8.8 5.9 8.8 0.0 600 13.9 8.3 5.6 2.8 2.8 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 13.9 2.8 8.3 8.3 2.8 5.6 0.0 700 5.9 5.9 5.912.9 2.9 11.8 2.9 2.9 5.9 5.9 8.8 0.0 5.9 8.8 8.8 5.9 0.0 E-24 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E1.1.7 Actually Measured P Value Under Different Stability Stability B D E F P value 0.12 0.23 0.28 0.28 Table E1.1.8 P Values Adopted In The Assessment Stability A I B _ C D IE IF P value 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.28 Table Et.1.9 Occurrence Frequencies (%) Of Various Wind Speed Interval At Various Heights ws C 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 (mis) heights(m) 10 9.4 37.5 40.6 9.4 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50 3.1 9.4 12.5 37.5 21.9 9.4 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 0.0 0.0 15.6 28.1 28.1 28.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 0.0 0.0 6.3 12.5 37.5 34.4 6.3 0.0 0.0 3.1 300 0.0 3.1 0.0 15.6 53.1 15.6 9.4 3.1 0.0 0.0 400 0.0 I0.0 6.3 15.6 16.9 21.9 6.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 500 0.0 3.1 3.1 18.8 37.5 31.3 3.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 600 0.0 3.1 6.3 34.4 25.0 |21.9 0.0 0.0 3.1 6.3 700 0.0 6.3 21.8 28.0 21.9 112.5 6.3 0.0 0.0 3.4 E-25 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E1.1.10 Space-TimeVariation Of AverageAir TemperatureIn Lelyang RegionDuring Monitoring Time 01 07 09 11 15 17 19 21 23 aver- Heights age groundsurface 3.3 5.3 6.7 7.9 14.2 12.7 9.4 5.8 4.5 7.8 50 4.3 5.4 6.2 7.2 13.3 11.8 9.5 7.5 6.0 7.9 100 5.0 5.9 5.8 6.6 12.7 11.3 9.3 7.8 7.1 7.9 150 5.0 6.2 5.7 6.3 12.2 10.8 9.2 7.8 7.5 7.9 200 4.9 6.2 5.5 6.1 11.7 10.4 8.9 7.7 7.3 7.7 250 4.7 6.1 5.4 5.9 11.2 9.8 8.6 7.4 7.0 7.3 300 4.7 6.1 4.7 5.7 10.6 9.4 8.3 7.3 6.8 7.1 350 4.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 10.2 9.6 7.9 7.4 6.9 7.0 400 5.0 6.2 4.7 5.1 9.7 9.1 7.5 7.6 7.2 6.9 450 4.1 5.8 4.5 4.8 9.2 8.6 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.4 500 4.0 5.7 4.2 5.4 8.6 8.2 6.9 6.4 6.1 6.2 550 3.8 5.4 4.6 5.3 8.2 7.8 6.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 600 3.9 5.1 4.6 5.3 7.9 7.4 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.7 650 4.2 5.2 4.3 5.6 7.7 8.3 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.9 700 _ 4.3 5.3 4.0 5.6 7.4 8.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 TableE1.1.11 Occurrence Frequencies (%) Of VariousReverse Temperature Time Reverse Low layer Closeto groundand Total temp. reversetemp. lowlayer reverse closeto temp. ground 01 12.5 12.5 62.5 37.5 07 30.8 23.1 38.6 92.5 19 40.0 6.7 13.3 60.0 23 0.0 25.0 75.0 100.0 E-26 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIXE Power Consult TableE1.1.12 ReverseTemperature Layer Characteristics During Monitoring Close to ground reverse Low layer reversetemperature temp. Thickness Strength Bottom height Thickness Strength (i) (mC/IOOm) ( m) (m) (°CI1OOm) Time ave. max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. max. ave. max. 01 120 355 1.70 2.00 512 650 68 104 0.52 1.24 07 180 318 0.60 1.00 417 724 65 144 0.24 0.87 19 65 108 0.47 0.82 684 827 49 52 0.17 0.52 23 94 135 2.00 3.40 470 640 63 97 0.53 1.40 Table E1.1.13Average Mixing Layer Height unit: (m) 1993annual average value (calculated results) 1510 12 960 750 average value during monitoring(actually measured 1100-900 600-700 results) E-27 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDLXE Power Consult Table E2.1.1 Emission Parameters used in Modelling Items symbol unit 2X200 2X300 total 1st Phase 2nd Phase (MW) ( MW) stack type ccsr CCST stack height of chimney Hg m 210 210 exit inner diameter D m 6 7 flue gas emi- dry flue gas amount Vg Nm3/s 560 622 ssion wet flue gas amount VO Nm3 /s 580 646 volumes oxygen content in flue age 02 % 7.5 6.7 (exit ESP) excess air coefficient a 1.56 1.47 stack exit flue gas temperature TS 120 118.5 parameters exit velocity Vs m/s 29.5 24.1 S0 2 mass emission rate MSO2 t/h 1.45 1.66 3.11 (2.1 2) (3.57 (Kg/s) 0.40 0.46 0.86 (0Q5 9 )d (0.99)d 3 flue gas concentration CS02 mg/Nm 801T 778(996) - dust mass emission rate MA tlh 0.57 0.2 13 0.783 Kg/s 0.158 0.059 0.218 3 (exit ESP) flue gas concentration CA mg/Nm 259 100 - NOX mass emission rate MNOx t/h 1.36 3.2 4.56 3 flue gas concentration CNOx mg/Nm 750 1500 - a: CCST: concrete construction single tube b: the value converted to a=1.4 c: the value converted to a=1.7 d: the value without brackets corresponding to St,ar=0.3 6%; the value in brackets corresponding to St,ar=0.46% E-28 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E2.1.2(a) Dispersion Parameters Under Common Conditions (ay=yixa) Stability a1 71 downwind distance, m A 0.901074 0.425809 0 - 1000 0.850934 0.602052 > 1000 B 0.914370 0.281846 0- 1000 0.865014 0.396353 > 1000 C 0.914370 0.281846 0- 1000 0.865014 0.396353 > 1000 D 0.924279 0.177154 0- 1000 0.885157 0.232123 > 1000 E 0.929418 0.110726 0- 1000 0.888723 0.146669 > 1000 F 0.920818 0.086400 0 - 1000 0.896864 0.101947 > 1000 Table E2.1.2( b) Dispersion Parameters Under Common Conditions ( az= y2xa) Stability a2 r2 downwind distance, m 1.057651 0.094949 0 - 300 A 1.315431 0.021824 300 - 500 2.003762 0.000303 > 500 B 0.964435 0.127190 0 - 500 1.093560 0.057025 > 500 C 0.964435 0.127190 0 - 500 1.093560 0.057025 > 500 D 0.917595 0.106803 E% 0 0.826212 0.104634 0- 1000 E 0.632023 0.400167 1000 - 10000 0.555360 0.810763 > 10000 0.788370 0.092753 0- 1000 F 0.565188 0.433384 1000- 10000 0.414743 1.732410 > 10000 E-29 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E 2.1.3 Regression Coefficient yol, yO2Of Dispersion Of Dispersion Under Light And Calm Wind (ax =ay = y 01T, az= Yo2T) Stability YO1 r02 U1 0 <0.5m/s 1.5m/s>U 1 0 U10 <0.Sm/s 1.5mls>U 1 0 Ž0.5 mis >0.5 mIs A 0.93 0.96 1.57 1.57 B 0.73 0.56 0.47 0.47 C 0.55 0.35 0.21 0.21 D 0.47 0.27 0.12 0.12 E 0.44 0.24 0.07 0.07 F 0.44 0.24 0.05 0.05 Table E2.1.4 Time Averaging Correction q Applicable time range, h q 1 < 100 0.3 0.5< X< 1 0.2 E-30 Hunan Power Development Project APPEADIXE Power ConsuII Table E2.2.1 SO2 Permissible Emission Amount And Permissible Emission Concentration Symbol Unit Value Remarks environmentalaverage air T. K 291 1990-1994 temperature averaged in five years average wind speed at 1Om u10 m/s 1.6 1990-1994 averaged in five years whole plant equivalent Hg m 867 single source height _ stack 1 "effective source Ho1 m 842 corresponding to height 2x220MW T-G set stack 2" effective source H02 m 891 corresponding to height 2x300MW T-G set emission controlling p 11.936[5.80-third time period, coeffici- 2] hill [city] ent regional dispersion m 1.893 third time period, condition index [1.893] hill [city] whole plant actual SO2 Mso2 tth 3.11 [3.57] emission amount whole plant permissible Qso2 t/h 10.88[5.29] third time period, S02 emission amount hill [city] stack 1" SO2 emission CS02 mg/Nmr.dr 801 Concentration concen- y converted from tration a=1.47 to a=1.40 stack2 S02 emission CS02 mg/Nm".dr 778[896] concentration concentration y conv- erted from a=1.47 to a=1.40 S02 permissble emission CSo2 Mg/Nm.dr 2100 excess air conc. of various stacks y coefficient a=1.4 E-31 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDLXE Power Consult Table E2.2-2 Smoke Dust PermnissibleEmission Concentration 2* 3 4* Excess air coefficient 1.56 1.56 1.47 1.47 Boiler model conversion coeffieient K 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Dust precipitating efficiency (%) 99.0 99.0 99.5 99.5 Dust emission cone. Cdust(mg/Nm 3 dry) 259 259 157 157 Dust permissible emission concentration 600 600 200 200 (mg/Nm3 dry) * conc. converted to a=1.7, ** conc. converted to a=11.4 Table E3.2.1 The Distance From Plant Site And Position Of Various Monitoring Points No Monitoring points Position relative Distance from Functional area to power plant power plant (km) 1 Zhaoshi town WNW 4.2 concentrated residential quarter 2 Ordnance factory SW 3.7 industrial area 3 Teacher's in-service NNW 5.2 cultural educational area training school 4 Cailum paper mill NW 3.0 industrial area 5 Marquis Cai temple N 1.5 residential quarter 6 Theatre N 3.2 recreation place 7 Baisha mine admin. SSE 2.9 mixed area of industrial area bureau and residential quarter 8 Nitrogen fertiliser NE 4.3 industrial area factory 9 Leiyang power plant 0 industrial area 10 Irrigation region WNW 3.9 mixed area of industrial area administrative office and residential quarter 11 Commercial bureau NW 2.7 mixed area of industrial, commercial area and residential quarter 12 Jinnan pickles plant N 1.1 Class I industrial area E-32 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E3.2.2 S02 Maximum Hourly Average Concentration (2x200 MW + 2x300 MW) Stability Maximum ground % of 2nd Distance to Position Occurrence concentration class source frequency (mglm) criterion (km) (%) A 0.154(0.173) 30.8(34.6) 1.59 S 0.4 B 0.096(0.110) 19.2(22.0) 6.43 NW 0.3 C 0.112(0.128) 22.4(25.6) 4.96 NW 0.5 D 0.087(0.099) 17.4(19.8) 5.32 SSE 5.3 E 0.131(0.150) 26.2(30.0) 12.93 SE 0.3 F 0.000(0.000) 0.0(0.0) - - Table E3.2.3 SO2 Maximum Hourly Average Concentration At Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Maximum hourly % of 2nd average class criterion concentrations(mg/m 3) I Zhaoshi town 0.069 (0.078) 13.8(15.6) 2 Ordnance factory 0.075 (0.085) 15.0(17.0) 3 Teacher's in-service training school 0.095 (0.108) 19.0(21.6) 4 Cailum paper mill 0.085 (0.097) 17.0(19.4) 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.081 (0.092) 16.2(18.4) 6 Theatre 0.051 (0.057) 10.2(11.4) 7 Baisha mine administrative bureau 0.080 (0.092) 16.0(18.4) 8 Nitrogen fertiliser factory 0.077 (0.088) 15.4(17.6) 9 Irrigation region administrative office 0.078 (0.089) 15.6(17.8) 10 Commercial bureau 0.086 (0.099) 17.2(19.8) 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.076 (0.089) 15.2(17.8) Range 0.051-0.095(0.057-0.108) 10.2-19.0(11.4-21.6) E-33 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDLYE Power Consult Table E3.2.4 SO2 Maximum Daily Average Concentration Date Maximum daily % of the 2nd class Distance from Position average criterion source (km) Concentration (mglm 3 ) 3. 9 0.057 (0.065) 38.0 (43.3) 6.43 SSE 3. 13 0.050 (0.057) 33.3 (38.0) 6.43 SSE 2. 12 0.047 (0.053) 31.3 (35.3) 12.93 SSE 2. 23 0.044 (0.050) 27.3 (33.3) 6.43 SSE 1.19 0.041 (0.046) 27.3 (30.7) 9.12 SSE 1. 7 0.041 (0.047) 26.7 (31.3) 15.47 SE 5.20 0.040 (0.044) 25.3 (29.3) 9.26 NNW 10.28 0.038 (0.043) 25.3 (28.7) 5.32 SSE 1.6 0.038 (0.044) 25.3 (29.3) 15.47 SE 10. 17 0.037 (0.043) 24.7 (28.7) 6.43 SSE Table E3.2.5 SO2 Maximum Daily Average ConcentrationsAt Various Assessing Points No. assessing points max. daily % of the 2nd date average class criterion conc. (mglm3 ) 1 Zhaoshi town 0.011 (0.012) 7.3 (8.0) 7. 8 2 Ordnance factory 0.011 (0.013) 7.3 (8.7) 11.4 3 Teacher's in-service training school 0.028 (0.032) 18.7 (21.3) 4. 18 4 Cailum paper mill 0.022 (0.025) 14.7 (16.7) 7.5 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.020 (0.023) 13.3 (15.3) 8. 27 6 Theatre 0.014 (0.015) 9.3 (10.0) 4.17 7 Baisha mine administrative bureau 0.024 (0.027) 16.0 (18.0) 2. 20 8 Nitrogen fertiliser factory 0.020 (0.023) 13.3 (15.3) 7. 9 9 Irrigation region administrative 0.012 (0.014) 8.0 (9.3) 7. 8 office 10 Commercial bureau 0.023 (0.026) 15.3 (17.3) 9. 3 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.015 (0.018) 10.0 (12.0) 7. 7 Scope 0.011-0.028 7.3-18.7 - (0.012-0.032) (8.0-21.3) E-34 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E3.2.6 S02 Maximum Annual Daily Average Concentrations Maximum annual daily % of 2nd class Distance from Direction average concentration criterion source(km) (mglm 3 ) 0.0047 (0.0053) 7.8 (8.8) 7.5 SSE Table E 3.2.7 S02 Maximum Annual Daily Average Concentrations At Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Max. annual daily % of 2nd class average concentration criterion (103mgIm 3 ) 1 Zhaoshi town 0.3 (0.3) 0.5 (0.5) 2 Ordnance factory 0.4 (0.5) 0.7 (0.8) 3 Teacher's in-servicetraining school 1.4 (1.6) 2.3 (2.7) 4 Cailum paper mill 0.9 (1.0) 1.5 (1.7) 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.6 (0.7) 1.0 (1.2) 6 Theatre 0.9 (1.0) 1.5 (1.7) 7 Baisha mine administrativebureau 1.3 (1.5) 2.2 (2.5) 8 Nitrogen fertiliser factory 0.5 (0.6) 0.8 (1.0) 9 Irrigation region administrative office 0.3 (0.3) 0.5 (0.5) 10 Commercial bureau 0.8 (0.9) 1.3 (1.5) 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.1 (0.2) 0.2 (0.3) Range 0.1-1.4 (0.2-1.6) 0.2-2.3 (0.3-2.7) TableE3.2.8 NOx Maximum Hourly Average Concentration(2x200MW + 2x300MW) Stability Maximum ground % of 2nd Distance to Position Occurrence concentration class source frequency (mginM) criterion (km) (%) A 0.233 155.3 1.59 S 0.4 B 0.144 95.7 6.43 NW 0.3 C 0.167 111.4 4.96 NW 0.5 D 0.130 86.6 5.32 SSE 5.3 E 0.196 130.5 12.93 SE 0.3 F 0.000 0.0 - - E-35 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E3.2.9 NO, Maximum Hourly Average Concentration At Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Max. hourly average % of 2nd concentrations class criterion (mglm3) 1 Zhaoshitown 0.1.3 68.7 2 Ordnancefactory 0.113 75.5 3 Teacher'sin-service training school 0.142 94.6 4 Cailumpaper mill 0.127 84.4 5 MarquisCai temple 0.122 81.1 6 Theatre 0.076 50.6 7 Baishamine administrative bureau 0.120 79.9 8 Nitrogenfertiliser factory 0.117 77.7 9 Irrigationregion administrative 0.117 77.7 office 10 CommercialBureau 0.128 85.6 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.113 75.5 Range 0.076-0.142 50.6-94.6 Table E3.2.10NO. MaximumDaily Average Concentration Date Maximumdaily % of the 2nd Distancefrom Direction average classcriterion source(km) concentration 3 _____ (mgg/M ) 3. 9 0.085 85.4 6.43 SSE 3. 13 0.074 74.3 6.43 SSE 2.12 0.069 69.2 12.93 SSE 2.23 0.064 64.2 6.43 SSE 1.19 0.061 60.8 9.12 SSE 1. 7 0.061 60.8 15.47 SE 5.20 0.059 59.1 9.26 NNW 10.28 0.057 57.4 5.32 SSE 1.6 0.057 57.4 15.47 SE 10. 17 0.056 55.6 6.43 SSE E E-36 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E3.2.11 NO, Maximum Daily Average Concentrations At Various Assessing Points No Assessing points Max. daily average % of the 2nd Date concentration(mgl class m3) criterion 1 Zhaoshi town 0.015 15.2 7. 8 2 Ordnance Factory 0.017 16.9 11.4 3 Teacher's in-servicetraining school 0.042 42.2 4. 18 4 Cailum paper mill 0.032 32.1 7. 5 5 Marquis Cai Temple 0.030 30.4 8. 27 6 Theatre 0.020 20.3 4.17 7 Baisha mine administrative Bureau 0.036 35.5 2. 20 8 Nitrogen Fertiliser Factory 0.030 30.4 7. 9 9 Irrigation region administrative 0.019 18.6 7. 8 office 10 CommercialBureau 0.034 33.8 9. 3 11 Jinnanpickles plant 0.022 21.9 7. 7 Range 0.015-0.042 15.2-42.2 - Table E3.2.12 NO, Maximum Annual Daily Average Concentrations maximum annual daily % of 2nd class distance from Direction average concentration criterion source (km) (mg/m3 ) 0.008 16.9 7.5 SSE E-37 HunanPower Development Project APPENDIXE Power Conult Table E 3.2.13 NO, Max. Annual Daily Average Concentrations At Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Maximum annual daily % of 2nd ave. concentration class (Glg/m) criterion 1 Zhaoshi town 0.3 0.7 2 Ordnance Factory 0.7 1.4 3 Teacher's in-service training school 2.2 4.4 4 Cailum paper mill 1.4 2.7 5 Marquis Cai Temple 1.0 2.0 6 Theatre 1.4 2.7 7 Baisha mine administrative Bureau 2.0 4.1 8 Nitrogen Fertiliser Factory 0.7 1.4 9 Irrigation region administrative office 0.3 0.7 10 Commercial Bureau 1.2 2.4 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.2 0.3 Range 0.2-2.2 0.3-4.4 Table E3.2.14 PM1o Maximum Daily Average Concentration Date Maximum daily % of the 2nd Distance from Direction average class criterion source (km) concentration 3 (mg/M ) _ 3.9 0.013 8.7 6.43 SSE 3.13 0.012 7.5 6.43 SSE 2.12 0.011 6.9 12.93 SSE 2.23 0.010 6.3 6.43 SSE 1.19 0.010 6.3 9.12 SSE 5.20 0.010 6.3 9.26 NNW 1.7 0.009 5.8 15.47 SE 10.28 0.009 5.8 5.32 SSE 1.6 0.009 5.8 15.47 SE 10.17 0.009 5.8 6.43 SSE E-38 Hunan Power Development Project APPfENDLYE Power Consult Table E3.2.15 PM10 Maximum Daily Average Concentration At Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Max. daily % of the 2nd Date average class criterion conc. (mgim3) 1 Zhaoshi town 0.004 2.3 7. 8 2 Ordnance factory 0.004 2.9 11. 4 3 Teacher's in-servicetraining school 0.006 4.1 4. 18 4 Cailum paper mill 0.006 4.1 7. 5 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.007 4.6 8. 27 6 Theatre 0.004 2.3 4. 17 7 Baisha mine administrativebureau 0.006 4.1 2. 20 8 Nitrogenfertiliser factory 0.006 4.1 7. 9 9 Irrigation region administrative 0.004 2.3 7. 8 office 10 Commercial bureau 0.007 4.6 9. 3 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.005 3.5 7. 7 Range 0.004-0.007 2.3-4.6 - Table E3.2.16 PM10 Maximum Annual Daily Average Concentration Maximum annual daily % of 2nd class Distance from Direction average concentration criterion source (km) (mglm3) 0.001 0.9 7.5 SSE E-39 Hunan Power Development Project APPEANDIXE Power Consult Table E3.2.17PM 10 Maximum Annual Daily Average ConcentrationAt Various Assessing Points No. Assessing points Maximumannual daily % of 2nd ave. concentration (,ugIm3) class criterion I Zhaoshitown 0.06 0.06 2 OrdnanceFactory 0.10 0.10 3 Teacher'sin-service training school 0.32 0.32 4 Cailumpaper mill 0.19 0.19 5 MarquisCai Temple 0.14 0.14 6 Theatre 0.20 0.20 7 Baishamine administrative Bureau 0.29 0.29 8 NitrogenFertiliser Factory 0.11 0.11 9 Imigationregion administrative office 0.06 0.06 10 CommercialBureau 0.16 0.16 11 Jinnanpickles plant 0.03 0.03 Range 0.03-0.32 0.03-0.32 E-40 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E3.3-1 (a) The Variation Of SO2 Max. Daily Average Concentration At Various Assessing Points Before And After Extension Project SO2 max. daily average conc. % of 2nd class criterion (mglm3 ) No. Assessing points Phase Phase 2 After Phase Phase 2 after extension extension 1 Zhaoshi town 0.009 0.006(0.007) 0.011(0.012) 6.0 4.0(4.7) 7.3(8.0) 2 Ordnance factory 0.008 0.006(0.007) 0.011(0.013) 5.3 4.0(4.7) 7.3(8.7) 3 Teacher's in-service 0.013 0.015(0.019) 0.028(0.032) 8.7 10.0(12.7) 18.7(21.3) training school 4 Cailum paper mill 0.015 0.012(0.015) 0.022(0.025) 10.0 8.0(10.0) 14.7(16.7) 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.015 0.010(0.012) 0.020(0.023) 10.0 6.7(8.0) 13.3(15.3) 6 Theatre 0.008 0.007(0.019) 0.014(0.015) 5.3 4.7(6.0) 9.3(10.0) 7 Baisha mine 0.014 0.013(0.016) 0.024(0.027) 9.3 8.7(10.7) 16.0(18.0) administrative bureau 8 Nitrogen fertiliser 0.014 0.010(0.013) 0.020(0.023) 9.3 6.7(8.7) 13.3(15.3) factory 9 Irrigation region 0.008 0.006(0.008) 0.012(0.014) 5.3 4.0(5.3) 8.0(9.3) administrative office 10 Commercial bureau 0.013 0.012(0.015) 0.023(0.026) 8.7 8.0(10.0) 15.3(17.3) 11 Jinnan Pickles Plant 0.007 0.009(0.012) 0.015(0.018) 4.7 6.0(8.0) 10.0(12.0) Range 0.007- 0.006-0.015 0.011-0.028 4.7- 4.0-10.0 7.3-18.7 0.015 (0.007-0.019) (0.012-0.032) 10.0 (4.7-12.7) (8.0-21.3) E-41 HunanPower DevelopmentProject APPENDLXE Power Consult Table E3.3-1(b)The Variation of NO. Max.Daily Average ConcentrationAt Various Assessing Point BeforeAnd After Extension Project NOxmax. daily averageconc. % of 2nd class criterion (mg/m 3) No. Assessingpoints Phasel Phase2 after PhaseI Phase2 after extension extension 1 Zhaoshitown 0.008 0.012 0.015 8.0 12.0 15.2 2 Ordnancefactory 0.007 0.012 0.017 7.0 12.0 16.9 3 Teacher'sin-service 0.012 0.030 0.042 12.0 30.0 42.2 trainingschool 4 Cailumpaper mill 0.014 0.023 0.032 14.0 23.0 32.1 5 MarquisCai temple 0.014 0.018 0.030 14.0 18.0 30.4 6 Theatre 0.008 0.013 0.020 8.0 13.0 20.3 7 Baishamine 0.013 0.025 0.036 13.0 25.0 35.4 administrative bureau 8 Nitrogenfertiliser 0.013 0.021 0.030 13.0 21.0 30.4 factory 9 Irrigationregion 0.007 0.012 0.019 7.0 12.0 18.6 administrativeoffice 10 Commercialbureau 0.012 0.023 0.034 12.0 23.0 33.8 11 Jinnanpickles plant 0.006 0.018 0.022 6.0 18.0 21.9 Range 0.007- 0.012-0.0300.015-0.042 7.0- 12-30 15.2-42.2 0.014 14.0 E42 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E3.3-1(c) The Variation of PM,0 Max. Daily Average Concentration At Various Assessing Point Before And After Extension Project PM,0 max. daily average conc. % of 2nd class criterion (mgIM3) No Assessing points Phase 1 Phase 2 After Phase 1 Phase After extension 2 extension 1 Zhaoshi town 0.003 0.001 0.004 2.0 0.4 2.3 2 Ordnance factory 0.004 0.001 0.004 2.7 0.4 2.9 3 Teacher's in-service 0.005 0.003 0.006 3.3 1.3 4.1 training school 4 Cailum paper mill 0.006 0.002 0.006 4.0 0.8 4.1 5 Marquis Cai temple 0.006 0.002 0.007 4.0 0.8 4.6 6 Theatre 0.003 0.001 0.004 2.0 0.4 2.3 7 Baisha mine 0.006 0.002 0.006 4.0 0.8 4.1 administrative bureau 8 Nitrogen fertiliser 0.005 0.002 0.006 3.3 0.8 4.1 factory _ 9 Irrigation region 0.003 0.001 0.004 2.0 0.4 2.3 administrative office 10 Commercial bureau 0.006 0.002 0.007 4.0 0.8 4.6 11 Jinnan pickles plant 0.004 0.002 0.005 2.7 0.8 3.5 Range 0.003- 0.001- 0.004-0.007 2.0-4.0 0.7-2.0 2.3-4.6 0.006 0.003 E-43 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E3.3-2(a)The Variation of SO2 Max. Daily AverageConcentration Before And After ExtensionProject S02 max. daily averageconc. (mg/m3) % of 2nd class criterion No. Phasel Phase2 After PhaseI Phase2 After extension extension 1 0.029 0.030(0.038)0.057(0.065) 19.3 20.0(25.3) 38.0(43.3) 2 0.024 0.026(0.033)0.050(0.057) 16.0 17.3(22.0) 33.3(38.0) 3 0.023 0.025(0.032)0.047(0.053) 15.3 16.7(21.3) 31.3(35.3) 4 0.021 0.023(0.029)0.044(0.050) 14.0 15.3(19.3) 29.3(33.3) 5 0.019 0.022(0.028)0.041(0.047) 12.7 14.7(18.7) 27.3(31.3) 6 0.019 0.022(0.027)0.041(0.046) 12.7 14.7(18.0) 27.3(30.7) 7 0.019 0.021(0.025)0.040(0.044) 12.7 14.0(16.7) 26.7(29.3) 8 0.019 0.019(0.025)0.038(0.044) 12.7 12.7(16.7) 25.3(29.3) 9 0.019 0.019(0.025)0.038(0.043) 12.7 12.7(16.7) 25.3(28.7) 10 0.018 0.019(0.025)0.037(0.043) 12.0 12.7(16.7) 24.7(28.7) Table E3.3-2(b)The Variation of NO, Max.Daily AverageConcentration Before And After Extension Project NO, max. daily averageconc. % of 2nd class criterion (mg/m3) l No. PhaseI Phase2 After Phase1 Phase2 After extension extension 1 0.027 0.058 0.084 27.0 58.0 84.0 2 0.023 0.051 0.074 23.0 51.0 74.0 3 0.023 0.048 0.069 22.0 48.0 69.0 4 0.020 0.044 0.064 20.0 44.0 64.0 5 0.018 0.042 0.061 18.0 42.0 61.0 6 0.018 0.042 0.061 18.0 42.0 61.0 7 0.018 0.039 0.059 18.0 39.0 59.0 8 0.018 0.037 0.057 18.0 37.0 57.0 9 0.018 0.037 0.057 18.0 37.0 57.0 10 0.017 0.037 0.057 17.0 37.0 57.0 E-44 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIX E Power Consult Table E3.3-2(c) The Variation of PM10 Max. Daily Average Concentration Before And After Extension Project PM10 max. daily average conc. % of 2nd class criterion (mg/m 3) No. Phase l Phase 2 After Phase I Phase 2 After extension extension 1 0.009 0.005 0.013 6.0 3.5 8.7 2 0.008 0.004 0.011 5.3 2.9 7.5 3 0.007 0.004 0.010 4.7 2.9 6.9 4 0.007 0.004 0.010 4.7 2.9 6.3 5 0.006 0.004 0.010 4.0 2.9 6.3 6 0.006 0.004 0.010 4.0 2.9 6.3 7 0.006 0.003 0.009 4.0 2.3 5.8 8 0.006 0.003 0.009 4.0 2.3 5.8 9 0.006 0.003 0.009 4.0 2.3 5.8 10 0.006 0.003 0.009 4.0 2.3 5.8 Table E3.4-1 Comparison Between ADMS And The Chinese Model Predictions Of Maximum Daily SO2 Ground Level Concentrations For 10 Worst Days In Year. ADMS Predictions Chinese Model Predictions Date Max Location Max Location Max Location Daily x,y km hourly x,y km Daily x,y km 1/6/95 11 1,-2 87 1,-2 38(44) 11,-11 1/7/95 11.6 1,-2 98 1,-2 41(47) 11,-11 1119/95 1.0 8,-15 6.5 8,-15 41(46) 4,-8 2/12/95 16.2 2,-4 101 2,-4 47(53) 5,-12 2/23/95 5.1 4,-9 34 4,-10 44(50) 3,-6 3/9/95 12.9 2,-4 63 2,-4 57(65) 3,-6 3/13/95 14.1 2,-4 68 1,-2 50(57) 3,-6 5/20/95 6.9 3,3 62 3,3 40(44) -4,9 10/17/95 8.9 2,-4 41 2,-4 37(43) 3,-6 10/28/95 24.2 1,-2 104 1,-2 1 38(43) 2,-5 E-45 Hunan Power Development Project APPENDIXE Power Consult Table E3.4-2 Comparison Of ADMS And The Chinese Model Predictions Of Maximum Hourly SO2 And NOx Ground Level Concentrations For Different Pasquill Stability Classes. Note That The Precise Meteorological Conditions Assumed For Each Category Vary Between Models. SO2 Pasquill stability class Leiyang Phase 2 A B C D 0.36(0.46)%S 132(170) 88(113) 56(72) 16(20) Leiyang Phase 1 108 81 52 14 Total 240(278) 161(194) 108(124) 30(34) Chinese model 154(173) 96(110) 112(128) 87(99) NOx Leiyang Phase 2 256 171 108 .31 Leiyang Phase 1 108 81 52 14 Total 364 252 160 45 Chinese model 233 144 167 130 Table E3.5-1 Comparison Of Leiyang I And 2 Predicted Maximum Hourly And Daily Concentrations With Background Component And Chinese Standards Hourly Daily Hourly Daily Daily |______oSO2 SO2 NOx NOx PM10 Chinese 500 150 150 100 150 standard Leiyang 1 + 2 240' 24 i 364 36' 61 Leiyang I + 2 154 57 233T 85-2 15 Background 20-40 20-40 20-30 20-30 10-80 1 ADMS prediction 2 Chinese model prediction E-46 Hunan Power Development Project Power Consult N N Spnng Summer E W E C=14.4% N N Autumn Winter C=22.4% N C=12.4% Year w . 10% 0=15.4% Fig. E1.1.1 Whole Year And Four SeasonsWind Rose Diagram(1990-1994 E-47 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject Power Consult m B level -- D-level -*-Elevel 800 600 Fig.E1.1.3 Typical Individual Examples Of WindA Profiles Under Various Stability Conditions ,I. z/h lL^,2/h/ z/h L IL,Jlh -LUh convective # ' weak turbulence turbulencedue , generatedby to surface heating O W Po localeshear mechanical turbulence .- generated by shear at ------surface -- -100 -10 -1 -0.1 h/L Aj 0.1 1 10 Unstable Neutral Stable Bat 1< D A C |< EIFJG Fig E2.3-1 Comparison of ADMS BoundaryLayer ParameterisationWith Conventional Stability Classes E-48 HunanPower Development Project PowerConsult hui river tiangstzi tourgl<,,&I*ty K\ngstii TCOa aisb oal niines ( Wei-plan; liasti5 - .>\S lAivNanvang NAlin88si0 (4T M \^\t$.ei Rj2 hMoxilg'%~e -3 Fig E3.2.1 SO2 Daily average Concentration Distribution Diagram (9 March) ug m E-49 HunanPower Development Project PowerConsult cishuiri',TT J crpl2n COlt "X"ner W ii al *N$.yans A~~~~~~~~~~~~O,towe,vjSi~~~~~~~e * 1* .ti 31~~~~~~~~~~~, Fig. E3.2.2 SO2 Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (13 March) ug m Lishui river 0Le(Julow8i A * Ciy' I;ass!shi lows, s8>2 : is^zo;l~~~~clminefi{S{ 0 ki,0 hioximgwses Fig. E3.2.3 SO2 Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (12 Feb) ug m 3 E-50 Hunan Power Development Project tower Lonsun Lcishui river Mlnw X laiv.nng f~~~~~~iy l . _ Nanvan. a I'~~~~~~~'D(" 1isxiszesn, ( 0 / R ki Fig.E3.2.4 SO2 Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (23 Feb) ug m 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \\~~~~~~~~~~N ria''as Te Lelian: c.sl nines z_ ;tz~~~~~~~lnt @ 8~~~~ais;c$ ;N.7uvan2 _ >iThsos so isasa nnsL .3 Fig .E3.2.5 SO 2Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (19 Jan) ug m E-51 Hunan Power Development Project ruwci v Lcishui river K2 g5fj tot _C~~~~~~2lwosingirni%es ro f / fii Fig. E3.2.6 SO Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (7 Jan) ug m-3 / N leshui river Kaneshii towfn The , v ( - > \ ng55zisLe Aco:11 mines , \ wcr~~~~~o @ ~~~~~~~Ba,sshl iaetal syn naji ton0 I205 Mozingivel 0BJ)} Ai R t Fig. E3.2.7 SO Daily Average Concentration Distribution Diagram (20 May) ug r E E-52 r7ullau ruwC4 J tVtV U##CF rlujavt cishui riv-er ! N Ciliay L.ri:aig /2 Kait-;~hi town Ci Th Leivan1e aishn o: 1 irlcs wsia%trpI*.nt 0 113 I IU r *~~~~~~~Nanvan-, 0 Ih fiS, Or.tyt Mtoxing'VCI Ji j) X~~iaos ito Fig. E3.2.8 SO2 Daily AverageConcentration Distribution Diagram(28 Oct) ug i:;iriver 7le(listoivi KI gshi towlng i clower plant oblmne C] 0~~~ hi~~~~~~~a Fig. E 3.2.9 SO Daily Average ConcentrationDistribution diagram (6 Jan) Ug gV3 2 E-53 PJower L.onsulJ Hunan Power Development Project Lihui river Ietl a ;a I r ( > loiynl _~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Le\ l<:ligsh; sowvn<); I gr. q Distribution Diagram (17 Oct) ug m Fig.E3.2.10 SO2 Daily Average Concentration ISi ver 5 3ishl mines tC Af W f~~~~~S<_ _3\ fhinn Q.L ~~~~~~coai Distribution Diagram ug m if Fig.E 3.2.11 SO2 Annual Daily Average Concentration E-54 COMMERCIALIN CONFIDENCE This report was prepared by POWERGENplc for China Electric Power Technology Import & Export Corp. Hunan Electric Power Companyunder ContractNo. 971JBJGBI000072GB. This contract was to assist Hunan Electric Power Company (HEPC) in the production of an EnvironmentalAssessment Report to meet World Bank requirements,in collaborationwith HEPC and Nanjing Electric Power Research Institute(NEPRI). The reportis mainly basedupon informationsupplied by HEPC and NEPRI Neither POWERGENnor any personsacting on its behalf:(a) makes any warranty,express or implied, with respect to the use of any information,apparatus, method or process disclosedin this report or that such use may not infringe the rights of any third party, or (b) assumesany liabilitieswith respect to the use of, or for damages resulting in any way from the use of, any information,apparatus, method or process disclosed in the report, except in so far as any warranty or liability arises out of the terms and condiftionsof the above Contract. © PowerGenpic 1998 No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,in any form or by any means electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,except as providedfor under the terms of the above Contract us....a . HUNANPOWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT EnvironmentalAssessment of the LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 ExtensionProject (2 x 300MW), HunanProvince, PRC Part B - TransmissionSystem PT/98/EA95/R PowerConsult NEPRI February1998 Power Technology PowerTechnology Centre Ratcliffe-on-Soar Nottingham NG1 I OEEUK Telephone:+44 (0)115936 2000 Fax:+44 (0)115936 2711 COMMERCIALIN CONFIDENCE PT/98/EA95/R HUNAN POWERDEVELOPMENT PROJECT EnvironmentalAssessment of the Lelyang Power Plant Phase2 Extension Project (2 x 300MW),Hunan Province, PRC Part B - Transmission System TechnicalContent Approved by Classification& DistributionApproved by Dr J Graham Mr J Rea SectionManager Manager EnvironmentalSciences Engineering& EnvironmentalSciences January1998 Powe'Genp:: Registered Ohtce Si NewBroad Street London EC2M 1.JJ Regtstered inEngland and Wales No. 2366970 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following summarisesthe environmentalassessment for the transmission system developmentrequirements associated with the HunanPower Development Project. The assessmentconceming the LeiyangPower Plant phase2 extension projectis reportedas 'PartA' of this report. GeneralDescription 1 Locatedin the centreof China,Hunan Province has good communicationsand abundantresources. It is thereforean areafor economicdevelopment and has developedrapidly in recent years. At the end of 1995, the total installed electricitygenerating capacity in Hunan Provincewas 8055.5MW,of which hydropowerwas 4211.3MW(52.3% of the total) andthermal power 3844.2MW (47.7%). In 1995,the wholeprovince, generated and purchased33.94TW.h of electrical energy, of which 1.359TW.hwas imported from neighbouring provinces Hunan provincecan not maintain a balance between electricity generationand consumption. Moreover, hydropower, which constitutes 52.3% of the total capacity,has a low guaranteedoutput. This resultsin seriouspower shortagesduring dry seasons. Accordingto predictionsby Hunan Provincial Electric Power Bureau, by the year 2000, the whole Province will require 55.OTW.helectricity and capacity of 10,000MW.By 2005,electricity demand is predictedto be 81.2TW.h,requiring a capacityof 14800MW.Therefore, it is imperativeto expeditefurther power construction in Hunanprovince. 2 The Hunan PowerDevelopment Project includes an extensionof the Leiyang Power Plant,to increaseits capacityby 600 MW. Anothermajor component part of the projectare the associatedtransmission projects of the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extension (2x300MW)and Changsha BOT Power Plant (2x300MW). These projects include constructing572 km of new 220kv transmissionlines, reforming178 km of 220kVtransmission lines; constructing nine 220kv substations,extending two 220kv substations,and increasing transmissioncapacity by 1920mVA. 3 The projectis to be financedwith the helpof a 300million US$ World Bank loan. The World Bank deems that environmentalhazards of power transmission projectsare extensive,depending on the engineeringscale and location. Lines of small capacity,short distance or not passingthrough sensitive regions will not be requiredto carry out comprehensiveenvironmental impact assessments, whereasthose of largecapacity and longer distance will be requiredto do so. 4 The transmissionprojects to be constructedby HunanProvincial Electric Power Company will pass through parts of ten municipalitiesin Hunan Province. Becausethe transmissionlines are long and will pass through some densely populatedareas, the projectis requiredto carry out an EIA accordingto World Bank operationdirective (OD 4.01). 5 Chineseofficials agreed to a recommendationthat an intemationalconsultant with substantialrelevant experience be engagedto preparean Englishtext EA documentincorporating all projectcomponents (generation, transmission, coal mine safety, and boiler retirement)that will meet World Bank technical requirements. This EA report is based on the draft EA providedfor Hunan ES-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult ProvincialElectric Power Company and the considerableamount of analysisthat has been undertakenin supportof the project. PowerConsult were engaged to undertakethe task of assistingwith the preparationof the Englishtext. In the case of this report, on the transmissionsystem, this was predominatelyan editorialrole ratherthan having significant technical input. Project Description 6 The powertransmission engineering of HunanPower Development Project will includethe following: - The associatedtransmission requirements of the LeiyangPower Plant phase2 extension. Four 220kV substationsto be built, one 220kV substationto be extended and increasedtransmission capacity of 720MVA. 415kmof 220kVtransmission lines to be constructed. - The associatedtransmission project of the ChangshaBOT Power Plant Five 220kV substationsto be built, one 220kV substationto be extended and increasedtransmission capacity of 1200MVA. 157kmof 220kVtransmission lines to be constructed. 178kmof 220 kV transmissionlines to be improved 7 The mainschedule as follows: - In 1998, engineeringdesign, public bidding, examinationof the purchase equipmentbid with foreignfunds and publishing. - In 1999, engineering construction. - In 2000,procurement of equipmentfrom Chinaand abroad. - In 2001,system regulating and project competition 8 The transmissiondevelopment has been designedto minimiseenvironmental impacts and relocationrequirements. Substationdevelopments will require removalof one small brickfactory (1000m 2) and 994 peoplein 174 households, transmissionlines developmentswill require relocationof 286 people in 72 families. Specificresettlement plans have been developedby Hehai University and HEPC. Relocationarrangements and compensationwill be in accordance with all relevantlaws and regulations. 9 There are total 15 kindsof tower structuresto be used,5 for single circuit self- standingtowers, 5 for doublecircuit self-standing towers and 5 for single circuit concretetowers. 10 Self-standingtowers are used in farmlandand denselypopulated areas. If the turning angle is greaterthan 300or the height of the conductoris greaterthan 27m, self-standingtowers will be used. Self-standingtowers are used in all doublecircuits. ES-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 11 Concretetowers occupy less land, cost less moneyand need relativelyfew trees to be cut. They will be used in scatteredpopulated areas, hills and forestedland. 12 The transmissioncorridor is 50mwide for bothsingle and double circuits. Environmentalbackground 13 The transmissionline routespass through 10 prefecturesand municipalitiesin HunanProvince. 14 The majorityof the transmissionline route comprisesland which has been exploitedfor more than a thousandyears. The terrainconsists mainly of hills, farm land,artificial forest and shrubbery. No ancientvegetation remains. 15 A 1km segmentof the HuanengYueyang Power Plant to Dongfenghuline crossesDongfenghu (lake) which is 100hain area. Fish are culturedin the lake. In everywinter, water in the lakeis pumpedout, andthe lakeis dried in the sun which allowsthe fish to be caught. In April the next year, the lakeis filled with water and fishesreared again. Fourtransmission tower foundations will be built in the lake, Constructionwill be arrangedin Februaryand March,when the lake is dry. The segmenthas been approvedby Yueyang MunicipalPeople's Govemmentin documentYuebanji (1997) No.22. 16 There are 19 nature reserves in Hunan Province,of which, Badagongshan mountain Nature Reserve is a national reserve. and others are provincial reserves. 17 The transmissionline routes are generallymore than 30km away from the boundariesof the naturereserves. The segmentof HuanengYueyang power plant to Dongfenghuis 10kmfrom the closestof boundaryof DongtinghuLake NatureReserve and the segmentof Matangto Chayuanto Hengbeisubstation is 15kmfrom the closestof boundaryof HengshanN. R. No adverseimpact is predictedon thesenature reserves. 18 No species of endangeredor protectedterrestrial fauna or flora have been - recordedwithin 10 km of the proposeddevelopments. 19 The nearesthistoric relic is YueyangBuilding 4km from the nearesttransmission line. No impactis predictedon this. 20 The transmissionlines routes have been carefullychosen to avoid significant populationcentres (villages,towns, cities, planningareas), schools,hospitals, factories,commercial properties and public entertainment centres etc. 21 There are no mineral reserves present along the route of the proposed transmissionlines and so therewill be no impacton production. EnvironmentalImpacts 22 Both constructionand operationalphases of the developmentwill incur some environmentalimpacts: ES-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part 8) PowerConsult 23 During substationand transmissionline construction,there will be some land used temporarily,for routes for equipmenttransportation, personnel access, pylon foundationconstruction sites etc. These areas should be retumed to agricultureimmediately after completion of construction. 24 Farmcrops and trees on the 33.66haoccupied by substationswill be destroyed. 25 The constructionof the transmissionlines and tower foundationswill result in loss of another12.28 ha of farm cropsand plants. 26 There may be some emissionsof dust from constructionactivities. However, this will be a transientproblem, as areas affectedby constructionwill either quicklybe retumedto their originaluse or be permanentlyincorporated into the operationalsites. The permanentsites will not have any areas of bare soil remainingthat couldgive rise to dustemissions. 27 There will be someimpact of noiseemissions. During construction this will arise from constructionmachinery. Such effectswill be temporary,will occur mainly during daytimeand will be conductedto meetthe relevantChinese standards in 'ConstructionSite BoundaryNoise Limit'. 28 Noise measurementsat substationsand below transmissionlines in Hunan Province, designed and operated in a similar manner to the proposed development,indicate that noise levelsare up to approximately42dB(A) under the power line and up to 44 dB(A) at the boundaryof a 220 kV substation. Noise levelsduring operation are thereforepredicted to complywith the relevant limits (6QdB(A)by day and 50 dB(A) at night) in 'Industrialenterprises plant boundarynoise standard' and also the World Bankstandards of 55-7OdB(A)for varioustypex of location(see Table 2.4-5 of PartA report). 29 Impactson the aquaticenvironment are predictedto be small. River crossings will be by single direct spans,without a requirementfor transmissiontowers in mid-river. Only a temporarydisruption to navigation,for a few hours, will be required to erect the overhead lines, following which navigation will be unimpeded. Domesticsewage will requiredisposal from constructionworkers and operatingworkers. At substationsites sewagedisposal will via septictanks. Transmissionworkers will be concentratednear existingtowns and not at the constructionsites and will usethe existingsewage disposal systems. 30 No natural vegetationwill be affectedby the development.It is estimatedthat 17,500 trees will need to be felled duringconstruction and to ensure sufficient clearancefor the lines. Theseare mostlypine and tea-oilcamelia and consistof artificialforest and plantations. 31 Adequate clearancewill be providedat crossingsof other transmissionlines, communicationslines, highwaysand railwaysto ensurethat thesefacilities are not adverselyaffected. 32 Construction'andoperating workers will need to be skilled and will mainly be non-localworkers. It is not anticipatedthat this will causeany impactson local job opportunities,other than somegeneration of additionaldemand for service industries. ES-4 HulnanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 33 The electric field strengths were measured under an existing 220 kV transmissionline in Hunan, of the same constructionas proposed in this development.The resultsshow maximum intensities of lessthan 3 kV/m. Field strengths were also measured at Changsha Tianding and Shumuling substationsand, again, field strengths were less than 3 kV/munder the outgoing lines and 5.8kV/melsewhere in the substations.These are well within Chinese standardsand recommendedlevels: Area Field intensity limiting value Powerdistribution installation area 10kV/m (the area <5m can be 10- 15kV/m) Operationworking area 8kV/m Powerdistribution installations 5kV/m(not betweenout-going-line) enclosurewall The World Bank does not set any standardsfor electricfield strengthsfrom transmissionlines. However,at theselevels, no adverseimpacts are predicted on humanhealth or ecology. Mitigation Measures 34 During construction,water sprays will be used to suppress fugitive dust emissionswhen required. 35 Waterrunoff during construction will be collected,and settled, prior to discharge to controlsuspended solids emissions. Domesticsewage will be collectedin septictanks, where it is not possibleto utiliseexisting sewers. In substations,oil contaminatedwater will be collectedand the oil separatedand reclaimedprior to discharge.Oil containingequipment will be bundedto containany spillages. 36 Constructionmachinery and methodsof workingwill be selectedto ensurethat noise emissions are within permitted levels, particularlyin the vicinity of residentialproperties. 37 Vehicleswill havemetal grounding wires. 38 Routing should minimise relocation requirements,avoid urban areas and townshipsand a facilitiessuch as schoolsand hospitals 39 Residential properties must have a minimum clearance of 5m from the conductorsand not be exposedto an electricfield intensitygreater than 3 kV/m. 40 Clearances,as stipulatedin various relevant regulations,shall be maintained over trees,other power lines, roads, railways etc., to ensuresafe operations. 41 Land temporarilyoccupied during constructionshall immediatelybe reinstated upon completion. Loss of crops and otherrelocation issues shall be subjectto appropriate compensation measures in accordance with govemment prescriptions. ES-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 42 Where large areasof trees are to be crossed,pylon height should be increased to minimisethe requirementto fell trees. Suitablespecies should be plantedto replace trees that have been felled and to re-vegetateother areas where appropriate. Substationsites should have a minimum of 10% cover with vegetation. Alternativeschemes 43 The transmissionscheme is intimatelyassociated with the LeiyangPower Plant Phase2 developmentand Changsha BOT PowerPlant. Withoutthe associated transmissionworks, these projectscan not be completedand power shortages in HunanProvince will continueto develop. 44 The 220 kV voltagehas beenchosen as satisfyingthe engineeringrequirements to reinforcethe existinggrid system in an economicaland practical manner. 45 Considerableconsultation has takenplace with local administrativedepartments and representativesover routeselection. The selectedroute avoids ecologically sensitive locations, minimises relocation requirements,avoids impacts on roadways,communications etc. and has minimumimpact on residentialareas. EnvironmentalManagement and Monitoring 46 The effectivenessof the controlof all mitigationmeasures shall be monitored during constructionand operationalphases of the development. Particular aspectsinclude fugitive dust, noise,aquatic discharges (sewage, surface water runoff andoil contaminatedwater) and electric field strengths. 47 This monitoringwill be used to ensure compliancewith all relevant national environmentalstandards. 48 A number of organisationswill be involvedwith monitoringthe environmental performanceof the projectincluding HEPC, Environmental Protection Bureau, EnvironmentalMonitoring Stations, State Land Administration,Forestry Bureau and CulturalRelic Bureau E ES-6 CONTENTS I Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) Power Consult CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY ES-1 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2The Necessityof 220kVPower Transmission Construction 1-2 1.3The ApprovalProcedure of this Project 1-2 1.4 RelevantCriteria 1-4 1.5 EngineeringDesign 1-5 1.6Treatment for PowerTransmission Line and SubstationProject by the 1-5 WorldBank 2. PROJECTDESCRIPTION 2-1 2.1 PowerTransmission Engineering 2-1 2.2 Substations 2-3 2.3 PowerTransmission Lines 2-4 3. ENVIRONMENTALBACKGROUND 3-1 3.1 GeneralEnvironment 3-1 3.2 Ecology 3-1 3.3 NoiseLevels 3-5 3.4 ElectricField Levels 3-5 3.5 Socio-EconomicEnvironment 3-6 4. CONSTRUCTIONPERIOD IMPACTS 4-1 4.1 EnvironmentalImpact Identification 4-1 * 4.2 NaturalEnvironment 4-1 4.3 Ecology 4-7 4.4 Social Environment 4-8 5. OPERATIONALPERIOD IMPACTS 5-1 5.1 EnvironmentalImpact Identification 5-1 5.2 NaturalEnvironment 5-2 5.3 Ecology 5-4 5.4 CommunicationInfrastructure 5-5 5.5 Agriculture 5-7 5.6 CulturalResources, Scenic Area andRelics 5-7 5.7 ElectricFields 5-8 Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) Power Consult 6. ALTERNATIVES 6-1 6.1 NoAction 6-1 6-2 Altematives 6-1 7. MITIGATIONMEASURES 7-1 7.1 Substations 7-1 7.2 TransmissionLines 7-3 7.3 CrossingTraffic 7-6 7.4 Agriculture 7-6 7.5 LandOccupation and Compensation 7-7 7.6 CulturalResources 7-8 7.7 Landscape 7-9 7.8 Ecology 7-9 7-9 Safety 7-7 8. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND MONITORING 8-1 8.1 Substation 8-1 8.2 PowerTransmission Line 8-1 8.3 Training 8-1 9. PUBLICPARTICIPATION 9-1 FIGURES APPENDIXA: DEPARTMENTSVISITED APPENDIXB: ECOLOGICALSURVEY APPENDIXC: NOISEMONITORING APPENDIXD: ELECTRICFIELD INTENSITY APPENDIXE: LIST OF PUBLICPARTICIPANTS APPENDIXF: REFERENCES ii 1. INTRODUCTION ft HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 HunanElectrical Power Company (HEPC) proposes to constructa 600 MW (two 300 MW boilers)anthracite fired power stationon the outskirtsof Leiyang City, on the bankof the LeishuiRiver. This is a phase2 development,adjacent to an existing400 MW (two 200 MW boilers)power station. The Environmental Assessmentof this developmentis containedin 'PartA' of this report. 1.1.2 Anothermajor componentpart of HunanPower Development Project are the associatedtransmission projects of the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extension (2x300MW)and ChangshaBOT Power Plant (2x300MW). These projects includeconstructing 572 km of new220kv transmission lines, reforming 178 km of 220kVtransmission lines; constructing nine 220kvsubstations, extending two 220kvsubstations, and increasing transmission capacity by 1920mvA. 1.1.3 In accordancewith Chinese environmentalregulations, -an Environmental Assessment(EA) was preparedfor the power generationfacility by Nanjing EnvironmentalProtection Research Institute of Ministry of Electric Power (NEPRI). HEPC requestedWorld Bank financing for this project and in accordancewith World Bank policiesand procedures(OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment)the projectwas rated"Category A" and an EA mustbe preparedto WorldBank specifications. 1.1.4 World Bank environmentalspecialists reviewed the draft EA preparedby NEPRI and, for a number of reasons,concluded that the documentrequired strengtheningto meet World Bank EA standards. They also requestedan independentevaluation of the ecologicalimpacts to be anticipatedfrom the dischargesof the heatedcooling water, and the occupationalhealth and safety statusof the minessupplying the anthracitefuel. 1.1.5 Chinese officials agreed to the recommendationthat an intemational consultant with substantialrelevant experiencebe engaged to prepare an English text EA documentincorporating all project components(generation, transmission,coal minesafety, and boilerretirement) that will meet World Bank technicalrequirements. 1.1.6 The main objectiveof this work programis to producean EA report for the - Hunan Power Development Project in accordance with World Bank requirements. This EA report is largelybased on the draft EA report already 1-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult preparedfor HEPC and the considerableamount of analysisthat has been undertakenin supportof the project.. 1.1.7 PowerConsult were engagedto undertakethe task of producingthe English text of the EA in closecollaboration with HEPCand NEPRI. In the case of this transmissionsystem report, this was primarily an editorial role rather than providingsignificant technical input. 1.2 The Necessityof 220kV Power Transmission Construction 1.2.1 Becauseof the rapid economicdevelopment in HunanProvince, there are seriouspower supply shortages. For this reason,HEPC has decidedto expand Leiyang Power Plant, build Changsha BOT Power Plant and undertake associatedtransmission engineering. The transmissionproject will reinforcethe existing 22QkVtransmission systems, and enablethe Hunanprovincial grid to supplythe increasingdemand in a reliable,economic and efficient manner. 1.3 The Approval Procedureof this Project 1.3.1 This ProjectSuggestion Report was submittedby HunanProvincial Electric PowerCompany to the CentralChina Electric Power Group Co., which in tuM submits it to the Ministry of ElectricPower and ElectricPower Planning and DesignGeneral Institute. When approvedby the Ministryof ElectricPower, the feasibilitystudy can be carriedout. 1.3.2 Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Companyinstructed the Hunan Provincial ElectricPower Design Institute to carry out the feasibilitystudy and hand in the feasibilitystudy report. 1.3.3 The FeasibilityStudy Reportis checkedby relevantdepartments and experts organisedby Electric Power Planningand DesignGeneral Institute,which is authorisedby the Ministry of Electric Power. Followingthis, the Ministry of ElectricPower can approvethe FeasibilityStudy Report. 1.3.4 Duringthe projectfeasibility study, the designdepartment must solicit opinions from planning, land, forestry, navigation, agriculture, post and telecommunication,traffic, environmentalprotection, railway, highway and other departmentsin relevantlocations. During examinationof the feasibilitystudy report by th'e Electric Power Planning and Design General Institute, the departmentsmentioned above were invited to participatein the examination meeting. E 1-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 1.3.5 After approvalof the feasibilitystudy report, the Ministryof Electric Power delegatedthe designresponsibility to the CentralChina ElectricPower Group Co., and henceto HunanProvincial Electric Power Company. Hunan Provincial Electric Power Companycommissioned the Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Design Instituteto carry out the preliminarydesign. During the processof preliminary design, Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Company invited the departmentsmentioned above to participatein the examinationmeeting and continuesto listento their opinions.The examinationof preliminarydesign was organisedby HunanProvincial Electric Power Company, which then can grant approval. 1.3.6 HunanProvincial Electric Power Company has approvedthe constructionof this project. 1-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 1.4 Relevant Criteria 1.4.1 The followingtable shows the relevantChinese regulations to be consideredin the proposeddevelopment: Code Title Grade Note GB8978-1996 Integratedwastewater discharge standard National Wastewater GB12523-90 Noiselimits for constructionsite National Construction noise GB3096-93 Environmentnoise standard in Urban National Noise area environment GB12348-90 Standardof noiseat boundaryof National Boundary noise industrialenterprises limit GB6830-86 Allowablevalue for telecommunication National Communications lines riskingpower lines influences GB7495-87 Protectiveinterval between aerial power National Communications line andamplitude-modulation broadcast receivingstation GB13618-92 Protectiverequirement of electromagneticNational Communications environmentfor radarstation against air raid situation GB6364-86 Requirementof electro-magnetic National Communications environmentfor aerialradio navigation station GB13614-92 Requirementsof electro-magnetic National Communications environmentfor short-waveradio receivingservice (station) GB5033-94 Designregulation of telecommunication National Communications lines riskingpower lines influences GB13015-91 Controlstandard on polychlorinated National Useof PCB biphenylsfor wastes SDJ3 Aerialpower transmission line design MOEP Transmissionline technicalregulation design BGJ139-90 Inlandriver navigationcriteria Ministry Navigation 1-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 1.5 Engineering Design 1.5.1 The EIA work will make referenceto the transmissionline routing and substationsite-selection and design document(see AppendixF, reference1) provided by Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Companyand Hunan Electric DesignInstitute. 1.5.2 The transmission line routes were initially selected on operational requirementsand then detailedsite surveyingwas undertaken. During site surveys, discussionswere held with the functional departments of local govemmentat 14 places. The surveysand discussionsincluded consideration of the naturalenvironment, ecological environment, social environment, people's living qualityenvironment and the situationof the city and town planning(more detailprovided in AppendixA). 1.5.3 To understandthe impactof the groundsurface electricfield and magnetic field intensity,the groundsurface electric field intensity of the existingShumuling 220kvsubstation, Tianding 220kv substation and 220kvtransmission lines were measured.Noise levels were measured at the sametime. - 1.6 Treatment for Power Transmission Line and Substation Projects by the World Bank 1.6.1 The World Bank considersthat environmentalhazards of powertransmission projectsare extensive,depending on the engineeringscale and location. Major impactsare mainlyrelevant to risks of establishmentand maintenanceof the line corridor,establishment of towers,construction of powersubstations and electro- magneticfields. Lines of small capacity,short distanceor not passingthrough sensitiveregions will not be requiredto carry.out comprehensiveenvironmental impact assessments,while those of large capacityand longer distancewill be requiredto do so. 1.6.2 The associatedtransmission project to be constructedby Hunan Provincial ElectricPower Company will pass through parts of ten municipalitiesin Hunan Province. Becausethe transmissionlines are long and will pass throughsome densely populatedareas, the projectis requiredto carry out EIA accordingto World Bankoperation directive (OD 4.01). 1-5 2. PROJECTDESCRIPTION t HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 2 PROJECTDESCRIPTION 2.1 Power TransmissionEngineering 2.2.1 The powertransmission engineering of HunanPower Development Project will includethe following: * The associatedtransmission requirements of the LeiyangPower Plant phase 2 extension. Four220kV substations to be built,one 220kV substation to be extendedand increasedtransmission capacity of 720MVA. 415kmof 220kVtransmission lines to be constructed. * The associatedtransmission project of the ChangshaBOT PowerPlant Five 220kVsubstations to be built, one220kV substation to be extendedand increasedtransmission capacity of 1200MVA. 157kmof 220kVtransmission lines to be constructed. 178km of 220kV transmissionlines to be improved 2.1.2 The mainschedule as follows: - In 1998, engineeringdesign, public bidding,examination of the purchase equipmentbid withforeign funds and publishing. - In 1999,engineering construction. - In 2000,procurement of equipmentfrom Chinaand abroad. - In 2001,system regulating and project competition. 2.1.3 The project will pass through ten municipalityexecutive districts of Hunan Province.The routesegment length of respectivemunicipality is shownin Table 2.1-1. 2-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 2.1-1 RouteSegment Length In ExecutiveDistricts Administration Route Regionaffected Topography area segment length (km) Yueyang 21 Yueyangcity hills municipality . Changde 14 Hanshoucounty hills municipality Loudimunicipality 20 Loudicity hills Huaihuaprefecture 34 Yuanlingcounty mountains, hills Xiangxiprefecture 30 Luxicounty hills Changsha 121 Wangcheng county, Changshahills municipality county,Changsha city Hengyang 225 Hengyang county, Leiyang city, hills municipality Changlincity Zhuzhou 85 Zhuzhoucity, Zhuzhou county, Lilin hills municipality county Cengzhou 100 Cengzhoucity, Zhixin city, Guiyanghills municipality county,Jiahe county, Anren county Yongzhou 100 Yongzhoucity, Qiyang county hills municipality 2-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 2.2 Substations 2.2.1 Substationsto be builtor extendedin the projectare listedin Table2.2-1. Table 2.2-1 List of Substations Project Name Locatfon Topo- Scale Occupied Relocation graphy (MW) land (ha) requirement Hengbei,new Zhangshulingvillage, substation Hengyangcounty hills 1x180 4.3 no Chengbei,new Gaomavillage, Zhixin Leiyang substation city hills 1x120 4 no Power Jiahe new Baoshanzhui,Jiahe hills 1x120 4 no Plant substation county 2nd Yongzhounew Zhugenmiao,Yongzhou hills 1x180 4 phase substation city small brick factory Lounan Southsuburbs of Loudi hills 1x120 no increasing substation city occupied no extension land Wangcheng, Xitang,Wangcheng hills 1x120 4 750e, 5 newsubstation county households Hanshou,new Nanyangchong, hills 1x120 4 no substation Hanshoucounty Chang- Furong new Changshacity city 3x180 0.66 7126m, 169 sha BOT substation households Power Qiyang,new Changhongvillage, hills 1x120 4 no Plant substation Qiyangcounty Dangfenghu, Yueyonglou hills l1 80 4.7 no newsubstation developmentarea, Yueyang city Xinhua, Suburbsof Xinhua hills 1x120 noincrease no substation county extension 2-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 2.3 Power Transmission Lines 2.3.1 Transmissionlines to be newly constructedor upgradedin the project are shownin Table2.3-1, 2.3-2 andFigs. 2 to Fig.12. Table2.3-1 220kVtransmission line to be newlybuilt Project Transmissionline Une Number Land occupied Relocation Regions passed length of by tower area(m), (km) towers foundation (m2) families LeiyangPower Plant 800, Changlin,Leiyang to Songbai 2x40 280 11200 4 families LeiyangPower Plant to 1200, Anren,Leiyang Anren 1x60 210 7400 6 families Songbaito Yongzhou 1200, Changlin, Qiyang, 1x120 420 12600 6 families Yongzhou Leiyang Quheto Yongzhou 1x25 88 3500 400, Yongzhou Power 2 families Plant2nd Chengqianlingto Jiahe 1x75 263 7900 600, Chenzhou, phase 3 families Guiyang,Jiahe Liyujiangto 2x10 76 3800 400, Chenzhou,Zhixin ChengqianlinChenbei 2 families Substation Matangto Chayuan 2x17.5 108 4900 no Hengyang HenbeiSubstation ChangshaPower Plant 2x6 50 4000 800, Wangcheng to Wangcheng 4 families Yibei to Gaolingand 2x1 8 500 no Changshacounty Xinshito Tiandin Zhunanto Dishuijin 1x55 177 8800 no Zhuzhou.Lilin HuanengYueyang lxll 64 6400 9800, Yueyang PowerPlant to 16families Dongfenghu Changsha Gangshito Yiyangbei 2x7 50 2000 200, Hangshou BOTPower HangshouSubstation I families Plant Yueyangto Xinshi 2x5 38 2300 400, Yueyang Dongfenghu 2 families Furongto Changsha 2x20 160 12800 1600, Changsha 8 families Balinto Shumulin 2x1.5 12 700 no Changsha LangliSubstation Matangto Quhe 2x5 38 2300 400, Qiyang QiyangSubstation 2 families 2-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table2.3-2 220kvTransmission Line To Be Upgraded Project TransmissionLine Linetype NumberLand occupied removal Region line length of bytower area passed 2 2 (km) towers foundation(m) (m ) Tianding to 1x32 LGJ- 91 4500 600, Wangcheng Wangcheng 2x300/40 3 families Gaoling to 1x32 LGJ- 133 6700 1000, Wangcheng Wangcheng 2x300140 5 , Changsha Changsha families BOT Yuntian to 1x30 LGJ- 112 5600 no Zhuzhou Power Zhunan 2x300140 Plant Loudi to 1x20 LGJ- 76 3800 400, Loudi Lounan 2x300/40 2 families Fongtan to 1x64 LGJ- 224 13400 1200, Luxi,Yunlin Luxi 2x300/40 6 families 2.3.1 415km of transmissionlines are associatedwith the LeiyangPower Plant phase2 project. 2.3.2 157km new constructionand upgradingof 178kmtransmission lines are associatedwith the ChangshaBOT PowerPlant. The reform is changingLGJ- 2x300/40from LGJ-400/50. 2.3.3 There are total 15 kindsof tower structures,5 for single circuit self-standing towers, 5 for doublecircuit self-standing towers and 5 for singlecircuit concrete towers. 2.3.4 Self-standingtowers are usedin farmlandand denselypopulated areas. If the tuming angleis greaterthan 300or the heightof the conductoris greaterthan 27m, self-standingtowers will be used. Self-standingtowers are used in all double circuits. Self-standingtowers do not require guy lines which could interferewith operationof farm machineryetc. There are few impactson farm land or populatedareas. 2.3.5 Concretetowers occupyless land, cost less moneyand need relativelyfew trees to be cut. They will be used in scatteredpopulated areas, hills and forestedland. 2.3.6 The transmissioncorridor is 5Gmwide for bothsingle and doublecircuits. 2-5 HunanPower Development Prject (PartB) PowerConsult 2.3.7 The permitted clearances over different terrain categories by transmission lines according to the criteria of "Aerial Power Transmission Line Design Technical Regulation", SDJ3, are shown in Table 2.3-3. Table 2.3-3 Minimum Permitted Clearances For Transmission Lines Obstruction Minimum Minimumpermitted Temperature pernitted vertical horizontal distance condition (°C) distance (m) Non-residentialregion 6.5 40 Residentialregion 7.5 40 Slope accessible to walking 5.5 40 people Building 6.0 Grade1, II highway(to surface) 8.0 >20 Telecommunicationline, tower 4.0 top of low voltage line Non-electrifiedrailway (railtop) 8.5 30 Electrifiedrailway (rail-top) 14.0 30 Navigableriver to masttop 3.0 Ordinarytrees 4.5 40 Parkafforested area 4.0 40 Economicforest 3.5 Housebuilding 10 Note: Safe distance is 0.5m more than the minimum permitted distances in design in accordance with advice from Mr. Zang Xinxiao, senior engineer, (he works for HEPDI, Tel: 0731-5527700-7057). 2-6 3. ENVIRONMENTALBACKGROUND STATUS a HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 3 ENVIRONMENTALBACKGROUND 3.1 General Environment 3.1.1 The transmissionline routespass through 10 prefecturesand municipalitiesin Hunan Province. Along the line routes,the generalconditions of the principal regionsare shownin Table3.1-1. 3.1.2 The naturalenvironment in the projectconstruction regions are shown in Table 3.1-2 andTable 3.1-3. 3.2 Ecology 3.2.1 The majorityof the regionspassed by the transmissionline route comprise cultivatedland and regulatedriver networkswhich havebeen exploited for more than a thousandyears. The terrainconsists mainly of hills, farm land, artificial forest and shrubbery. No ancient vegetationexists. In order to further comprehendthe ecologicalenvironment along the transmissionline route, it has been thoroughlysurveyed as shownin detailin appendixB. * Wetland 3.2.2 Along the transmissionline route,there are mostly hills. A few riverswill be crossed. Thereis 400m2of wetlandto be occupiedin Yueyangcity. 3.2.3 A 1km segmentof the HuanengYueyang Power Plant to Dongfenghuline crossesDongfenghu (lake). 3.2.4 The Dongfenghuis an inlandlake, 1kmin length,800m in width and 100hain area Fishes are cultured in the lake. In every winter, water in the lake is pumpedout, and the lake is dried in the sun which allowsthe fish to be caught. In April the next year, the lake is filled with water and fishesreared again. Four transmissiontower foundationswill be built in the lake, Constructionwill be undertakenin Februaryand March,when the lake is dry. This is approvedby YueyangMunicipal People's Govemment in documentYuebanji (1997) No.22. 3-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.1-1Respective Principal RegionsGeneral Conditions Along The Line Area Topographic Major Climate Feature Regions (kM2) feature along mountains Majorriver Climatezone Average Precipi- the line route temp.(°C) tation (mm) Changsha 12500hills Xiangjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 16.8-17.2 1422 River moistdimate Zhuzhou 11400 hills LouxiaoMountain, Xiangjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 17.6 1280 80kmfrom lines River moistdimate Hengyang 15300hills Hengshan Xiangjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 18.0 1240-1470 Mountain,15km River moistclimate from lines Yueyang 15019hilis Moufu Mountain,Xiangjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 16.4-17.0 1234-1499 70kmfrom lines River, moistclimate Yangtze River Changde 16900hills Wulin Mountain,Yuanjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 16.5 1184 100kmfrom lines River moistclimate Loudi 8066 hills Xuefeng ZishuiRiver Subtropicalmonsoon 17.0 1250-1450 Mountain, 90km moistclimate from lines Chengzhou 19400hills LouxiaoMountain, Dongjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 15.4-18.3 1350-1700 Nanlin Mountain,River, Leishui moist climate 30kmfrom lines River Yongzhou 22400 hills Yangning Xiangjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 17.6-18.6 1290-1590 Mountain,30km River moistdimate from lines Huaihua 2760060% in Wulin Mountain,Yuanjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 16.4 1200-1500 mountains 15kmfrom lines River moistclimate 40%in hills Xiangxi 14500mountains Wulin Mountain,Yuanjiang Subtropicalmonsoon 16.4 1300 15kmfrom lines River moistclimate 3-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.1-2 Project Construction Regions (NewlyBuilt): Natural Environment Project Lines Average Average Prevailing Seismic Underground Topography temperature wind wind intensity mineral (CC) speed direction deposits (mis) . Leiyang Power 18.0 2.1 NE 6 None hills Plant to Songbai discovered Leiyang Leiyang Power 18.0 2.1 NE 6 None hills Power Plant to Anren discovered Plant Songbai to 18.1 3.5 NNE 6 None hills phase 2 Yongzhou discovered Extension Quhe to Yongzhou 17.6-18.6 3.5 NNE 6 None hills discovered Chengqianlin to 18.3 2.0 N None hills Jiahe discovered Liyujiang to 18.3 2.0 N 6 None hills Chengqianlin discovered Chengbei Substation Matang to Chayuan 18.0 2.2 NE <6 None hills Hengbei Substation discovered Changsha Power 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills Plant to Wangcheng discovered Yibei to Gaolin and 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills Tiandin discovered Zhunan to Dishuijin 17.6 2.0 NWW 6 None hills discovered Changsha Huaneng Yueyang -16.4-17.0 3.5 NNE 6 None 80% hills BOT Power Power Plant to discovered 9% waters 11% Dengfenghu flat Plant Gangshi to 16.5 3.2 NNE 6 None hills Yiyangbei Hanshan discovered Substation Yueyang to Xishi 16.4-17.0 3.5 NNE 6 None hills Dongfenghu discovered Substation Furong to 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills Changsha discovered Baling to Shumuling 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills Langli Substation discovered Matang to Quhe 17.6-18.6 2.2-1.5 N 6 None hills Qiyang Substation discovered 3-3 HunanPower Development Pfoject (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.1-3Project Construction Regions(Line Upgrades): Natural Environment Project Lines Average Average Prevailing Seismic Underground Topography temperature wind wind intensity mineral (°C) speed direction deposits Tiandingto 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills Wangcheng discovered Changsh Gaolingto 16.8-17.2 2.2 NW 6 None hills a BOT Wangcheng . discovered Power Yuntianto Zhunan 17.6 2.2 NNW 6 None hills Plant discovered Loudito Lounan 17.0 2.1 NNW 6 None hills discovered None 80% in Fengtanto Luxi 16.4 2.0 NE 6 discovered mountains, 20%in hills Biological Species 3.2.5 According to references [2-13], there are no species from the list of endangeredspecies in Chinawithin 10kmof the transmissionline. The principal specieswithin 10kmof the line routeare givenTable 3.2-1 and in moredetail in appendixB. Table 3.2-1 Principal Biological SpeciesWithin 10kmOf Both Sides In Regions Along The Line Route Farm crops Tree species Domesticanimal Wild animal Rice, com, wheat, Tea-oilcamellia, china fir, Ox, horse,donkey, Snake,hare, fox, weasel, cotton,rape, beans, massonpine, hawthom, elm, pig,sheep, dog, cat, pheasant,wild duck,wild tubers,peanuts, pine,willow, cypress, chicken, duck,geese, bear, wolf, bat, goat, sorghum paulownin,Chinese toon, rabbit,pigeon mouse,hedgehog mandarinorange * Nature Reserves 3.2.6 There are 19 nature reservesin HunanProvince, of which, Badagongshan mountain Nature Reserve is a national reserve. and others are provincial reserves (Fig 14). 3-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 3.2.7 The transmissionline routes are generallymore than 30km away from the boundariesof the naturereserves. The segmentof HuanengYueyang power plantto Dongfenghuis 10kmfrom the closestof boundaryof DongtinghuLake NatureReserve and the segmentof Matangto Chayuanto Hengbeisubstation is 15kmfrom the closestof boundaryof HengshanN. R. 3.3 Noise Levels 3.3.1 The backgroundnoise levels along the transmissionlines and at the substationsare shownin Table3.3-1. Table3.3-1 Noise Background dB(A) Location Day Night Furongsubstation 50.0-56.0 44.0-48.0 Wangchengsubstation 41.0-54.0 37.0-45.0 Dongfenghusubstation 45.0-54.0 40.0-44.0 Loudisubstation 48.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 Xinghuasubstation 48.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 Qiyangsubstation 41.0-52.0 37.0-44.0 Yongzhousubstation 45.0-56.0 38.0~46.0 Chenbeisubstation 39.0-48.0 37.0-41.0 Jiahe substation 39.0-50.0 37.0-41.0 Hengbeisubstation 41.0-52.0 38.0-44.0 Hanshousubstation 38.2-46.9 37.0-41.0 Lineto be upgraded 39.0-48.0 36.0-44.0 Lineto be newlybuilt 35.0-44.0 33.8-36.0 3.4 Electric Field Levels The electricfield backgroundalong the transmissionlines and the substationsis shownin Table3.4-1. , 35 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.4-1Electric Field Background,dB(A) Location Electric field background(kV/m) Furongsubstation 0.0045-0.009 Wangchengsubstation 0.0025-0.0058 Dongfenghusubstation 0.0025-0.0058 Loudisubstation (to be extended) 0.3-1.53 Xinghuasubstation (to be extended) 0.3-1.5 Qiyangsubstation 0.0018-0.0032 Yongzhousubstation 0.002-0.0051 Chenbeisubstation 0.0022-0.0053 Jiahe substation 0.0018-0.0036 Hengbeisubstation 0.0021-0.0052 Hanshousubstation 0.0019-0.0035 Line to be upgraded 0.3-1.5 Line to be newlybuilt 0.0016-0.0056 3.5 Socio-Economic Environment 3.5.1 The general economicsituations of the principal regionsalong the project route are shownin Table3.5-1. 3.5.2 The socialenvironment general situations along the projectroute are seenin Table3.5-2 and Table 3.5-3. _ Land utilisation 3.5.3 The substationsand the line corridorswill mostly occupy hills, forest and, grasslandand scrubvegetation, except for a smallamount of farmland. The per capita cultivatedland area of the regionsalong the line route is approximately 620m2. * Historic relics 3.5.4 The nearesthistoric relic is YueyangBuilding and 4km from the transmission line. * Residential quarters 3.5.5 The transmissionlines routeshave been carefullychosen to avoid significant populationcentres (villages,towns, cities, planningareas), schools, hospitals, 3-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part a) PowerConsult factores,commercial properties and public entertainment centres etc. 3.5.6 The regionsinvolved in the transmissionline and substationconstruction are mainly engagedin plantingcrops. The local residentialquarters have schools, commercialpremises, medical and health care facilities. In general,these are 1- 2km awayfrom powerlines. * Socio-Economic Conditions 3.5.7 The social economicand people'sliving quality in the regionsthe project locatedis shownin table3.5-1. Table3.5-1(a) Social Economy And Amenities (1996) Statistic Changsha Zhuzhou Hengyang Yueyang Changde Land area (kmz) 12500 11400 15300 15019 16900 .Cultivated land area (1Wha) 244.68 160.00 306.37 286.92 437.51 Cropped land (103ha) 608.88 357.62 797.66 692.77 1107.25 Irrigated land (10"ha) 222.8 146.23 253.19 246.19 394.03 Total grain ((104 ttyear) 273.7 188.5 334.3 225.9 298.5 Oil crop (104t/year) 3.3 3.1 14.8 11.7 35.0 Total population (104 person) 567 365 686 505 589 GNP (billion yuan) 40.007 21.467 23.923 24.573 26.914 Urban staff annual salary (yuan per capita) 5850 5850 4700 4950 4572 Rural resident annual income (yuan per capita) 2240 2089 2073 1778 1747 Number of various kinds of schools 3961 2774 4955 4089 3802 Hospital etc.heaith care facilities 345 226 442 343 418 Libraries, cinemas etc. cultural facilities 40 40 50 40 42 3-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.5-1(b) The Social Economy And Amenities (1996), continued Statistic Loudi Hengzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Xiangxi Landarea (kmn) 8066 19400 22400 27600 14500 Cultivatedland area(10"ha) 146.45 207.62 283.61 242.68 142.18 Croppedland (103ha) 363.84 313.67 709.79 572.62 403.72 Irrigatedland (10"ha) 112.03 167.70 234.04 181.09 76.42 Total grain((10U tlyear) 152.4 180.5 247.3 165.0 80.9 Oil crop (10'tyear) 3.0 2.8 5.1 8.5 8.5 Total population(1 0 person) 390 441 547 473 251 GNP(billion yuan) 15.421 15.138 18.710 16.939 5.379 Urbanstaff annualsalary (yuan per capita) 5065 5400 4377 4720 4834 Ruralresident annual income (yuan per capita) 1510 1628 1602 1304 968 Numberof variouskinds of schools 2927 3877 5977 4853 2919 Hospitaletc.health care facilities 1201 357 403 492 300 Libraries,cinemas etc. cultural facilities 41 40 30 38 26 3-8 Hunan PowerDevelopment Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.5-2 Social environment of regions along the project route (newly built) Project Linename Regions Land Une crossing School Cultural Scenic passedby function River HighwayRailway hospital relics tourisnm area LeiyangPower Plant to Leiyang, farmland, 4 6 2 None None No Songbai Changling forest nearby discoveredimpact LeiyangPower Plant to Leiyang, farmland, 0 5 0 None None No Anren Anren forest nearby discoveredimpact Songbaito Yongzhou Changling,farmiand, 2 12 0 None None No Leiyang Oiyang. forest nearby discoveredimpact Power Yongzhou Plant Quheto Yongzhou Lenshuijiangfamliand, 1 3 0 None None No Phase2 , Yongzhouforest nearby discoveredimpact extensionChengqianlin to Jiahe Chenzhou,farmland, 0 8 0 None None No Guiyang, shrub nearby discoveredimpact Jiahe Liyujiangto ChengqianfhnChenzhou farmland, 2 2 0 None None No ChengbeiSubstation zhixinCity shrub nearby discoveredimpact Matangto Chayuan Hengyang farmland, 0 3 0 None None No HengbeiSubstation county forest nearby discoveredimpact ChangshaPower Plant to Wangchengfarmiand, 0 4 0 None None No Wangcheng forest nearby discoveredimpact Yibeito GaolingT type Wangchengfarmland, 0 4 0 None None No joiningTiandin Substation forest Inearby discoveredimpact Zhunanto Dishuijin Zhuzhou farmland, 1 3 1 None None No county, forest nearby discoveredimpact Liling HuanengYueyang Power Yueyang farmland. 2 4 2 None None No Plantto Dengfenghu City forest nearby discoveredimpact Gangshito Yiyangbeinr Hanshou farmiand, 5 2 0 None None No Changshatype joining Hanshan teaforest nearby discoveredimpact BOT Substation Power Yueyangto Xishix type Yueyang farmiland, 0 2 2 None None No Plant joiningDongfenghu city forest nearby discoveredimpact Substation Furongto Changsha Changsha farmland, 2 8 0 None None No county, forest nearby dscoveredimpact Changsha City _____ Balingto Shumulingn Changsha farmland, 0 2 2 None None No typejoining Langli county forest nearby discoveredimpact Substation Matangto Quhen type Qiyang farmland, 0 2 0 None None No joiningQiyang Substation waste nearby discoveredimpact grassland 3-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 3.5-3 Social Environment Of Regions Along The Project Route (Lines To Be Upgraded) Project Linename Regions Land Line crossing School Cultural Scenic passedby function River Highway Railway hospital relics touris m area Tiandinto Wangcheng farmland, 0 3 0 None None No Wangcheng forest nearby discoveredimpact ChangshaGaoling to Wangcheng farmland. 2 8 2 None None No BOT Wangcheng forest nearby discoveredimpact Power Yuntianto ZhunanZhuzhou city,farmland. O0 8 None None No Plant Zhuzhou forest nearby discoveredimpact county _____ Loudito Lounan Loudi farmland, 1 11 3 None None No forest nearby discoveredimpact Fengtanto Luxi Luxi,Zhilin farmland. 1 0 None None No forest nearby iiscovered impact 3-10 4. CONSTRUCTIONPERIOD IMPACTS U I HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 4 CONSTRUCTIONPERIOD IMPACTS 4.1 EnvironmentalImpact Identification Table 4.1-1Construction Period EnvironmentalImpact Identification Item Environmentalimpact Land usage 1. Pylonfoundation land occupied and station sitesoccupied 2.1Land temporarily occupied during construction Mineralproduction No impact Hydrologicalstatus No impactanticipated Fugitivedust in construction Somelocal impact to atmosphericenvironment Constructionnoise Somelocal impact on constructorsand acoustic environment Domesticsewage discharge Very littleimpact Constructionwastewater discharge Very littleimpact Vegetation Vegetation on land occupied and rented destroyed Wild environment No impact Wetlandecology 400m2 of wetland to be occupied,very little impact Landscape Somevisual impact Telecommunication No impact Navigation Transientimpact during line erection Highway No impact Railway No impact Agriculture Someimpact due to useof land Non-localconstruction labour force 1. No culturalconfrontation 2. Increasecommercial income Culturalrelics No impact Scenicspot No impact Resettlement Somehouses to be removed 4.2 Natural Environment 4.2.1 The topographyof regionsalong the transmissionline routesare indicatedin Tables4.2-1 and4.2-2. 4-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsuft Table4.2-1 TopographyIn RegionsAlong The Line Route(New Lines) Project Line name Line Line Number Topography length type of Altitude Average (km) towers range(m) altitude (m) LeiyangPower Plant to 2x40 Double 280 180-300 200 Songbai circuits Leiyang LeiyangPower Plant to 1x60 Single 210 200-400 250 Anren circuit Power Songbaito Yongzhou x120 Single 420 200-300 210 circuit Plant Quheto Yongzhou 1x25 Single 88 180-300 200 circuKt phase2 Chengqianlinto Jiahe 1x75 Single 263 200-500 400 circuit extension Liyujiangto Chengqianlin 2x10 Double 26 200-400 300 ChengbeiSubstation circuits Matangto Chayuan 2x17.5 Double 108 150-250 200 HengbeiSubstation circuits Changshapower plant to 2x6 Double 50 30-80 50 Wangcheng circuits Yibeito GaolingT type 2x1 Double 8 100-150 120 joiningTiandin Substation circuits Zhunanto Dishuijin 1x55 Single 177 50-250 200 Icircuit Changsha HuanengYueyang Power lxll Single 64 30-80 50 BOT Plantto Dengfenghu circuit Power Gangshito YiyangbeiX 2x7 Double 50 30-80 50 Plant typejoining Hanshan circuits Substation Yueyangto Xishi 7ttype 2x5 Double 38 50-200 60 oiningDongfenghu circuits Substation Furongto Changsha 2x20 Double 160 50-200 60 circuits Balingto Shumulingn type 2x1.5 Double 12 50-200 70 oiningLangli Substation circuits Matangto Quheit type 2x5 Double 38 200-400 220 joiningQiyang substation circuits 4-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 4.2-2Topography In RegionsAlong The Line Route (UpgradedLines) Project Line name Line Line type Number Topography length of towers (k in) ______Tiandinto 1x32 Singlecircuit 91 hills Wangcheng Changsha Gaolingto 1x32 Singlecircuit 133 hills Wangcheng BOT Yuntianto Zhunan 1x30 Singlecircuit 112 hills Power Loudito Lounan 1x20 Singlecircuit 76 hills Plant Fengtanto Luxi 1x64 Singlecircuit 224 80% in mountains, 20%in hills 4-3 HunanPower Development Project (Pail B) PowerConsult * Impact on Communication Routes 4.2.2 The routescrossed by transmissionlines are seenin Tables4.2-3 and 4.2-4. Table 4.2-3 New TransmissionLines: Communications Project Linename Une Crossing Crossing Crossing Crossing Telecommu- grade under length highway ralway river 110kV nicattonline (krn) powerline LeiyangPower Plantto Songbai 2x40 6 2 4 5 6 Leiyang LeiyangPower Plantto Anren 1x60 5 0 0 5 3 Power Songbaito Yongzhou 1x120 12 0 2 8 12 Plant Quhe to Yongzhou 1x25 3 0 1 5 4 phase2 Chengqianlinto Jiahe 1x75 8 0 0 7 5 extension Liyujiangto Chengqianlinnr type joining 2x10 2 0 2 43 ChengbeiSubstation . Matangto Chayuan 7r typejoining Hengbei 2x17.5 3 0 0 0 2 Substation Changshapower plantto Wangcheng 2x6 4 0 0 6 8 Yibei to Gaolingn typejoining Tiandin 2x1 4 0 0 4 3 ZZhunanto Dishuijin 1x55 3 1 1 8 15 Changsha HuanengYueyang Power Plant to Dengfenghu lxll 4 2 2 4 4 BOT Gangshi to Yiyangbei X type joiningHanshou 2x7 2 0 5 8 4 Power Substation Plant Yueyang to Xishi 7t type joining Dongfenghu 2x5 2 2 0 2 2 Substation Furongto Changsha 2x20 8 0 2 10 12 Baling to Shumuling n type joining Langli 2x1.5 2 2 0 4 2 Substation Matangto Quhe nrtype joining QiyangSubstation 2x5 2 0 0 2 2 4-4 HunanPower Development Project (Pa,t B) PowerConsult Table 4.2-4 UpgradedTransmission Lines: Communications Project Linename Line Crossing Crossing crossing Crossing Telecommu- lingth(km) highway railway river underlW0kV nicationline powerline Tiandinto Wangcheng 1x32 3 0 0 15 8 ChangshaGaolin to Wangcheng 1x32 8 2 2 16 14 BOT Yuntianto Zhunan 1x30 8 0 7 10 Power Loudito Lounan 1x20 11 3 1 15 10 Plant Fangtanto Luxi 1O4 8 0 1 12 7 * Water 4.2.3 When transmissionlines cross water, such as rivers or lakes, tower foundationsmust be constructedand accessmust be paved. Thereis potential for the water quality to be affected by suspendedsolids arising from the constructionworks. Buildingtowers in a river will affectthe floodcarrying ability and navigationof the river. 4.2.4 In this project,where transmissionlines are to cross the XiangjiangRiver, YuanjiangRiver, Zhishui River etc., a singledirect span will be adoptedto avoid erecting towers in the river. This will mitigatethis potentialimpact such that there will be no residualimpact on flooddischarge and navigation.This will also eliminatethe potentialfor pollutioncaused by the suspendedsolids. 4.2.5 The lengthof transmissionline crossingsare all lessthen 1000m. 4.2.6 The segment of HuanengYueyang Power Plant to Dongfenghu220kV transmissionline crossesDongfenghu lake This crossingis 1km in length,and requires,4 transmissiontowers to be built. Constructionwill be arrangedin Februaryand March,while the lake is dry (see Para.3.2.4), and has little affect on the lake. 4.2.7 Duringconstruction, there will be a small amountof domesticsewage due to the constructionworkers water use. This will mainly be concentratedat temporaryliving accommodationlocations. The constructionof the substation will need 40-50 workers for 10-12 months. They will discharge10-20m 3 of sewageper day after treatmentby septictank, and will give little impacton the surroundingwaters. 4.2.8 In general,the accommodationfor transmissionline constructionworkers will be concentratednear existingtowns and not at the constructingsites. The domestic sewage producedby the builderscan then be dischargedin the r 4-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult sewagetreatment system of the town. * Dust 4.2.9 The fugitivedust producedby constructionof substationsand transmission lines will causea limited increasein the TSP levelsin the atmospherewithin a small distance from the constructionsites. Dust particleswill generally be relativelylarge (>30 gLm)and so will settle from the atmosphererapidly. Such impactsare thoseto be expectedon any constructionsite, will be temporaryand will recoverimmediately following the constructionperiod. * Noise 4.2.10 The environmentalimpacts during construction are mainlythose incurredby constructionnoise in the substations,while the noise incurredby transmission line constructionis very small. 4.2.11 The principalconstruction machinery in substationconstruction are mixers, bulldozers,excavators and trucksetc., with their soundemission power roughly of 90-130dB. 4.2.12 Each 220kVsubstation site will occupya land area of approximately4ha. Based on the substationbuildings arrangementand predicted utilisationof constructionmachinery, the noiselevel are predictedas: Table4.2-5 Construction Site BoundaryNoise Prediction Distance (m) 1 10 20 50 100 Noise level Leq67 65 64 61 57 dB(A) 4.2.13 Building constructionwill mainly be carried out during the day time. Consequently,substation construction noise levels will satisfythe requirement 7OdB(A)in the 'Construction Site BoundaryNoise Limit "(GB12523-90) * MineralResources 4.2.14 The site of substationsand tower foundations will not be built over any known mineralresources andso will not affectthe developmentof minerals. * Impactorn Land Utilisation 4.3.15 Duringsubstation and transmission line construction,there will be someland used temporarily,such as passagewaysfor equipmenttransportation, personnel E 4-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult access,pylon foundation construction sites etc. Theseareas should be retumed to agricultureimmediately after completionof construction.The damageof the cropsand plants incurred by transientland use is onlytemporary. 4.2.16 Farm crops and trees on the 33.66ha occupiedby substationswill be destroyed. The constructionof the transmissionlines and tower foundations will resultin loss of 12.28ha of farm cropsand plants. 4.2.17 Thereare economiccompensation requirements for lossof farm crops,trees and land. To mitigateimpacts associated with resettlement,Hunan Electric PowerDevelopment Project Resettlement Plan was draftedin accordancewith the World Bank's OperationalDirection (OD) 4.03 (InvoluntaryResettlement) and the "PRC Land AdministrationLaw" and relevant Hunan Provincial Govemmentregulations. 4.2.18 The PRC Land AdministrationLaw and Provincialregulations require that individualsand/or collectivesmust be compensatedfor loss of land, standing crops and resettlement. Formulasfor compensationare provided in the provisionsof the PRC LandAdministration Law. Theseare -designed to ensure that the livingstandards of affectedpeople will not be reducedas a resultof the development. 4.3 Ecology FFlora 4.3.1 The transmissionlines are 10km from the nearestboundary of Dongtinghu Lake naturereserve, 15km from Hengshannature reserve, and over 30kmfrom the boundariesof other reserves(Fig 14). Constructionwill not affect any rare wild speciesor naturalecological environment. 4.3.2 Constructingtransmission lines in hilly areaswith tree plantations,any trees encroachingwithin the clearancerequirements (see Table2.3-4) will be cut. A total of 17500trees will be felled (mostlypine andsecondly tea-oil camellia). 4.3.3 The region has more than thousand years history of human activity and agriculturalproduction. As a result there is only farmland,artificial forest and shrubberygrove and there are no remainsof the originalvegetation in the area. * Fauna 4.3.4 The major protectedanimal species is the pangolin,which occurs in Hengshan V Nature Reserve. The constructionof the projectwill not affected the living 4-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult environmentof the pangolin. 4.3.5 The faunawithin 10kmof the transmissionline routesmainly comprises hare, snake,fox, pheasant,wild pig,wolf, wild duck,weasel and hedgehog.There are no recordsof endangeredanimals that couldbe affected. 4.4 Social Environment 4.4.1 Basedupon "Aerial power line designtechnical regulation" SDJ3, PRC "Inland river navigationcriteria" BDJ 139-90,and other relevanttechnical regulations and prescriptions,the permissibledistances for power transmissionlines to cross obstaclesare shownin Table2.3-3. * Traffic 4.4.2 The requirementsfor transmissionlines to cross highways,railways and rivers are shownin Table4.2-3 andTable 4.2-4. 4.4.3 While transmissionlines are erectedto cross highwaysor railways,supports will be used. Therewill be no impacton traffic. 4.4.4 The erection of transmissionlines across navigableriver courses, such as XiangjiangRiver, Leishui River, Zhishui River, Youshui River etc., will have transientimpacts on navigationfor lessthan 6 hoursin eachcase. * PowerTransmission Lines 4.4.5 Power lines of less than 11OkV being crossed by the 220kV power transmissionlines are shownin Table4.2-3 and Table4.2-4. The transmission lines are to cross 147transmission lines of <110kV. 4.4.6 The lines will be designedaccording to "Aerial power line design technical regulation" SDJ3 and relevant technical regulations and prescriptionswith sufficientsafety margins (see Table2.3-3). The transmissionline will not have any impacton existingpower lines during construction. * AgriculturalProduction 4.4.7 The farm fields occupiedby temporaryaccess to pylon constructionsites will be returned to agriculture as soon as possible after the completion of construction.However, some crops will be destroyedaffecting the agricultural harvest. Such losses will be subject to compensationof land occupants accordingto Chines laws and regulations(including "PRC Land Administration 4-8 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Law") * Communications 4.4.8 The power transmissionlines to cross a total of 136 grade 1, II or IlIl communicationlines. The crossing places will be designed according to 'Telecommunication lines risking power lines influencesdesign regulation" GB5033-94,and so will haveno impacton telecommunicationlines. * Impacton CulturalResources 4.4.9 Culture,education, health care and recreationfacilities will not be affected duringthe constructionperiod, because within a 1km range of substationsand transmissionlines, there are no hospitals,schools or recreationfacilities. * Historicrelics. 4.4.10 Cultural relics departmentsand other relevant departmentsat various locationsalong the lines were consulted(see Table4.5-1). Within 3km of the substations,and transmissionlines, there are no recordedhistoric relics either above groundor underground.Construction will have no impacton any historic relics,either directly or throughthe constructionof accessroads. Table4.5-1 List Of CulturalRelics And Other Relevant Departments Consulted Nameof unit Officialdocument YueyangMunicipality Historic Office Yueyang Municipality Annals Content QiyangCounty Historic Office QiyangCounty Annals Content YongzhouMunicipality Historic Office Yongzhou Municipality Annals Content WangchengCounty Historic Office WangchengCounty Annals Content YuanlingCounty Historic Office YuanlinCounty Annals Content HengdongCounty-Historic Office HengdongCounty Annals Content HunanProvincial Historic Office HunanProvince Annals Content YuanlingCounty Wusu District Historic Office WusuDistrict Annals Content * Impacton ScenicAreas. 4.4.12 The nearestrecognised scenic area within the vicinity of the transmission lines is YueyangBuilding, 4 km away. The constructionwill have no adverse I 4-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult impacton this. * Impact on Landscape 4.4.13 The transmission lines are mainly in countryside and hilly areas not recognised for their scenic value. It is therefore considered that there will be littlesignificant impact on surrounding landscape during construction. * Imported LabourForce 4.4.14 The major tasks in constructing high voltage power transmission lines and 220kV substations willbe undertaken by professional personnel from the electric power industry. These personnel are all trained in specialised technologies, and will come from within the province. Owing to the fact that the work is of specialised nature, the local people are not suitably qualified. Therefore, the non-local labour will have no confrontationwith locals over job opportunities. 4.4.15 The construction will possibly require the employment of some local people to undertake logistic services. It can thus provide some temporary job opportunities. Typically7-8 constructionworkers and 3-4 local farmers will be employed for 7-10 days for the construction of each pylon. Each substation would require 10-30 construction workers and 10-20 local farmers over a construction period of approximately1 year. 4.4.16 The construction workforce will increase the consumption and demands of social commoditiesand services. They willrequire food stuffs, daily necessities and other services which will lead to an acceleration of social commodities circulationand further development of service trades. 4.4.17 There will be a demand for buildingmaterials and transportation by project construction personnel and that of social commodities and tertiary industries. This will directly or indirectly create job opportunities to promote the development of local economy and the enhancement of part of the people's livingstandards. * Land Occupation and Resettlement 4.4.18 Based upon the current engineering progress and the results of primary design relocation requirements are shown in Tables 2.2-1 and 2.3-1. The substations ,ill occupy a total area of 33.66ha, require resettlement 994 people in 174 families, remove 8876m2 of houses. 4.4.19 The transmission line pylon foundations land area and house removal 4-10 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult requirementare shown in Table 2.3-1. The tower foundationswill occupy approximately12.28ha, remove 21000m2 of houses,and requireresettlement of 286 peoplefrom 72 families. Specificresettlement plans have been compiled by HehaiUniversity and Hunan Provincial Electric Power Company. 4.4.20 The land occupation and resettlementcompensation are undoubtedly importantaspects of the projectconstruction. The projectconstructor, Hunan ProvincialElectric Power Company, has givenspecial consideration to this task. This EIA Reportonly providesan outlinesketched in principlesadopted to tackle this problem. 4.4.21 UnderChinese law, the proprietaryright of land is ownedby the State. The peasantindividuals and commercialenterprises only have a right to use land. The Stateplans land use andmanages it in a unifiedway. The land requisition activitiesof the projectconstruction institution should strictly follow the relevant requisitionprocedures according to P. R. China "Land ManagementLaw' and other relevantlaws and regulations.For the currentoccupants, land use rights and groundsurface facilities, such as factorybuildings and cropsetc., shouldbe economicallycompensated according to the relevantlaws and regulations.This is designed to guaranteethat the work, income and living standard of the affectedpopulation is not reduced. 4.4.22 Becauseof the potentialfor adverseimpacts to the populationaffected, if compensationand relocationarrangements are not adequate,the govemments of various localitiesand at various levels considerthis issue very seriously. They ensure adequate compensationaccording to the relevant laws and provisionof other arrangementsto solving employmentproblems and house rebuilding. Organisationsare establishedto manageand supervisethe entire a processto minimiseimpacts arising from landrequisition and house removal. 4-11 5. OPERATIONALPERIOD IMPACTS a r HunanPower Development Prject (PartB) PowerConsult 5 OPERATIONAL PERIOD IMPACTS 5.1 Environmental Impact Identification Table5.1-1 Operational Period Environmental Impact Identification Item Environmentalimpact Land occupation Towerfoundation, substation sites permanentlyoccupying land Substationafforestation Favourablefor improvinglocal area atmospheric environment Housefoundation To compensatefor the lossof farmland reclaimed Mineralproduction No impact Electricfield Littleimpact Noise Someimpact on acousticenvironment Domesticsewage Very smallimpact PCB No use of PCBaccording to stipulation,no impact River courseflood No impact dischargecapability Wetlandecology 400m 2 of wetlandoccupied, very smallimpact Vegetation Pylonfoundation and substationsites destroyingsome vegetation,trees felled under line corridorcut downcan't be replanted Naturalhabitats No impact Rare and preciousbirds No impact Wild animal No impact Navigation Designaccording to prescription,no impact Highway Designaccording to prescription,no impact Railway Designaccording to prescription,no impact Radio/TV Designaccording to relevantprescription, no impact communication, CommunicationLine Designaccording to relevantprescription, no impact Culturalrelics No impact Landscape No impact Humanhealth Fundamentallyno impact Importoperation 1. No culturalconfrontation, 2. increasecommercial income personnel Agriculturalproduction No harveston occupiedland 5-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 5.2 Natural Environment * Waters 5.2.1 Tower foundationswill be built in DongfengLake to occupy400m2 of water area, andhave negligible impact on it. 5.2.2 Towers will not be constructedin the river for spanningXiangjiang River, LeishuiRiver, Zhishui River,Yuanjiang River etc. There will be no impact on river waters. 5.2.3 During operation period, there are less than 20 personnel in a 220kV substation,producing up to lOt/day of domesticsewage. This will be treated by septictank and havevery smallimpact on surroundingenvironment. 5.2.4 The ChineseGovemment has promulgated'Waste containingpolychlorinated biphenylpollution controlling criteria"GB13015-91. Currently, the substationsare prohibited to use equipment containing PCB. Therefore, no PCB will contaminatethe surroundingenvironment. - Atmospheric Environment 5.2.5 The operationof substationsand transmission lines will haveno impacton the atmosphericenvironment. - Acoustic Environment 5.2.6 The measuredaudible noise level under the 220kVTianding to Xiangshuiba line, in Changsha,under normalpower frequency this year,was 39.2-41.7dB(A) during daytime. At 20m from the corridor centreline,36.3-37.6dB(A) was recorded. It is expectedthat, under normal power frequencyconditions, the noise under the newly built transmissionline corridors will be well below 50dB(A). This will meet the limiting values of 6GdB(A)during day time and 5OdB(A)in night, as stipulatedin 'Urban area environmentnoise standard" (GB3096-93)2nd class standard. 5.2.7 The substationnoises mainlycome from majortransformers etc. The noises of major transformersmeasured at 5m are between64.3 and 69.7dB(A). Based upon these results,at the boundaryof the 220kVTianding substation, the noise levels are 39.9-44.0 dB(A)during the daytimeand 37.8-41.9dB(A)at night. It is expectedthat, the boundarynoise of the proposednew 220kV substations will all meet the 11class standard limiting value of 60 dB(A) during daytime and 50 5-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult dB(A) at night, as stipulatedin 'Industrial enterprisesplant boundarynoise standard"(GB12348-90) (see table 5.2-1). Table5.2-1 PredictedNoise Levels At The BoundariesOf The Substations Nameof Building Background Predicted Chinese the type levels dB(A) levels dB(A) StandardsdB(A) substation day night day night day night Furong newly 50-56 44.0-48 54-58 45-49.8 60 50 built Hanshou newly 38.2-46.9 37-41 43-53 42-46 60 50 built Chenbei newly 39-48 37'41 43-50 43-46 60 50 built Hengbei newly 41-52 38-44 45-56 43-47 60 50 built Dongfenghunewly 45-54 40-44 50-56 43-47 60 50 built Yongzhou newly 45-56 38-46 50-57 42-46 60 50 built Qiyang newly 41-52 37-44 45-56 42-46 60 50 built Wangchengnewly 41-54 37-45 48-56 40-43 60 50 built I I Jiahe newly 39-50 37-41 45-54 40-43 60 50 built Loudi 48-56 43-47 48-57 43-47.5 60 50 extended Xinghua 48-56 43-47 48-57 43-47.5 60 50 extended * MineralResources 5.2.8 The substationsand transmission line will not be built over mineralresources, so therewill be no impacton mineralexcavation. 5-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 6.3 Ecology * Rare Birds and Wild Animals 5.3.1 Dongfenghu substation, 11 km of Huaneng Yueyang Power Plant to Dongfenghulines, and 2x5 km of Yueyangto Xinshi line joining Dongfenghu substation,are 10 km from the boundaryof DongDongtinghu Nature Reserve. 5.3.2 In the nature reserve,the protectedbirds are, Siberianwhite crane, hooded crane, white-napedcrane, Mergus squamatus,red-crowned crane, Gruidae etc.,. 5.3.3 Near the 220kVtransmission line to be newly built, there have been 220kV power transmissionlines which have operatedfor 8 years. Accordingto a collaborativesurvey by Chineseand foreign omithologistsin 1996,species of birds in the naturereserve have increasedfrom 158 to 206, an increaseof 48 species.It is thereforethought that the 220kVtransmission lines will not affect the bird'sliving environment and migration in DongDongtinghu nature reserve. 5.3.4 Concerningpossible interference of transmissionlines on birdmigration, a bird expert* and animal expert' consideredit unlikely that there would be any significantinterference with migratorybirds in this area. * Prof.Zhou Shie,Nanjing Forestry University, Tel: 025-5427303 ** Prof. ChengJianxiu, Nanjing University, Tel: 025-3593389 5.3.5 Hanshousubstation and Ganshi to Yiyangbeijointing Hanshousubstation 2x7kmtransmission lines are 20kmfrom the boundaryof Dongtinghu(lake) and consequentlyno significantimpact is predicted. 5.3.6 Huaneng Yueyang Power Plant to Dongfenghulines pass around the boundary of Dongtinghu,to within 500m. The lake supportsChinese river dolphin and finless porpoisebut there will be no influenceon these from the proposeddevelopments. 5.3.7 The project transmissionlines are 15km from the boundaryof Hengshan Mountain, and have no impact on Chinese pangolinto be protectedin the HengshanMountain area. 5.3.8 There are no wild animalsto be protectedwithin 30km of othertransmission lines of the said project 5-4 HunanPower Development Prioect (Part B) PowerConsult * Agricultureand Forestry 5.3.9 The areas of Wangcheng,Hengbei and Hanshousubstations are originally plantedwith trees, tea-oil camellia,rice and rape: the areasof Qiyang,Jiahe, Yongzhouand Chenbei substationsare on hills covered by shrubberyand coyongrass;the areasof Furongsubstation is a residentialarea, from which the residentswill be resettled. The substationswill occupy2.5ha farmland and 6ha forest land and 25.16ha uncultivatedhills. After these substations are commissioned,the landuse will be permanentlyconverted into industrialland. 5.3.10 The transmissionlines will cross farmland, forest and hills. Tower foundationswill occupythe total of 12.28ha. 5.3.11 When the transmissionline is to cross forest, or trees plantedat road and river sides, any trees not conformingwith the clearancerequirements in Table 2.3-3, are to be felled. It is expectedthat 17500trees will be cut, of which the majorityare pine and secondlytea-oil camellia. 5.3.12 The requirementsof the PRC Land AdministrationLaw are that levels of compensationare sufficientto ensurethat no economiclosses or reductionin living standardswill be sufferedby individualsand/or collectives that lose land, buildingsor cropsas a resultof the development. 5.3.13 After completionof the transmissionlines agriculturalcultivation can still be carriedout underthe powerlines and therewill be no impacton the originalland usage. 5.4 CommunicationInfrastructure * Vehicles 5.4.1 Designed according to 'Aerial power transmissionline design technical regulation" SDJ3 and relevant aerial transmissionline crossing highway technical regulations and relevant prescriptions (see Table 2.3-3), the transmissionline will keepsufficient net heightto haveno impacton traffic. 5.4.2 Designedaccording to criteriaand prescriptionin PRC"Inland river navigation standard" GBJ139-90and "Aerial power transmissionline Design technical Regulation"$DJ3 (see Table 2.3-3),the transmissionlines will keep sufficient net heightto haveno impacton navigation. 5.4.3 Designed according to 'Aerial power transmissionline design technical regulation" SDJ3 and relevant aerial* power transmission line * ss~~~~~- HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult crossing railway prescriptionsand technicalregulation (see Table 2.3-3), the transmissionline, will keep sufficientnet height to have no impact on railway operation. 5.4.4 When transmissionline doublecircuits are to be erectedon the same pylon, the conductorsshould be arrangedin reversephases to weakenthe ground surfaceelectric field intensity. 5.4.5 Basedupon the measuredresults of existing220kV powertransmission line groundsurface electric field intensity,the maximumground surface field intensity does not exceed 4kV/m. This is less than the publicly acknowledged requirementof 7kV/m in crossing highwaysin China. Thus no impact is predicted. * Power Transmission Lines 5.4.6 Designed according to "Aerial power transmissionline design technical regulation"SDJ3 and relevanttechnical regulations and prescriptions,the 220kV powertransmission lines will operateabove the existing110kV lines andso have no impacton their operation. * Telephone, Radio and Television Communications 5.4.7 Wire communicationcables are mainlyaffected by electromagneticinduction from 220kV power transmissionlines and by high frequencyelectromagnetic interferencesignals produced by transmissionlines when coronadischarge has occurred. Accordingto the regulations,the anglethe transmissionline crossingI grade communicationcable should not be smaller than 450,crossing 11grade lines should not be smaller than 300 and crossing IlIl grade there is no requirement. 5.4.8 Designedstrictly accordingto 'Allowable value for telecommunicationlines risking power line influences' (GB6830-86,) 'Design regulation of telecommunicationlines riskingpower lines influences" (DL5033-94), "Preventing from and solving power lines interferingand endangeringthe communication signal lines principled agreement"(Electric Power and Water Conservancy Ministry,.RailwayMinistry, Telecommunication and Post Ministry,Signal Corps Ministry),'Preventing Powerlines from endangeringthe telecommunicationlines and their protective design technical prescriptions"(SDGJ79-88),the 220kV transmission lines will have no impact on wire communicationline normal operation. 5-6 HunanPower Development Project (Paft B) PowerConsult 5.4.9 Designedstrictly accordingto "Protectiveinterval between aerial power line and Amplitude-modulationbroadcast receiving station" (GB7495-85), "Requirementof electro-magneticenvironment for short wave radio direction finding service (station)"(GB13614-92),"Protective requirementof electro- magneticenvironment for radarstation against air raid situation"(GB13618-92) and other technical prescriptions,the power transmissionlines have kept sufficientintervals with radio communication,broadcast and radiotransmitters. The powertransmission line radiointerference level will be lowerthan permitted values. Therefore,the electro magneticinterference produced by corona in 220kV power transmissionline operation will have no impact on radio communication,broadcast and radio station norrnal operations. 5.5 Agriculture 5.5.1 Pylonfoundations will occupyapproximately 12.28ha, of which 3.Ohawill be farm fields, effectingagricultural harvest. 5.5.2 Substationswill occupy approximately33.36ha, of which 2.5ha will be farmland,effecting agricultural harvest. 5.5.3 Thus in total, the transmissionline pylon foundationsand substationswill occupyapproximately 5.5 ha of farmfields. Eachha producesapproximately 15 tons grain annually. The annual harvest will consequentlydecrease by approximately83 tons. Individualsand collectivesaffected by this loss will be fully compensatedfor their losses. 5.5.4 The transmissionline pylon foundationsin the farm field will bring some inconvenienceto mechanised cultivation. However, the land under the transmissionline corridor can continueto plant farm crops, not effectingthe originalland function and agriculturalharvest. 5.5.5 Where houseshave been demolishedwithin the transmissionline corridorthe land can be reclaimedto plantfarm corps. 5.6 Cultural Resources, Scenic Areas and Relics 5.6.1 The transmissionlines and substationshave, by design, avoided schools, hospitals,cultural relics and scenic spots. Therefore,their operationwill haveno adverseeffects on these. 5.6.2 In selectingsites, substationshave avoidedhistorical relics and scenic and tourist areas. The substationsare all at least4km from the nearestboundary of 5-7 HunanPower Development Pnrject (Part B) PowerConsult those areas. 5.6.3 The power transmissionline are to avoid, as far as possible, residential quarters, urban and townshipplanned areas, scenic and preservationspots, cultural relics, historic relics, tourist areas, sanatoria, nature reserves and wetlandsetc.. Therefore,the powertransmission lines will haveno unfavourable impacton the surroundinglandscape. 5.7 Electric Fields 5.7.1 The transmissionline operationwill possiblyexert impactson human health. Statisticalresults of eletro-magneticfields have been measuredat part of the currently existing 220kV power transmissionline and substationsin Hunan province. - 220kv Power Transmission Line 5.7.2 Currentlyin China,research on the groundsurface electric field intensitiesof power transmissionlines mainlyconcentrate on 500kV and above.In general, insulationis only consideredfor 220kVpower transmissionlines and not the electricfield intensity. Referto uthe electrostaticinduction of EHV transmission line andsubstations* (draft for examination,concentrated on 500kV),the ground surface electric field intensitylimiting value against power transmissionline (detailsin AppendixD) are: Line situation Field intensity limiting value Crossingfarm field 9.5kV/m Crossinghighway 7kVlm Crossingor closeto residentialbuilding 4kV/m 5.7.3 There are also limitingvalues of electricfield intensityfor high voltage power transmissionline abroad, such as US OregonState (9kV/m),Minnesota State and NorthDakota State (all to be 8kV/m)etc. 5.7.4 The maximumground electricfield intensitiesof 220kV power transmission lines observed in China all are smaller than 9kV/m. In fact, under most situations,the line groundelectric field intensities are all smallerthan 5kV/m; 5.7.5 This year, the existingelectric field intensitieswere measured under the f 5-8 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 220kV Tiandingto Xiangshuibadouble circuit using the same transmission towers as would be used in this project. The monitoredresults show that, the maximumelectric field intensitiesof powertransmission line are all smallerthan 3kV/m. 5.7.6 In the USA, BonnevillePower Administration have had its great many500kV power transmissionlines electricfield intensitiesmeasured with their average max.field intensityonly to be 3.7kV/m(power frequency 60Hz) - 220kV substation outgoing line 5.7.7 In China, the maximum ground electric field intensity of existing 220kV substationoutgoing lines is lessthan 7kV/i. In fact, electricfield intensities are mostlyless than 3kV/m; 5.7.8 The max.ground electric field intensityin ChangshaTianding and Shumuling substationsoutgoing lines are less than 3kV/mbased on our monitoringunder existingpower frequency. 5.7.9 Basedupon this survey, it can be predictedthat this project220KV power transmissionline (to be newlybuilt) ground electric field intensitycan satisfythe requirements of the standards in "The electrostatic induction of EHV transmissionline and substations".This is a draft document(in Chinese)for discussion,which mainly concentrates on 500kVsystems. There are no specific 220 kV transmissionline and substation standardsin China. The power transmissionline conductors of double circuits on the same pylon will be arrangedin reversephase to weakenthe groundfield intensity. - Substations 5.7.10 "The electrostaticinduction of EHV transmissionline and substations"(draft for discussion,concentrating on 500kVsystems), defines ground surface electric field intensitylimiting values against power substations as: Area Fieldintensity limiting value Powerdistribution installation area 10kV/m (the area Operationworking area 8kV/m Powerdistribution installations 5kV/m(not betweenout-going-line) enclosurewall 5-9 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 5.7.11 The actual measurementresults show that the maximum electric field intensityvalues of 220kV substation,even in the directionof the outgoing-line are all smallerthan 3kV/m. The maximumvalues of actuallymeasured ground electric field intensitiesin the 220kV outgoingline directionare 1.53kV/min Tiandingsubstation and Shumuling substations (see Appendix D). 5.7.12 Basedupon these results,the maximumground electric field intensitieswill be less than 5kV/m and are predictedto satisfy the requirementof relevant prescriptions. - Impact on human health. 5.7.13 In nature,when thunder is impending,the groundelectric field intensitycan reach as high as 20kV/m,but for very short periods. Comparedwith this, the ground electricfield intensitiesat powertransmission lines and substationsare muchsmaller, but are obviouslysustained levels. 5.7.14 Consideringthe possible human health effects of electro-magneticfields producedby powertransmission lines and substations,many countries (such as USA, Germany, Russia, Canada and Sweden) have carried out a lot of research. Most researchshows that there is no evidenceto showthe electric field producedby powertransmission equipment is harmfulto humanhealth. 5.7.15 The routingof power transmissionlines has avoidedschools, hospitals and residentialquarters or other sensitiveareas. Therefore,the powertransmission lines haveno effecton the abovementioned sensitive areas. 5.7.16 Within 50m of substations,there are no residents.Considering that the electromagnetic-fieldwill decreasewith increasingdistance, the electromagnetic field incurredby substationoperation have no impacton resident'shealth. 5.7.17 ChangshaFurong substation is to be built in a steel and concretebuilding and use undergroundcables in and out. The electromagneticfield of Furong substationwill be attenuatedby the walls and will be reducedin strengthso as to have no significantimpact on outsideresidents. - Impact on Ecology 5.7.18 There have been somestudies conceming the impactof electricfields. The major researchresults are extractedas follow. * Electricfields will not effectthe growthof farm cropsand other plants; 5-10 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult * No unfavourable impacts have been recorded on wild animal behaviour or health attributable to electric fields. Under field intensities as high as 12kV/m, domestic stock health and behaviouris not effected. * Many factors indicate that fishes are not likely feel the electric field produced by power transmission lines. In fact, the transmission line is usually high over the water surface, so the electric field produced in water is negligible. * The electric field produced by transmission line does not have unfavourable impact on birds. * Even under corona when the noise is loudest, various livestock's and wild animals' activities proceed as usual under power line corridor. Some research results show that the transmission line audible noise has nothing effect on wild animal habitat. Ref. Country, Author, SummaryResearch Results No Institution 1 USA, Anderson The article considers that potential harm on ecological (1981), Battelle systems broughtfrom electric field is very low Northwest Lab. 2 USA, Bridges (1975) Although many facts explain that there is no significant IIT Academy ecological effect incurred by electric field under ultro-voltage transmission line, it is still necessaryto do further research. 3 Germany. Hauf The electromagnetic field, produced under 400kV high (1981), Practical voltage equipment, has no harm on human health. Based on Medical Institute experience, this conclusion can apply to 800kV system. 4 USA, Kaufman & Up to now, no research results provide convincing evidence Michaeelson (1974), to prove that stable or low-frequency electric field can Manchester University produce harmful ecological effect on human body. 5 USA, Komberg Up to now, there is no test which can demonstrate that (1977), Electric Power electric field, even 20 times that of 765kV transmission line Research Institute electric field in experiment, can cause significant ecological effect. 6 U.K, Male and Norris, Currently, there is no reliable evidence to prove that there is Central Electricity any pathological effect or any danger on the health of people Research Lab. situated in the vicinity of power transmission equipment. 7 USA, Michaelson 20kV/m electric field and 249A/m magnetic field existed (1979) respectively or coupled together, don't show long harm on 5-11 Hunan Power DevelopmentProect (Part B) Power Consult Ref. Country, Author, Summary Research Results No Institution human health. No evidence, of any special symptom in people situated in electric fields, was discovered. 8 USA,Miller and Althoughpeople haven't got a negativeconclusion (namely Kaufman(1978), no impact), most of the scientific evidence indicates the ManchesterUniversity electromagnetic field from high voltagetransmission lines has no harmfulimpact on the humanbody. 9 The SovietUnion, Most data showthat practicalpower frequency electrc field Savinetc. (1978), has very weak ecologicaleffect. The reason is that there is OccupationalHealth very weak relationshipbetween ecological effect and electric Institute field intensity.Even very high electricfield intensityhas no any impacton someanimals and plants. 10 Norway,Wastaas Up to now, no one can prove that there is any harmful (1981),State Radio ecologicaleffect on people who contact electnc field and HygieneInstitute magneticfield (electrc field below 9kV/m)under the 400kV transmissionline References:- 1. Anderson.L.E. 1981, Biological Effects of Power-Frequency Electric Fields: IEEE/PES. Short Course on Corona and Field effects. July 1981, Portland, Oregon. 8pp. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ. 2. Bridges, J.E. (Principal Investigator). 1975. Final Report to Electric Power Research Institute for RP 381-1. (2 Vol.) I-Biological Effects of High Voltage Electric Fields: State-of- the-Art Review and Program Plan. 11-Bibliographyon Biological Effects of Electric Fields. IIT Research Institute. Chicago, 111 3. Hauf.R. (editor), 1981, First Aid and Treatment of Accidents Due to Electric Shock. Investigations of Effect of the Energy Fields on Man (English Translation). The Research Center for Electropathology, Freibury, West Gerrnany. 4. Kaufman, G.E. and S.M. Michaelson, 1974. Critical Review of the Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Page 49 to 61 In Llaurado, J.E. et al (editors). Biological and clinical Effects of Low- Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, Lllinois, 345 pp. 5. Komberg, H. A. 1977, Concem Overhead. Electric Power Research Institute Jounal 2(5): 5-12 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 6 to 13. 6. Male, J.C. and W.T.Norris, 1981. Are the Electric Fields Near Power Transmission Plant Harmful to Health? A Brief Review of Present Knowledge and Proposed Action. Central Electricity Research Laboratories.Great Britain 22pp. 7. Michaelson. S.M. 1979. Human Responses to Power Frequency Exposures. pp.1 to 20. In: Biological Efflects of Extremely low-FrequencyElectromagnetic Fields. R.D.phillips, et al. (editor). Technical Information Center U.S. Department of Energy. Avallable as CONF- 781016 from NTIS, Springfield,Virginia. 8. Miller. M.W. and G.E.Kaufinan, 1978. High-voltage overhead. Environment 20(1): 6 to 36. 9. Savin.B.M. et al, 1978, Research Methods and Evaluation Criteria of the Biological Effects of Industrial Frequency Fields. Pages 433 to 456 in Proceedings of the symposium on EHV AC power transmission, US-USSR Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Energy. May 15 to 25, Tashkent, USSR. Bonnevilie Power Administration.Portland, Oregon 47 5pp. 10. Wastaas. M. 1981 Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Summary of a literature Study. SIS Report 1981: 8. State Institute of Radiation Hygiene. Osteras, Norway. 5-13 6. ALTERNATIVES k~~~~~~~~~~ HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 6 ALTERNATIVES 6.1 No Action 6.1.1 This power transmissionproject is associatedtransmission engineering for Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 (2x300MW)development and ChangshaBOT Power Plant (2x300MW). If not constructed,the power generatedby Leiyang Power Plant Phase 2 developmentand ChangshaBOT Power Plant will be unableto be transmitted. 6.2 Alternatives o Voltage class 6.2.1 The Hunan ProvincialGrid transmissionsystem is mostly at 220kV. The proposed220kV power transmission engineering will satisfythe requirementfor stablepower transmission, reinforce the structuresof HunanProvincial Grid and increasethe reliabilityof the grid. T 6-1 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part B) Power Consult * Transmissionline Table6.2-1 Reasons For Selected Transmission Line Route Length Mainreason and principle segment (km) Yueyang 16 According to the opinions of programme, land, planning etc. Municipality departmentsin this municipality,the line routesare selected Hengyang 185 Avoidingscenic spot, naturereserve, mountain and planningarea, Municipality not crossing XiangjiangRiver, decreasingcost, less occupied farmland Changde 14 Accessconvenient, less occupied farmland Municipality Chengzhou 100 Avoiding mountains,planning areas. occupying less farmland, Municipality decreasingcost. Access is convenient. Yongzhou 100 Avoidingmountain, nature reserve, planning area, occupyingless Municipality farmland,not crossingXiangjiang River, decreasing cost. Loudi 20 The line routesto be upgradeddo not changethe route. Municipality Xiangxi, 64 The line routesto be upgradeddo not changethe route. Huaihua Prefectures Zhuzhou 85 The line routesto be upgradeddo not changethe route.The line to Municipality be newlybuilt steer clearof planningareas, mountains, occupy less farmlandand decreasecost. 63 The line routesto be upgradeddo not changethe route.The line to Changsha be newly built steer clear of planning areas, residential areas, municipality culturaland historicrelics, tourist areas, and occupyless farmland and decreaseremoval and cost. 6-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsuft Substations Table 6.2-2Substation sites comparedand selected as follow: Substation Selectedscheme Commended Main reason scheme Hengbei Zhangshuilin Zhangshuilin Noconfrontation with city planning, Wanggaolin goodaccess, no relocation,no factory emittedpollution, less amount of earth and stone. Hanshou Yaojiahu tea Nanyangchong Conveniencingtraffic, less amount of plantabon, earthand stone,less investment, Qinshuiba brick havingunderground water, factory, conveniencingconstruction, easy grid Nanyangchong connection Wangcheng Xitang,Danjiatang Xitang Accessroad is shortand convenient, amountof earthand stone is small, oining220kV grid is feasible, less relocation Furong Crossing site of Crossing site of Settledby programmingand land Baisha road,Baisha road,departments, easily reforming old Jianxiangroad andJianxiang roadtown, in loadcentre Renminroad andRenmin road Qiyang Wuxi town,Changhong Trafficis convenient,near water Changhong village,village sourceand load centre, no factory Dongfengvillage emittedpollutant, easily joining in and out Yongzhou Qilidian,Zhugemiao Zhugemiao Easygrid connection, conveniencing traffic.near load centre, less trees, watersupply Jiahe Jinshishan, Baoshanzui Conveniencingtraffic, no removed,not Baoshanzui cuttingtrees, less amountof earthand stone,easy grid connection, no pollutingsource Chengbei Gaoma, Gaoma Conveniencingtraffic, no relocation, Chayuanling lessamount of earthand stone,easy gridconnection, no pollutingsource Dongfenghu Wangyue,poyaozui Wangyue No relocation,flat site, easygrid connection,near load centre, good access 3 7. MITIGATIONMEASURES I HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 7 MITIGATIONMEASURES 7.1 Substations 7.1.1 220kVsubstation environmental mitigation measures and associatedcosts are indicatedin Table7.1-1. * Constructionperiod 7.1.2 Duringconstruction, the substationconstruction site surroundingsshould install protective enclosures and spray water periodically to reduce atmospheric environmentalimpact incurred by fugitivedust. 7.1.3 The water used in substationbuilding constructionshould be collected and settledbefore discharge and reclaimed for reusewhere possible. The construction personneldomestic sewage should be treatedprior to discharge; 7.1.4 Constructionmachinery of low-noiseshould be selected. Periodsof work must be arrangedto avoidas muchas possibleworking at night. - Operation period 7.1.5 Install accident oil pond within substations. Install bunds for equipment containingoil. Oil contaminatedwater to be treatedby waterbeing separated from oil and releasedafter attainingthe dischargestandards. Oil recoveredwill be sent to the PowerSupply Bureaufor recyclingor disposal. Domesticsewage to be treatedby septictank and dischargedafter attaining standard. 7.1.6 The trucksentering into the stationshould, according to regulations,be installed with metaltrailing wires so thatthey are grounded. 7.1.7 The station electricequipment's noise levels shouldbe strictly controlled,with corresponding.standards being used in their purchasespecification. In design, workingand livingplaces should be situatedas far from noise sourcesas possible. The controlroom etc. can adoptsound isolating, silencing measures. 7.1.8 The substationshould as muchas possiblebe afforestedto absorbdust, reduce noise and enhance visual appearance. Afforestationcoefficient should be approximately10%. I 7-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 7.1-1Substation Environmental Mitigation Measures and Costs No Item Capitalcost (10' yuan) Runningcost (10 ResponsibleDepartment yuan/year) Local I Imported Local Imported CONSTRUCTION 1 Adopt.low noise constructionmachines, 0 0 0 0 Constructionunit especiallyat night 2 Enclosure to minimise construction 0.05 0 0.05 0 Constructionunit fugitivedust emissions 3 Restorevegetation after construction 1.10 0 0.10 0 HEPC 4 Domesticsewage treatment (septic tank) 0.25 0 0.05 0 Constructionunit & HEPC 5 Compensationfor relocation or other 16.0 0 0 0 HEPC lossesto inhabitants 6 Safetytraining 0 0 0.05 0 Constructionunit OPERATION 7 Adoptlow noiseequipment 0 0 0 0 HEPC 8 Considerelectric fields during design and 4.0 0 0 0 HEPC includescreening where required 9 Treatdomestic sewage (septic tanks) 0 0 0.05 0 HEPC 10 Provide bunding and other controls for 0.05 0 0 0 HEPC transformeroils 11 Safetytraining of localpopulation 0 0 0.05 0 HEPC Totals 21.45 0 0.35 0 HPEC=HunanProvince Electric Power Company.EPB=Environmental Protection Bureau.EMS=Environmental Monitoring Statlon.SLA=State Land Administration. 7-2 HunanPower Development P,ject (PartB) PowerConsult 7.2 Transmission Lines 7.2.1 Power transmissionline environmentalmitigation proposalsand costs are indicatedin Table7.2-1. * Constructionperiod 7.2.2 When constructionis close to residentialproperties, it should as much as possibleadopt constructionmachinery with low noise emissionsto reducetheir impact. Constructionshould avoid working at night. 7.2.3 When constructionclose to residentialproperties, it should apply protective enclosuresto reduceconstruction fugitive dust in givingimpact on the surrounding environment. The constructionaccess road should be sprayedwith water when neededto minimiseenvironmental impacts incurred by fugitivedust. OOperation period 7.2.4 In projectplanning and preparation,collecting information, site surveying,routing design, and altemative scheme comparisons,throughout the design process, opinionsfrom variouslevel govemments and localpopulation along the route have been attendedto. As far as possiblethe proposalsavoid urban, township planned areas,residential quarters and scenic spots. 7.2.5 By design,the projecthas maintaineda certaindistance from residentialquarters and sensitiveareas to satisfythe requirementsin relevantdesign regulations and of the environment.These requirementsare. for power transmissionline corridor 50m wide;within 5m of side-conductors;when maximumdeviation in wind,the net clearancebetween houses and conductors should not be smallerthan 5.0m;when the electricfield intensityon groundsurface (1m height)surrounding the houses would be greaterthan 3.0kV/m,the dwellinghouses would be removed.These measures,will ensuresafe operationsin the vicinityof the line. 7.2.6 To strengthenthe educationand guidanceon safetyrelevant to equipmentand power line for the populationin the vicinityof substationand powertransmission line corridornotification should be giventhat: * In rain, particularlyunder thunder and lighteningweather conditions, one should not bring -umbrellawith metal handleto pass throughpower transmissionline corridor; * In the vicinityof powertransmission line corridor,don't hang out washingon a 7-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult metalline to dry; * Trucks andtractors and other traffic, when passingthrough power transmission lines corridor should be well groundedand should not run in line with the corridorfor a long time. 7-4 Hi1ll vet DevelopmeuidProject (Pail B) Power Cc Table7.2-1 Transmission Line Environmental Mitigation Measures and Costs No Item Capitalcost (0lb Runningcost (l06 ResponsibleDepartment yuan) yuan/year) _ Local Imported Local Imported CONSTRUCTION 1 Adoptlow noiseconstruction machines, especially at 0 0 0 0 Constructionunit night' 2 Occupyland required for temporaryaccess and work 0.15 0 0 0 HEPC for as shorta time as possible 3 Restorevegetation after construction 0.30 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit 4 Compensatefor lossof farmcrops 0.75 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit 5 Avoid natural habitats and minimise ecological 0.10 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit impact 6 Designto avoidscenic areas, & culturalrelics 0.10 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit 7 Designto avoidresidential areas 0.20 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit 8 Compensationfor relocation or other losses to 9.45 0 0 0 HEPC& Constructionunit inhabitants 9 Safetytraining 0 0 0.04 0 Constructionunit OPERATION 10 Avoidresidential areas (in designstage) 0 0 0 0 HEPC 11 Considerelectric fields during design .0 0 0 0 HEPC 12 Ensure adequate clearances over river, road, 0 0 0 0 HEPC telecomnmunicationand power lines 13 Safetytraining of local population 0.0 0 0.05 0.0 HEPC Totals 11.05 0 0.09 0 7-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 7.3 Crossing Traffic 7.3.1 Having been designed accordingto 'Aerial power transmissionline design technicalregulation" SDJ3 and other relevantaerial power line crossinghighway technical regulationsand prescriptions,the power transmissionline will operate safely. 7.3.2 The power transmissionlines have been designedaccording to 41nlandriver navigationstandard" BGJ139-90 and otherrelevant aerial power line crossingriver technicalregulations and prescriptions. 7.3.3 When the constructiontime for crossingsare decided,notice should published immediatelyto informrelevant departments. 7.4 Agriculture 7.4.1 The measuresalleviating the impacton agriculturalland incurredby the project mainlyare: * Constructionperiod 7.4.2 The agricultural land temporarily occupied during construction should be immediatelyrecovered (within 2 weeks)after construction is completed. 7.4.3 During constructing,aftention should be paid to mitigate the destruction of plantedfarm crops, forest, orchardand tea-oil trees,and to compensatefor any destroyedfarm crops. * Operation period 7.4.4 Lands occupied by substations and pylon foundations are permanently requisitionedland. In engineeringdesign these agriculturallands should be reducedas muchas possible. 7.4.5 Users of the requisitionedagricultural land shouldbe compensatedaccording to govemmentprescriptions. 7.4.6 Pylon-design and construction should minimise the impact on agricultural mechanisedcultivation. 7.4.7 When the engineeringconditions permit, the transmissiontower should be built over hills and high land to reduce the number of trees to be cut. E 7-6 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 7.4.8 Whentransmission line cross large areas of trees,the heightof towersshould be increasedproperly, treated as bigcrossings, to reducethe needto fell trees. 7.5 Land Occupation and Compensation 7.5.1 The project construction will occupy some land, with mitigation and compensationmeasures as follows: * Construction period 7.5.2 Land temporarilyoccupied during construction, such as materialand equipment accessroutes, should be occupiedfor as short a time as possibleand in as small an area as possible. It is envisagedthat each pylon will requiretemporary land occupationfor up to 10 days. Access routes need only be 1 m wide, length depends on location but would typically be 100-500m.Fees will be paid to compensate for young crops/ seed costs and land rental according to correspondingprescriptions. 7.5.3 After constructionbeing completed,the occupiedlands should be reclaimed immediately(within 2 weeks). X Operation period 7.5.4 The substationshave been arrangedto occupyas little land area as possible. However,part of the area is to be occupiedpermanently, for this purpose,the followingmeasures should be adopted: - The project constructorshould confirm the land category and the lands area occupiedby the projectand should have them compensatedaccording to "Land ManagementLaw' and other laws and regulations and the land requisition compensationfee paid. - The local govemmentshould co-ordinate the compensationIn a unifiedway. Part of the compensationfees will be given directlyto peoplefor their daily living use. Other compensationfees will be used to implementtraining programmes designed to enhancelabour skills andto developother industriessuch as handicraftindustry, breedingindustry and commercialand other tertiary industryto employ redundant labourers. 7.5.5 In residentialareas, the cat-headtype straighttower with conductorstriangularly arrangedshould be adoptedas the maintower type. 7.5.6 The labour requirementsfor operationhave been minimised as far as 7-7 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult possible. 7.5.7 The powertransmission line totals 750kmlong and the projectis to build nine new substationsand to extendtwo 220kVsubstations. In extendingsubstations, there are no houses to be removed. The constructionof new substationsand power transmissionlines will require29876m 2 of houses,236 families with 1280 persons,to be removed. The majoralleviating measures are the following: - In programmingand designingthe powertransmission line, by routingand site surveys,collecting information, and listeningto peoples'opinion, the proposals haveavoided houses, as far as possible,to reduceresettlement. - Aiming at reducinghouses removal, the transmissionline are to adopt 0°-10° and 100-200angle-tuming pylons to avoidsome densely located houses. - The project constructorhas house removaland resettlementincurred by the project constructioncompensated according to "Land managementlaw' and other relevant prescriptions. This will guaranteethe dwellingconditions and livingstandards of peopleaffected not to be reduced. - The governmentshould, as muchas possible,arrange unified programmes, for new residentialareas, so that publicfacilities such as powerand water supply, traffic, communication,culture and education,medical and health care are optimised. - For peopleloosing too muchmeans of production,the govemmentwill arrange re-employment(details in ReseKtlementAction Plan). 7.6 CulturalResources * Constructionperiod 7.6.1 Duringconstruction, if culturalrelics are discovered,the constructorwould have the site protectedand inform the relevantdepartment in chargeof the relics. Department Telephone ChangshaMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07314427417 Anren CountryRelic Institution 0735 5224754 ChengzhouMunicipal Relic Work TeamOffice 0735 2883259 HanshouCounty Relic Administration Institution 07362861608 HuaihuaMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07452232149 Loudi relic AdministrationDept. of MunicipalCultural Bureau 07388314082 YiyangMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07374224110 7-8 Hunan Power DevelopmentPmject (Part B) Power Consult Department Telephone YongzhouMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07466330210 YueyangMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07308319734 ZhuzhouMunicipal Cultural Bureau 07338222512 * Operationperiod 7.6.1 In design,the powertransmission line shouldavoid urbanareas, townships and their plannedareas. Its routing should cross sparsely populatedareas at the junctureof villagesor townshipsand alsosteer clearof culturalresources such as schools. 7.6.2 The both sides of the proposedpower transmissionlines and 3km range of substationssurroundings have no discoveredcultural relics at variouslevels. 7.7 Landscape 7.7.1 The substationsand power transmissionlines have been designedto avoid urban and townshipplanned areas, and so will have no impact on their further development. The routing of power transmissionline has crossed sparsely populatedareas at villageor townshipjunctures. 7.8 Ecology * Constructionperiod 7.8.1 The trees not satisfyingthe clearancerequirements are to be felled. The vegetationin the areapassed by transmissionlines includeno rare plant species. The dominantspecies are pine, oil-teacamellia and other artificialforest species. During construction,as few trees shouldbe cut as possibleto protect the local ecologicalenvironment. 7.8.2 The temporarydisturbance of the groundsurface due to constructionshould be duly recoveredafter constructioncompletion to preservethe original ecological environment. * Operation period 7.8.3 To planttree at otherplaces to reducethe impactincurred by trees beingcut. 7.8.4 Plant as much vegetationas possible on the substation sites, to get an 7-9 HunanPower Development Pmject (Paft B) PowerConsult afforestationcoefficient of at least 10%. 7.9 Safety 7.9.1 The laboursafety and protectionduring construction and operationperiod will be by implementationof the requirementsof the Labour Ministry 'Temporary prescriptionsrelevant to productiveconstruction engineering project professional safety hygienicsupervision" and Ministryof Energy'The temporaryprescriptions on electric power industrialproductive construction engineering project labour safetyand industrial hygiene to implement'three simultaneous implementation'". 7.9.2 Duringoperation, with respectto operating.workerslabour safety and protection, other than to strictly implementthe relevantprescriptions, the operationinstitution should also be concemedwith operationfeatures of the substationand power transmissionlines to pay attentionto the followingrespects: * Fire prevention,explosion proofing, dust proofing. - Preventionfrom electricshock injury, mechanical harm and other injury. * Noiseproofing, cold proofing, damp proofing. * The railingssurrounding substations and metalstructures should be grounded in segmentsto ensuresafety. 7-10 8. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND MONITORING w I HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 8 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND MONITORING 8.1 Substation 8.1.1 The monitoringproposals and costsassociated with the constructionand operationof the substationsare shownin Table8.1-1. 8.2 Power Transmission Line 8.2.1 The monitoringproposals and cost are shownin Table8.2-1. 8.3 Training 8.3.1 There are no identifiedtraining requirementsassociated with the environmental managementof the powertransmission lines or of the substations. 8-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 8.1-1Proposed EnvironmentalMonitoring For Substations.(Costs 106yuan) Mitigation[ Parameters| Location Frequency | Equipment | Non-recurrent Ann. Running Cost J Responsibility No. l I Local Imported Local Imported CONSTRUCTION 1 Noise Subst.Boundary 2 monthly Noisemeter 0 0 0.22 0 HEPC& Construction unit 2 Fugitivedust Constructionsites 2 weekly Dusffallcollector 0 0 0.11 0 HEPC& Construction unit 3 Vegetation 2 monthsafter Visualinspection 0.03 0 0 0 HEPC& Construction restoration construction unit 4 Sewage Dischargepoints 2 weekly Chemicalanalysis lab. 0 0 0.03 0 HEPC& Construction treatment unit 5 Relocation Constructionsits Beforeand Consultationwith 0 0 0 0 Local compensation during individualsand responsible govemment construction personnel 6 Safety Constructionsites Auditof safetyawareness 0 0 0 0 SafetyDepartment of awareness & performance constructionunit OPERATION 7 Noise Subst.Boundary 2 peryear Noisemeter 0 0 0.11 0 EMDof HEPC 8 Electricfield Annual 0 0 0.12 0 EMDof HEPC 9 Sewage Dischargepoints 2 weekly Chemicalanalysis lab. 0 0 0.06 0 EMDof HEPC treatment 10 Oil in site Dischargepoints 2 weekly Chemicalanalysis lab 0 0 0.06 0 EMDof HEPC drainage 11 Safety Localpopulation Annual Safetyaudit 0 0 0.06 0 SafetyDepartment of awareness HEPC Totals 0.03 0 0.77 0 8-2 Hun ter DevelopmentProject (Part B) Pow( Ult Table 8.2-1 Proposed Environmental Monitoring For Transmission Lines. (Costs 106yuan) Mitigation Parameters Location Frequency Equipment Non-recurrent Ann. Running Responsible _ _ _ _ _ I Cost Cost No. Local Imported Local Imported Department CONSTRUCTION 1 Noise Construction 2 monthly Noisemeter 0 0 0.22 0 HEPC& sites Constructionunit 2 Return land to use Entireroute 1 Visualinspection 0.06 0 0 HEPC& quickly Constructionunit 3 Vegetation Entireroute 2 months Visualinspection 0.06 0 0 0 HEPC& restoration after Constructionunit construction 4 Compensation for Entireroute I Consultationwith 0 0 0 0 HEPC& losses individualsand Constructionunit responsiblepersonnel 5,6,7 Avoid residential Entireroute During Consultationwith 0.06 0 0 0 HEPC& areasand damage to design& responsiblepersonnel Constructionunit ecology or cultural construction relics 8 Relocation Entireroute Beforeand Consultationwith 0.06 0 0 0 Local compensation during individualsand government construction responsiblepersonnel 9 Safetyawareness Construction Auditof safety 0 0 0.04 0 Safety sites awarenessand Departmentof performance Constructionunit 8-3 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part B) Power Consult Table 8.2-1Proposed Environmental Monitoring For TransmissionLines. (Costs 106yuan) Mitigation Parameters Location Frequency Equipment Non-recurrent Ann. Running Responsible Cost Cost No. . _ Local Imported Local Imported Department OPERATION 10 Noise 2 per year Noisemeter 0 0 0.30 0 EMDof HEPC 11 Electricfield Annual 0 0 0.25 0 EMDof HEPC 12 Requiredline Entireroute 1 0 0 0 0 HEPC clearances 13 Safetyawareness Local Annual Safetyaudit 0 0 0.05 0 Safety population Departmentof HEPC Totals 0.24 0 0.86 0 8-4 9. PUBLICPARTICIPATION ... A HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 9 PUBLICPARTICIPATION 9.1.1 The opinions and requirementsof various circles in society have been extensivelysolicited and collectedby the followingforms: (1) In the processof routingand design:listening extensively to the opinionsof governmentdepartments at variouslevels. (2) In the processof design,Hunan Provincial Electric Power Co. and Hunan Electric Power Design Institute, have visited relevant institutions, called symposiumto extensivelysolicited opinions from variousdepartments on 220kV powertransmission engineering project construction. (3) Invitingexperts to demonstratethe designscheme. (4) In routingand site optimisation,visiting the localpopulation. (5) Carryingout specificsurveys along the linewith publicparticipation. 9.1.2 In engineeringplanning and preparation,the projecthas beenreported to and consultedfunctional departments on the engineeringnecessity, building scale andtaken their opinions. 9.1.3 Various symposia have been called to extensivelysolicit the opinions on project constructionand its environmentprotection with respectto the route selectionfrom govemmentfunctional departments, experts, peoples' congress delegatesand women's representatives. 9.1.4 Aiming at selectingthe optimalroute and substationsites to reduceresidential house removal and avoid nature reserves,scenic spots, countyand township plannedareas and culturaland historicrelics, the designdepartments at various lines segments have put forward many schemes for local govemments, functional departments, experts and peoples representativesto discuss, compareand screenaltemative routes. 9.1.5 In designingthe route scheme,the designdepartment has visitedalong the line the Planning Commission,Urban ConstructionBureau, Programming Bureau,State Land Administration, Agriculture Bureau, Forestry Bureau, Culture Bureau,Traffic Bureau, Broadcast And TV Bureau,Telecommunication and Post Department,Railway and HighwayDepartment in all relevantmunicipalities and solicitedtheir opinions. 1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult 9.1.6 The opinionsare summarisedin the following: * The power transmissionengineering construction has no impact on the constructionand planning of citiesand towns along the line. * The engineeringconstruction has no impacton the traffic on highway,river, railwayand navigable course. * The engineeringconstruction has no impact on the communicationand broadcastingetc. * The engineeringconstruction has no impacton the exploitationand utilisation of undergroundmineral resources, and also does not cover and pass over the mine. * The engineeringconstruction has no impacton culturalrelics, famous places and historicrelics, naturereserve tourist scenicspots and naturallandscape in the vicinityof the lines. * Supportingthe projectconstruction, which will alleviatepower shortagesin Hunan Province,promote the economicaldevelopment and environmental protectionin this province,and increase the local people'sliving quality. 9.1.7 Aimingat extensivelysoliciting opinions on the transmissionlines engineering and its environmentalimpact problems from variouscircles in society,symposia have been called and questionnairesdistributed to carry out a public participationsurvey at 23 pointsalong the lines route. The public participating surveypoints are shownin Table9.1-1. 9.1.8 At public participationmeetings the representativeof the Project constructor (HEPC) gives a general introductionabout the propose, constructionscale, schedule and the situation during planning, construction and operation/maintenanceof the Project. This takes 30-45 minutes. The representativeof environmentalassessment unit (NEPRI)gives a speechabout (i) the environmentalstatus quoof the local area, (ii)thepossible environmental impactincurred by the Projectduring its constructionand operation/maintenance period, the mitigation measures that will de adopted, the environmental management plan and the environmentalmonitoring plan of the Project construction and operation/maintenanceperiod, and (iii) the land use and resettlementsituation if needed. This takes about one hour. A detailed discussionfollows betweenthe Projectconstructor, the environmentalexpert of NEPRIand the representativesof local peopleabout the environmentalissues of 9-2 Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) Power Consult concem. This generally requires more than an hour. Finally the public participationquestionnaires will sent out duringthe meetingand are taken back for analysis. 9.1.9 The surveyshave distributed 340 public opinion questionnaires (Table 9.1-2), reclaimed327, (96% responserate). Among those responding,25% were educatedto primaryschool level and 75%to abovejunior middleschool level. Amongthose responding,women representatives share 20% of the total. The resultsare shownin Table9.1-3. 9.1.10 The landoccupied by the line andtower foundation in the engineeringshould be compensatedeconomically and the redundantlabour shouldbe assistedin variousways to guaranteeenhancing their livingstandards. 9.1.11 The removedresidential houses along the line incurredby the engineering construction should be sufficientlycompensated to guarantee their living standardsare not beinglowered after relocation. 9.1.12 The farm crops affectedby engineeringconstruction should be reducedto the minimum.Farmers whose crops are affectedshould be given appropriate economiccompensation. 9.1.13 In order to minimise impact to mechanised cultivation, the power transmissionline tower should adopt self-standingtowers rather than guyed towers. 9.1.14 None of the participantsat the meetingsconsidered that electric fields resultingfrom transmissionlines or substationsare a significanthuman health issue. There is alreadyan extensivenetwork of 220 kV transmissionlines in Hunan Provinceand no healthrelated problems have beenidentified that would give rise to publicconcem. 9-3 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part B) Power Consult Table 9.1-1Public Participation Survey Point Distribution Municipality Survey places Time Organiser Changsha Guangxianew village, Tianxin District, Changsha city 97.11.10Changshu Electric Power Industry Bureau Xitangvillage, Wangcheng county 97.11.11Changsha Electric Power Industrial Bureau Hengyang Yangtianvillage, Chashanba town, Hengyang city 97.10.11Hengyang Electric Power Industry Bureau Xinhuvillage, Hengdong county 97.10.12Hengyang Electric power Industry Bureau Gaochengvillage, Quangxi town, Hengnan county 97.10.12Hengyang Electric Power Industry Bureau LongtangTown, Lelyang City 97.11.19Lejyang City Power Supply Bureau ZhangshuVillage, Zheqiao Town, Leiyang City 97.11.18Leiyang City Power Supply Bureau HuangqiaoVillage. Yitang Town, Changlin City 97.11.18Hengyang Electric Power Industry Bureau TailiVillage, Sibin Town, Hengyang County 97.10.12Hengyang Electric Power Industry Bureau SaqiaoVillage, Saqiao Town, Hengyang County 97.10.21Hengyang Electric Power Industry Bureau Yongzhou ZhugemiaoVillage, Zhishan District, Yongzhou City 97.11.15Yongzhou Electric Power Bureau BatangVillage, Zhishan District, Yongzhou City 97.11.15Yongzhou Electric Power Bureau ChanghongVillage, Wuxd Town, Qiyang County 97.11.17Qiyang Power Supply Bureau Chengzhou GaomaVillage, Gaoma Town, Zhixin City 97.11.14Chengzhou Electric Power Bureau QiangmeiVillage, Panghong Town, Jiahe County 97.11.14Chengzhou Electric Power Bureau Zhoutai Village, HuangshupingTown, Guiyang97.11.14 Chengzhou Electric Power Bureau County Zhuzhou HengxiangTown, Zhuzhou County 97.11.11Hengxdang Town Govemment ChengjiabaVillage, Baiguan Town, Zhluzhou County 97.11.11Baiguan Town Govemment Chengde YaojiabaVillage, ZhumushanTown, Hangshou97.11.14 Hangshou Power Supply Bureau County Yueyang WangyueVillage, Beigang Town, Yueyang City 97.10.10Yueyang Electric Power Industry Bureau YangshouVillage, Yueyanglou District, Yueyang City 97.10.11 YueyangElectric Power IndustryBureau Loudi XiyangTown, Loudi City 97.11.17Loudi Electric Power Industry Bureau Huaihua LiangchaxiVillage, Wushu District Yuanlin County 97.11.15Luxi Electric Power Bureau 9-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 9.1-2Public Opinion Questionnaire Name Age Sex Culturallevel Profession Workingunit andaddressing: I?Select(please write ? in 2! 1.The major problems you thinkto effectthe localeconomic development are: ? Powersupply ? Traffic ? Naturalsources ? Others ? Don' t know 2.Youthink the majorlocal environmentalpollution problems are: ?Air pollution ?River pollution ?Noise ?Other ? Don' t know 3. You hold that is the said powertransmission line and substationproject construction favourableto promotelocal economic development: ?Yes ?No ?Ordinary ?Don tt know Il?Questions 1. You think what environmentalimpacts on the localwill be incurredby the said powe transmissionengineering project construction? 2. You think what impact will be brought to society and your family by the project construction? 3. Pleaseput forwardyour opinionand suggestionrelevant to environmentalprotection for the said project construction? (If paper in the table is not enoughfor you to write, you can continueon a separate sheet. 9-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) PowerConsult Table 9.1-3Public opinion soliciting result Local economic development Local environmental pollution problems Project promote economic development Result % power trafflc nature other don't air river noise other don't yes no ordinary don't know resource know pollution pollution know Changsha Furong substation 19 people 95 42 11 4-42 21 37 100 municipality Wangcheng substation 18 100 17 17 - - 17 28 22 - 33 100 people Hengyang Hengyang76 people 95 55 49 - 7 3 7 8 47 90 1 1 prefecture Lelyang 28 people 100 4 71 36 25 7 100 Changlin 13 people 85 8 92 23 77 92 Yongzhou Yongzhou substation 23 100 17 22 13 61 100 people prefecture Qlyang substation 15 people 93 7 53 7 100 Chengzhou Chengbei substation 15100 100 7 93 100 people prefecture Jlahe substation 7 people 100 14 86 - = = 100 100 Gulyang 10 people 100 70 60 10 - 30 100 Zhuzhou Zhuzhou 22 people 73 23 14 23 14 46 95 prefecture Chengde Hangshan substation 19 95 95 95 1 prefecture people Yueyang Yueyang city 36 people 97 25 3 - 36 56 36 94 3 prefecture Loudi Loudi city 10 people 100 - _ 70 30 100 prefecture Hualhua Yuanlin county 16 people 100 B 6 94 100 prefecture 9-6 FIGURES The People's Republic of China Hunan province Taiwan Provinct ~~~~~~~~~~I Hainan Province Fig.1 The Location of Hunan Province in China Ilengyang CityI eAlnCounty ;Ifl W I sfingi tip VingthouY\% W @)) 22UkVtrals"IlissiOnIt lilte Ar \ uht QI)agCo fi,v \o t ' Sf Sngbo Substation Ln isubsao tion SOIIghI. Lci)':I@ t Au rt ert rjigsu hig ruututr 2 fd A X C l luang4iatuVillage*aastis,t O <;a <}~Qllhcsubstatillil ,Ce,,,} ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\ ~~~~~'~~~<\\ 1 G t Lt\ r I Szilig>Za Iown \ ~~~~ts~~~~~~~ailioenl g\(doliao olw*n l 4uluI811I Polrwerplant LiagtArnrubii 5r.cpa~onsuve pac e >rS t.s f_.. J _i-,5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iig.l F*ig.2 Qtille to N'Oilgzelioti, Sonobt) J1>VongAicits. L.ciyung lo Songbo, L.iy;ang tt) Atireni tranisnissimi linie roolile 4 ,:nn|sali ;l~~~~~~ ~ I --- X -zu' -> -tM I;ig.3 (ihetl&zi:gqiuiuI g tol .Ii;lhI . I.ii.iji:milt) loellguli:lnlnJ Cth( joulglig (LucIt bcOsi i lit: tiou, Ir:lisSio ii Ii Ie tlc g a~ ~~~VTo *,|; lShanqiaouTown ^ . / Zhangshuzrn / g \JJiaoshanTown ao( Town o T nanqiao participaionJsaoshan Tow* n Publie XianqiangRi \\ lCityn Daiyin ransi line route Hengbei substation to Matano 7r joinino Fig.4 Chavuan e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C <4/~~~~~~l -. - , W. =A -~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - go7 I~~z ICI El ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0r C'ulian substalion N0,.823 .... - iitjinO t Zun iiUtic~titDj~.j -Xiangt4n Cityj Zhuthou Cily transmission line route Zhunan-. Oj, '- ~hunn i i, ,~~~ ssshsiutiofl~trsns isio l Lhlng Countv l)ishuijang * I ubi c priipC Aio survey C place latiorrnisio lc Fig.6 Yunt~in to Zhiunamn Zlhtmnainto D)ishiuijinigtransmission line rotate * PuI,e Pmcipatwn surne) 1I,.sc Huanengluey2ng -...TranhmisVionge ne flower plants f~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X / // -rD - l~~~~ /R- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~= _ ~~~' - ~~~~- s ~~~~~~~ /-'/1w4 \\"\~~~~~~~~\'N Indust~~~~~ Industrialdutralara lluanfl~~cvangPo panktou*e Vl.)nthla fjonngDoIfng>hi2n ubtFig.7221Transmnissionl linerue n\'eagrgo Deelopmentae Develo.pment area Fig.7 TransmiSSiOnline routes in Yueyang region WeiTi Lake YuanjianigRiver v Lgn Legend HanshouCounty * Public participation survey place -Highway -- Railway Yushui Lake if Transmission line Liujiaba g ~~~~~Hanshou220kVsubatation Nanyangchong village Fig.8 G(AC shi to YiyangjijLak ju 4XK (9k1> Gang city4/ . \ g > \ | G~~~~~angshito Yiyangbei 7zjoining/ .fJl / t \\ Hanshou 220kV~~~substationline / Fig.8 Gangshi to N'ivangbei 7r joining Hanshou substation Loudi substation Loudi to Lounan 220kV transmission line / XiyangTown L Li,nshui River Shima Village Loudi citv Legend *Public participation survev place stibstationSunshut River -iha cZ - - ~~~Railway v 'i~~~~~~~~~~L''~~~~~~~~~5~~~4-.+Transmission line Figy.9 Loudi to Lounan transmission line route t-Alt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ig Town ~~~~~~~~~ydropowerKtrservoirstation LuFi 1211liVLxit transmissionlinealrnmso ronte * Fttitit(engtmiasubstation Ftng(2a220kVto 1,uxi tirn,mission line Q'n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b~~~ . Fentai j n to ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__ tib* Fig I1)Liixi to Fengctatttransnmission linie routie * ?sbti participationsu1vty Plttu "I anssinsufn tine t/ (ar A+/ (\/_~~~~~~~~//TOBalinm Laodao Rivrer Liuyang River =Balin to Slhumuling nTjoining Legend Langli substation transmissionline * Publicparticipation survey place Langli Town Langli -Highway substation -- Railway A\\]vv(/ \\ To Sllumuling1 -l4ransinissionline Fig.1 I Balin to Shumuling IT joining Langli substation transmission line route 0 i X G 4(5t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LincggongdianTown o(I Jiulongsi Town tLijiapinal flg 0W / ,y ,>)J<,_ ~DaqiaowanA/ g ? 4 // Qiyangsubtto Iv-~~~~~~~~~~~' ? ~~He\gon g iao j*Xiaran , ng ubstatn Counoy Xiangjimang River C XMuto~~~~~utuchionc +5i2 /VQ i /g Legend * Public participation survey place Guanyintan Town - -- Railway Ilaozhu Town -- #.Transmissionline Fig.12 Matang to Quhe 7T joining Qiyang substation transmission line route r in < iIrvr) * "-4 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 L .-- F. 13 T i res i -~~~' LLtt1; 1/,f:2+@>r *I S3f I. 6i~ I .- !U i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ej I II~ - I0 /Y 510l 2 S kt5i r j _ I 3 ., I C ---- 1 /tz ~~~~~~~~~~--- *~ ~ ~~lg1 1 1+rstutue Mountain STianzi Mountain Xiaoxi DongDongtinghul Dawei Mountain Hengsban Mountain Yunshan Mountain ) q Ziyun Mountain Huangsang l _ Wanfeng Shunhuang Mountain Taoyuandong ~~ { ~~~MountainJ-o-, Yangmling Mountain Bamian Mountain - Dayuan Jiuvi Mountain Yuan kou Mangshan Mountain - Naturc rescrves Fi. 14 Hunan Province nature! reserves distribution APPENDIXA: DEPARTMENTSVISITED HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXA PowerConsult Appendix A DEPARTMENTSVISITED Name Functiondepartment Answer formn QiyangCounty people's Programme,forestry, planning, Officeletter Govemment,Yongzhou stateland HanshouCounty People's Programme,forestry, planning, Officeletter Govemment,Changde stateland YueyangMunicipality People's Programme,urban building, State Document(1 997) No.22 Govemment land,planning, economy, traffic, publicutilities ChangshaMunicipality People's Planning,economy, programme Document(1997), No. 79 Govemment stateland, traffic, telecommunicationand post, waterconservancy HengyangMunicipality People's Planning,building, state land, Officeletter Govemment environmentalprotection, programme,telecommunication and post ZhishanDistrict People's Planning,building, state land, Officeletter Govemment,Yongzhou environmentalprotection, telecommunicationand post, forestry XiyangTown People's Stateland, programme Officeletter Govemment,Loudi WusuDistrict People's Stateland, programme, Officeletter Govemment,Yuanlin County telecommunicationand post GaomaTown People's Stateland, people's congress, Officeletter Govemment programme HongxianTown People's Stateland, programme Officeletter Govemment,Zhuzhou County HongxianTown People's Stateland, programme Officeletter Govemment,Zhuzhou county HuangshapingTown People's Stateland, programme Officeletter Govemment,Jiahe County ZeqiaoTown People's Stateland, programme people's Officeletter Govemment,Leiyang congress LongtangTown People's Stateland, programme Officeletter Govemment,Leiyang A-1 APPENDIXB: ECOLOGICALSURVEY r HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXB PowerConsuft Appendix B Ecological Survey The ecology of a corridor, 20km from each side of the 220kV power transmission lines was investigated. According to the geographical location of the transmission line, the ecological environment survey has been divided into three regions i.e. North Hunan region which includes: Yueyang Municipality, Hanshou County, Changsha Municipality, Changsha county, Wangcheng County, Zhuzhou County, Liling Municipality, Loudi Municipalityand Xinhua County; South Hunan region, which includes: Hengyang County, Leiyang Municipality, Changling County, Chengzhou Municipality, Zhixin Municipality, Guiyang County, Jiahe County, Zishan District in Yongzhou Municipality and Qiyang County; And West Hunan and Huaihua prefectures,including: Luxi County, Yuanling County; Dong Dongtinghu Lake and Hengshan mountain nature reserves, the nearest two nature reserves to the transmission lines, have been considered in particular. 1. Terrestrial EcologicalEnvironment a. Species and distribution of crops In Hunan province, there are mainly rice, wheat, sorghum, soybean, rape, tubers, com, cotton etc., of which rice planting area is above 80% of the total planting area. Other economic crops include medicinal material, hemp and flax, tobacco. b. Species and distribution of vegetation North Hunan region: Along the transmission line route, there are mostly forests of secondary growth, man-made forests and shrubbery. Trees are mainly planted by man, which are mainly pine, china fir, cypress, camphor tree, oil-tea camellia, tea, peach, pear, Chinese chestnut etc. Shrubs are mainly azalea, chestnut, Chinese redbud (Cercis chinensis) etc.. South Hunan region: B-i HunanPowerDevelopment Project (Part B) APPENDIXB PowerConsult Along the transmissionline routes, there are mostly forests of secondarygrowth, man-madeforests and shrubbery. Trees are mainly plantedby man, which are predominantlychina fir, tung tree, oil-tea camellia,citrus, masson pine, willow, Chinesechestnut etc. Shrubsare mainly azalea, wild hawthom,Chinese prickly pepper,Chinese redbud etc. West Hunanand Huaihuaprefectures: Along the transmissionline routes,trees are mainlypine, cypress, china fir, Chinese toon, Chineseparasol, elm, oil-teacamellia, orange, grape, red bayberryetc.. C. Speciesof domesticanimals Along the transmissionline routes, the domesticmammals are mainly ox, horse, donkey,pig, sheep,chicken, duck, goose, dog, cat, rabbitand pigeon. d. Speciesand distribution of wild animals North Hunanregion: Along the transmissionline routes,the wild animalsare mainlysnake, mouse, hare, fox, weasel, hedgehog,wild cat etc. South Hunanregion: Along the transmissionline routes,the wild animalsare mainlysnake, mouse, hare, fox, boar,wolf, wild cat, weasel,badger etc. West Hunanand Huaihuaprefectures: Along the transmissionline routes,the wild animalsare mainlysnake, mouse, hare, wild cat, wolf, boar,fox, badger,weasel etc. 2. The aquatic ecology a. Distributionof riversand lakes In Hunan province,there are four great river systemsXiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River,Zhizhui River and LishuiRiver, which all flow into DongtinghuLake, then into Yangtze River. Dongtin Lake is a famous freshwaterlake and aquatic production area,with an area of approximately2691 km2 b. Speciesof fish In North Hunan, fish are mainlycarp, grass carp, crucian carp, finless eel, silver B-2 HunanPower Development Project (Par B) APPENDIXB PowerConsult carp,crab, shrimp,mandarin fish, bream, tortoise, soft-shelled turtle etc. In South Hunan,fishes are mainlycarp, silver carp, variegatedcarp, cruciancarp, finlesseel, catfish,mandarin fish, eel, bream,grass carp etc. In West Hunanand Huaihuaprefectures, fishes are mainlycarp, catfish,mandarin fish, bream, porgy, white ell, grass carp, silver carp, goldfish,shrimp, crab, snail, freshwatermussel etc. 3. Species of birds a. Distributionof birds In North Hunan,there are mainlycuckoo, crow, wild duck,magpie, sparrow, thrush, woodpecker,swallow, pheasant quail, water rail etc. In South Hunan,there are mainlyswallow, pigeon, harrier, turtledove, quail, magpie, thrush,cuckoo, woodpecker, pheasant myna etc. In West Hunan and Huaihua prefectures,there are mainly wild duck, golden pheasant,pheasant, water rail, wild goose,crow, magpie,myna, thrush, cuckoo, tit etc. b. Distributionof migratorybirds In wetlandareas alongthe transmissionline, mainlyin DontinghuLake area, there are some migratorybirds living there in winter includingcranes. In summer,the migratorybirds fly to Siberiaand other northem areas for summer. 4. Nature reserves a. Dong Dongtinghulake nature reserve Dong Dongtinghulake naturereserve is a provincialprotection area, in south-westof YueyangCity,5km- away from the closestboundary of YueyangCity. The area is 84333.33ha,with a waterarea representing about 62% of the total. In this naturereserve, animals be protectedare mainly: 1st level protection:Chinese river dolphin,finless porpoise,Siberian white crane, hoodedcrane, wbite-naped crane, Mergus squamatus, red-crowned crane, mandarin duck. 2nd level protection:grey crane B-3 HunanPower Development Project (Paf B) APPENDIXB PowerConsult b. Hengshannature reserve Hengshannature reserve is 33kmfrom HengyangCity to the north. Its which area is 8273.33ha.In that area,the speciesbe protectedare: 2nd level protectionanimal: Chinese pangolin 2nd level protectionplant: ginkgo, Emmenopte hery Pseudolarixkaempfe 3th level protectionplant: Gleditsia vestita. Taiscia sinesis B-4 APPENDIXC: * NOISEMONITORING w Hunan Power Development Project (PartB) APPENDIXC Power Consult Appendix C NOISEMONITORING I Monitoring time: Noise monitoring was carried out at TiandingSubstation on the 17th and 28th Nov.1997,3times each day, moming (8:00-12:00),aftemoon (14:00-18:00)and night(22:00-6:00). 2 Monitoring instrument HS-6288multifunction noise analyser 3 Measuring points deployment * Power transmission line (220kV) Monitoring points established at five segments, with interval between two neighbouringsegments to be about50m andthree pointseach segment. One point is located at transmissionline corridor centre. The other two points are located respectivelyat 20m from both outer sides of transmissionline (deploymentof monitoringpoints is givenin Fig.C-1) * Noise inside of substation Noise monitoringat 220kV power substation(deployment of monitoringpoints is givenin Fig.C-2 ) (1) Noiseat distances5m, 10m,15m, 20m from No.1,ll transformer. (2) High impedancenoise monitoring. (3) Noiseat differentpositions in personnelmaintenance passage. 220 kV segmentestablishing 4 points 110kVsegment establishing respectively 3 points at upper and lower maintenance passage (4) Noiseon roadsinside of substation. Establishingrespectively 3 pointson two roadsrunning north-south, 3 pointson one road runningeast-west. c-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXC PowerConsult (5) Noise at distance Im, 3m, 5m from transformerin on-dutybuilding * Substation boundary noise 4 Monitoring results: Table C4-1 Powertransmission line noise (dB) Measuring 1st point 2nd point 3rd point segment Morning Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night A segment 41.1 39.5 36.8 41.5 40.5 37.5 41.2 38.4 37.8 B segment 41.0 38.9 36.3 41.7 39.8 36.5 40.3 38.9 37.6 C segment 39.1 38.6 37.3 41.8 40.1 36.3 40.2 38.3 35.4 D segment 40.1 38.4 36.9 40.8 39.8 37.6 39.5 38.7 36.5 E segment 140.3 39.0 35.6 41.7 392 36.1 40.1 37.6 36.0 Table C4-2 Noise at different distance from different transformer (dB) Measuring Al (5m) A2 (10m) A3 (1S6m) A4 (20m) point Moming Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night #1 68.6 69.7 69.3 63.5 63.6 64.4 62.6 62.6 61.8 60.0 60.0 59.3 transformer #11 66.9 64.3 65.2 59.2 59.1 57.9 57.7 57.4 56.2 55.8 58.4 54.4 transformer I Table C4-3High impedancenoise (dB) Measuringpoints BI B2 B3 B4 B5 |B6 B7 Moming 55.6 53.0 55.4 53.2 56.5 50.0 54.5 Time Aftemoon56.0 52.8 55.3 53.3 56.4 50.7 54.8 Night 54.7 50.9 53.3 51.1 155.0 148.3 152.7 C C-2 HunanPower Development Project (PartB) APPENDIXC PowerConsult Table C4-4Noise in MaintenancePassage (dB) Measuring ci C2 C3 C4 position Morning AfternoonNight Moming Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon NightMoming Aftemoon Night passage 1 57.9 56.9 53.8 57.9 56.4 54.8 56.3 54.1 52.5 55.3 53.3 52.0 passage II 52.6 52.8 50.5 53.1 52.6 52.4 51.6 51.8 49.2 lower passage 1152.1 52.9 51.7 54.6 53.7 51.7 50.6 51.8 49.3 upper _ TableC4-5 Inside roads.noise(dB) Measunrng Di D2 D3 position Moming Aftemoon Night Morning Aftemoon Night Moming Aftemoon Night road I 53.1 -52.4 50.2 61.3 57.6 56.0 66.1 65.4 62.7 road 11 54.7 53.1 52.0 51.2 53.6 51.7 52.5 52.8 50.4 road111 54.6 53.7 51.1 53.3 50.3 52.1 53.5 51.2 49.4 Table C4-6Noise at different distancefrom transformer in Oh-duty-Building (dB) El (1m) E2 (3m) E3 (5m) Morning Afternoon Night Morning Afternoon Night Morning Afternoon |Night 59.4 60.7 59.8 62.0 59.4 58.4 59.7 60.6 58.9 Table C4-7 Noise at lm outside of substation boundary(dB) Measuring Fl F2 F3 RF4 P F6 F7 F8 FFFll F10 F12 _ Ipoints M 42.5 .140.5 40.8 40.8 44.5 43.5 42.9 43.0 42.3 42.4 41.9 42.5 Time A 41.9 140.7 141.3 139.9143.8 144.0 141.6 142.3 143.7 |41.8 141.3 141.41 N 40.8 139.8137.8 139.2 141.6 141.9 139.4 140.2 141.1 38.8 139.3 140.4 *: M-Morning, A-Aftemoon, N-Night C-3 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXC PowerConsuft 5 Standards The substationboundary noises attain in the 1st classcriterion. The maximumnoise insidethe substationis 69.7dB(5m from transformer) The following table gives the noise limits IndustrialEnterprises boundary noise GB12348-90 Unit: Leq[dB(A)I Class Daytime Night time . 55 45 II 60 50 III 65 55 IV 70 55 6 Conclusions: Operating Period Based upon the resultsof surveyof analogouslocations with the same kind 220kV power transmissionlines and substationpredictions have been made of potential impactsfrom this development Table C6-1220kV power transmissionline and substationnoise monitoring resultsLeq dB(A) Name of items Day Night lm off Tiandingsubstation boundary 40.5-44.5 37.8-41.6 Tianding-Xiangshuiba220kV transmission38.3-41.7 35.4-37.8 lineII The 220kVtransmission line to be built by the said projecthas a corridorwith width of 50m. From these noise monitoringresults, the day and night time noises at line corridor are all lower than 5OdB(A).Thus the project200kV power transmission line corridor can be predictedto satisfy the requirementof daytime 6OdB(A)and nigh time 5OdB(A)in GB3096-93. In the same manner, by analogouscomparison with 220kV power substations already in commission,the substationboundary noises are all lower than 5OdB(A) both at day time and at night. Consideringthe plan arrangementof various substationsand noise-alleviating-measuresto be adopted,we can predictthat the substationboundary noise (lm outside of enclosurewill be lower than 6OdB(A)at day time and lowerthan 50dB(A)at night,also satisfying the requirementof relevant C-4 Hunan Power DevelopmentPmject (Part B) APPENDIX C Power Consult criteria in GB3096-93. See table 6.2 for detail. Table C6-2 Substation Boundary Noise Prediction Results Unit: Leq dB(A) Name of Construc Background value Prediction value criteria substation tion type dB(A) dB(A) State day night day night day night Furong Sub. newly 50.0-56.0 44.0-48.0 54.0-58.0 45.0-49.8 60 50 built Hanshou newly 38.2-46.9 37.0-41.0 43.0-53.0 42.0-46.0 60 50 Sub. built Chengbei newly 39.0-48.0 37.0-41.0 43.0-50.0 43.0-46.0 60 50 Sub. built Hengbei Sub. newly 41.0-52.0 38.0-44.0 45.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 60 50 built Dongfenghu newly 45.0-54.0 40.0-44.0 50.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 60 50 Sub. built Yongzhou newly 45.0-56.0 38.0-46.0 50.0-57.0 43.0-47.0 60 50 Sub. built Qiyang Sub. newly 41.0-52.0 37.0-44.0 45.0-56.0 42.0-46.0 60 50 built Wangcheng newly 41.0-54.0 37.0-45.0 48.0-56.0 42.0-46.0 60 50 Sub. built Jiahe Sub. newly 39.0-50.0 37.0-41.0 45.0-54.0 40.0-43.0 60 50 built Loudi Sub. extension 48.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 48.0-57.0 43.0-47.5 60 50 Xinhua Sub. extension 48.0-56.0 43.0-47.0 48.0-57.0 43.0-47.5 60 SO C-5 APPENDIXD: ELECTRICFIELD INTENSITY a1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult Appendix D ELECTRICFIELD INTENSITY Power Transmission Line and 220kVSubstation The ground surface powerfrequency electric field intensitywere measuredinside and outsideof the enclosureof two built220kV transmission line and 220kVpower substationsat Changshamunicipality, Hunan Provincein Nov., 1997. The power frequencyfield intensity-monitoringinstrument used in on-sitemeasurement was the HI-3604 power frequency field intensity monitoringinstrument made in U.S.A. HoladayCo. Accordingto relevantcriteria in China, the requirementsthe ground surfacefield intensityat powersubstation and under power transmission line shouldsatisfy are: 1. The limitingundistorted electric field value at 1.5m abovethe groundsurface at enclosure of power substationpower distributionapparatus (non-outgoingline direction)is 5kV/m,that at line outgoingdirection, stipulated by line portion. 2. The limiting undistortedelectric field value at 1.5m above the ground surface under power transmissionline is 9.5kV/m,when across farm field, 7kV/m when acrosshighway. 3. The undistortedelectric field intensityat 1.5m above the ground inside power substationunder normal operation condition is, in general,not greaterthan 10kV/m, that at a little part area,is promisedto reach10-15kV/m. 4. When powertransmission line neighbourson or crossesresidential housing, the maximumundistorted electric field intensitylimiting value at the house should be <3.0kV/m. The following power substation and power transmissionline electro-magnetic environmentalassessments are carryingout all accordingto thesecriteria. I Changsha Municipality 220kV Shumuling substation The two monitoringitems carried out in Shumulingpower substationwere ground surfaceelectric firld intensitymonitored at highvoltage outgoing line sidewith 220kV maintransformer within the substationand that, in the vicinityof a residentialhouse under220kV outgoing line outsideof the enclosure(Fig. D-1) D-1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult Ground surface electric field intensity monitoringat main transformer220kV outgoingline sidein Shumulingpower substation (Fig D-2). The 220kVmain transformer is a threephase one. Thereare cementsupport pillars for high voltageline suspensionframe about 7m distantto high voltageside at left and rightside, among which, the left sidecement pillar has a groundingline. Duringmonitoring, the measuringelectrode of field intensitymeter is 1.5mabove the groundwith atmosphericcondition temperature be 200C relativehumidity, 75%. The groundsurface measuring points distribution is as the following Measureddata are following: Measuringpoints a b c d e f g |h 1i j> Fieldintensity (kV/m) 1.85 1.13 1.20 1.37 1.38 1.22 1.02 0.80 0.53 0.52 0. Measuringpoints I m n o p q r s t u Fieldintensity (kV/m) 0.87 0.95 0.85 1.58 1.82 1.58 1.07 1.07 1.28 1f.14 Data analysis:Due to the electricapparatus layout within the powersubstation being relatively complicated,the electricfield distributionwihin the substationis also complicated. However,viewed from all measurementresults, the maximum.field intensity among all the ground measuringpoints is 1.85kV/m,far lower than the limitingvalue 10kV/mstipulated by the criterion. Therefore,it will not endangerthe humansafety of the operatingand maintaining personnel in the powersubstation. e The electricfield intensitymeasurement in the vicinity of residentialhouse under out going line outsideof Shumulingpower substation enclosure. Outside of Shumulingpower substationenclosure under the 220kV outgoingline (YunShu Line ) corridorbetween pylon no.85 and pylonno.86, there are sometrees and residentialhouses. Aimed at comprehendingdoes the powerfrequency electric field under power transmissionline affect the resident's safety, the monitoring personnelcarried out the measurementof groundpower frequency field intensityin the area in the vicinity of residentialhouses. No.86pylon is an angle tuming one with conductorsvertically-arranged upwards; no.85 pylon is one with conductors triangularlyarranged. Underthe line,the residentialhouse is aboutsix metershigh, the surroundingsof which, excepta small patchof ground,are coveredby brush or trees,the big tree in front of the residentialhouse is about1 Om high. Atmosphericcondition: temperature 20 0C, relativehumidity, 75%. Point a is located underbig tree, b, c, d are locatedat groundin front of the house, D-2 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult point e is under houseeaves. The transmissionline is crossingover the residential houseand bigtree. The measuredpower frequencyelectric field intensitydata at various measuring pointsare the following: Measuringpoints a b IC Id le Fieldintensity (V/m) 17.6 35.0 55.0 54.2 3.0 Measureddata analysis:As seenfrom measureddata at variouspoints, the power frequencyelectric field intensitiesin the vicinity of the residentialhouse and under the tree are all very low, far lowerthan the limitingvalue 3.0kV/m, prescribed in the criteria. Especiallythat of area (e point) closely neighbouringon the residential house is smallest. The powerfrequency field intensityat this level is safe and will not endangerthe humanbodies and livesof peoplesdwelling in the house. 2 Changsha 220kV Tianding Power Substation The Tianding Substation has been built on a small mountain in suburb with Changsha Municipality. With good afforestationinside of and near-by regions outside of the substation,the air is relativelyclean there. The monitoringitems carried out at the TiandingSubstation are: the measurementof ground power frequency field intensity at high voltage outgoing line side of the 220kV main transformerinside of the substation,and that in the vicinityof outgoingline outsideof the substationenclosure. , Measurement of ground power frequency field intensity at 220kV main transformerhigh voltage outgoing line sideinside of TiandingSubstation. The No.2 maintransformer in TiandingSubstation is a 220kV3-phase one with high voltage outgoingline 12.3mabove the ground.Over the measuringpoint (see Fig. D-3), there is suspensionframe for high voltageoutgoing line. The measuringpoints are selectedin the areabetween the two cementsupport pillars of the outgoingline suspension frame. During measurement,the measurementelectrode of field intensitymeter was 1.5m above the ground. Atmosphericconditions: temperature, 13 0C, relativehumidity, 80%. The groundmeasuring point distribution is shownin the followingsketch diagram: The measuredelectric field intensitydata at variouspoints are as the following: Measuring points a b c d e f g h i k I m n Field intensity0.8 2.5 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 2.3 1.0 (kV/m) D-3 HunanPower Development Pmject (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult Data analysis:As seenfrom measureddata at variouspoints, the max.value 4kV/rn is scarcelya half of the standardlimiting value of 1OkV/m. Therefore, this kind of field intensitylevel is safe to personnelwithin the substation.By comparison,the ground field intensityat the maintransformer high voltageside is higherthan that at main transformerin Shumulingsubstation. This is relevantto the arrangementof other electricequipment within the substationand variationof suspension-heightof main transformerhigh voltageconnecting conductor's etc. factors.Therefore, this sort of varianceis acceptable. 2. The measurementof electric field intensityat outside of Tianding Substation enclosure. The electricfield intensitymeasuring points outside of TiandingSubstation enclosure are selectedat high voltageoutgoing line sidewhere the groundfield intensityto be relatively larger. The Tianding Substation outgoing lines have seven circuits, arranged in parallel within the substation,arranged in triangular double-circuit outsideof substation.All measuringpoints are locatedat 4m a distancegreater than enclosureheight from outside of enclosure,with conductorsover them arranged basicallyin parallel. Due to the fact the arrangementof conductorsoutside of enclosure is basically the same, i.e. A1-B1-C1-A2-B2-C2-...-A-BrC', so the measuringarea is selectedin a typical range (as shown in Fig D-4), amongwhich the measuringpoints directly below A 2, B2, and C2 are respectively4.5m, 7m and 1Om from point0. Atmosphericcondition: temperature 130C, relative humidity 80%. The measureddata at variouspoints are the following: Distance from pointO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 (m)__ Fieldintensity (kV/m) 0.52 0.57 0.76 0.90 0.99 1.04 1.49 1.19 1.28 Distance from point9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 (m) __ Field intensity (kV/m) 1.39 1.47 1.53 1.50 1.42 1.33 1.37 1.18 0.97 Data analysis:The selectedmeasuring area is the relativelytypical segment in high voltage outgoing line side, so it can reflect the ground electric field intensity distributionof wholehigh voltageline side.The maximumfield intensityvalue among those measured1 .53kV/m, is smallerthan standardlimiting value 5kV/m. The power frequencyfield intensityat this level is safe andwill not incur any dangerousimpact D-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult to the environment outside of the substation. 3 220kV Tianding-Xiangshuibapower transmissionline. Measuring location: Middle interval between *3_24pylon of Tianding-Xiangshuba(T- X) line. Atmospheric conditions: ambient temperature, 130C relative humidity,75%. Line conditions: Tianding power substation bus voltage 220kV, double circuit on same pylon, arrangedtriangularly in positive sequence conductor height 19.2m. Data seen in following table. T-X line actually measured data (3~4 pylon) Measuring point, 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 ground distance (m) to middle phase Electric field intensity 1.46 1.44 1.38 1.28 1.16 1.02 0.87 0.73 0.60 0.49 0.39 (kV/m) 4 Predicted Results Predicted Results for Newly Built 220kV power transmission line ground electric field intensity LGJ-2X400150type conductor, voltage 220kV, conductor distant to ground 7.0m, predicting point Im above ground. The predicted results of ground EF for newly built 220KV transmission line X (m) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 V.EF (kV/m) 0.04 2.25 4.26 5.27 4.90 3.83 2.78 1.99 1.40 1.05 0.78 H.EF(kV/m) 1.12 1.10 0.82 0.18 0.40 0.55 0.46 0.34 0.23 0.16 0.11 remakes: X- distance from corridor centre; H.EF- electric field horizontal intensity; V.EF- electric field vertical intensity. Based upon the predicted results, the ground electric field maximum intensity is 5.27kV/m, at 6m from the corridor centre. At more than 12m from the corridor centre, the ground electric field intensity is lower than 3kVlm. compared with standard limiting value commended by China, the electric field intensity of newly-built and renovated 220kV power transmission line corridor is lower than standard limiting value. r D-5 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXD PowerConsult Conclusion: From monitoredresults of powerfrequency electric field intensityat Hunanprovince 220kV Tianding-Xiangshuibatransmission line and Changsha Municipality two 220kVpower substations, inside and outsideof the enclosure,the variousmeasured data all satisfythe requirementsof relevantChinese criteria. The predictedresults for newly-builtand renovated220kV transmission line corridorelectric field intensity are also all lower-thanrequirements of relevantcriteria. No dangerousimpact on surroundingresidents and environmentis predicted. D-6 APPENDIXE: LIST OF PUBLICPARTICIPANTS 1. Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consult Appendix E LIST OF PUBLICPARTICIPANTS Name Sex Address Profession Social Community Area Telephone Uu Menxiang Female New Guangxia village, Tianxin Clerk Changsha distridct City U Zhenyi Male ditto Clerk ditto Li Yunlan Male ditto Clerk ditto Tang Qilin Male NO.31 Wenchangge Worker ditto Wang Weiyun Male New Guangxia Clerk ditto Xu Qiaoyun Female Xiwenmiaoping, Tianxin district Accountant ditto Chao Deqing Male ditto Worker ditto Huang Male ditto Worker ditto Yongnian Yang Zhiming Maie NO.44 Dawangjiaxiang Driver Dito Cheng Yueping Male New Guangxia village, Tianxin Worker ditto district Zhang Shuyi Female ditto Accountant ditto Zhu Hehan Male ditto Worker ditto Chen Gongsa Male Xiwengmiaoping, Tianxi district Worker ditto Chen Shihui Male ditto ditto ditto Li Wang Female ditto ditto ditto Wang Keqin Male ditto ditto ditto Shu Yulian Male ditto ditto ditto Chen Changcun Female ditto ditto ditto Den Yifei Male ditto ditto ditto Fen Xianjue Male Xitang village, Xincheng town, Farmer ditto Wangcheng County Liu Deqiang Male ditto ditto ditto Liu Shigan Male dito ditto ditto Fen Lihui Female ditto dditto Fen Xianzi Male ditto difo ditto Xie Juying Female ditto ditto Yan Haiyan Female diKo ditto dmo Fen Shanwen Female ditto ditto Yan Qiwei Male ditto dio ditto Yan Haiyin Female ditto ditto Han Royun Male ditto ditto ditto Zhang Zuomei Female Xitang village, Xincheng town, ditto ditto Wangcheng county Din Xiaozhen Female ditto Fanner ditto Han Qushu Male diKto ditto ditto Fen Xiuhua Female ditto ditto ditto Zhu Jinwu Male diKto ditto ditto Zhu Defu Male ditto ditto dito Fen Guihua Female ditto ditto ditto Liu Kailin Male Yangtian village, Chashanba town, Farmer PCR Henyang City 'He Yinbiao Male ditto ditto ditto Fan Meirong Femaie ditto dito ditto He Qin Male ditto ditto ditto Yan Lechang Male ditto ditto ditto E-1 Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consuft Name Sex Address Profession Social CommunityArea |Telephone 'Chen YuanHuaMale ditto ditto ditto 'Lou Denwang Male ditto ditto ditto *Lou Xialin Male ditto ditto ditto 'Zhang Yunfan Female ditto ditto ditto *QiLongyun Male ditto ditto ditto 'Deng Uanyin Female ditto ditto ditto 'Lo Fanlin Male ditto ditto ditto 'Deng Deshen Male Xinhu village, Shitan town, Farmer ditto Hendongcounty 'Wang Xincun Male ditto ditto ditto 'Huang Unyin Female ditto dito ditto 'Wu Male ditto difto ditto TongGuang *Den Jianhua Male ditto ditto ditto *Den Yunxiang Maei ditto diKto ditto 'Den Wei Male ditto ditto ditto *Den Heping Male ditto ditto ditto 'Wu Zhong Maei ditto difto ditto *Wang Shenpin Male ditto diKto ditto 'Den Changfu Male ditto diKto ditto 'Den Yunxi Male ditto ditto ditto 'Den Xiaozhong male ditto ditto ditto *Den Xinwei Male ditto ditto ditto 'U Wengjun Male ditto ditto ditto 'He Sheyin Male ditto ditto ditto 'Liu Qiong Male ditto ditto dito 'Duan Jiabin Male ditto ditto ditto 'Yu Tinbo Male ditto ditto ditto 'Yan Denshou Male ditto difto ditto 'Duan Wentai Male Gaochong village,QuanxiFarmer ditto town,Hennancounty *Yu Xiaobuo Male dito ditto ditto |Xu Shumei Female ditto ditto ditto 'Zhu Meishun Male ditto ditto ditto 'Yu Zhikang Male ditto dito dito *Yu Tinxia Male ditto ditto ditto *Yu Zhida Male diKto ditto diKto 'Yi Binhong Male ditto ditto ditto *Yu Zhanzou Male difto ditto ditto 'Yu Zhishu Male ditto dito ditto Duan Shufen Male Xianglanvillage, Longtang town Teacher LeiyangCity 0734- 4862363 Zhang Mingen Male ditto Fanmer ditto Chen Minhan Male ditto ditto ditto Tan Qifa Male ditto Teacher ditto Chen Shuwen Female ditto ditto ditto Wu Fengjin Female ditto ditto ditto Chen Jiaqiang Male *ditto ditto ditto Cai Donglan Female ditto Farmer ditto ChenJuyuan Male ditto ditto ditto Wu Liezhan Male ditto Teacher ditto Cao Sancen Male ditto Farmer ditto Cao Linyi Male ditto dito ditto Cao Linxiang Male ditto Clerk ditto t E-2 Hunan Power DevelopmentProject (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consult Name Sex Address Profession|Social CommunityArea Telephone RuanMinyuan Male ditto Farmer I ditto ChenFei Male Fuxinvillage, Longtang town Cleri ditto XieYunshen Male ditto Farmer ditto UangChenfei Male Tieluvillage,Longtang town Farmer ditto Chen Male Fuxinvillage, Longtang town Farmer ditto Xianghong DengJianxun Male Zhanshuvillage, Zeqiao town Farmer ditto DengShuilin Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763040 Wan Zhenshen Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763355 DenShugen Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763277 U Zouguang Male ditto dktto ditto 0734- 4763022 DenXianren Male ditto ditto ditto DenJihe Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763045 Den Xianpin Male ditto ditto ditto Li Xunzhi Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763030 Den Zhanchen Male ditto ditto ditto 0734- 4763333 Wang Yingui Male Huanqiaovillage,Yitan town Farmer Changlincity 0734- 7225944 Li Unyin Male ditto ditto ditto Wang Male ditto ditto ditto Xiangshou Wang Xianghen Male ditto ditto ditto WanFanju Femaleditto d_tto ditto Li Yishen Male diito difto ditto Wang Male ditto ditto ditto Xiangshen Hu Bojia Male dito ditto ditto Wang Yinbiao Male ditto ditto ditto Wang Yinbong Male ditto diKto ditto Tang Shuangui Male ditto ditto ditto Yin Gouqiang Male ditto ditto ditto YinGouhua Male ditto ditto ditto ChenShaohua Male TaiDivillage, Jibin town, Hengyang Farmer Hengyang 0734- county City 6846751 Zhen Linyong Male ditto dito ditto Zhu Heyong Male ditto ditto ditto Zhu Renhe Male ditto ditto PCR ditto 0734- 6846784 Zhang Caokong Male ditto ditto ditto Lou Manxiu Female ditto ditto ditto Zhu Changshen Maie ditto ditto ditto Hu Xinai Female ditto ditto ditto Yang Tuangen Female'ditto ditto ditto Zhu Fashen Male ditto ditto ditto Zhu Huashen Male ditto ditto ditto Zhu Rongshen Male ditto ditto ditto Zhu Yuyi Male ditto ditto ditto E-3 Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consult Name Sex Address Profession SocialCommunity Area Telephone Tan Yuhui Male dito ditto ditto Zhu Pinyin Female ditto ditto ditto Wu Shuchang Male ditto ditto ditto Zhu Yunshen Male dftto difto ditto Yi Gaoteng Femaie Shanqiao village, Jibin town, Farmer ditto Hengyangcounty He Biao Male ditto ditto ditto Li Yan Male ditto Clerk dMo Tang Zhenpin Male ditto Farmer ditto Li Yan Female ditto ditto ditto Yi Hui Male ditto Lawyer ditto Wang Qinshen Male ditto Clerk ditto Yi Sanbin Male ditto Farmer ditto He Xiaochen Male ditto ditto ditto Xiao Yuzhen Female Shanqiao Town AgriculturalWorker ditto MachineAdministration Yang Bin Male ditto ditto ditto Lou Guopin Male ditto ditto ditto Liu Peide Male ditto Clerk ditto He Beiqin Male Shanqiaovillage, Shanqiao town Farmer dito Gen Fuyin Female ditto ditto ditto Den Chenshen Male ditto ditto ditto Yang Rongyue Male Zhugemiao village, Zeqiao town, Farmer Zishancity Zishandistrict Tang Menyun Female ditto ditto ditto Yang Beiqin Male ditto ditto ditto Yang Xinwei Male ditto ditto ditto Wang Yulan Female diMto difto ditto Yang Longchan Male ditto ditto ditto Lu Xaioyin Female difto ditto diito 0746- 6235722 Liu Qiqin Male ditto ditto ditto 0746- 6235722 Yang Lianrong Male ditto ditto ditto Zhan Zhishen Male ditto ditto difto 0746- 6235094 Hu Yufen Female ditto ditto ditto _ Yang Kewu Male ditto difto ditto Qin Yunqin Mate ditto ditto ditto 0746- 6236087 He Fen Male Jieluqiao Town Peolpes Clerk PCR diMto 0746- Govemment 6611400 Li Yuming Male ditto difto ditto Gu Jianse Male Tantang village, Jieluqiao Farmer dito town,Zishandistrict Liu Ricun Male ditto ditto ditto Gu Jianwei Male ditto ditto ditto Gu Wanlian Male ditto ditto ditto Sun Guolai Maie ditto ditto ditto Liu Shisan Male ditto dito ditto Sun Rihua Male ditto ditto ditto Sun Rishen Male ditto ditto ditto Liu Deshen Male ditto ditto ditto Qian Xinmin Male Wuxi Town ChenbeiOffice Clerk ditto 0746- f E-4 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXE PowerConsult Name Sex Address ProfessionSocial Community Area Telephone 3221050 JiangXinguo Male Changhongvillage, Wuxi town,Farmer diito 0746- Qiyangcounty 3231803 JiangSansun Femaleditto ditto ditto HuanLela Male ditto ditto ditto 0746- 3232103 ZhouCaofa Male diKto ditto ditto JiangBin Male ditto ditto diKto HuangRibao Male ditto ditto ditto JiangHuatian Male ditto ditto ditto ZhangXiaoming Male ditto ditto diKto DenAnshen Male WuxiTown People's Govemment Clerk diito 0746- 3224798 Wu Min Male Changhongvillage, Wuxi town,Farmer ditto Qiyangcounty Hu Dangshen Male ditto Farmer ditto Huang Male ditto ditto ditto Xiaoshen ZhanHepin Male ditto ditto PCR ditto CaoGuoqiang Male Gaomavillage, Gaoma town, Zbdn Farmer Chenzhou City city DuanYuyun Male Gaomatown People's Government Clerk ditto 0735- 3324880 LiQilin Male ditto ditto ditto 0735- 3321435 LiuWenhong Male Gaomavillage, Gaoma town, Zixin ditto ditto City CaoBailin Male ditto difto ditto CaoBaiyuan Male ditto ditto ditto CaoSonglin Male ditto ditto difto XiePinyin FemaleGaoma town People's Govemment Clerk ditto 0735- 3233380 Yun Xiaoming Male Gaoma village, Gaomatown, Zixin Farmer ditto City Cao Jinliun Male ditto ditto ditto Wu Xuenan Male ditto ditto ditto Cao Zhenyou Male ditto ditto ditto _ Wu Daiyun Male ditto ditto ditto Yuanzhihui Female ZixingCity GaomaTown Clerk Cenzhoucity People'sGovemment Miaoxiuming Female Ditto Ditto Cenzhoucity 3235339 Liuyuxiang Female Quanmei Village Panhong Town Farmer Ditto Jiahe County Zenghongzan Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Zengdeyuan Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Lishunhua Female DiKto Ditto Ditto Zengdewen Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Zengfuyuan Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Liushidun Male Guiyang County HuangshapinClerk Ditto 4572153 VillagePeople's Govemrnment Xiaociliang Male ZhoutaiVillage Huangshaping Farmer Ditto 4571842 Town GuiyangCounty Lihuihua Female Guiyang County HuangshapinClerk PCR Ditto VillagePeople's Govemment E-5 Hunan Power DevelopmentPmject (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consult Narne Sex Address ProfessionSocial Community Area Telephone Pengmuchun Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto WangyanmingMale Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Liquanfu Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 4572092 Hezhongyi Male Ditto Ditto Ditto 4571689 Hepeiguo Male DiKto Ditto Ditto 4571268 PengzhengpingMale GuiyangCounty Huangshaping Ditto Ditto 4571713 TownPower supply station Uuyunsheng Male SanggenVillage Huangshaping Farmer Ditto 4571978 Town Guiyang County Liuzouyi Maie ZhuzhouCounty Hongxian Town Clerk Ditto ZhouxiangpuoFemale Zhuzhou County Hongxian Ditto Ditto 7493407 TownPeople's Govemment ZengmiaohongFemale DiKto Ditto WomanUnion Ditto 7618767 ZhangfengzhenFemale Dito Ditto Ditto Zhangli FemaleDitto Accountant Dito 7493407 Fujixiang FemaleDitto Clerk DiKto Ujie Male Ditto Ditto 7616272 Yangyiwen Male Ditto Ditto Yingjian Male DiKto Ditto 7616399 LiuguangzhaoMale Ditto Ditto 7622055 YuangongqingMale IChengjiabaVillage Baiguan Farmer Ditto |TownZhuzhou County Yuanzhiwen Male Ditto Difto Ditto Guoyanfen FemaleDitto Ditto Ditto Luofuqiang Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Zhouteinui Male ZhuzhouCounty BaiguanTown Worker Ditto 7493147 Poweradministration station Yangduping Male Ditto Ditto Ditto 7493031 Hezongyuan Male DiKto Ditto Ditto Liuzhaoquan Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Yanglianke Male ChengjiabaVillage Baiguan Farmer Ditto TownZhuzhou County Huzhengwen Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Huyunlai Male Ditto Ditto Ditto DaizhongliangMale YaojiabaVillage Zhumushan DiKto Changde _ TownHanshou County city liujiafa Male Ditto Ditto PCR Ditto 2090174 xiewenling Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Dakzhongyou Male Ditto Ditto Ditto lichangsheng Male DiKto Ditto Ditto Liyingjin Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Mujingbao Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Daizhongqing Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Daizhongcai Male DiKto Ditto Ditto Lichongming Male Ditto DiKto Ditto Llqingbao Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Liyingfeng Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Daixingfang Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Liyishou Male DiKto Ditto Ditto Lihuojun Male Ditto Dito Ditto Liyingzhou Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Lilinglian Male Ditto DiKto D'to E-6 Hunan PowerDevelopmentPPmject(PartB) APPENDJXE Power Consult Name Sex Address ProfessionISocial Community Area Telephoner Daijiayi Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Yangriuyun Male Ditto Dffto Ditto Liujun Male Wangyue Vilage Beigang Town Ditto Yueyangcity 127? YueyanglouDistrict 2490060 Xiuyang Female Otang Development area Accountant Ditto 127? YueyanglouDistrict 1402798 Chenfuquan Male Wangyue Village Beigang Town Farmer Ditto 127? YueyanglouDistrict 2791178 Liuzhiyuan Male Wangyue Village Beigang Town Ditto Ditto 127? YueyanglouDistrict 1403154 Zhangzedong Male Ditto D'ito Ditto Zhouguoqing Male ditto Ditto 127? 2764068 Wuheping Male Yueyanglou District DevelopmentClerk Ditto 8261917 Area Office Yezhoujun Male ShihuaCO. Clerk Ditto 8269798 Yiyuemei Female Opuotang,Yueyanglou district Ditto Wushihua Femaie ditto Dfito DengzhiGao Male ditto Ditto 8260139 Lihuanying Female ditto Worker Ditto Huzhiyuan Female ditto Ditto Ditto Wanglaixiu Female ditto Ditto Ditto Liuya Female ditto Doctor Ditto Xiongwangxing Male Wangyue Village Beigang Town Farmer Difto Yueyanglou District Tanbingbang Male Ditto Ditto Difto Lixinglong Male Ditto Ditto Difto Wangweilin Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Wangpeiqi Male Ditto Dftto Ditto Wengjianxin Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Tangmeilan Female Ditto Ditto Difto Fanling FemaleDitto Ditto Ditto Panmanqi Male YanshouVillage Meixi Town Ditto Ditto Yueyanglou District Luyuying Female Ditto Ditto Dtto Uangbinxing Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Xumeng Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Yijingyuan Male Dinto Ditto Ditto Lixingchun Female Ditto Ditto Ditto Uyanzhong Male Ditto Ditto Ditto * Xuyujin Female Ditto Ditto Ditto Liuqingde Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Liuqihui Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Liujuying Female Ditto Di'to Ditto Liubin Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Sumin Female Ditto Ditto Ditto ChengzhongminMale XiyangTown Land Administration Clerk Loudicity 8314680 Liyouchun Male XiyangTown People'sGovemment DiKto Ditto 8374680 Zhuxinjun Male ShimaVillage Xiyang Town Farmer Ditto Zhaohongping Male QuanfengVillage Xiyang Town Ditto Dito Huangcaisan Male QuanfengVillage Xiyang Town Ditto Ditto Chengshuiyun Male HuashiVillage Xiyang Town Ditto Ditto r Pengbosong Male Dinto Ditto Ditto E-7 Hunan Power Development Project (Part B) APPENDIX E Power Consult Name Sex Address Profession SocialCommunity Area Telephone Wuxiangmin Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Wumeifu Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Wuguifu Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Qudaoping Male Liangchaxi Village Wusu DistrictDitto Huaihuacity YuanlingCounty Qupingjun Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Uyunjia Male Ditto Ditto Ditto LiyunChun Male Dftto Ditto Ditto Liyanqing Male Clerk Difto LiaWng Mal Liangchaxi Village Wusu DistrictFarmer Ditto Yuanling County Liguide Male Ditto Ditto Ditto Songxili Male ZhapingVillage Qiping Town Ditto Ditto Yuanfing County Quqingsheng Male Wusu districtoffice Clerk Ditto 4451094 Caijun Male Wusudistrict FinanceStation Ditto Ditto 4491085 Jidaixiang Male YuanlingCounty luoheping Ditto Ditto Town People'sGovemment Xiangbizhong Male Wusudistict FinanceStation Dfflo Ditto Xiangjinxing Male Wusu districtoffice Ditto Ditto 4451016 Huangxubing Male Liangchaxi Village Wusu DistrictFarmer Difto Yuanling County Qudaowan IMale Ditto X Ditto lDitto Liyunlin iMale Ditto Ditto Dftto ' are participantsat 3 points in Linhuto Baimalongn type joiningHenbei Substation lines (2x27km),which is substitutedby Matang t5o Chayuanit type joining HenbeiSubstation lines PCR=People'sCongress Representative E-8 I APPENDIXF: REFERENCES 1 HunanPower Development Project (Part B) APPENDIXF PowerConsult APPENDIXF REFERENCES (1) Hunan ProvincialElectric Power DesignInstitute, 1997, LeiyangPower Plant Phase li and ChangshaBOT Power Plant associatedTransmission Engineering Design. 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(16) Document Yueyang ExecutiveOffice [1997] No.22, Co-ordinatingmeeting recordson Dongfenghu220kV substation site optionand construction etc. (17) Document Changsha MunicipalityGovemment Office [1997] No.79, Co- ordinating meeting records on Wangcheng220kV substation site option and construction. (18) Meetingrecord on Hengbei220kV substation site optionand construction (Aug. 18,1997). (19) State Statistics Bureau,1997, China RegionalEconomics of reformingand openingfor 17 years,China Statistic Press, (20) YueyangStatistic Bureau Compilation, 1997, Yueyang Statistic Yearbook. 2 F-2