Index of Moneyers Represented in the Catalogue

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26016-9 — Medieval European Coinage Edited by Rory Naismith Index More Information

INDEX OF MONEYERS REPRESENTED IN THE CATALOGUE

Ordinary type indicates pages, bold type catalogue entries.

Abba (Chester) 1474 , (Mercia) 1300 Ælfwine (Bristol) 1984 , (Cambridge) 1820 , (Chester) Abenel 2355 , 2456 , 2487 1479 , (Chichester) 2291 , 2322 , (Cricklade) 2110 , Aculf (east midlands) 1667 (Huntingdon) 2138 , (London) 1937 , 1966 , 2140 , Adalaver (east midlands) 1668 –9 (Maldon) 1855 – 6 , (Thetford) 2268 , (Wilton) 2125 , 2160 , Adalbert 2457 –9 , (east midlands) 1305 –6 2179 Ade (Cambridge) 1947 , 1986 Æscman (east midlands) 1606 , 1670 , (Stamford) 1766 Adma (Cambridge) 1987 Æscwulf (York) 1697 Adrad 2460 Æthe… (London) 1125 Æ… (Chester) 1996 Æthel… (Winchester) 1922 Ælf erth 1511 , 1581 Æthelferth 1560 , (Bath) 1714 , (Canterbury) 1451 , (Norwich) Ælfgar (London) 1842 2051 , (York) 1487 , 2605 ; 303 Ælfgeat (London) 1843 Æthelgar 1643 , (Winchester) 1921 Ælfheah (Stamford) 2103 Æthelhelm (East Anglia) 940 , (Northumbria) 833 , 880 – 6 Ælfhere (Canterbury) 1228 –9 Æthelhere (Rochester) 1215 Ælfhun (London) 1069 Æthellaf (London) 1126 , 1449 , 1460 Ælfmær (Oxford) 1913 Æthelmær (Lincoln) 2003 Ælfnoth (London) 1755 , 1809 , 1844 Æthelmod (Canterbury) 955 Ælfræd (east midlands) 1556 , 1660 , (London) 2119 , (Mercia/ Æthelnoth 1561 –2 , (Canterbury) 1211 , (east midlands) 1445 , Wessex) 1416 , (niweport ) (Lincoln) 1898 , 1962 Ælfric (Barnstaple) 2206 , (Cambridge) 1816 –19 , 1875 –7 , Æthelræd 90 –1 , 1647 , 2488 , (Canterbury) 988 , 1234 , (East (Chichester) 2064 , (Exeter) 2137 , 2245 , (Hereford) 2254 , Anglia) 1025 , (London) 1716 , 1845 , (Mercia/Wessex) (Huntingdon) 1839 , (London) 1901 , (Norwich) 1912 , 1418 , (Wessex) 1288 (Southwark) 1859 Æthelric (Gloucester) 2077 , (Leicester) 2218 , (Oxford) 2010 , Ælfsige (Chester) 1733 , 2063 , 2320 , (Thetford) 2151 , 2094 (Winchester) 1728 , 1767 , 1920 Æthelsige 1507 , (Wessex) 1301 Ælfstan (Bedford) 1786 , (Bristol) 2169 –70 , (Chester) 1933 , Æthelstan (Bristol) 2169 – 70 , (southwest) 1739 , (York) 2126 1956 , (Exeter) 1836 –7 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1417 , 1646 , Æthelstan Loc (Winchester) 2054 (Totnes) 1860 , 1916 , (York) 2126 Æthelweald (London) 1009 , 1717 Ælfweald 1512 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1527 , (Norwich) 2069 , Æthelweard 1470 , (east midlands) 1607 , (London) 1938 , (Wilton) 2198 , 2270 , 2326 , 2349 (Northumbria) 872 – 4 , 887 Ælfweard (London) 2297 , (Wilton) 2271 Æthelwig (London) 2193 Ælfwig (Cambridge) 1948 –9 , 1988 , 2060 , 2073 –4 , 2161 , 2171 , Æthelwine (Bristol) 1985 , 2097 , (east midlands) 1668 , 2185 –6 , 2208 , (Hereford) 2255 , (London) 1965 , 2139 , 1671 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1419 , 1506 , 1528 , 2176 , 2193 (Oxford) 1722 875

876 Index of moneyers

Æthelwulf 1261 , (East Anglia) 943 , (London) 1098 , 1108 –11 , Beornhere (Mercia/Wessex) 1424 1127 , 1756 , (Mercia) 1405 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1420 , Beornmod (Canterbury) 1183 , 1226 (Wessex) 1290 , (Winchester) 1275 –6 , 1465 ; 171 Beornnoth (Rochester) 1206 Afra (Derby) 1510 Beornræd 2357 Agtard 1619 –20 Beornsige (Winchester) 1862 – 3 Aldates (Northumbria) 698 Beornweald (London) 1089 – 91 , (south-east midlands) 1287 , Amelinc (east midlands) 1542 (Wessex) 1291 , 1295 Amundr 1513 , 1549 , (Staf ord) 1749 Beornwig 1415 Anderboda (Winchester) 2272 , 2351 Beo…wulf (London?) 1086 Andreas (east midlands) 1672 (cf. Ondres) Bere… 2484 Ansigar 2461 –2 , 2490 –2 Berol (east midlands) 1438 Are (east midlands) 1543 , (Lincoln) 1605 Bese 1583 Arngrimr (York) 2084 , 2157 , 2167 –8 , 2180 Bioca (Mercia/Wessex) 1425 , (Wessex) 1302 Arnketill (York) 2310 , 2329 –30 Blaceman (Dorchester/Guildford) 2233 Asgautr (Cambridge) 2039 , 2086 , (York) 1980 Boe (Bedford) 1551 Ásketill (Cambridge) 1822 , (London) 1810 Boga 1564 , 1648 , (Canterbury) 1790 , (Derby) 1457 , 1710 , Asleikr (Lincoln) 2043 ; 248 (York) 1741 Atlee (York) 1807 Bogalet (Chester) 1475 Authgrimr (Lincoln) 1936 , 2221 , (York) 2016 , 2275 , 2311 , Boia (Wilton) 1726 2331 Bosa (East Anglia/east midlands) 1552 Auti (Lincoln) 2222 Bosel (Canterbury) 1184 Brandr (Wallingford) 2227 , 2269 Babba (Canterbury) 956 , 1004 , 1035 –6 Brece (Mercia) 1395 Baciager (east midlands) 1544 Bricstan (Malmesbury) 2008 Badda (east midlands) 1307 –23 Brid 1092 , (Hastings) 2087 , 2162 – 3 , 2214 , 2249 Bado 2493 Brother (Northumbria) 699 – 701 , 727 – 30 , 808 Baldric 1563 , 1629 , (Bedford) 1773 , (east midlands) 1446 , Bruning (Chester) 2321 , (Nottingham) 2009 1734 , (Northampton) 1639 , 1720 Brunman (Ipswich) 2293 , (Southwark) 2102 Beagmund (Canterbury) 1217 , (Rochester) 1190 –1 , 1195 –7 , Brunstan (London) 1939 , (Thetford) 2082 – 3 , (Winchester) 1202 1976 Beagstan (London) 1128 –32 Bruntat (Lincoln) 1963 Bealdhere 2371 Brunwine (Wallingford) 2197 Bealdwine (Bedford) 1635 Burdel (Norwich) 1484 Belci (east midlands) 1437 Burhhelm (Mercia/Wessex) 1426 , 1489 Benethiht (east midlands) 1673 –4 Burhræd (London) 2141 Beolan (York) 1780 Burhwine (Wallingford) 2307 Beorht… (Wallingford) 2124 Beorhtferth (east midlands) 1675 Capelin/Cawelin (east midlands) 1676 Beorhtlaf (London) 1902 –3 Carthen (east midlands) 1677 Beorhtmær (London) 2046 , (Rochester) 1869 , (Wallingford) Centwine (Wilton) 2332 2306 , (Winchester) 1873 Ceolbald (Northumbria) 654 Beorhtræd (London) 2047 , 2120 Ceolbeorht (Mercia/Wessex) 1529 Beorhtric (Cambridge) 2334 , (Wallingford) 1723 , Ceolheard (London) 1041 , 1070 , 1078 (Winchester) 1975 Ceolnoth (Cissbury) 1958 , (London) 1846 Beorhtsige (London) 1811 Ceolwulf (London) 1112 Beorhtstan (Hereford) 1895 Cild (Bedwyn) 2207 , 2278 ; 239 Beorhtweald (Oxford) 2323 Clac (East Anglia/east midlands) 1553 Beorhtwig (Malmesbury) 2299 , 2345 Clip (Wessex) 1396 , 1448 Beorhtwine (London) 2165 , 2264 Cniht (Cambridge) 1924 , 1989 – 90 Beorhtwulf 1582 Coenræd (London) 1099 , 1113 – 14 , 1124 , 1137 , Beorn 2483 (Northumbria) 809 , 900 – 13 Beornferth (East Anglia) 944 , 949 –50 Cristin (Mercia/Wessex) 1530 , 1584 Beorngar (Mercia/Wessex) 1422 Crucan (York) 2056 , 2071 Beornheah (Canterbury) 1230 , (East Anglia) 953 , (London) Cuthbeorht (Mercia) 1268 – 70 , (Northumbria) 810 1133 –6 Cuthgisl (Northumbria) 655 ; 118 , 119 Beornheard (Derby) 1456 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1423 , (York) 2608 Cuthheard (Northumbria) 656 , 659 ; 118 , 119 , 121 Beornhelm (Wessex) 1296 , (Winchester) 1277 Cynehelm (London) 1100 , 1138

Index of moneyers 877

Cynemund (Northumbria) 731 –2 Eadwig (Dover) 2041 , (London) 1967 Cynesige (London) 1797 –8 Eadwine (Cambridge) 1826 – 7 , 1878 – 84 , 2017 – 18 , (Dover) Cynestan (Dover) 2076 2042 , (London) 1968 , 2298 , 2342 , (Northumbria) 670 – 7 , Cynewulf (Northumbria) 660 –5 , 875 (Oxford) 1724 Eadwulf 1471 , (London) 1147 , (Northampton) 1640 , 1720 , Dægbeorht (Northumbria) 666 –9 , 1218 (Northumbria) 876 – 9 Dægheah (Canterbury) 1199 Ealdgar (London) 1941 Dægmund 2463 –6 Ealdræd (Malmesbury) 1857 Dealla (Canterbury) 1054 Ealdwine (Malmesbury) 2223 Deneheah (London) 1093 Ealhhere (Canterbury) 1237 , (Northumbria) 724 – 6 , 811 – 12 Deora 1282 , (Canterbury) 1192 Ealhmund (London) 1014 – 17 Deorhelm (Canterbury) 1235 Ealhstan (Rochester) 1081 – 2 , (Wessex) 1397 Deorman (Steyning) 2265 –7 , 2302 –3 Eama (London) 1049 Deormod (Canterbury) 964 –5 , 1185 Ean … (London) 1094 Deorweald (Canterbury) 1262 –4 , 1266 , (Wessex) 1292 – 3 Eanmund (London) 1071 Deorwine (Thetford) 1945 Eanræd (London) 1097 , (Northumbria) 733 – 53 Deorwulf (Canterbury) 1236 , (London) 1101 , 1115 , 1139 Eanweald (Wessex) 1174 Diga (London) 1140 –2 Eanwulf (east midlands) 1678 – 9 , (Rochester) 1083 , Dilion (Hereford) 1896 (Northumbria) 834 – 5 Diola (London) 1037 , 1042 Eardwulf (Northumbria) 821 – 31 , 921 , (Staf ord) 1477 – 8 ; 121 Doda (east midlands) 1324 Earnwulf (Mercia/Wessex) 1429 Domenc 1565 , 1621 , (east midlands) 1325 , 1545 Ecbald (East Anglia) 1028 Dryhtweald (Mercia/Wessex) 1427 Ecgbeorht (Mercia/Wessex) 1430 Dud (London) 1010 –12 ; 378 Ecghun (East Anglia) 1029 Duda 1249 , (Canterbury) 957 , 960 –1 , 1043 , 1832 , (London) Efe (East Anglia) 928 ; 137 1116 Efeireos (Mercia/Wessex) 1532 Dudda (Canterbury) 1224 –5 , 1231 , (East Anglia) 941 –2 , 945 , Eicmund (Canterbury) 993 ; 198 (London) 1103 , 1143 Elda 2358 –9 , 2375 – 9 Dudecil (London) 1103 –4 , 1117 , 1170 Engelberd (Mercia/Wessex) 1533 Dudel (Exeter) 1934 Eoba (Canterbury) 999 – 1000 , 1005 – 6 , 1044 – 6 , 1171 – 2 ; 138 Dudeman 1566 Eoferheard (Mercia) 1750 Dudig 1567 , (Mercia) 1271 , 1285 Eofermund 1649 , (Mercia) 1399 – 1400 , 1617 , (Shrewsbury) Duding (Huntingdon) 1754 , (London) 1246 1462 Dudwine (Canterbury) 1220 , (London) 1144 –6 Eoferwulf (Tamworth) 1711 Dunn (Rochester) 1073 , 1181 , 1203 –4 Eorlwine (Bath) 2277 Dunning (Hastings) 2190 –1 , 2215 , 2250 –2 Eoroth 1746 Dunstan (Exeter) 1891 –3 Eretcod (London) 1072 Durand (York) 1740 Eroth (Mercia/Wessex) 1534 Estmær (Worcester) 2274 Eadgar (Canterbury) 973 , (East Anglia) 1075 , 1084 , 1087 Etram (or Martin?) (York) 1494 D Eadhelm (London) 1799 Eadhun (London) 1013 Fargrimr (York) 2031 – 2 Eadmær (Exeter) 2091 –2 Farman (Dublin) 2615 – 18 , 2622 – 3 , (east midlands) Eadmund (Cambridge) 1823 , (Canterbury) 1452 , (East 1546 , 1608 , 1680 , (London) 2068 , (York) 2606 ; 204 , Anglia) 946 , 951 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1428 , 1514 , 1580 , 282 , 331 (York) 1624 Fastulfr (Dublin) 2613 , (York) 1741 – 3 Eadnoth (East Anglia) 931 , 933 , 936 , 1026 –7 , 1085 , Folcard (East Anglia) 1758 (Huntingdon) 2001 Folcnoth (Northumbria) 702 Eadræd (London) 2048 , 2187 Folcræd (Mercia/Wessex) 1431 Eadric (Cambridge) 1824 –5 , (Exeter) 1838 , (London) 2023 , Forthræd (Northumbria) 704 – 9 , 755 – 60 , 813 – 15 , 832 2049 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1531 Fredard 1609 , (East Anglia/east midlands) 1554 Eadsige (Dover) 2040 , (Exeter) 2021 Frithubeorht (Southampton) 1464 Eadstan 1515 , (Bath) 1874 Frithuric 1745 , (Derby) 1747 Eadweald (Canterbury) 1833 –4 , 1888 , 2062 , (East Anglia) Frodgar 1585 952 , (London) 1904 , 1940 , 2004 , 2024 , (Mercia) 1272 –3 Fugel (East Anglia/east midlands) 1555 Eadweard (Cambridge) 2209 , 2238 –9 , 2279 –81 , (Canterbury) Fulrad (Mercia/Wessex) 1535 2135 , 2337 , (Lewes) 2192 …fwine 1870

878 Index of moneyers

Gadutels (Northumbria) 710 –12 Hereræd (Northumbria) 678 – 84 , (Wilton) 2228 Garheard 1482 , (London) 1303 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1432 Herewig 1588 , (Bedford) 1636 Garwulf (London) 1304 Herolf (York) 1744 Gielog (York) 1781 Herric (east midlands) 1411 Gillaisu 1575 , (Chester) 1708 Hild (Melton Mowbray) 1805 Gis (east midlands) 1509 Hildulfr 1568 , (east midlands) 2607 , (Huntingdon) 1637 Goda (Ilchester) 1793 , (London) 2088 , (Lydford) 1910 , Hrafn (York) 1743 , 2112 , 2204 (Shaftesbury) 2029 Hreitharr 1651 Godcild (Watchet) 2106 Hrothbeorht (Mercia) 1406 Goding (Mercia/Wessex) 1536 Hrothulfr (midlands) 1735 , (York) 2609 – 11 Godlamm (Cambridge) 2318 Huna (Malmesbury) 2026 , 2080 Godleof (Stamford) 2013 , (Thetford) 2304 Hundulfr (York) 1866 Godman (London) 2050 , 2194 , (Winchester) 2200 Hunferth (Canterbury) 990 – 2 Godric (Cambridge) 1885 –6 , (Hertford) 1897 , (Huntingdon) Hunlaf (Hereford) 1476 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1433 , 2175 , (London) 1847 , 2005 , 2079 , 2121 , 2262 , (Lydford) (Northumbria) 816 , 914 – 19 ; 121 1971 , (Lympne) 1911 , (Salisbury) 2224 , (Southwark) Hunræd (Canterbury) 1221 , (east midlands) 1597 – 8 , 1603 ; 1915 205 Godsbrand (Shrewsbury) 2225 Hunsige 1548 Godserres 1622 Hunstan (Cambridge) 1789 , 1828 Godsunu (London) 2166 Husca 2502 Godwine (Bedford) 2234 , 2236 , (Cambridge) 2188 –9 , Hussa (London) 1120 , 1154 2282 –3 , 2319 , 2335 , (Canterbury) 1932 , (Gloucester) Hwætræd (Northumbria) 685 – 90 1894 , 1999 , (Lewes) 2256 –7 , (London) 1800 , 1848 , 1872 , Hygebeald (Shrewsbury) 1463 2025 , 2263 , (Salisbury) 1973 , 2027 , 2053 , 2081 , 2089 , Hygeræd (London) 1105 , 1119 2123 , (Staf ord) 2324 –5 , (Stamford) 2104 , (Thetford) 2348 , (Warminster) 1974 , (Wilton) 1861 , (Winchester) Ibba (London) 1018 1864 , 2154 , 2201 –2 , 2273 Ifa (Wessex) 1175 Godwine Ceoc (Winchester) 2090 Inga 2505 Goldsige (London) 2142 Ingalbert 1589 Goldstan (Lewes) 1764 Ingalric 1652 Goldus (Salisbury) 1944 , 2011 , (Wilton) 1918 Ingelgar (York) 1526 , 1547 , 1569 , 1602 ; 204, 205 Goldwine (Winchcombe) 2309 Ingolfr (east midlands) 1685 – 6 ; 349 Gota (east midlands) 1439 Iohannes 1409 Grimr 1650 , (Bedford) 1752 , (Lincoln) 1899 Ioketill (York) 2158 , 2205 , 2312 Grimulfr (York) 2033 –4 Iol 1653 , (York) 2181 , 2231 Grimweald (London) 1461 , 1483 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1537 Isenberht (east midlands) 1687 Grith (east midlands) 1681 Isengod (Exeter) 1998 Gundbert 2469 Ive (east midlands) 1688 Gundferth 1586 Gunter (east midlands) 1326 –36 Ketill (Exeter) 1868 Guthhere (London) 1148 Kolgrimr (Lincoln) 1900 ; 244 Guthmund (Canterbury) 1238 Landbeorht (Southampton) 1765 Hacuf (east midlands) 1682 Landferth 1706 , (east midlands) 1665 Harcer (east midlands) 1683 Landuc (east midlands) 1337 – 44 Harthacnut (Lincoln) 2067 Lel e (London) 1155 Heabeorht (Canterbury) 1007 Lenna (east midlands) 1689 Heahwulf (London) 1118 , 1149 –52 , 1849 Leodmær (Winchester) 2155 , 2203 Hebeca (Canterbury) 986 , 1239 ; 153 Leofa (Canterbury) 1222 Heming 2470 Leofhelm 1630 Herebeald (Canterbury) 1193 , 1200 Leoi ng 1508 , 1705 , 2085 , (Canterbury) 1791 , 1835 , (east Herebeorht (East Anglia) 1062 –3 , 1076 midlands) 1738 , (Ipswich) 2066 , (London) 2143 , 2183 , Hereferth (Canterbury) 1265 , (London) 1153 , 1250 , 1267 (Thetford) 2030 , (Wilton) 2107 , (Winchester) 2229 – 30 , Hereger (York) 1601 , 1628 , 1698 –702 , 1772 2327 –8 Heregod (Oxford) 2195 Leofman (Caistor) 1788 , (Ipswich) 1794 , 1961 , (London) 1106 Heremand (east midlands) 1684 Leofnoth (Cambridge) 1829 , (Gloucester) 2248 , (London) Heremod 1587 , (Wallingford) 1725 1850 , 1905

Index of moneyers 879

Leofric 2114 , (Lymne) 1854 , (Stamford) 2347 , (Thetford) Odilo (Northumbria) 720 , 789 – 90 2152 Ondres 1570 (cf. Andreas) Leofsige (Cambridge) 1925 –7 , 1991 –4 , (Chester) 2020 , Ordric (Hereford) 2000 (London) 2343 , (Nottingham) 2110 a Osbeorn (Mercia) 1401 Leofstan 1590 , 2108 , 2116 , (Canterbury) 1792 , 1867 , 2211 , Osferth (Thetford) 1784 (London) 1906 , 1969 , 2059 , (Worcester) 2156 Osgeat (Cambridge) 2039 , 2086 Leofthegn (Bedford) 2235 , (Northumbria) 761 –81 ; 122 Oshere (Canterbury) 1241 Leofweald (Ipswich) 2191A , (London) 1156 , 1251 , (Wilton) Osmod (Canterbury) 1008 1727 , 1806 , (Winchester) 1865 ; 243 Osmund (London) 1121 – 2 , 1158 , 1201 , 1209 , (Norwich) 2100 Leofweard (Lewes) 2258 Osric (Wessex) 1227 Leofwig (London) 1970 Osweald (Lewes) 2219 – 20 , 2259 – 60 , 2340 – 1 , (Norwich) 1972 Leofwine (Bedford) 1982 –3 , (Bristol) 2072 , 2333 , Osweard 1654 (Canterbury) 2019 , (Chester) 1889 , 1957 , (Hastings) Oswig (Bedford) 1787 2164 , (Lewes) 1841 , (Lincoln) 1964 , 2078 , (London) Oswine 1520 1801 , 1907 , 2144 , (Norwich) 2300 , (Stamford) 2177 , Oswulf 1655 , (London) 1095 , 1802 (Warwick) 2105 , (Wilton) 2153 , 2308 , (Winchester) Othelric 1521 1977 , 2118 Otic (Winchester) 1485 , 1642 Leofwine Horn (Rochester) 2301 Lil (Canterbury) 985 Pada 15 –21 ; 43, 56 Ludig 2380 –3 Pitit (east midlands) 1345 – 65 Ludoman (London) 1050 Lul (East Anglia) 930 , 1030 –1 , 1038 , 1064 –5 ; 137 Rædmund (London) 1088 , 1187 – 8 Lulla 1252 , (London) 1019 –20 , 1157 , 1167 Randulf 1591 Luning (Canterbury) 996 –8 , 1240 Regenhere (East Anglia) 935 Lyi ng (London) 1908 Regenweald (Mercia/Wessex) 1539 , 1558 Lytelman (Ipswich) 1808 Regther 1655 Reinald (east midlands) 1693 , (Exeter) 1715 , (York) 1466 – 9 , Mægenferth 1472 , (Chester) 1481 1488 , 1494A – C ; 203 Mægræd 1519 Reinulf (Wessex) 1294 , (Winchester) 1779 Mældomen 1516 –17 , (Chester) 1453 Riculf 1571 , 2369 , (Norwich) 2101 Mærten (Chester) 1454 Rihiard 1473 Magnard (south-east midlands) 1298 , (Mercia/Wessex) Rodbeorht (Winchester) 1729 1413 –14 Man 1610 –11 , (Canterbury) 1212 , 1232 , 2290 , (Derby) 1748 , Sæbeorht (Canterbury) 977 – 9 , 1047 – 8 , 1051 (East Anglia) 932 , 934 , 937 –9 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1434 , Sæferth (Canterbury) 1242 1518 , 1538 , (Northumbria) 713 –19 , 782 –8 , 817 –18 , 836 , Sæfugol (York) 2113 (Norwich) 2052 , (Tamworth) 1712 , (Wallingford) 1641 Sækollr (Cambridge) 2210 , 2240 – 1 , 2284 – 5 , 2336 Manan (east midlands) 1690 –2 Sæwine (Exeter) 1959 , 2213 , (Salisbury) 1946 , (Wilton) 1871 , Mancrent (Northampton) 1775 –6 1919 , (Winchester) 2099 Mang (London) 1001 –2 ; 134 Saraweard (east midlands) 1442 , 1614 Mangod 1618 , 1631 Sedeman 1644 , (east midlands) 1666 Mani (Salisbury) 2012 Serclos 1645 Manin 1604 Siduwine (Cambridge) 1830 , (Rochester) 1815 Manning (Rochester) 1207 , (Norwich) 1858 Sigebeorht (Canterbury) 958 – 9 , 962 Mantat (Northampton) 1721 Sigeboda (Winchester) 1979 Martin 2485 , (York?) 1494D Sigeferth (Canterbury) 1243 Matathan Balluc (Lincoln) 2044 Si(ge)gar 1450 , 1522 , 1573 Megga (Derby) 1458 Sigegod (Bedford) 2237 , (London/Wessex) 1283 Menen (York) 1785 Sigehelm (Canterbury) 994 Sigeræd (niweport ) 2184 Norbert (east midlands) 1612 Sigestef (Canterbury) 1058 Nothel (east midlands) 1613 Sigeweald 1523 Si(ge)weard 1491 Oba (Canterbury) 1055 –7 , 1074 , 1178 , 1186 Simun 2384 –8 Oda (east midlands) 1440 –1 , (Winchester) 1978 , 2015 , (York) Skuli (York) 2182 1742 , 1768 –9 Skurfa 1572 Odalbert 2506 Smala (east midlands) 1447 , 1492 – 3

880 Index of moneyers

Snæbjorn (York) 2313 Warner (east midlands) 1366 – 74 Sperling (east midlands) 1600 , 1632 Wealdferth (Ipswich) 1795 – 6 Spileman (Southampton) 1914 Wealdwulf (east midlands) 1375 Spror (East Anglia) 1759 Wealhheard (Rochester) 1208 , 1210 Sumarlithr (Thetford) 2226 , 2305 Weard (east midlands) 1412 , 1494 Sunnulfr (York) 2035 Wendelbeorht (Northumbria) 791 – 9 , 819 – 20 Svartbrandr (Lincoln) 2022 Weohthun (Wessex) 1176 ; 145 Svertingr (Norwich) 1943 Werheard (Canterbury) 963 , 995 , 1052 – 3 Swefheard (Canterbury) 980 –1 , 1179 Wicing (Exeter) 2246 – 7 , (Worcester) 2317 Sweting (London) 1851 –2 , 1909 Widbold 2473 Wigferth (east midlands) 1694 – 5 Tata (Canterbury) 1244 Wigheard (Mercia/Wessex) 1436 , 1540 – 1 ; 199 Tatel (London) 1096 ; 160 Wighelm 1559 Teothræd 1576 Wigræd 561 –5 ; 103 Theodgar (Lewes) 1774 Wihtnoth (Wessex) 1177 Theodmær 1574 , (east midlands) 1599 ; 205 Wihtræd (East Anglia) 1032 – 4 , 1039 – 40 , 1066 – 7 , Thorfrithr 1592 , (midlands) 1736 –7 (Northumbria) 721 – 2 , 800 – 2 Thorgrimr (Lincoln) 2109 , (York) 2057 Wilbeorht (east midlands) 1633 Thorketill (East Anglia) 1760 , (Wilton) 2199 Wilfrith (east midlands) 1616 Thorlakr (east midlands) 1443 Wilgrip (London) 2145 Thormothr 1577 –8 , (Chester) 1709 , 1997 , (east midlands) Wilheah (Northumbria) 692 , (Rochester) 1205 1662 , (York) 1626 Willuf (east midlands) 1376 – 87 , 1444 Thorr (York) 2314 Wilnoth (Canterbury) 1223 Thorstein (Stamford) 2014 , (York) 1731 Wilræd (East Anglia) 929 , 1003 ; 134 Thorulfr 1623 , (York) 1625 Wilsige 1524 , (Mercia) 1751 Throndr (Chester) 2339 Wine 1280 , (London) 1107 Tidbeorht (Canterbury) 966 –7 , 1059 –61 , 1180 Winegar 2474 –7 , (east midlands) 1388 – 9 Tidhelm (London) 1159 Winel (east midlands) 1390 – 4 Tidwine (Northumbria) 691 Winemær 1656 – 8 , 1707 , (east midlands) 1696 Tidwulf (Northumbria) 657 –8 Winig 2392 –3 Tila (London) 1289 , (Mercia/Wessex) 1435 Winoth (London) 1021 – 2 Tilbeorht 566 –8 ; 103 Winus (Wilton) 2350 Tiluweald 580 Witherwine (York) 2036 – 7 Tilwine (London) 1259 Wlancthegn (Leicester) 2002 Tirweald (London/Canterbury) 1023 –4 , (Rochester) 1216 Wodel (East Anglia) 1068 , 1077 Tirwulf (Canterbury) 1245 Wulf (Lincoln) 2098 Tocga (Canterbury) 987 Wulfbeorn (Lincoln) 2261 Torhthelm 1490 Wulfgar (Cambridge) 1831 , ( dyr) 2136 , (London) 1853 , Torhtmund (Canterbury) 989 (Stamford) 1777 Torhtwulf (Canterbury) 1213 –14 Wulfheard (Canterbury) 1233 , (London) 1123 , 1160 – 4 , Twicga (East Anglia) 947 –8 (Northumbria) 693 – 7 , (Wessex) 1398 , 1403 , (Winchester) 1486 ; 197 Ucede (York) 2058 Wulfhelm (Ipswich) 1840 Udd (Canterbury) 954 Wulfmær (Hertford) 1753 , (Romney) 2346 , Uglubarthr 1704 (Totnes) 1917 Ulfketill (York) 2276 , 2315 , 2352 –3 Wulfnoth (Dorchester) 1890 , (Winchester) 2055 , (York) Ulfketill the Thegn (York) 2232 2038 ; 243 Ulfr (Lincoln) 2294 –6 Wulfræd (Canterbury) 2338 , (London) 1165 , 1247 , (Mercia) Unbein 1593 , (east midlands) 1615 1402 , (Northumbria) 723 , 803 – 4 , 837 , 922 – 6 , (Wessex) 1284 , 1286 , 1297 , (Winchester) 1278 – 9 Vanimundus 22 –5 ; 43 , 56–7 Wulfric (Chichester) 2212 , 2243 , 2292 , (Hastings) 2253 , (Huntingdon) 2216 – 17 , (Malmesbury) 1718 , (Steyning) Wærlaf 1550 2196 Wærstan 1627 Wulfsige 1595 , (Cambridge) 1887 , 1928 – 31 , 1950 – 5 , Warcred 1410 1995 , (Exeter) 1960 , (London) 2146 , (Mercia) 1404 , Warengot 1408 , 1594 (Northumbria) 805 – 6

Index of moneyers 881

Wulfstan 1525 , 1579 , 1659 , (Canterbury) 2174 , (Chester) 1455 , Wynbeorht (Mercia) 1274 , 1299 , 1407 , (Northumbria) 1480 , (Exeter) 1935 , (London) 1803 , 1942 , 2006 839 –41 Wulfwig (Cambridge) 2286 –8 Wynhelm 1596 Wulfwine (Cambridge) 2061 , 2075 , 2134 , 2172 –3 , 2242 , Wynhere (Canterbury) 982 – 4 (Lincoln) 2045 , (London) 2007 Wynsige (Winchester) 1730 Wyltsige 1495 Wynstan (Salisbury) 2028 , 2070

GENERAL INDEX

The index covers mainly personal and place names, together with unusual denominations, texts and selected thematic topics. It does not cover more generic references to standard denominations, except where such terms are explained or discussed in detail. Personal and place names are given in the form used in the text, with cross-references where appropriate. Names of modern scholars have been included selectively, while names in the section ‘Collectors, donors and dealers’ are not included. Individual moneyers are only included when discussed in the main text; see the separate index above for occurrences in the catalogue. Coin hoards and other i nds referred to in the main text are indexed by place name; those in the catalogue are indexed separately below. Æ is indexed as ‘ae’, and eth (ð) and thorn (þ) as ‘th’.

Abbo, moneyer 53 Æthelred, archbishop of Canterbury 169, 172 ; 988 – 9 Abergavenny, Monmouthshire 312 Æthelred, ealdorman of the Mercians 165 Adamson, John 113 Æthelred, king of the East Angles 147, 164 , 287 ; 953 Aegean Sea 27 Æthelred II, king of the English 16 , 211-12 , 215 , 231 , 247 , 316 Ælfgifu of Northampton 213 coinage of 9, 15 , 217, 223 , 228, 249 , 261-8, 331; 1784 – 981 Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury 253 Agnus Dei type 218 , 223 , 236 , 243 , 246 , 247 , 249, 266-7 , Ælfric of Cerne/Eynsham 13 , 215, 363 333 Ælfthryth, queen of the English 212 Benediction Hand type 231 , 249, 262 , 263 Ælfwald I, king of the Northumbrians 118 ; 651 –3 Crux type 231 , 238 , 244, 259 , 264-5 , 331 Ælfwald II, king of the Northumbrians 118, 119 , 123 , 124; 659 First Hand type 227 , 262, 263 Ælfwynn, daughter of Æthell æd 200 First Small Cross type 236 , 249 , 261 Ælfweard, king of the West Saxons 177 Hand types 218-19 , 233 , 249 , 261-3; see also Benediction Ælle, king of the Northumbrians 112 , 120 , 124 Hand , First Hand and Second Hand types æsðe, unidentii ed mint-place 346 Helmet type 223 , 231 , 233 , 234 , 245, 249 , 265-6, 329 Æthelbald, archbishop of York 298 Intermediate Small Cross type 223 , 233 , 248 , 249, 265 Æthelbald, king of the Mercians 6 , 64, 100 , 128 , 129 Last Small Cross type 223 , 227 , 231 , 238 , 244 , 246, 247, Æthelbald, king of the West Saxons 147, 157, 158 249 , 252 , 267-8, 329 Æthelberht, archbishop of York 117 Long Cross type 231 , 244 , 245, 249 , 259 , 260, 265 , 319, Æthelberht (Alberht) I, king of the East Angles 136 321, 329 , 332-3 Æthelberht II, king of the East Angles 136 ; 930 Pointed Helmet type 233 , 247 , 268 Æthelberht I, king of Kent 39 , 40 , 50 , 67 , 97 Second Hand type 227 , 233 , 234 , 249 , 262-3 Æthelberht II, king of Kent 129 Small Cross types 223 Æthelberht, king of the West Saxons 147, 157 , 158-9, 161 ; Small Crux type 264 1217 –25 Transitional Crux type 264 Æthelferth, moneyer 303; 1487 , 1605 Æthelred, king of the Mercians 40, 64 , 97 Æthell æd, lady of the Mercians 9 , 165, 174, 182 , 196 , 199 , Æthelred I, king of the Northumbrians 118 , 119 280, 302 Æthelred II, king of the Northumbrians 112 , 119 , 120, 121 , Æthelfrith, king of the Northumbrians 111 122, 123, 125; 724 – 807 , 821 – 32 Æthelheard, archbishop of Canterbury 135, 138 , 140 , 141 ; 970 –5 Æthelred, king of the Northumbrians known solely from Æthelheard, king of the West Saxons 163 coins (?) 119

882

General index 883

Æthelred I, king of the West Saxons 145 , 147, 155 , 159, 161-3 , Antenor II, patrician of Provence 84 177 Anthemius, Roman emperor 25, 33 Æthelstan, king of the East Angles 146, 163-4; 932 –9 Appledore, Kent, hoard 222, 229, 272-3 Æthelstan, king of the English 6, 154, 158 , 163 , 174, 177 , 280, Arcadius, Roman emperor 32 290 Armagh, Co. Armagh, Ireland 11 coinage of 179, 180 , 181 , 182 , 187 , 189 , 194, 201-4 , 207, 233 , Armes Prydein 315 260, 263 , 303 ; 1408 –1505 Arundel, Sussex, hoard 228 Æthelthryth, saint 40 Ascall mac Ragnaill, king of Dublin 325 Æthelwald ‘Moll’, king of the Northumbrians 117 Ásfrithr, moneyer 243 Æthelweard, king of the East Angles 146, 148, 164 ; 940 – 2 Ashdon, Essex, hoard 283 , 288 , 291 , 292, 462 Æthelwold, saint, bishop of Winchester 16, 178 , 212 , 263 Aslakr, moneyer 248 ; 2043 Æthelwold, claimant to the West Saxon throne 177 Assandun , battle of (1016) 212 possible coinage from York 293 , 294; 2576 Asser of St David’s 158 , 166 , 173 Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons 145 , 147, 148 , 152-3, 155 , Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, hoard 80 , 88 , 95, 97 156 , 157-8, 165 ; 1192 –1216 Atholl, Scotland 309 Æthelwulf, moneyer 171; 1098 , 1108 –11 , 1127 Augustine of Canterbury, saint 39 Æthelwulf, ninth-century poet 112 Augustus, Roman emperor 136 Aëtius, Roman commander 25 Auxerre, France 95 Africa 27, 28 Axbridge, Somerset 338 Aidan, saint 39 Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 218 , 338 Ailesbury, marquess of 311 Aiskew, North Yorkshire, hoard 132 bacaudae 31 Alba, kingdom of 5 , 177 , 309-10, 380 Baldred, king of Kent 131 , 141 , 142-3, 152; 964 – 7 Alberht see Æthelberht I, king of the East Angles Bamburgh, Northumberland 111 Alcuin of York, saint 112 , 128 , 278-9 earls of 111 , 309 Aldborough, Norfolk, hoard 80, 83, 96, 97 Bangor, Gwynedd 311 Aldfrith, king of Lindsey 96 ‘barbarous radiates’, coins 24 Aldfrith, king of the Northumbrians 57 , 83, 85, 96, 105 , 114 , Barlow, Frank 219 116 ; 628 –30 Barnstaple, Devon 206, 210 , 235 , 338 ; 2206 Aldhelm of Malmesbury 63 Bath, Somerset 168 , 173 , 182, 189 , 192 , 196 , 206 , 210 , 260, Aldred, provost of Chester-le-Street 364 338 ; 1281 , 1714 , 1773 , 1874 , 2277 Alfred, brother of Edward the Confessor 216, 271 imitations of coins of 321 Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons and other peoples Battely, John 65 6, 147, 165-6, 189, 212 , 279 Bede, Northumbrian monk and scholar 1 , 4 , 5, 26 , 63, 107, coinage of 15 , 159 , 163 , 166-73, 181 , 288-9 , 290 , 291 ; 108, 111 1234 –80 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 1, 39, 64, 128 , 367 ‘of ering piece’ 172 , 369 Bedford, Bedfordshire 186, 202, 204 , 206, 280, 338 ; 1635 – 6 , Alfred Jewel 166 , 375 1752 , 1786 – 7 , 1982 – 3 , 2234 – 7 Algar, moneyer 242 Belaiew, Col. Nikolai Timofeevich 66 Alhred, king of the Northumbrians 118 ; 647 –8 , 870 Belgium 89 Allen, Derek 301 Benedictine reform 178 , 211, 214 , 260 alms 173 Benedictine Rule 65 Alney, Gloucestershire 212 Benevento, Italy 136 alpha/omega 142, 156 , 262 , 372 Beonna, king of the East Angles 8 , 10 , 15, 84 , 136-7 ; 927 – 9 Alps 8 Beorhtric, king of the West Saxons 131 , 145 , 155 , 278 Ambrosius Aurelianus, post-Roman British leader 25 Beorhtric, moneyer 350 Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian 24 Beorn, king of the Mercians 129 Andrew, saint 154 , 376 Beornmod, bishop of Rochester 154 Angles 1, 26 Beornwulf, king of the Mercians 130 , 131 , 144 , 146 ; 1084 – 6 Anglesey, Wales 310 , 315 Berhtwulf, king of the Mercians 147 , 154, 156-7 ; 1089 – 95 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5, 26, 128 , 129, 166 , 172 , 212, 231 , 252 , Berkeley, Gloucestershire 338 253 , 254 , 271 , 380 Berkshire 147 Anglo-Scandinavian coinage 259, 279 Bernicia, (sub)kingdom of 63 , 111 Annagassan, Co. Louth 327 Bertha, wife of Æthelberht of Kent 42, 50 , 51 Annales Lindisfarnenses et Dunelmenses 123 Bewcastle Cross, Cumbria 63 Annals of Ulster 296–7 Binham, Norfolk, hoard 35 Anonymous Coinage of Canterbury 138 , 140, 142; 995–8 Birsay, Orkney 314

884 General index

Blackburn, Mark 67 , 80, 89 , 167, 171 , 218 , 268, 283 , 298, 302 , Cadbury Castle (South Cadbury), Somerset 37 , 268, 344 317, 321 , 326 Cadwallon, Brittonic king 40, 307 Blunt, Christopher 131 , 148 , 179 , 282, 291 , 459-61 Cædmon, Northumbrian poet 63 Bobbio, Italy 323 Cædwalla, king of the West Saxons 64, 107 Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae 13 Caerwent, Monmouthshire 36 Boga, moneyer 245 Caistor, Lincolnshire 339 ; 1788 Boniface, saint 128 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire 210 , 270 , 275, 280, 339 ; 1789 , Bonser, Mike 89 1816– 31 , 1875 – 87 , 1924 – 31 , 1947– 55, 1986– 95 , Boon, George 36 2017 – 18, 2039 , 2060– 1 , 2073 – 5 , 2086 , 2134, 2161, Bornholm, Denmark 317 2171– 3 , 2185– 9 , 2208– 10 , 2238 – 42 , 2279 – 89 , 2318 – 19 , boroughs see byrg 2334 – 6 Bosham, Sussex 252 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, hoard 83, 210 , 245 Bossall, North Yorkshire, hoard 302-3 Cambridgeshire 29 Boulogne, France 273 Canons of Theodore 107 Boyne, river 325 Canterbury, Kent 3 , 964– 98 , 1074 , 1183– 6 , 1209 , 1262 – 5 , bracteates 35-6 , 333-4 , 381 1451 – 2, 1790 – 2 , 1832– 5 , 1867 , 1888 , 1932, 1986– 95 , Brand, John 228, 233 2019 , 2062 , 2174, 2211, 2290 , 2337– 8 Brantham, Suf olk, hoard 197 , 200 archbishop of 130 , 148 , 153, 154, 198 , 255; see also Breedon-on-the-Hill, Leicestershire 100 , 130 individual archbishops brene , unidentii ed mint-place 346 coin i nds 50 Bridport, Dorset 338 coinage Bristol, Somerset 268 , 338 ; 1984 –5 , 2072 , 2097 , 2169 –70 , 2333 archiepiscopal 99 , 149 , 153 Britain 1, 2 , 4, 6 , 178 , 202 , 309 , 374; see also Roman Britain broad pennies (mid-eighth to ninth century) 126 , British Empire Exhibition, 1924 859 132-3 , 134 , 139-42, 149 , 151-3, 158 , 163, 168 , 169 , 172 , British Numismatic Society 219 291 , 302 Britons 24, 305; see also Wales early pennies 12 , 99 , 109 Britannia see Roman Britain gold 42, 51 , 53 Brittany, France 177 , 306 imitations of 288 Broch of Burgar, Orkney, hoard 312 late Anglo-Saxon 237, 262 , 272 bronze see copper-alloy coinage relationship with Rochester 142 Brooke, George 68 , 178, 217, 223 , 227 tenth-century 186 , 190 , 195, 197-8 , 199 , 206, 208 Brunanburh , battle of (937) 177 , 203 , 281, 316 metrology 194 Bruton, Somerset 338 mint-place 339 Brycheiniog, kingdom of 305 Roman city 64 brygin , unidentii ed mint-place 346 St Augustine’s abbey 140 Buckingham, Buckinghamshire 338 capital script 377 Buiston Crannog, East Ayrshire 313 Cardif , Glamorgan 312 bullion 18-22 , 33, 35 , 61, 282, 314 ; see also testing Carhampton, Somerset, battle of (838) 279 ‘bullion economy’ 283-4 , 286-7, 317-19 , 327-8 Carlisle, Cumbria 314 supply of 13-17, 58, 106-7 , 116 , 252 Carlyon-Britton, P. W. P. 217, 223 , 227 Burghal Hidage 193 Carnutes, pre-Roman political unit 89 Burghead, Moray 309 Carolingian dynasty 9 , 10 , 125 , 143 , 164 , 168 , 215, 286, 288 , Burgred, king of the Mercians (852–74) 15, 147 , 157 , 158 , 289, 298 159-63 , 165 ; 1096 –1168 Carthage 36 , 37 Burgundians 35 casering , unit of account 367 Burrow Hill, Suf olk 137 castra eort , unidentii ed mint-place 302-3, 347 Bury St Edmunds, Suf olk 237, 240, 338 , 350 cattle, unit of account 370 , 371 Bust Crowned coinage 180 , 181-2 , 186 , 187 , 192 , 194 , 198, Cenwealh, king of the West Saxons 63 199 , 200 , 201 , 202, 203-4 , 205 , 206, 207, 210, 260, 263 Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury 157, 158 , 159 ; 982 – 7 bydio, unidentii ed mint-place 347 Ceolwulf I, king of the Mercians 129 , 130 , 131 , 140 , 141 , 142 , byr , unidentii ed mint-place 347 143, 144 , 148 ; 1074 – 83 byrg (sing. burh ; boroughs) 12-13 , 172 , 177, 192-3, 285 , 381 Ceolwulf II, king of the Mercians 15, 147 , 148 , 165 , 168-70 ; 1170 Byrhtferth of Ramsey 256 , 363 ceramics see pottery Byrhtnoth, ealdorman 212 Ceredigion 305 , 310 Byzantine Empire 220 Chadwick, H. M. 217, 249 , 360 coinage of 44 , 104 , 274, 310; see also individual emperors Chalon-sur-Saône 57 and denominations Chancton, Sussex, hoard 228

General index 885

Channel, the 1 , 42 Pointed Helmet type 227 , 246 , 269, 322 Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks 9 , 128 , 136 , 152 Quatrefoil type 227 , 236 , 238 , 246, 250 , 252 , 257, 269, 321 , Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks 15, 158 , 232 329 charters 64, 108 , 129–30 , 147 , 177 , 179 , 203 , 212, 255 , 307, 369 Short Cross type 227, 234 , 244, 250 , 269 , 322 Chatham Lines, Kent, hoard 33 Cnut, Viking king in York 293 , 294; 2527, 2530 – 72 , 2575, 2582 – 5 Chelsea Reach, London, hoard 262 Coddenham, Suf olk 55 Chester, Cheshire; 1453 – 5, 1474 – 5 , 1479 – 80, 1708 – 9 , 1889 , Codex Amiatinus 63 , 111 1933 , 1956 – 7, 1996– 7 , 2020, 2063 , 2320 – 1, 2339 Coenhelm/St Kenelm 130 coinage of 339 Coenwulf, king of the Mercians 6 , 128 , 130-1 imitations of 321 , 331 coinage of 138-45; 974 – 5, 1041 – 73 in Irish i nds 328 gold mancus 143 late Anglo-Saxon 263 , 275 Colchester, Essex 238 , 264 , 339 in Manx i nds 318 Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, hoard 33 , 35 tenth-century 12 , 185, 186 , 194 , 199 , 201 , 204, 205 , 206, colfr , unidentii ed mint-place 347 208 , 212 , 235, 311 Columba, saint 309 dies used in Dublin 245 Columbanus, saint 323 Edgar’s ceremony on Dee (973) 177, 260 commodity money 18 hoards from 283 Connaught, kingdom of 323 Chester (1950), Cheshire, hoard 179 , 184 , 188, 284 Constantine II, king of Alba 281 Chester (Pemberton’s Parlour), Cheshire, hoard 232 , 261 Constantine I, Roman emperor 135 Chester (St John’s), Cheshire, hoard 197 Constantine III, Roman emperor 24 , 32 Chichester, Sussex 182, 244 , 339 ; 2064 , 2212 , 2243 –4 , 2291 –2 , Constantinople 27, 35, 37 2322 continental Germanic name-forms 241, 289 , 292 Childeric I, king of the Franks 61 copper-alloy coinage 27 , 28 , 31, 32, 36-7 Childeric II, king of the Franks 59 , 85 Corbridge, Northumberland, battle of (918) 296 Chilterns 29 Córdoba, Caliphate of 220 Chippenham, Wiltshire 165 Corfe Castle, Dorset 211 Christianity 323 Cork, Co. Cork 5 , 325 Anglo-Saxon mission to Germany 1 Cornwall 236 , 305 , 306 Anglo-Saxon missions to Scandinavia 258 Cotton, Sir Robert 216 , 281 conversion to Crewkerne, Somerset 239 , 339 Anglo-Saxon 39 , 42 , 55, 57 , 60, 111 Cricklade, Wiltshire 192 , 340 ; 2110 in Danelaw 9, 280 , 284 , 290 Crispus, Roman emperor 56 iconography on coins 38 , 104 , 110 , 285 , 298 , 300 Crondall, Hampshire, hoard 42 , 43, 44 , 50 , 52 , 53, 54, 57-8 , 59 , identity 6 61, 80, 282 inl uence on use of money 107-8 Cross and Lozenge coinage 160 , 167, 168-70 inscriptions on coins 294-5, 297, 376-7 Cross and Wedges coinage 140 in Roman and post-Roman Britain 4, 23 , 26, 27, 28 Croy, Highland, hoard 312 Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 112 Croydon, Surrey 169 Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles 315 Croydon, Surrey, hoard 287 Church type (York) 201 crozier, coin type 333 Cild, moneyer 239 ; 2207 –2278 crucii xion, coin type 164 Cimiez, France, hoard 84-5, 90 Cuerdale, Lancashire, hoard 167, 168 , 169 , 170 , 178 , 184 , 196 , Cináed/Kenneth, king of the Picts 112 , 309 286, 291-2 , 294-5 circulation of coin 7, 139 , 188, 358 cumal , unit of account 370 Circumscription coinage 180 , 181 , 186 , 187 , 192 , 195 , 202-3 , Cumbria 19 , 21 , 305 , 307; see also Strathclyde 206, 207, 208, 210 , 263 , 300 , 304 cvnnetti 293 ; 2536 – 72 Cirencester, Gloucestershire 23 Cuthbert, saint 203 Cissbury, Sussex 236 , 239, 268, 339 ; 1958 Cuthgisl, moneyer 118 , 119 ; 655 Claudius, Roman emperor 276 Cuthheard, moneyer 118 , 119 , 121 ; 656 – 659 Clondalkin, south Dublin 331 Cuthred, king of Kent 130 , 140 ; 958 – 63 Clovis I, king of the Franks 62 Cynethryth, queen of the Mercians 138 , 143 ; 1171 – 2 Clovis III, king of the Franks 59, 85 Cynewulf, king of the West Saxons 103 Cnut, king of the English, Danes and Norwegians 212-13 , 215, 216, 241 , 256 , 281 Dagobert II, king of the Franks 59, 85 coinage of 222, 269-70 , 331, 1982 –2058 Dál Riata 5, 6, 309 , 382 Danish 268 Danelaw 9 , 19 , 186 , 197, 200, 256 , 280 , 284; see also Vikings

886 General index

darent , unidentii ed mint-place 347 Dud, moneyer 378; 1010 – 12 David, biblical king 135 Dunadd, Argyle and Bute 27 David I, king of Scots 6 , 307 Dunbar, East Lothian 112 debasement see i neness Duncan see Donnchad Dee, river 178, 307 Dunsætan , legal text 363 Deerness, Orkney 314 Dunstan, saint, archbishop of Canterbury 178 Deheubarth, kingdom of 305 , 310 Durham, County Durham 123 Deira, (sub)kingdom of 63 , 111 Durham Liber Vitae 115 Delgany, Co. Wicklow, hoard 139, 327 Dyfed, kingdom of 305, 310 denm/denn , unidentii ed mint-place 347 dyr/dir/derne/dernt , unidentii ed mint-place 347; 2136 Denmark 18 , 87, 213 , 245, 253 , 257, 259; see also Vikings Deorman, moneyer 242 Eadbald, king of Kent 52-3, 57, 60 ; 3 – 4 Derby, Derbyshire 186 , 187 , 201, 203 , 205 , 206, 207, 208, 280, Eadberht, bishop of London 138 ; 1173 303 , 304 , 340 ; 1456 –8 , 1510 , 1710 , 1747 –8 , 2065 Eadberht, king of the Northumbrians 8 , 15 , 16 , 84 , 96, 105 , Derbyshire 16 109, 112 , 114 , 116-17 ; 631 – 46 , 866 – 9 derw/derp/gerw/gerp, unidentii ed mint-place 347 Eadberht ‘Præn’, king of Kent 130 , 139 ; 955 – 7 dethesaurisation 16 Eadred, king of the English 174, 178 , 180 , 182 , 205, 292, 311, Devon 26, 186 , 293 , 306 366 ; 1558 – 1618 De Wit, Wim G. 461 Eadric Streona, ealdorman 212 , 255 Dialogus de scaccario 230 Eadwald, king of the East Angles 130 , 144 , 145 , 148; 931 dies (minting tools) 243-4, 332 , 382 Eadwig, king of the English 174, 177, 180, 181 , 182 , 187 , 206- distribution in late Anglo-Saxon England 243-7, 261, 271 , 7; 1619 –43 275, 276 ealdormen/earls 147 , 188, 214 , 216, 247 , 382 inter-mint die-links 242, 244-5 , 265 Eamont, Cumbria 177, 202 style in late Anglo-Saxon England 245-7 , 267 , 268, 351 Eanbald I, archbishop of York 119 ; 871 Dilion, moneyer 754 ; 1896 Eanbald II, archbishop of York 119 , 120 , 121 ; 872 – 9 Dilwyn, Herefordshire 754 eanbyri , unidentii ed mint-place 348 Dinas Powys, Glamorgan 27 Eanred, king of the Northumbrians 15, 112 , 114 , 118 , 119 , 120-1, dinere , unit of account 367 122, 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ; see also Eanred penny; 660 – 723 dirhams 18 , 19 , 259 , 286, 287 , 318, 327 , 382 Eanred penny 126-7, 142 Dirks, Jacob 66 , 68 Eanwulf, moneyer 54 Dolley, Michael 11, 179 , 185 , 208, 217-18 , 222 , 223 , 227-8 , Eardwulf, king of the Northumbrians 112 , 113, 118 , 119 , 121 , 246, 262 , 268 , 270, 272 , 282, 296 , 299 , 316, 317, 318, 123, 124, 130 319 , 320 , 322 , 326 , 329 , 336 Eardwulf, moneyer 121 ; 821 – 31 Domburg, Netherlands 91, 93 early pennies (sceattas ) 11-12, 14 , 65-110 , 237; see also sceat ; Domesday Book 2 , 214, 228 , 230, 242, 243, 247, 251, 252 , 255, 26 –653 365 Æthiliræd 97 Donnchad/Duncan I, king of Alba 310 Animal Mask 101 dorb/cant coinage 152 , 154, 159 Archer type 102 Dorchester, Dorset 192 , 239 , 340 ; 1890 chronology 79-87 Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire 255 de lvndonia 100-1 Dore, South Yorkshire 146 eclectic types 101 Dorestad, Netherlands 91, 92 , 143 , 164 interlace/Maastricht type 92 Dorking, Surrey, hoard 151 , 158 Madelinus type 92 dorob-c coinage 152, 159 mint-places 109-10 Dorset 26 , 29 , 236 monita scorvm 100-1 , 110 dove, coin type 266 , 267 Saltire-Standard types 105 Dover, Kent 213 , 245, 250 , 340 ; 2040 –2 , 2076 Saroaldo type 95-6 Droitwich, Worcestershire 248, 275 , 340 Series A 80 , 94 , 103 Dronningens gate 10, Trondheim, Norway, hoard 269 Series B 80 , 94-5 Dublin 5 , 7, 10 , 11, 177 , 232, 280 , 316, 321 , 325 , 358; see also Series BZ 97 Hiberno-Scandinavian coinage;2613 , 2615 –23 , 2625 , Series C 80 , 88 , 94 , 103 2629 , 2639 –44 Series D 68 , 80 , 88 , 90-1 , 92 , 106 , 108 Christchurch Place 335 Series E 68 , 80 , 87, 88-91, 93 , 106 , 108 circulation and production of coin 334-5 Series F 95 excavations 325 , 329 , 335 Series G 91 , 105 mint output 335 Series H 102-3

General index 887

Series J 104 , 105-6 , 116 Edgar the Ætheling, son of Edward the Exile 214 Series K 98-9 Edgar, king of the English 174 , 177 , 178 , 211, 215 , 307, 309 ; Series KL 98, 99 1644 –1770 Series L 98-9, 109 coinage reform of (early 970s) 15, 189 , 216 , 217, 220 , 227, Series M 100 232 , 249 , 252, 260-1 Series N 99 pre-reform coinage of 15 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 185, 189 , 195, Series O 100 207-10 Series Q 104 , 110 Edington, Wiltshire, battle of (878) 165, 279 Series R 97 , 103-4 , 109 , 137 Edith, queen of the English 213 , 277 Series S 100 , 109 Edmund, saint, king of the East Angles 146 , 158 , 164 , 279 , Series T 102 290 ; 943 –52 Series U 100 , 102 Edmund, king of the English 174, 180 , 182 , 194, 204-5, 281 , Series V 100 304 , 311 ; 1506 – 57 Series W 96 Edmund Ironside, king of the English 212 , 268 Series X 68 , 84 , 87, 92-3, 105 , 114 Edward the Confessor, king of the English 15 , 213-14 , 216 Series Y 105 , 116; see also names of individual coinage of 217, 218 , 221, 222 , 223-7 , 229, 233 , 271-6 ; Northumbrian rulers 2097 –331 Series Z 97 Arm and Sceptre type 271 star/Herstal type 91-2 Expanding Cross type 227, 232 , 234 , 250 , 272-4 structure 68-70 Facing Bust type 250 , 274 , 275, 332 , 336 Vernus type 96 Hammer Cross type 275 Victory type 101 Pacx type 223 , 271 East Anglia Pointed Helmet type 223 , 274 , 275 bracteates found in 35 Pyramids type 227 , 274 , 276 bullion in 21 , 286 Small Flan type 234 , 272 coin i nds from 29, 30 , 36, 55, 185 Sovereign/Eagles type 240, 248 , 274 , 275 , 373 coinage of 115 Transitional Pyramids type 233 , 248 , 274 early pennies 97 , 103-4 writ of 240 English (c. 918 and after) 182 , 188, 194 , 200, 201 , 203 , Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons 9 , 174 , 280, 302 204 , 205, 207, 210 coinage of 168 , 172 , 178 , 180 , 182 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 193, gold 95 195-200, 290 ; 1281 – 1407 imitative, temp. Edward the Elder 187 Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside 214 late Anglo-Saxon 268 Edward the Martyr, king of the English 211, 249 , 252 , 261 ; Mercian 136 1773 –82 royal (eighth–ninth century) 10, 134 , 136-7, 163-4 ; 927–53 Edwin, king of the Northumbrians 39, 40 , 54 , 111 St Edmund Memorial coinage see Vikings, coinage of Efe, moneyer 137 ; 928 (in England) Eicmund, moneyer 198 ; 993 common currency with other southern English kingdoms 9 Elgin, Moray 313 kingdom of 5, 39 , 130 , 148 Eligius, saint, life of 62 relationship with Mercia 130, 131 , 146-7 Ellendun (Wroughton, Wiltshire), battle of (825) 131 , 146 sub-kingdoms 63 Elmore Jones, Francis 218 , 223 metrology 290 eltangerht coinage 301 ; 2608 mint-places 12 , 133 , 144-5 , 237 ‘emergency’ mints 239 , 268 takeover by West Saxon dynasty 174 Emma/Ælfgifu of Normandy, queen of the English 213 , 254 , Vikings in 165 , 280 , 284-5 271 east midlands 21 , 104-5 , 180 , 182 , 184 , 185, 186-7, 188 , 194 , emporia /wic 12 , 42 , 61 , 64-5 , 93 , 107, 109-10 200, 201 , 202, 203 , 204 , 205, 210 , 279, 287, 318 , 328 Encomium Emmae reginae 299 Anglo-Viking coinage 292, 299 , 301-4 England 2 , 5, 6, 9-10 , 63-4, 174-8 , 214-16 , 278 East Tilbury, Essex 109-10, 134 bullion in 20 Ebroin, mayor of the palace 59, 85 late Anglo-Saxon ‘state’ 214-16 Ecgberht, archbishop of York 84 , 105 , 112 , 116 , 117 , 118 ; 866 – 70 Eoba, moneyer 138 ; 999– 1000, 1005– 6 , 1044 – 6 , 1171– 2 Ecgberht II, king of Kent 129 , 137 ; 954 Eohric (Eric), Viking king 280, 284 Ecgberht, king of the West Saxons 131 , 145 , 146, 148 , 151-2, epigraphy 200, 321 , 372-9 153-4, 155 , 279 Hiberno-Scandinavian 331 coinage as king of the Mercians 155-6 , 170 letter forms 377-9 Ecgfrith, king of the Mercians 96, 130 Eric Bloodaxe, Viking king of York 281, 296 , 298, 300 , 301 ; Ecgfrith, king of the Northumbrians 40, 64 , 111 2609 –2611

888 General index

Erith, Kent, hoard 170 fre, unidentii ed mint-place 348 erl , unidentii ed mint-place 348 Freeman, Edward Augustus 219, 276 Espinge, Sweden, hoard 223 Frisia 8 , 14 , 16 , 26 , 49 , 85 , 87, 107, 108 , 257 Essex 39 , 109 , 146, 186 , 238 , 251, 256 coinage of 88-92, 93 Estonia 259 fro , unidentii ed mint-place 348 Eusebius, moneyer 51 Fuller Brooch 166 Eustace of Boulogne 213 , 273 Furness, Cumbria, hoard 284 exchanging see money-changing Exeter, Devon 36 , 167, 172 , 190 , 197 , 206, 210 , 235 , 245, gafol see tribute payments 252 , 260 , 340 ; 1715 , 1836 –8 , 1868 , 1891 –3 , 1934 –5 , Garton-on-the-Wolds, Yorkshire, hoard 83, 99 1959 –60 , 1998 , 2021 , 2091 –2 , 2137 , 2213 , 2245 –7 Gaul 24, 25, 27, 28 , 29 , 32 , 34, 37, 62; see also Francia/Franks Gaulcross, Aberdeenshire, hoard 312 Fairless, Joseph 113 Geometric-Quatrefoil type 168 Farman, moneyer 204 , 282, 331 ; 2606 , 2615 –18 , 2622 –3 Germanus of Auxerre, saint 25 Farne Islands, Northumberland 282 Germany 1 , 9 , 10 , 33, 63 , 180 , 274 farthing, cut see halfpenny, cut German coins found in Scandinavia 257, 259 feoh , term for money/wealth 368 German craftsmen and others in eleventh-century Ferns, Co. Wexford 336 England 274-5 Fincham, Norfolk, hoard 97 gift-giving 61 , 328 i nds see hoards, single-i nds Gildas, post-Roman British cleric and writer 4, 25-6 , 28 i neness/debasement 8, 9, 13-15, 257, 380 Gillys, moneyer 311 Anglo-Viking 289 Glenfaba, Isle of Man, hoard 317 , 319 , 322 early gold 44 , 50 , 51, 52 , 53, 54 , 55, 56 , 57 , 61, 62 Gloucester, Gloucestershire 168 , 171 , 186 , 190 , 199 , 270, 340 ; early pennies 83, 96, 98 , 103, 106 1894 , 1999 , 2077 , 2248 Frankish 14 , 15, 85 Glywysing, kingdom of 305 Hiberno-Scandinavian 335 Gododdin, kingdom of 307 Irish Sea coinages 319 Godwine, earl of Wessex 213 , 216 , 273 Isle of Man 320 gold 106 , 125 , 136 , 221, 318 , 369; see also mancus, shilling, late Anglo-Saxon 252-3, 260, 270 solidus and tremissis later eighth/ninth century 137 , 149 , 153 , 154 , 158 , 160, 164 , 169 goldsmiths 242 Northumbria 114 , 117 , 120-1, 125-6 goðabyri , unidentii ed mint-place 348 tenth-century England 195 Goths 25, 35, 361 Finland 260 Gotland, Sweden 18 , 253 , 257, 259 , 317 i ve senses, coin type 97 Grantham, Lincolnshire 340 Flanders 213 , 273 Grately, Hampshire 154, 189 Floreate Cross coinage 151 , 160 , 161 Gratian, Roman emperor 24 Föhr, Germany, hoard 90 Gratian, Roman usurper 24 Folkestone, Kent 53 graves and grave-i nds 35 , 43 , 58, 59 , 62 , 80 , 106 , 108 Forth, Firth of 313 Great Bedwyn, Wiltshire 239 , 338 ; 2207 , 2278 Fortriu 309 Great Shelford, Cambridgeshire 285, 286, 289, 340 Forum (Rome) hoard 178, 184 , 194 , 197 , 299 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, hoard 144 Framingham Earl, Norfolk, hoard 200 Greeba, Isle of Man 318 France see Francia Gregory the Great, saint 39, 166 Francia/Franks 24, 35 , 39, 60, 62 , 87, 165, 177, 278, 284 , 292; Gregory of Tours 61 , 62 see also Carolingian dynasty, Merovingian dynasty Grierson, Philip 50 , 61, 218 , 362 , 370 , 459 Carolingian empire 9-10 Grisebjerggård, Denmark, hoard 295 Christian missions 108 Gruf ydd ap Llewelyn, king of Wales 6 , 213 , 307 coinage of 14 , 15, 168 , 180 , 189 , 293 , 295 Guildford, Surrey 340 ; 2233 coin i nds from 88, 89; see also names of individual hoards Gustav II Adolf, king of Sweden 253 counties and duchies 9 Guthfrith, Viking king 280, 284, 289, 292 , 294 mint-places Guthrum, Viking king 163, 164 , 165 , 279 , 282 , 284, 285 , 288-9 , Carolingian 193 290 ; 2354 – 9 Merovingian 12 Gwent, kingdom of 305, 310 units of account 363 Gwynedd, kingdom of 6 , 26 , 40 , 305, 307, 310 , 315 Franeker, Netherlands, hoard 90 Frankfurt, Germany 136 Hack-silver see bullion Franks Casket 63 Hadrian I, pope 141

General index 889

Hadrian’s Wall 24, 29 mix of coin and other objects 283 Haigh, Daniel 148 , 163 , 282 Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Norfolk 237, 268 Halfdan, Viking ruler 167 , 170 , 289 Holme, battle of the (902) 280 halfpenny 167, 169 , 182-4, 292 , 368 , 383 Honorius, Roman emperor 24 , 32 cut 221, 318, 319 , 368 horiva castr/roriva castr/soriva castr, unidentii ed Halton Moor, Lancashire, hoard 18 mint-place 302-3, 348 hammer, coin type 297, 298 , 302-3 Horncastle, Lincolnshire 341 Hampshire 36 , 210, 238 Horndon, Essex 238 , 341 hand of God, coin type 199 , 297, 377 Hǫrðaknútr (Harthacnut), Viking ruler in York 293 , 294 Harald Hardrada, king of Norway 214 Hoxne, Suf olk, hoard 28 , 29 , 30, 31, 32, 35 Harkirke, Lancashire, hoard 178 , 197 , 282 Hrothweard, archbishop of York 298 Harold I, king of the English 213 , 222 , 270-1 ; 2059 –85 Humber, river 6 , 29 , 64, 87, 114 , 129 , 159, 200, 235, 237, 283 , Fleur-de-Lis type 227, 270 286, 302-3 Short Cross type 270 Hun, king of the East Angles 136 Harold II Godwinson, king of the English 213-14 , 307 Hungary 214 coinage of 218 , 227 , 230, 243, 276-7 ; 2332 –53 Hunlaf, moneyer 121 ; 816 , 914 – 19 Harthacnut, king of the Danes and the English 213 , 222, Hunræd, moneyer 205; 1597 – 8 , 1603 270-1 ; 2086 –96 Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire 206, 218 , 238 , 341 ; 1637 , 1754 , Arm and Sceptre type 270 1839 , 2001 , 2138 , 2175 Fleur-de-Lis type 270 Hunwine, moneyer 242 Harz Mountains, Germany 253 Hwicce, kingdom of the 63, 64, 129 Hastings, Sussex 192 , 239, 340 ; 2087 , 2162 –4 , 2190 –1 , Hythe, Kent 341 2214 –17 , 2249– 53 Hywel ap Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd 311 Hastings, Sussex, battle of (1066) 214 , 277 Hywel Dda, king of Deheubarth and other territories 6 , 307 Hawkins, Edward 27 , 148 penny 311-12 Heaberht, king of Kent 129 , 137 Hebeca, moneyer 153 ; 986 , 1239 Icklingham, Suf olk 31 Hebrides 313 iconography 151, 169 Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 45 early Anglo-Saxon 49, 50, 51, 54, 55 , 57 , 67, 70, 89 , 97 , 104 , 110 Henry I, king of the English 334 Hiberno-Scandinavian 332 heptarchy 40, 148 late Anglo-Saxon 231 , 264 , 265 , 268, 274 , 276 Heraclius I, east Roman/Byzantine emperor 44 , 49 Northumbrian 118 , 122 Hereford, Herefordshire 186 , 199 , 201 , 205 , 243, 341; 1476 , Of a and contemporaries 131 , 135, 137, 138 1895 –6 , 2000 , 2254 –5 tenth-century England 199 Herstal, Belgium 91 Viking 285 Hertford, Hertfordshire 187 , 206 , 210 , 291, 341 ; 1753 , 1897 Ilchester, Somerset 245 , 341; 1793 Hertfordshire 186 Ine, king of the West Saxons 64, 67 , 107 Hexham, Northumberland, hoard 113 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 Ingelgar, moneyer 204, 205 ; 1526 , 1547 , 1569 , 1602 Hiberno-Scandinavian bullion 21 Ingolfr, moneyer 349 ; 1685 – 6 Hiberno-Scandinavian coinage 10 , 15, 257 , 319 , 328-36 Inscribed Cross coinage 126 , 149 , 151 , 153, 161 circulation 334-5 inscriptions see epigraphy i nds in Scandinavia 335 Iona 39 , 309 , 323 terminology 329 Ipswich, Suf olk ; 1794 – 6 , 1840 , 1961 , 2066, 2293 use of English-made dies 245 , 331, 373 coin i nds 137 Hildebrand, Bror Emil 216-17, 248, 262 early Anglo-Saxon trading centre/emporium 12 , 42 , 64, 104 , Hill, Philip 66 , 68, 80 109 , 133 Hingston Down, Cornwall, battle of (838) 279 mint-place 12 , 137, 140 , 144-5 , 149 , 164, 237 , 238 , 285 , 341 Historia Brittonum 5 Ireland 1 , 2 , 4, 6, 19 , 25 , 30, 32, 39, 184 , 208 , 213 , 283 , 289, 309 , Historia ecclesie Abbendonensis 251 314 , 323-6 ; see also Dublin , Hiberno-Scandinavian hoards 184-5, 222-3 , 234, 238 , 276 , 286-7 , 296; see also names coinage of individual hoards bullion in 21 , 327-8 Anglo-Saxon coins in Scandinavia and Baltic 222 , 258-60 , Viking raids on 278, 293 264 , 266, 273; see also tribute payments Irish Sea 1 , 22 , 27, 185, 311, 313 , 315-16 , 317, 318 associated with the ‘Great Army’ 283, 287-8 coinages 321-2 evidence for recoinage in late Anglo-Saxon England 228-9 Isleworth, Hounslow, hoard 229 in Ireland 327, 333 Italy 10, 24 , 28 , 30, 131 , 184 , 335 , 366 in Isle of Man 317 Ívarr, dynasty of 280, 300, 325

890 General index

Jænberht, archbishop of Canterbury 135 , 138 ; 968 –9 Hywel Dda 371 James VI and I, king of Scotland and England 253 Ine 67 , 361 Jarlshof, Shetland 314 Roman 34 Jewel Cross type 222 , 227, 247, 270-1 Leicester, Leicestershire 187 , 207, 210 , 270, 280 , 285 , 286, 289, John of Worcester 231 301 , 341 ; 2002 , 2218 , 2369 Judith, queen of the West Saxons 158 Leinster, kingdom of 323 , 325 Justin I, east Roman/Byzantine emperor 35 Leo III, pope 141 Justinian I, east Roman/Byzantine emperor 35 , 36 Leofric, abbot of St Albans 255 Jutes 1, 26 Leofthegn, moneyer 122 ; 761 –81 Leofweald, moneyer 243; 1865 Kaupang, Norway 327 Lewes, Sussex 239 , 245, 342 , 369 ; 1459 , 1764, 1774, 1841, 2192, Keary, Charles Francis 66 2219–20, 2256–60, 2340–1 Keder, Nils 221 Libellus Æthelwoldi episcopi 364 Kenelm see Coenhelm Liber Commonei 371 Kenneth see Cinéad Lichi eld, Staf ordshire 128 , 130 Kent 107 Lichi eld Gospels 371 Anglo-Saxon settlement 26 Licinius, Roman emperor 54 circulation of coin in 34 , 36, 43 , 55, 66 Lif ey, river 325 circulation of gold bracteates in 35 Limerick, Co. Limerick 325 , 336 coinage of 15 , 115 , 126 , 157 , 182 , 186 , 201 , 204, 206 , 248 Lincoln, Lincolnshire 342 common currency with other southern kingdoms 9 coinage of 1605 , 1898 , 1900 , 1936 , 1962 – 4 , 2003 , 2022 , kingdom of 5, 127 , 134 2043 –5 , 2067 , 2078 , 2098 , 2109 , 2221 – 2 , 2294 – 6 , mission from Rome to 39 2604 A relationship with Mercia 129 , 130 Anglo-Viking 192 , 285 , 286 , 289 , 296, 301 , 303 relationship with Wessex 146 , 151 English 12, 169 , 186 , 192 , 205, 210 , 218, 229, 237 , 238 , sub-kingdoms 63 241 , 269, 271 , 335 metrology 194 die found at 11 , 244 mint-places 12 , 236 , 237, 251 i neness 252 Viking raids 256 inter-mint die-links 244, 245 Kent, John 31 , 32 lawmen 242 Kermode, William 316 metrology 262-3, 272 King, Horace 223 moneyers 238 , 241 Kingdom of the Isles 316 representation of coins in northern hoards 256 kingship 2 , 5-6 , 60 , 110 , 116 , 129, 180 , 185-9 , 212 , 214-16 , role in die production and distribution 246 , 271, 274 , 275 284-6 , 294-5 , 298 , 300 Lincolnshire 105 , 174 , 186 , 188 , 236 , 237, 280 Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey, hoard 35 Lindisfarne, Northumberland 39, 111 , 112 , 278 , 323 Kirk Andreas, Isle of Man, hoard 322 Lindisfarne Gospels 63 , 111 , 364 , 367 Kirk Michael, Isle of Man, hoards 316 , 320 Lindsay, John 148, 326 Kolgrimr, moneyer 244 ; 1900 lions, coin types 116 List, Germany, hoard 257, 258 læwvde, unidentii ed mint-place 349 liturgy 266 Lambarde, William 67 Liudard, bishop 50-1, 57, 60 lamb of God, coin type 93 , 110 , 266, 267 Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey 311 Lambert, archbishop of Lyon 59 Llandaf , Book of 371 Lancashire 174 Llandwrog, Gwynedd, hoard 311 landc, unidentii ed mint-place 349 Llywelyn ap Seisyll, Welsh king 307 Langport, Somerset 341 Llŷn Peninsula 310 Lantfred, Translatio et miracula S. Swithuni 346 Lockett, Cyril 131 Latin 4 , 25, 26, 28, 215, 373 Loddon, Norfolk, hoard 80 Launceston, Cornwall 235, 341 London 130 , 185, 213 laws coinage of 12 , 52, 53, 99 , 101 , 109 , 131 , 132-3 , 134 , 149 , 168 , Æthelred II 242, 267 182, 185, 186 , 190 , 194, 195, 198 , 208, 210 , 237 , 238 , Æthelstan 154 , 192, 193, 363 244 , 342 ; 4 , 436 , 1173 , 1253 – 60 , 1449 , 1460 – 1 , 1483 , Alfred 166 1716 –17 , 1755 – 6 , 1797 , 1804 , 1809 – 13 , 1842 – 53 , 1872 , Anglo-Saxon 10 , 60, 177 , 188-9 , 215 , 230-1 , 240, 360 , 361 1901 –9 , 1937 – 42 , 1965 – 70 , 2004 – 7 , 2023 – 5 , 2046 – 50 , Dunsætan 363 2059 , 2068 , 2079 , 2088 , 2093 , 2119 – 22 , 2139 – 47 , Edgar 251 2165 –6 , 2176 , 2183 , 2193 – 4 , 2262 – 3 , 2297 – 8 , 2342 – 4

General index 891

halfpennies 182 Manx Archaeological Commission 316 imitations of 322 , 331 Marcus, Roman usurper 24 coins from, in northern hoards 256 , 260 mark, unit of account 365-6 , 384 dies found at 244 Marlborough, Wiltshire 239 Domesday Book 228 Marseille, France 43 i nds from 31 , 185, 229, 262, 328 Maurice Tiberius, east Roman/Byzantine emperor 44 growth in late Anglo-Saxon period 214 , 238 Mediterranean Sea 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 258 inter-mint die-links 244 Melania the Younger, saint 29 land owned by bishop of Worcester 363 Mellitus, bishop of London 53 Lundenwic (seventh- to ninth-century trading centre) 12 , Melrose, Scottish Borders 112 42 , 64 , 109 , 375 Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire 236 , 342 ; 1805 metrology 249 , 250 , 251, 272 , 275 Meols, Cheshire 321 moneyers in written records 242 Mercia 216, 306 , 385 ; see also west midlands raided by Vikings 279 coinage of 9 , 12, 15 , 105 , 115 , 172 , 181 , 195 relationship with king in late Anglo-Saxon period 216 earldom of 213 relationship with Rochester 147 , 153, 154 kingdom of 5, 40 , 63, 64, 111 , 125 , 146-8, 165, 166 , 171 , 185, role in die production and distribution 134 , 163, 169 , 172 , 279, 290 196 , 197, 201 , 204 , 206, 208 , 243, 244 , 245, 246, 265 , mint-places 9 , 133 , 168 , 190 , 237 268, 274 , 276 region within England 174 , 186 , 196 Roman city 64 ‘supremacy’ of 6 , 128-31 London (‘City’) hoard 228 Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd 315 London Monogram coinage 167 , 170-1, 182 , 286, 288 , 289, Merfynion, Welsh dynasty 307 301 Merovingian dynasty 42, 61, 62 , 323 Lorraine/Lotharingia 274 coinage of 8, 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 27, 42, 43-5, 49 , 51 , 53, 56, 57, Lothian 307 59-60, 88, 95, 107, 109, 240 Louis the Pious, emperor of the Franks 125 , 164, 232 , 313 metal-detecting 7 , 139 , 184 , 282, 335 Low Countries 1, 278; see also Frisia Metcalf, D. M. 66 , 89, 93 Loyn, Henry 219 metrology 383 Lucca, Italy, hoard 210 Alfredian 170 , 173 Ludica, king of the Mercians 144 , 146 , 163 ; 1087 Anglo-Viking 289-90, 291 , 295 , 296, 299 , 300 Lul, moneyer 137 ; 930 , 1030 –1 , 1038 , 1064 –5 early Anglo-Saxon 43 , 51 , 62, 362 Lulach, son of Macbethad 310 Hiberno-Scandinavian 331, 332 Lund, Sweden 217 Irish Sea imitations 321 Lunettes coinage 148 , 149 , 151 , 159-63 , 167 , 287 Isle of Man 319 , 320 lvðey/lvðes , unidentii ed mint-place 349 late Anglo-Saxon 218 , 248-52 , 266 , 267 , 268, 270, 272 , 275 , 276 lvveic , unidentii ed mint-place 349 late eighth/ninth century 135, 136 , 138 , 139 , 149 , 168 Lydford, Devon 235, 252 , 259 , 342 ; 1814 , 1910, 1971 Northumbrian 117 Lympne, Kent 210 , 249, 342 ; 1854 , 1991 tenth-century English 187 , 193-5 , 249 , 290 units of account 371 Maastricht, Netherlands 91 Viking (Scotland) 313 Macbethad/Macbeth, king of Alba 310 Meuse, river 92 Madelinus, moneyer 92 miach , unit of account 370 Máel Coluim/Malcolm III, king of Alba 310 Michaelmas 227 Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor 24 , 49 Middle Harling, Norfolk, hoard 83 , 99 , 103, 137 Magonsætan, kingdom of the 63 Middle Temple, London, hoard 139 , 151 , 154 Maldon, Essex 187 , 212 , 238 , 291 , 342 ; 1855 –6 Milborne Port, Somerset 342 Malmesbury, Wiltshire 275 , 321, 342 ; 1718 , 1857 , 2008 , 2026 , Mildenhall, Suf olk, hoard 29 , 30 2080 , 2223 , 2264 , 2299 , 2345 Milvian Bridge, Rome, battle of the (312) 135 Man, Isle of 2, 5, 19, 315-16 mining 16-17 bullion in 21 , 317-19 minsters 65, 107, 108 , 110 , 111 , 130 , 147 coinage of 11 , 319-21 , 328 , 359 ; 2693 minting proi ts 251-2 Hiberno-Scandinavian coinage in 335 mints 8, 9, 10-13 , 337-59 ; see also names of individual hoards from 317 mint-places Man, Marie de 66 Anglo-Viking 285-6 mancus 143 , 250 , 366 , 369 , 371 , 384 England 59 , 109-10, 114 , 132-3 , 138-9 , 149 , 168 , 189-93 , Mang, moneyer 134 ; 1001 –2 195, 210 , 223 , 235-40, 266, 275 , 337-58 Manningtree, Essex, hoard 197 , 287, 292 monasteries 65, 178; see also minsters

892 General index

money-changing 242 gold dinar 136 , 366 , 372 moneyers 10-11 , 132 , 138 , 139 , 143 , 158 , 159 , 357 , 374-5 , 375-6 Of a’s Dyke 128 Anglo-Viking 289, 292 , 299 , 300 Of ham, Sussex, hoard 228 continental Germanic (in England) 241 , 289, 292 ogham, script 315 Dublin 335 oii ng , unit of account 370 early Anglo-Saxon 59 , 60 , 109-10 Olaf Guthfrithsson, king of Dublin and York 177, 281 , 298 , late Anglo-Saxon 223 , 238 , 240-3 , 273 299 , 304 ; 2605 Northumbrian 118 , 120 , 121-2 , 126 Olaf Sihtricsson/Cuarán, king of Dublin and York 280 , 281 , tenth-century England 193 282 , 299 , 300 , 301, 303-4 ; 2606 – 7 , 2710 monograms (as coin types) 152, 170 , 295 , 296, 297 Olaf Tryggvasson, king of Norway 256 , 258 Morgannwg, kingdom of 310 Öland, Sweden 317 Morley St Peter, Norfolk, hoard 188 , 196 , 290 Old English 215 , 241, 250 , 299 , 305, 375 , 379 Mounth, the 309 Old English Herbarium 367 Mul, brother of Cædwalla 80 Old Irish 241 , 305 , 315 mules (numismatic) 222 , 385 Old Norse 241 , 285 , 299 , 331 Munster, kingdom of 323 Olympiodorus of Thebes, Roman historian 24 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge 462 Oman, Sir Charles 282, 859 mynet , unit of account 367 onomastics 220, 241 Onuist, king of the Picts 309 Neagh, Lough 325 ora, unit of account 365-6 Nemi dius, patrician of Provence 84 Orkney 314 Newark on Trent, Nottinghamshire 236 , 349 Orkney, earldom of 313 Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire 187 , 349 ‘Ornamental’ types 182 , 184 , 186, 198-200, 201 , 304 New Romney, Kent 343 ; 2346 Orosius, Roman historian 24 Nicolson, William 115 , 282, 367 orsnaforda imitations 171 , 288 , 290, 302 niwan, unidentii ed mint-place 349 orthography 115-16, 151, 248, 275 niweport , unidentii ed mint-place 206 , 236 , 349; 1638 , 2184 Osbald, king of the Northumbrians 117 Noah’s ark, alluded to in coin type 199 Osbern of Canterbury 254 Nordman, Carl Axel 217 , 223 , 268 Osberht, king of the Northumbrians 112 , 120 , 121 , 123, 124 ; Norfolk 49 , 63, 104 , 279 , 290 833 –41 Norman Conquest 5, 6, 9, 228 , 276 Osred II, king of the Northumbrians 117 Normandy, France 212 , 213 O’Sullivan, William 326 Norrie’s Law, Fife, hoard 312 Oswald, saint, archbishop of York 178 North, Jef rey 68-9 Oswald, saint, king of the Northumbrians 39 , 40 , 107, 111 Northampton, Northamptonshire 186 , 202, 206, 208 , 245 , Oswald, king of the East Angles 147, 164, 287 280 , 343 ; 1639 –40 , 1719 –21 , 1775 –6 Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians 40, 111 , 299 North Sea 1 , 8 , 42 , 64 , 84 , 87, 92, 253 , 278 Oswulf, king of the Northumbrians 117 Northumbria 5 , 6 , 9, 19 , 39 , 63, 64 , 111-13, 130 , 131 , 174, 177 , Otford, Kent 129, 134 , 138 180 , 188, 211, 213 , 237 , 309 ounce 250 coinage of 11 , 12 , 15 , 95 , 105-6 , 109 , 113-27 , 286, 313 , 369 ; see overstrikes 222 , 385 also Vikings, coinage of (in England), York and York Oving, Sussex, hoard 18 chronology 120-5 Owain, king of Strathclyde/Cumbria 281 Norway 18 , 177 , 257 , 325; see also Vikings Oxborough, Norfolk, hoard 33 Norwich, Norfolk 204 , 210 , 237, 244 , 343 ; 1484 , 1858 , 1912 , Oxford, Oxfordshire 168 , 171 , 185, 190 , 196 , 197, 201 , 203 , 1943 –1972 , 2051 –2 , 2069 , 2100 –1 , 2300 206 , 208, 231 , 268, 288 , 343 ; 1722 , 1913 , 2010 , 2094 – 5 , Anglo-Viking mint-place 285, 286 , 291 2148 , 2195 , 2323 Nottingham, Nottinghamshire 147 , 187 , 203 , 207, 343 ; 2009 , 2110A Pada, moneyer 43 , 56; 15 – 21 nvm , unidentii ed mint-place 350 Paris, France 84 Paris Psalter 13 Oakham, Rutland, hoard 18, 229, 261 Parsons, Alexander 217, 222, 223 , 268, 316 , 326 oco , unidentii ed mint-place 350 Patching, Sussex, hoard 28 , 32-3, 34, 35 Odin/Woden 92 , 299 Patrick, saint 25 , 30, 323 Odo of Cluny 107 peace (pax ), celebrated on coins 271 , 276 Of a, king of the Mercians 6, 8 , 9, 128 , 129-30 Peada, king of the Mercians 56 coinage of 9 , 10 , 16, 84 , 110 , 132-6 , 139, 144 , 149 , 157 , 170 , pecking/peck-marks 20, 256 , 259, 284, 319, 385; see also testing 276, 373 ; 968 –9 , 970 –2 , 999 –1040 , 1173 Pegge, Samuel 167

General index 893

Pembrokeshire 310 ringforts 4, 325 Penda, king of the Mercians 40 , 128 , 129 , 307 ring money 313 , 318 , 320 penny 8-9, 67 , 361-2 , 363-4, 365, 368 , 385 Ripon, North Yorkshire, hoard 113, 367 Penrice, Glamorganshire, hoard 266 Roach Smith, Charles 27 Pershore, Worcestershire 275, 343 Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury 214 Peter, saint 295-8 Rocester, Staf ordshire see horiva castr Peterborough, Cambridgeshire 236 , 240 Rochester, Kent 12 , 126 , 140-1 , 147, 149 , 153-5 , 156-7, 158 , Petersson, Bertil 251 232, 262 , 279 , 343; 1079 – 83 , 1189 – 91 , 1210 , 1815 , Pickering, vale of, North Yorkshire 111 1869 , 2301 Picts 5 , 6 , 24 , 25 , 30 , 309 , 313 possible episcopal coinage 142 , 154 use of silver 312 Rodings, the, Essex, hoard 80 , 83, 96 Pillar of Eliseg, Denbighshire 307 Rogart, Sutherland, hoard 312 Pippin III, king of the Franks 8, 9 , 10, 137 Roger of Wendover 123 , 217, 232 , 260 Pinian, husband of Melania the Younger 29 Roman Britain 4, 7 , 11, 23-34, 305 Pirie, Elizabeth 113 , 115 , 122 army in 23 , 24 , 26 place names 279 , 315 end of 23-7 Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury 172 , 198 , 291; 990 –4 Rome, Italy 27, 147, 157 , 184 , 214 poising/roiseng , unidentii ed mint-place 350 Rome hoard 184 , 301 Polanyi, Karl 65 Romulus and Remus 100 , 137 Pomone , HMS 36 Ronaldsway, Isle of Man 318 population, early medieval 2-4 Rose type 182 , 195, 197 , 198 Portland, Dorset 278 Rosettes types 181 , 186, 203 Portmahomack, Easter Ross 309, 312 Roth, Bernard 326 Portrait/Quatrefoil type 169 Rotheri eld Greys, Oxfordshire, hoard 262 pottery/ceramics 4, 23 , 28 , 36, 93 , 107 royal styles see titulature pound 250 , 365, 371 , 386 Royston, Hertfordshire, productive site 463 Powys, kingdom of 305 , 307 Ruding, Rogers 66 , 148 , 166 , 248 , 299 Prittlewell, Essex 40 runes xviii, 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 103, 104 , 373, 377 ‘productive sites’ 7 , 61, 65, 88 , 386 Russia 18, 19 , 259, 278 Provence, France 84 Ruthwell Cross, Dumfries and Galloway 63 , 111 Rutland 236 Quentovic, trading centre in France 91, 289, 290 , 293 Ryedale, North Yorkshire, hoard 187

Rædwald, king of the East Angles 40 St Albans, Hertfordshire 26 , 123 Rædwulf, king of the Northumbrians 112 , 119 , 121 , 123 , 124 , St Augustine’s abbey, Canterbury 140 126 ; 808 –20 St Brice’s Day Massacre 212 Ragnald I, king of York 280, 285 , 295 , 296-7 ; 2595 –6 St David’s, Pembrokeshire 166 , 312 Ragnald II, king of York 300 St Edmund Memorial coinage see Vikings, coinage of (in Ragnaldr, moneyer 203; 1466 –9 , 1488 , 1494A – C England) Ratbertus, bishop of Paris 84 St Gallen, Switzerland 323 Raven type 299 , 303 , 304 St Ninian’s Isle, Shetland, hoard 312 Reading, Berkshire 343 Salisbury, Wiltshire 231 , 239 , 343 ; 1944 , 1946 , 1973 , 2011– 12, recoinage 16 , 116 , 157 , 158 , 179 , 181 , 221, 227-34, 247-8 , 251, 2027 – 8, 2053 , 2070 , 2081 , 2089, 2123 , 2149, 2224 334 , 386 Sandwich, Kent 65 , 344 ; 2150 hoard evidence for 228-9 saxoniorvm coinage 152, 154 reeves 230 Saxons 1 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 62 Regularis concordia 178 scales and weights 20 , 43, 62 Rendlesham, Suf olk 55 Scandinavia see individual countries and Vikings Repton, Derbyshire 287 sceat , unit of account 67 , 68 , 115 , 361 , 362-3, 364 , 386; see also re-use of coin 37-8 early pennies Rhine, river 10 , 29 , 92 Schöttenkloster 334 Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd 6 scilling ; see shilling Rhuddlan, Denbighshire 236 Scotland 2, 4, 5, 6 , 19 , 32, 112 , 184 , 307-10 , see also Ribe, Denmark 84 , 87, 90, 92-3, 114 Alba, kingdom of Richard de Clare 325 bullion in 21 , 313 Richborough, Kent 27 coinage in 312-14 , 328 Rigold, Stewart 43 , 66, 68-9, 80, 94 Scots 5, 25

894 General index

scripulum/ scruple, unit of weight/account 370 Southwark, Surrey 237, 244 , 245, 260, 264 , 271, 344 ; 1859 , Seaby, Peter 223 , 227 1915 , 2102 seals 378 Spain 24 , 28 , 32 sét , unit of account 370 Spalding Gentlemen’s Society 53 Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 230 , 250 Speed, John 167 Severn, river 29 Spelman, John 167 Severn Stoke, Worcestershire, hoard 161 Staf ord, Staf ordshire 205 , 208, 275, 344 ; 1477 – 8 , 1749 , Severus III, Roman emperor 34 2324 –5 Sevington, Wiltshire, hoard 139 Stainmore, Cumbria 281 ‘sexennial thesis’ 218 , 220, 227-8 , 260, 269 Stamford, Lincolnshire 186 , 192 , 210, 237 , 240, 265 , 271 , 280 , Shaftesbury, Dorset 321, 344 ; 2029 303 , 344 ; 1766 , 1777 , 2013 – 14 , 2103 – 4 , 2111 , 2177 , Shelford, Nottinghamshire 289 2347 Sherborne, Dorset 255 Stamford, Lincolnshire, hoard 170 , 288 , 291 Shetland 314 Stamford Bridge, East Yorkshire, battle of (1066) 214 shilling/scilling 11-12 , 14, 49-57 , 61 , 80 , 113 , 313 ‘state’, late Anglo-Saxon 214-16; see also England coin Stenton, Sir Frank 219 Concordia type 55 Stephen, king of the English 220 , 334 ‘Constantine’ type 55 stes, unidentii ed mint-place 350 Pada types 56 , 85, 92 , 93 Stevenson, R. B. K. 318 Two-Emperors type 55 Stewartby, Lord (Ian Stewart) 68-9 Vanimundus types 56-7, 85, 92, 93 Steyning, Sussex 242, 344 ; 2196 , 2265 – 7 , 2302 – 3 ‘York group’ 54 , 113 Stiklestad, Norway, battle of (1030) 269 unit of account 361 , 363-4 , 364-5 Stockbridge Down, Hampshire, hoard 229 , 230 shires 177 , 214 , 237 , 247 , 250 Stockholm, Sweden 217 Shrewsbury, Shropshire 186 , 199 , 201, 263 , 321 , 344; 1462 –3 , Store Frigård II, Denmark, hoard 260 2225 Strathclyde/Cumbria, kingdom of 21, 177, 307 Shrewsbury, Shropshire, hoard 197 styca 115 , 367 , 387; see also Northumbria, coinage of Sigeferth, Viking king in York 293 , 294; 2526 , 2528 –9 , Sudbury, Suf olk 237, 345 2573 –7 , 2577 –8 Suf olk 63, 104 , 279 Sigofredus, bishop of Paris 84 Surrey 146 Sihtric I Caoch, king of York 285 , 295 , 298, 302 ; 2597 –603 Sussex 128 , 129 , 146 , 194 , 201 , 204 , 206 , 214, 237 , 251 Sihtric II, king of York 300 Sutherland, Humphrey 42 , 66 , 68 , 80 Sihtric III Silkbeard, king of Dublin 245 , 320 , 325 , 329 , 332 ; Sutton, Cambridgeshire 18 2615 –21 , 2626 –44 Sutton Hoo, Suf olk 40 , 42 , 43-4, 61 Sihtric, Viking earl 284, 286 , 289 Sweden 18 , 217, 218 , 245, 253 , 256, 259 , 269; see also Vikings siliquae 28, 29 , 32-4 Swein Forkbeard, king of the Danes and of the English 212 , Simeon of Durham, scholar 123, 136 , 298 231 , 268, 281, 316 single-i nds 7, 11 , 43 , 45 , 125 , 151 , 167 , 179 , 184 , 185, 188 , 205, sword (coin type) 295, 297, 300 , 302 , 303-4 234, 238 , 261, 263 , 266, 269, 274 , 276, 327, 387 Sword of Carlus 300 ‘sixpence’, possible denomination 172 Skaill, Orkney, hoard 313 Táin Bó Cúailnge 323 skanomodu solidus 49 Tamworth, Staf ordshire 128 , 208, 280 , 345; 1711 Skytte, Johan 253 Taplow, Buckinghamshire 40 slaves 37 , 108 , 305 Tara, Co. Meath 323 smrierl, unidentii ed mint-place 204 , 350 Tatel, moneyer 160 ; 1096 Snowden Philip, 859 ; F34 – 6 Taunton, Somerset 345 Soberton, Hampshire, hoard 277 taxation 23 , 25; see also tribute payments solidus 8 , 29 , 33 , 34-5, 43 , 55, 313 , 318 , 369 , 387 Temple type 288 Anglo-Saxon 45-9 Tenby, Pembrokeshire 310 Wigmund 125 , 376 Terwispel, Netherlands, hoard 93 Somerset 16 , 236 testing 19-20; see also pecking Southampton 12 , 36, 38 , 64, 83, 102, 109 , 206 , 210, 238 , 244, Tetney, Lincolnshire, hoard 184 , 188, 208 279, 344; 1464 , 1765 , 1914 Thames 52 , 64 , 95, 99 , 107, 129 , 147, 177, 185, 186 , 193, 207, possible ninth-century mint 145 , 155 231 , 237 , 270 South Cadbury, Somerset 239 Thanet, Isle of 65, 215, 279 South Gyrwe, people 40 thegns 242 South Petherton, Somerset 344 Thelwall, Cheshire 345 ; 1481

General index 895

Theodebert II, king of the Franks 44 Ireland 326 , 370-1 Theodmær, moneyer 205; 1599 Wales 371 Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury 67 , 108 , 361 Theodoric, goldsmith 274 Valdarve, Sweden, hoard 259 Theodosius, count, Roman commander 24 Vale of York, hoard 18 , 187 , 202 , 203 , 282, 302-3 Theodosius I, Roman emperor 24 Valentinian I, Roman emperor 49 Thetford, Norfolk 210 , 237 , 244, 345; 1784 , 1945 , 2030 , Valentinian II, Roman emperor 24 2082 –3 , 2151 –2 , 2178 , 2226 , 2268 , 2304 –5 , 2348 Valentinian III, Roman emperor 33 , 34 Thietmar of Merseburg 254 Vanimundus, moneyer 43, 56-7 ; 22 – 5 third pennies 370 Vanneberga, Sweden, hoard 273 Thor 297 , 298 Vatican (Rome) hoard 184 , 197 , 202 Thoresby, Ralph 65 Vikings 1, 5, 278-9 , 306 Thorkel the Tall 231 , 267 bullion and 18-22 Thorulfr, moneyer 244 in Ireland 327-8 thrymsa 42, 50 , 366-7; see also shilling and tremissis in Scotland 313 Thurcaston, Leicestershire, hoard 283 , 298, 302-3 , 462 in Wales 311 Thuringia, Germany 334 coinage of (in England) 15 , 114 , 281-304 Thurkil Hoga, English aristocrat 240 east midlands 205, 301-4 ; 2597 – 602 , 2604, 2607 Thwaite, Suf olk, hoard 221 eltangerht coinage 301; 2608 Thwaites, Edward 282 imitations of Anglo-Saxon coinage 171 , 284, 288-90 , Tiberius III, East Roman/Byzantine emperor 310 301-2 ; 2354 – 453 Tilbeorht, moneyer 103 ; 566 –8 orsnaforda imitations 171 , 288 , 290, 302 ; 2366 – 8 Tilwine, moneyer 170 , 172 ; 1259 regal coinage of York 292-5 ; 2526 – 86 tin 37 St Edmund Memorial coinage 193, 284, 286 , 290-2, 295 , Tintagel, Cornwall 27, 37 302 ; 2454 – 525 titulature 134 , 135, 142 , 172 , 177 , 179 , 202 , 207, 285 , 331, 372-4 St Martin 286 , 296 , 302-3 ; 2604A Tondberht, princeps of the South Gyrwe 40 St Peter 282, 285 , 286 , 295-8 , 302-3 ; 2587 – 94 Torksey, Lincolnshire 120 , 283, 285 , 286, 287 , 327, 345, 462 York 204, 286 , 291 , 292-301, 304 ; 2526– 85, 2587 –96 , Tostig, earl of Northumbria 213 , 214 2605 – 6, 2608 – 11 Totnes, Devon 206, 210 ; 1860 , 1916 –17 coinage of (in Scandinavia) 221; see also Ribe, Denmark Tours, France 59 and early pennies, Series X towns/urbanisation 5 , 11, 12, 109 , 177 , 202, 214, 240 , 323; see in England 15 , 111 , 112 , 120 , 125 , 127 , 146-7 , 151 , 153, 157 , also emporia /wic and byrg 160 , 164, 165-6 , 170 , 174, 177, 180 , 185 , 200, 212-13 , Traprain Law, East Lothian, hoard 33 , 35 , 312 215, 234 , 267 , 279-81; see also Danelaw treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 279, 365 etymology 278 tremissis 8 , 34-5, 42 , 50 , 362 , 368 , 388; see also shilling ‘Great Army’ 279, 283 Trent, battle of the (679) 64 in Ireland 325 Trent, river 287 longphuirt (fortresses in Ireland) 325 Trewhiddle, Cornwall, hoard 126 in Scotland 309 Tribal Hidage 40, 107 , 128 settlements in England 279-81; see also Danelaw Tribrach coinage 139 , 140 , 143 , 144 , 145 settlements in the Isle of Man 315-16 tribute payments 16 , 61, 212 , 214 , 215, 218-19 , 228 , 232, tribute payments, to Vikings 253-60; see also tribute payments 253-60 , 264 Vintry, London 221 Danegeld 255 Visigothic coinage 104 gafol 255 Vortigern, post-Roman British leader 26 heregeld 255-6 , 272, 273 Turner, Sharon 66 Wales 2 , 4, 6 , 17, 128 , 305-7 Two Emperors type 169, 288, 289 bullion in 21 , 311 Two-Line/Horizontal coinage 167 , 171-2 , 181 , 186, 187 , 198 , coinage in 310-12 , 321, 359 199 , 200, 201, 202 , 204-6 , 208 , 288 , 289, 290, 295 , 296 , Walker, Obadiah 65 300 , 302 Wallingford, Berkshire 204, 206 , 208 , 218, 231 , 252 , 268, 345; Tyne, river 111 1641 , 1723 – 5 , 2124 , 2197 , 2227 , 2269 , 2306 – 7 Waltham Chronicle 275 Uí Néill 6, 323 wapentakes 280 Ulster 323 , 325 Wareham, Dorset 210 , 345 units of account; see also individual terms Warminster, Wiltshire 345; 1974 England 360-70 Warwick, Warwickshire 345 , 369 ; 1778 , 2105

896 General index

Watchet, Somerset 232 , 238 , 239, 345; 2106 tenth-century 182 , 185 , 186 , 192 , 195, 196 , 197, 200, 203 , Waterford, Co. Waterford 5, 325 204 , 206, 207, 208, 210 , 237, 260 waði , unidentii ed mint-place 351 coin i nds 36 Watling Street 279 imitations of 321 , 331 Watlington, Oxfordshire 168 inter-mint die-links 244 weardburh , unidentii ed mint-place 186, 351 metrology 194, 251, 275 Wearmouth-Jarrow, Tyne and Wear 65, 111 minting arrangements 240-1 weights see scales and weights, and metrology Old Minster 178 weingi , unidentii ed mint-place 351 relationship with Southampton 245 Welbourn, Lincolnshire, hoard 229 role in production and distribution of dies 168 , 201, 208 , Wembley, Middlesex 859, 873 ; F32 – 6 246 , 261, 265 Weohthun, moneyer 145 ; 1176 Winton Domesday see Winchester, minting arrangements Wessex 388 Wirral, the 37 , 321 , 359 coinage of 96 , 100 , 102-3, 115 , 126, 130, 145 , 165, 172 , 181 , witan 216 182 , 201, 239; 1174 – 1233 Witmen, moneyer 52 coin i nds 96 Woden see Odin common currency with other kingdoms 9 Woodham Walter, Essex, hoard 83 , 87, 90 , 101 earldom 213 Woodstown, Co. Waterford 327 foundation legends 26 wool 108 kingdom of 5 , 6, 63 , 64, 125 , 146-8, 279 , 306 Worcester, Worcestershire 129 , 215 , 243 , 248 , 255 , 346 , 363 ; mint-places 9 , 12, 168 2156 , 2274 , 2317 region within larger kingdom 174 , 185, 186, 196 , 216, 237 Worcestershire 129 west midlands 149 , 182 , 184 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 198-200, 201, 203 , Wroughton, Wiltshire see Ellendun , battle of 205, 206 , 207 , 208 , 248; see also Mercia Wroxeter, Shropshire 32 Westminster Abbey 213 Wui ngas, East Anglian dynasty 137 West Stow, Suf olk 38 Wulfheard, moneyer 197 ; 1398 , 1403 Wexford, Co. Wexford 5 , 325 Wulfhere, archbishop of York 120 , 121 , 298; 921 – 6 Whithorn, Dumfries and Galloway 313 Wulfhere, king of the Mercians 40 , 64 Widia, moneyer 242 Wulfnoth, moneyer 243; 2055 Widsith 364 Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 130-1 , 141-2 , 152 ; Wigheard, moneyer 199 ; 1436 , 1540 –1 976 –81 Wight, Isle of 36 Wulfsige, archbishop of York 120, 124 Wiglaf, king of the Mercians 146, 148 , 155 ; 1088 Wulfstan, archbishop of York (d. 956) 281, 298, 300 Wigmund, archbishop of York 120, 121 , 125 , 127 ; 880 –920 Wulfstan, archbishop of York (d. 1023) 213 , 215, 231 , 251, 368 solidus of 125 , 376 wydio, unidentii ed mint-place 351 Wigræd, moneyer 103 ; 561 –5 Wihtred, king of Kent 64 , 80, 107 Yeavering, Northumberland 111 Wilfrid, bishop of York 112 York 105 , 111 , 174 , 177 William I the Bastard, duke of Normandy and king of the archbishops of 114 , 295 , 298 English 214, 227 , 252 , 333 bullion in 19 William II, king of the English 6, 310 , 312 , 333 cathedral school 112 Wilræd, moneyer 134; 929 , 1003 coinage of 285, 335 , 346 ; 1466 – 9 , 1487 – 8 , 1494A – C , 1526 , Wilton, Wiltshire 182 , 231 , 236 , 277, 346 ; 1726 – 7, 1806 , 1861 , 1624 – 6 , 1628 , 1768 – 70 , 1780 – 2 , 1785 , 1807 , 1866 , 1871 , 1918– 19 , 2107 , 2125 , 2153 , 2160, 2179 , 2198– 9, 1980 , 2016 , 2031 , 8 , 2056 – 8 , 2071 , 2084 , 2112 – 13 , 2228, 2270 – 1 , 2308 , 2326 , 2332 , 2349 – 50 2115 , 2126 , 2157 – 8 , 2167 – 8 , 2180 – 2 , 2204 – 5 , 2231 – 2 , wiltv , unidentii ed mint-place 351 2275 – 6 , 2310 – 16 , 2329 – 31 , 2352 – 3 , 2526 – 35 , 2578 , Winchcombe, Gloucestershire 130 , 346 ; 2309 2581 , 2587 – 96 , 2605 – 6 , 2608 – 11 Winchester, Hampshire 145 , 177 Anglo-Viking see Vikings, coinage of (in England) coinage of 218 , 238 , 335 , 346 ; 1465 , 1485 –6 , 1642 , 1728 –30 , Church type 201 , 1494A – 5 1779 , 1862 –5 , 1873 , 1920 –2 , 1975 –9 , 2015 , 2054 –5 , early pennies 105 , 109 2090 , 2099 , 2118 , 2154 –5 , 2200 –3 , 2229 – 30 , 2272 –3 , imitations of 331 2327 –8 , 2351 late Anglo-Saxon 12 , 235, 237, 238 , 239 , 252 , 256, 264 , halfpennies 182 273 late Anglo-Saxon 12 , 238 , 242, 250 , 265 , 271 in Manx i nds 318 ninth-century 167 , 169 , 172 Northumbrian coinage (mid-eighth century–860s) 12, possible early mint-place 145 , 155 114 , 190

General index 897

tenth-century (English) 180 , 182 , 186 , 187 , 192, 195, moneyers 238 , 241 , 242 201-2 , 203 , 204, 205-6 , 207, 208 , 210 role in die production and distribution 245 , 246, 271, coin i nds 54, 113, 184 275 Coppergate excavations 297 Roman city 64 Danish merchants in 256 Viking attacks 112 , 279 Dublin-style dies used at 332 Viking kingdom of 111 , 174 , 187 , 280-1 , 285 , 289, 292-301 , emporium (seventh- to ninth-century trading centre) 12 325; see also Northumbria i nds of early medieval minting equipment 11 , 243 ‘York group’ see shillings imitations of 331 Yorkshire 21 , 26, 174, 211, 279 inter-mint die-links 245 Zosimus, east Roman/Byzantine historian 24 merchants from 215 metrology 194, 262, 275

INDEX OF HOARDS AND OTHER FINDS REPRESENTED IN THE CATALOGUE

Unless otherwise stated, all locations are in England. References in bold refer to catalogue num- bers. Wherever possible, references to hoards in the Checklist and other relevant publications have been given.

(a) hoards Ashdon, Essex (Checklist 84) 1267 , 2356– 7 , 2359 , 2370– 4 , Delgany, Co. Wicklow, Ireland (Checklist 48) 955 , 1073 , 1075 , 2379– 83 , 2385– 9 , 2391– 3 , 2397– 435 1083 , 1085 Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire (Checklist 21) 56– 7 , 71 , 78 , 98 , Denmark (uncertain hoard) 1872 105 , 128 , 134 , 170 , 181 , 573 Denmark/Sweden (uncertain hoard) 2697 Dorking, Surrey (Checklist 58) 1042 , 1092 , 1182 , 1194 , Bais, dép. Ille-et-Vilaine, France (Prou et al. 1981) 179 1215 ‘Baldwin’ (Blackburn and Pagan 2002) 2489– 90 , 2495– 8 , Dorset/Blandford, Dorset (Checklist 47) 981 2502– 7 Douglas, Isle of Man (Checklist 165) 1612 , 1630 , 1644 , 1652 , Ballaquayle, Isle of Man (Checklist 165) 1713 1657 , 1660 , 1662 , 1676 , 1679 , 1686 , 1690– 1 , 1701 , Bossall/Flaxton, North Yorkshire (Checklist 108) 2590, 2596 1703 , 1715 , 1717 , 1722 , 1740 , 1744 , 2610 Brantham, Suf olk ( Checklist 105b) 1298 , 1306– 43 , 1345– 74 , 1376– 94 , 2444– 7 , 2449 Erith, Kent (Checklist 82) 1253 , 1256

Cambridge, Cambridgeshire (Checklist 27) 542 , 559 Glasnevin, Co. Dublin, Ireland (Checklist 110) 2604 Chancton, Sussex (Checklist 255) 2163 , 2190 , 2193 , 2196 , 2199 , Gussage St Michael, Dorset 999 2202– 3 , 2212 , 2215 , 2218– 19 , 2230 , 2243 , 2257 , 2259 , 2263 , 2270 , 2272 , 2302– 4 , 2340– 1 Hexham, Northumberland (Checklist 38) 687 , 730 City/Walbrook, London (Checklist 261) 2099 , 2299 Hougham, Kent (Checklist 13; Blunt 1979) 49 ‘Cnut’ (Cambridge area, Cambridgeshire?) (Checklist 222d) 1947 , 2051– 2 Ipswich (1863), Suf olk ( Checklist 178) 1794– 5 , 1803 Croydon (1862), Surrey (Checklist 67) 950 , 1100 , 1118 , 1141 , 1167 , 1233– 4 , 1237 , 1240 , 1246 , 1248 (Co.) Kilkenny, Ireland (Checklist 170) 1718 Croydon (1906), Surrey (Checklist 57) 1183 Killyon Manor, Co. Meath, Ireland (Checklist 138) 1473 , 1509 , Cuerdale, Lancashire (Checklist 87; Graham-Campbell 1532 , 1568 , 2453 2011) 1170 , 1250 , 1261 , 1270 , 1272 , 1281 , 1291 , 1297 , Kintbury, Berkshire (Checklist 140) 1638 2358 , 2364 , 2395 , 2436 , 2454– 5 , 2533 , 2537 , 2539– 41 , Kloster Barthe, Niedersachsen, Germany (Berghaus 1958) 2543– 53 , 2562– 5 , 2568– 70 , 2572– 4 , 2576 , 2578 , 2580 , 235 2582 , 2584

898

Index of hoards and single-i nds 899

London (Waterloo Bridge) (Checklist 65) 1103 , 1130 , 1161 Smarmore, Co. Louth, Ireland (Checklist 147) 1480 , 1589 , Lough Lene, Co. Westmeath, Ireland (Checklist 146) 1614 1723 Stamford, Lincolnshire (Checklist 85) 2369 , 2437 , 2439– 40 Manningtree, Essex (Checklist 98b) 2462 Suf olk (near Yarmouth, Norfolk) ( Checklist 49) 967 , 1087 Middle Harling, Norfolk (Checklist 30; Archibald 1985) 441 , 568 , 927– 9 Tetney, Lincolnshire (Checklist 141) 1597– 8 , 1628 , 1634 , 1671 , Middle Temple, London (Checklist 50) 935 , 1189 , 1195– 6 1674 , 1677– 8 , 1684– 5 , 1687– 8 , 1692 , 1697 , 1699 Thames (Checklist 93b) 2442 , 2450– 1 Polish hoard 2026 Thornage, Norfolk (Checklist 48a) 1080 Thurcaston, Leicestershire (Checklist 109a) 1287 , 1303 , 1401 , Rome, Italy (Blunt 1986; Naismith 2014e) 1050 2591– 2 , 2598 , 2599– 602 Ryedale, North Yorkshire (PAS YORYM-BC3AB2) (Co.) Tipperary, Ireland (Checklist 125) 1499 1494A– D , 2604A Trewhiddle, Cornwall (Checklist 59) 1091 , 1178 , 1207

Scotby, Cumberland (Checklist 115) 1492 Vatican, Rome, Italy (O’Donovan 1964) 1283 , 1301– 2 , 1409 , Shaftesbury, Dorset (Checklist 200) 1922 1425– 9 , 1432 , 1482 , 2452

(b) single-finds and productive sites Akenham, Suf olk 1031 2020– 1 , 2040 , 2046 , 2057 , 2258 Aosta, Italy 2687 Dongjum, Friesland, Netherlands 192 Aylesford, Kent 966 Dorchester, Dorset 333 Dorking, Surrey 1037 Barrington, Cambridgeshire 219 , 1278 Dorset 630 Bawsey, Norfolk 231 , 976 , 1020 , 1252 , 2178 , 2612 Bedfordshire 326 East Anglia 90 Beechamwell, Norfolk 566 , 1804 East Barsham, Norfolk 358 Bentley, Suf olk 139 East Grimstead, Wiltshire 2110A Berkshire 142 Easton, Hampshire 1805 Biggleswade, Bedfordshire 2485 East Tilbury, Thurrock 1001– 2 , 1029 , 1038 , 1172 Billingsgate, London 2183 Egmond, Noord Holland, Netherlands 263 Blackheath, London 17 England 164 , 185 Boer, Friesland, Netherlands 145 England, southern 22 Boston, Lincolnshire 1797 Eriswell, Suf olk 1032 Bottisham, Cambridgeshire 1047 , 1923 Essex, north 79 Burgh Castle, Norfolk 1027 Eynsham Abbey, Oxfordshire 995 Bury St Edmunds, Suf olk 1853 , 1862 Farnborough, Kent 70 Caistor, Lincolnshire 63 Fetcham, Surrey 1173 Caistor-by-Norwich, Norfolk 13 , 548 Folkestone, Kent 53 Caldecote, Norfolk 1126 Fordwich, Kent 342 , 1016 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire 83 , 405 , 570 , 574 , 1758 , 1844 , Friesland, Netherlands 148 , 247 1948 , 2181– 2 , 2209 , 2384 , 2466 , 2482 Carlisle, Cumbria 705 , 743 Goodnestone, Kent 3 Castle Cary, Somerset 1412 Grantchester, Cambridgeshire 1941 Castor, Northamptonshire 1018 Grantham, Lincolnshire 972 Cirencester, Gloucestershire 383 Great Bircham, Norfolk 91 Clare, Suf olk 277 , 1406 Great Cressingham, Norfolk 563 Colchester, Essex 740 Great Dunmow, Essex 149 Coldred, Kent 1012 Great Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire 458 Cottam, East Yorkshire 353 Greys, Essex 1022 Cromer, Norfolk 1084 Hampshire 324 , 1171 Dagnall, Buckinghamshire 7 Harrogate, North Yorkshire 8A Denmark 1792 , 1808 , 1824 , 1832– 8 , 1845 , 1848 , 1864 , 1868 , Hastings, East Sussex 2252 1889– 93 , 1899 , 1901– 2 , 1935 , 1939 , 1956– 7 , 2002 , Haslingi eld, Cambridgeshire 1057

900 Index of hoards and single-i nds

Hayton, Humberside 642 Owersby, Lincolnshire 1696 Heckington, Lincolnshire 1158 Oxborough, Norfolk 2483 , 2525 Hertfordshire 1004 Hollingbourne, Kent 607 Packenham, Suf olk 1041 Holme-next-Sea, Norfolk 1045 Papworth, Cambridgeshire 1198 Huncote, Leicestershire 965 Pevensey, East Sussex 930 Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire 1557 Poland 2027 Pottersbury, Northamptonshire 129 Ickleton, Cambridgeshire 2621 Ipswich, Suf olk 89 Reculver, Kent 10 , 39 , 58 , 62 , 84 , 151 , 194 , 208 , 215 , 272 , 292 , Ireland 1721 343 , 371 , 373 , 463– 4 , 466– 8 , 480 , 614 Isleworth, London 1963 , 2233 Riddlesworth, Norfolk 932 Italy 1049 Royston, Hertfordshire 60– 1 , 64 , 66 , 75 , 86– 7 , 99 , 119 , 125 , Ixworth, Suf olk 1554 144 , 161– 3 , 174 , 177 , 186– 7 , 189 , 196 , 203 , 206 , 211 , 218 , 226 , 234 , 246 , 251– 3 , 256 , 268– 9 , 316 , 364– 8 , 372 , Kent 436 , 973 , 1068 374– 6 , 380 , 390 , 398– 9 , 401– 3 , 408– 9 , 418 , 421 , 425– 6 , Kilham, West Yorkshire 479 428 , 430 , 447– 8 , 465 , 471 , 473 , 475– 6 , 478 , 488– 9 , 492 , King’s Lynn, Norfolk 116 , 1551 578 , 589 , 592– 6 , 600 , 602 , 611 , 616 , 618 , 622 , 624– 6 , 920 , 961 , 2300 Laceby, Lincolnshire 2390 Lakenheath, Suf olk 499 St Albans, Hertfordshire 381 Lambeth, London 964 St Austell, Cornwall 1545 , 1767 Lambley, Nottinghamshire 1074 St Neots Priory, Cambridgeshire 197 Langford, Bedfordshire 546 St Osyth, Essex 1003 Lewes, East Sussex 1548 Sancton (Newbold), East Yorkshire 638 , 646 , 655 Lincolnshire, north 2 , 346 Santon Downham, Norfolk 988 Lincolnshire, south 341 Sarre (cemetery), Kent 19– 20 London 1009 , 1082 (?), 1231 Sawbridgeworth, Essex 1769 London (Thames Exchange) 1260 , 2317 Schalsum, Friesland, Netherlands 287 London (Thames Exchange or Vintry) 2133 Shall eet, Isle of Wight 1176 London, west (National Gallery) 603 Shalford, Surrey 1034 Long Wittenham, Oxfordshire 327 Sledmere, Yorkshire 265 Soham, Cambridgeshire 1088 Maidstone, Kent 1180 Somersham, Cambridgeshire 2191A Market Rasen, Lincolnshire 933 Springi eld, Essex 132 Martinstown, Dorset 1079 Stamford, Lincolnshire 604 Marton, Lincolnshire 360 Stevenage, Hertfordshire 1720 Maurik, Gelderland, Netherlands 290 Stamford Hill, London 954 Meldreth, Cambridgeshire 407 Stilton, Cambridgeshire 1014 Methwold, Norfolk 1069 Stowting, Kent 1448 Middle Harling, Norfolk 441 , 1761 Suf olk 529 , 1033 , 1063 , 2486– 7 , 2512 Middlesex 122 Swallow, Lincolnshire 2597 Middleton-on-the-Wolds, East Yorkshire 1731 , 2396 Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent 584 Tangmere, West Sussex 4 Monkton, Kent 1025 Tetbury, Gloucestershire 989 Thames (River) 310 , 406 , 2479 , 2484 , 2588 Narborough, Norfolk 1757 Thetford, Norfolk 504 , 2516 Needham Market, Suf olk 1030 Thornwood Common, Essex 1946 Neston, Cheshire F38 Tilbury, Thurrock 434 , 1115 Newark, Nottinghamshire 2566 Timworth, Suf olk 2518 Newmarket, Suf olk 1082 (?), 1605 Torksey, Lincolnshire 709 , 848 , 862– 3 , 913 , 1056 , 1106 , Norfolk, south 953 1168– 9 , 1224 , 1236 , 1241 , 1243– 4 , 1783 , 1981 , Norfolk/Suf olk border 1026 2067 , 2624 Northamptonshire 1023 North Elmham, Norfolk 350 Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy 1000 North Owersby, Lincolnshire 1772 Urchfont, Wiltshire 957 Norwich, Norfolk 931

Index of hoards and single-i nds 901

Vechten, Utrecht, Netherlands 229 Winwick, Cambridgeshire 416 , 2175 Vrouwenpolder, Walcheren, Netherlands 238 Woodbridge, Suf olk 544 , 560 Worcester, Worcestershire 1850 Walsingham, Norfolk 1046 Wragby, Lincolnshire 2603 Wandsworth, London (Thames) 1005 Wye, Kent 439 Wangford, Suf olk 432 Wymondham, Norfolk 580 Warminster, Wiltshire 1177 Warnford, Hampshire 140 Yaxham, Norfolk 1059 Wenhaston, Suf olk 1028 Yorkshire, east 74 West Wratting, Cambridgeshire 1191 Yorkshire, south 969 Wijnaldum, Friesland, Netherlands 34 , 173 , 328 Yorkshire, south/north Lincolnshire 302