DOCSLIB.ORG

Vestibular Imbalance Associated with a Lesion in the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vestibular Imbalance Associated with a Lesion in the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Area ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Vestibular Imbalance Associated With a Lesion in the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Area Sang Won Seo, MD; Ha Young Shin, MD; Seo Hyun Kim, MD; Sang Won Han, MD; Kyung Yul Lee, MD; Seung Min Kim, MD; Ji Hoe Heo, MD, PhD Background: The nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) stem infarctions that predominantly involved the NPH is known to be a neural integrator of horizontal eye move- region. ments. Although the role of the human NPH is not well known, it may also function in postural balance, in view Main Outcome Measure: Findings on magnetic reso- of its anatomic connections with the vestibular nuclei and nance images. vestibulocerebellum and of lesion studies in experimen- tal animals. Results: The NPH was affected at the lower pontine level in 2 patients and at the upper medullary level in 4. In Objective: To show that the human NPH contributes addition to gaze-evoked nystagmus, all patients had ver- to vestibular function in addition to eye movement tigo, vomiting, and postural ataxia, suggesting vestibu- control. lar dysfunction. The patients typically fell contralater- ally or bilaterally to the lesion side. Design: Case series. Conclusion: The NPH serves a vestibular function in ad- Setting: University hospital. dition to its oculomotor control function. Patients: Six patients with small and discrete brain- Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1440-1443 HE NUCLEUS PREPOSITUS HY- the vestibular system and of lesion stud- poglossi (NPH), one of the ies in experimental animals.4,5 perihypoglossal nuclei, is Herein we present our observations in located rostral to the hypo- 6 patients with small and discrete brain- glossal nucleus and ex- stem infarctions that predominantly in- Ttends to the abducens nucleus. The NPH volved the NPH region. All patients had ver- and the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), tigo, postural ataxia, and gaze-evoked which is located lateral to the NPH and nystagmus. Clinical findings associated with serves a vestibular function, are recipro- the NPH lesions, particularly in relation to cally connected and have afferent and ef- its role in postural ataxia, are described. ferent connections with the vestibulocer- ebellum and with most parts of the METHODS oculomotor system, including the abdu- cens nucleus and the paramedian pon- tine reticular formation.1 Since the NPH During a 3-year period, 6 patients with small was first suggested to serve a vestibular or infarctions involving the NPH area were iden- oculomotor function,2 studies in subhu- tified from among those admitted to our neu- rology department. The subjects included 2 man primates and cats have focused on its men and 4 women with a median age of 67 role in eye movement control and have years (range, 55-80 years). We reviewed clini- shown that the NPH and the MVN are in- cal and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volved in the neural integration of hori- findings in these patients. zontal eye movements.3 While the exact Author Affiliations: From the role of the NPH in humans is uncertain be- Department of Neurology, Brain RESULTS Research Institute, Brain Korea cause cases with an isolated NPH lesion 21 Project for Medical Sciences, are rare, it is possible that the NPH func- Yonsei University College of tions in postural balance, as does the MVN, Demographic and clinical findings are Medicine, Seoul, Korea. in view of its anatomic connections with shown in the Table. (REPRINTED) ARCH NEUROL / VOL 61, SEP 2004 WWW.ARCHNEUROL.COM 1440 ©2004 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 Table. Demographic and Clinical Features of Patients Patient No./ Sex/Age, y Risk Factors MRA/DSA TEE Nystagmus Other Features 1/M/79 Hypertension BA, MCA, ICA stenosis Aorta plaques (9 mm) GE, horizontal, right Dysphagia 2/M/62 Hypertension, smoking Both VA stenosis Aorta plaques (5 mm) Spontaneous upbeat, and Skew deviation, ocular GE, horizontal, right tilt reaction 3/F/55 Previous stroke BA stenosis ND Mixed horizontal and None torsional, left 4/F/58 Hypertension, DM, BA, ICA stenosis ND GE, horizontal, right None previous stroke 5/F/80 None Normal Normal (TTE) GE, horizontal, bilateral Dysarthria 6/F/66 Hypertension, previous PCA stenosis Normal GE, bilateral Conjugate gaze palsy, stroke facial palsy Abbreviations: BA, basilar artery; DM, diabetes mellitus; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; GE, gaze-evoked; ICA, internal carotid artery; MCA; middle cerebral artery; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; ND, not done; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; VA, vertebral artery. All patients had small lesions in the medial portion present study adds MRI evidence to the previously sug- of the pontomedullary junction. The lesion was at the gested theory that the damage in the paramedian rostral lower pontine level in 2 patients and at the upper med- medulla, involving the perihypoglossal nuclei, may be re- ullary level in the other 4 (Figure 1). The NPH ap- sponsible for a spontaneous upbeat nystagmus.8 peared to be involved in all patients. Of note, all patients had postural ataxia with vertigo All patients had vertigo as a presenting symptom, as and vomiting, which suggests vestibular dysfunction. Al- well as gaze-evoked nystagmus or a mixed horizontal- though previous studies on experimental animals have con- torsional nystagmus that was intensified when looking cerned the role of the NPH in eye movement control, sev- in the direction of quick phases. A spontaneous upbeat eral lines of evidence suggest that vestibular dysfunction nystagmus accompanied these symptoms in 1 patient may be attributed to an NPH lesion. First, the NPH has (Table). All patients showed marked postural ataxia, but reciprocal and extensive connections with the vestibulo- no other cerebellar dysfunctions were observed. The di- cerebellum and the vestibular nuclei, which serve a ves- rection of falls was contralateral to the lesion side in 2 tibular function, as well as the oculomotor system. The patients and bilateral in 2. In another 2 patients with le- projection areas within the cerebellum, which include the sions at the medullary level, the laterality of falls could anterior lobe, entire vermis, flocculus, nodulus, and fas- not be determined because the lesion was found in the tigial nuclei,9 may also result in postural ataxia when dam- central portion (Figure 1). Associated neurologic signs included dysphagia, skew deviation and ocular tilt reac- aged. Second, selective injury of the NPH has produced tion, dysarthria, facial weakness of the peripheral type, vestibular imbalance in experimental animals. Drug- and disturbances of conjugate horizontal eye move- induced selective damage of the NPH and of the adjacent ments that were not overcome by the oculocephalic ma- perihypoglossal and reticular nuclei in primates pro- 4 neuver (Table). Platelet antiaggregating drugs were given duced a profound impairment of posture and gait. In cats, to all patients. A complete improvement of the postural the selective inhibition of the NPH by muscimol micro- ataxia was observed in all patients during the ensuing injection caused a moderate vestibular imbalance and a weeks. failure of the horizontal neural integrator.5 This prior evi- dence, in combination with the findings of the present COMMENT study, strongly suggests that the NPH serves a vestibular function as well as an oculomotor control function. In this study, the NPH lesion typically produced con- Lesions in the subjects as demonstrated by MRI were small and discrete, and located in the medial tegmentum of the tralateral or bilateral falls. The NPH has extensive and reciprocal connections with vestibular nuclei directly and pontomedullary junction. A careful review of the MRIs 9 showed that all lesions commonly involved the NPH re- indirectly via the vestibulocerebellum. An experimen- gion (Figure 2). tal study showed that a lesion of the NPH decreased the The NPH is known to be a component of the neural activity of the contralateral vestibular nucleus as a re- integrator of horizontal eye movements along with the sult of a reduction in the inhibition of inhibitory Pur- MVN and flocculus, and to be important for normal gaze kinje cells of the contralateral flocculus, which projects holding. Experimental lesions of the NPH were found to to the vestibular nucleus (Figure 3).10 Thus, contralat- impair the ability to hold eyes in eccentric gaze.6 More- eral falls induced by an NPH lesion may be a reasonable over, gaze-evoked nystagmus was induced by pharma- explanation, because a lesion of the vestibular nuclei pro- cologically inactivating the NPH-MVN region in the mon- duces ipsilateral falls.11 Lesions of the commissural con- key.7 In concert with findings in primates, gaze-evoked nections between the 2 NPHs at the midline were found nystagmus was present in all of our patients. A sponta- to result in a reduction of both vestibular activities,10 which neous upbeat nystagmus was observed in 1 patient. The again may cause bilateral falls. (REPRINTED) ARCH NEUROL / VOL 61, SEP 2004 WWW.ARCHNEUROL.COM 1441 ©2004 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 FLAIR/T2-Weighted MRI DWI Direction/Side Medullary Level Pontine Level Fall Nystagmus Lesion Patient 1 Left Right Right Patient 2 Left Right Central Patient 3 Right Left Central Patient 4 Bilateral Right Left Patient 5 Bilateral Bilateral Central Patient 6 Left Bilateral Right Figure 1. Magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the patients. Axial MRIs show small high-signal-intensity lesions (arrows) in the medial tegmentum of the upper medulla (patients 1, 2, 3, and 5) and the lower pons (patients 4 and 6), which are consistent with infarctions. DWI indicates diffusion-weighted image; FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Patient 6 had horizontal conjugate gaze palsy and fa- the present study, no patient showed an ipsilateral fall, cial palsy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Circuits in the Rodent Brainstem That Control Whisking in Concert with Other Orofacial Motor Actions
    Neuroscience 368 (2018) 152–170 CIRCUITS IN THE RODENT BRAINSTEM THAT CONTROL WHISKING IN CONCERT WITH OTHER OROFACIAL MOTOR ACTIONS y y LAUREN E. MCELVAIN, a BETH FRIEDMAN, a provides the reset to the relevant premotor oscillators. HARVEY J. KARTEN, b KAREL SVOBODA, c FAN WANG, d Third, direct feedback from somatosensory trigeminal e a,f,g MARTIN DESCHEˆ NES AND DAVID KLEINFELD * nuclei can rapidly alter motion of the sensors. This feed- a Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, back is disynaptic and can be tuned by high-level inputs. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA A holistic model for the coordination of orofacial motor actions into behaviors will encompass feedback pathways b Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA through the midbrain and forebrain, as well as hindbrain c areas. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Barrel Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Cortex. Ó 2017 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights d Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical reserved. Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA e Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Que´bec City, G1J 2G3, Canada f Key words: coupled oscillators, facial nucleus, hypoglossal Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA nucleus, licking, orienting, tongue, vibrissa. g Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Contents Introduction 153 Abstract—The world view of rodents is largely determined Coordination of multiple orofacial motor actions 153 by sensation on two length scales.
    [Show full text]
  • DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy
    By DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 By the end of the lecture, students will be able to : Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal, mid “Trigeminal level” and rostral). 3. Mid brain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Describe the Reticular formation (structure, function and pathway) being an important content of the brain stem. 2 1. Traversed by the Central Canal. Motor Decussation*. Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal (Trigeminal sensory nucleus)* : ➢ It is a larger sensory T.S of Caudal part of M.O. nucleus. ➢ It is the brain stem continuation of the Substantia Gelatinosa of spinal cord 3 The Nucleus Extends : Through the whole length of the brain stem and upper segments of spinal cord. It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. 4 It is Motor Decussation. Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side They descend in the Decuss- = crossing lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract. 5 Traversed by Central Canal. Larger size Gracile & Cuneate nuclei, concerned with proprioceptive deep sensations of the body. Axons of Gracile & Cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers; decussating forming Sensory Decussation. Pyramids are prominent ventrally. 6 Formed by the crossed internal arcuate fibers Medial Leminiscus: Composed of the ascending internal arcuate fibers after their crossing.
    [Show full text]
  • Cortical Control of Facial Expression
    Review The Journal of Comparative Neurology Research in Systems Neuroscience DOI 10.1002/cne.23908 Topical review Cortical control of facial expression. René M. Müri1,2,3 1Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland 2Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Abbreviated title: Cortical control of facial expression Key words: human, facial expression, emotion, facial innervation | downloaded: 13.3.2017 http://boris.unibe.ch/72088/ This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an ‘Accepted Article’, doi: 10.1002/cne.23908 source: © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Received: Jan 31, 2015; Revised: Sep 19, 2015; Accepted: Sep 25, 2015 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Journal of Comparative Neurology Page 4 of 23 Abstract The present topical review deals with the motor control of facial expressions in humans. Facial expressions are a central part of human communication. Emotional face expressions have a crucial role in human non-verbal behavior, allowing a rapid transfer of information between individuals. Facial expressions can be both voluntarily or emotionally controlled. Recent studies in non-human primates and humans revealed that the motor control of facial expressions has a distributed neural representation. At least 5 cortical regions on the medial and lateral aspects of each hemisphere are involved: the primary motor cortex, the ventral lateral premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area on the medial wall, and, finally, the rostral and caudal cingulate cortex.
    [Show full text]
  • Somatotopic Organization of Perioral Musculature Innervation Within the Pig Facial Motor Nucleus
    Original Paper Brain Behav Evol 2005;66:22–34 Received: September 20, 2004 Returned for revision: November 10, 2004 DOI: 10.1159/000085045 Accepted after revision: December 7, 2004 Published online: April 8, 2005 Somatotopic Organization of Perioral Musculature Innervation within the Pig Facial Motor Nucleus Christopher D. Marshall a Ron H. Hsu b Susan W. Herring c aTexas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Tex., bDepartment of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., and cDepartment of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA Key Words pools of the lateral 4 of the 7 subnuclei of the facial motor Somatotopy W Innervation W Facial nucleus W Perioral nucleus. The motor neuron pools of the perioral muscles muscles W Orbicularis oris W Buccinator W Mammals were generally segregated from motoneurons innervat- ing other facial muscles of the rostrum. However, motor neuron pools were not confined to single nuclei but Abstract instead spanned across 3–4 subnuclei. Perioral muscle The orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles of mammals motor neuron pools overlapped but were organized so- form an important subset of the facial musculature, the matotopically. Motor neuron pools of portions of the perioral muscles. In many taxa, these muscles form a SOO overlapped greatly with each other but exhibited a robust muscular hydrostat capable of highly manipula- crude somatotopy within the SOO motor neuron pool. tive fine motor movements, likely accompanied by a spe- The large and somatotopically organized SOO motor cialized pattern of innervation. We conducted a retro- neuron pool in pigs suggests that the upper lip might be grade nerve-tracing study of cranial nerve (CN) VII in pigs more richly innervated than the other perioral muscles (Sus scrofa) to: (1) map the motor neuron pool distribu- and functionally divided.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Contributes to Head Direction Cell Stability in Rats
    The Journal of Neuroscience, February 11, 2015 • 35(6):2547–2558 • 2547 Systems/Circuits The Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Contributes to Head Direction Cell Stability in Rats William N. Butler and XJeffrey S. Taube Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 Head direction (HD) cells in the rat limbic system fire according to the animal’s orientation independently of the animal’s environmental location or behavior. These HD cells receive strong inputs from the vestibular system, among other areas, as evidenced by disruption of their directional firing after lesions or inactivation of vestibular inputs. Two brainstem nuclei, the supragenual nucleus (SGN) and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), are known to project to the HD network and are thought to be possible relays of vestibular information. Previous work has shown that lesioning the SGN leads to a loss of spatial tuning in downstream HD cells, but the NPH has historically been defined as an oculomotor nuclei and therefore its role in contributing to the HD signal is less clear. Here, we investigated this role by recording HD cells in the anterior thalamus after either neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the NPH. There was a total loss of direction-specific firing in anterodorsal thalamus cells in animals with complete NPH lesions. However, many cells were identified that fired in bursts unrelated to the animals’ directional heading and were similar to cells seen in previous studies that damaged vestibular- associated areas. Some animals with significant but incomplete lesions of the NPH had HD cells that were stable under normal conditions, but were unstable under conditions designed to minimize the use of external cues.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture (6) Internal Structures of the Brainstem.Pdf
    Internal structures of the Brainstem Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy-Lecture 6 Editing file Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: ● Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal and rostral). 3. Midbrain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Color guide ● Only in boys slides in Green ● Only in girls slides in Purple ● important in Red ● Notes in Grey Medulla oblongata Caudal (Closed) Medulla Traversed by the central canal Motor decussation (decussation of the pyramids) ● Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side ● They descend in the lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. ● The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract Trigeminal sensory nucleus. ● it is the larger sensory nucleus. ● The Nucleus Extends Through the whole length of the brainstem and its note :All CN V afferent sensory information enters continuation of the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. the brainstem through the nerve itself located in the pons. Thus, to reach the spinal nucleus (which ● It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. spans the entire brain stem length) in the Caudal ● It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Medulla those fibers have to "descend" in what's known as the Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal ● Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending (how its sensory and descend?see the note) fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2 and Hoxb1 Are Expressed in and Delete
    Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2Cre and Hoxb1Cre are expressed in and delete Atoh1flox from different regions of the developing neural tube. (A, A’) E9.5 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression only in rhombomeres 3 and 5. White and black dotted lines here and in panels E and E’ denote the anterior and posterior boundaries of rhombomere 4, respectively. (B, C) Coronal sections from a P30 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing β-galactosidase expression in the CN. Large cells and granule cells are labeled in the AVCN and DCN, but to a much lesser extent in the PVCN. (D) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN, demonstrating that these nuclei arise predominantly from rhombomeres 3 and 5. (E, E’) E9.5 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression posterior to the anterior boundary of rhombomere 4. (F, G) Coronal sections from a P30 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing heavy expression of β-galactosidase in the PVCN and DCN with much lower levels of expression in the AVCN. (H) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN with the exception of the MNTB, where only some of the neurons are labeled. (I-N) Atoh1 in situ hybridization in coronal hindbrain sections from E15.5 wildtype (I, L), Egr2Cre; Atoh1CKO (J, M) and Hoxb1; Atoh1CKO (K, N) embryos. Red arrows show the absence of Atoh1 mRNA in the neuroepithelium that contributes neurons to the developing AES, AVCN, cRL, and DCN, while expression of the gene is maintained in other regions where Cre is not expressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering One of Life's Greatest Mysteries: Nystagmus!
    LET’S MAKE NYSTAGMUS GREAT AGAIN: A VIDEO TUTORIAL OF WIGGLES AN OPHTHALMOLOGIST MAY SEE JERK nystagmus PENDULAR nystagmus Sally Letson Symposium, Ottawa 2018 [email protected] BEFORE WE START: • Is NYSTAGMUS complex? – YES, highly complex, and it can be OVERWHELMING • But can we extract from the anatomy and physiology easy to use, easy to remember, practical principles for our clinics? – YES, WITHOUT A DOUBT! • Do we need fancy equipment and detailed quantitative analysis to evaluate nystagmus? – ABSOLUTELY NOT! The focused history and careful, ordered bedside exam usually points us to the diagnosis, and always directs us down the Auguste Rodin correct path for management. (Testing of course helps to confirm our diagnoses, and provides data for research BUT ….) • HANG IN THERE! Rather than thinking that nystagmus takes you to Auguste Rodin’s “Gates of Hell”, you will receive “The Kiss” from your patients at the end of the day. A Road Map for Today • Historical perspectives • Organizing one’s thoughts about nystagmus • A flow chart for diagnosis • The wave-form analysis • Key anatomy • Major types of jerk nystagmus: Brain stem and cerebellum • Major types of pendular nystagmus: multiple sclerosis and ocular palatal tremor syndromes • A few unusual types of nystagmus to recognize Why do we need eye movements? Sharp, detailed vision is possible only at the fovea, the small area at the center of the retina, and when images are held steady there. • . FOVEA How to think about nystagmus (without nightmares) (νυσταγμός , drowsiness, nodding, doze) Eduard Hitzig (1871) first used the word nystagmus to describe the effects of galvanic stimulation on the mastoids behind the ears which produced a nystagmus with slow and quick phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Excitatory and Inhibitory Innervation of the Mouse Orofacial Motor Nuclei: a Stereological Study
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Excitatory and Inhibitory Innervation of the Mouse Orofacial Motor Nuclei: A Stereological Study Macarena Faunes,1,2 Alejandro Onate-Ponce,~ 1,2 Sara Fernandez-Collemann,1,2 and Pablo Henny1,2* 1Laboratorio de Neuroanatomıa, Departamento de Anatomıa Normal, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT 3,000, 600, and 1,700 cells, respectively. Neurons in the trigeminal (Mo5), facial (Mo7), ambiguus VGluT11,VGluT21, and VIAAT1 varicosities respec- (Amb), and hypoglossal (Mo12) motor nuclei innervate tively represent: 28%, 41%, and 31% in Mo5; 2%, 49%, jaw, facial, pharynx/larynx/esophagus, and tongue and 49% in Mo7; 12%, 42%, and 46% in Amb; and 4%, muscles, respectively. They are essential for movements 54%, and 42% in Mo12. The Mo5 jaw-closing subdivision subserving feeding, exploration of the environment, and shows the highest VGluT11 innervation. Noticeably, the social communication. These neurons are largely con- VGluT21 and VIAAT1 varicosity density in Mo7 is 5-fold trolled by sensory afferents and premotor neurons of the higher than in Mo5 and 10-fold higher than in Amb and reticular formation, where central pattern generator cir- Mo12. The high density of terminals in Mo7 likely cuits controlling orofacial movements are located. To reflects the convergence and integration of numerous provide a description of the orofacial nuclei of the adult inputs to motoneurons subserving the wide range of mouse and to ascertain the influence of excitatory and complex behaviors to which this nucleus contributes. inhibitory afferents upon them, we used stereology to Also, somatic versus neuropil location of varicosities sug- estimate the number of motoneurons as well as of vari- gests that most of these afferents are integrated in the cosities immunopositive for glutamate (VGluT11, dendritic trees of Mo7 neurons.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
    CranialCranial nervesnerves andand theirtheir nucleinuclei 鄭海倫鄭海倫 整理整理 Cranial Nerves Figure 13.4a Location of the cranial nerves • Anterior cranial fossa: C.N. 1–2 • Middle cranial fossa: C.N. 3-6 • Posterior cranial fossa: C.N. 7-12 FunctionalFunctional componentscomponents inin nervesnerves • General Somatic Efferent • Special Visceral Afferent •GSE GSA GVE GVA • (SSE) SSA SVE SVA Neuron columns in the embryonic spinal cord * The floor of the 4th ventricle in the embryonic rhombencephalon Sp: special sensory B:branchial motor Ss: somatic sensory Sm: somataic motor Vi: visceral sensory A: preganglionic autonomic (visceral motor) • STT: spinothalamic tract • CST: corticospinal tract • ML: medial lemniscus Sensory nerve • Olfactory (1) •Optic (2) • Vestibulocochlear (8) Motor nerve • Oculomotor (3) • Trochlear (4) • Abducens (6) • Accessory (11) • Hypoglossal (12) Mixed nerve • Trigeminal (5) • Facial (7) • Glossopharyngeal (9) • Vagus (10) Innervation of branchial muscles • Trigemial • Facial • Glossopharyngeal • Vagus Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Table 13.2(I) Cranial Nerve II: Optic • Arises from the retina of the eye • Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm • They continue to the thalamus (lateral geniculate body) where they synapse • From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex (area 17) • Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision Cranial Nerve II: Optic Table 13.2(II) Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor • Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go to the extrinsic eye muscles • Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Table 13.2(III) 1.Oculomotor nucleus (GSE) • Motor to ocular muscles: rectus (superior對側, inferior同側and medial同 側),inferior oblique同側, levator palpebrae superioris雙側 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Generation of a Whole-Brain Atlas for the Cholinergic System and Mesoscopic Projectome Analysis of Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons
    Generation of a whole-brain atlas for the cholinergic system and mesoscopic projectome analysis of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons Xiangning Lia,b,1, Bin Yuc,d,1, Qingtao Suna, Yalun Zhanga, Miao Rena, Xiaoyan Zhanga, Anan Lia,b, Jing Yuana, Linda Madisene, Qingming Luoa,b, Hongkui Zenge, Hui Gonga,b,2, and Zilong Qiub,c,2 aBritton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Engineering Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; bChinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; cInstitute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; dUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and eAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103 Edited by Liqun Luo, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and approved November 21, 2017 (received for review March 6, 2017) The cholinergic system in the brain plays crucial roles in regulating continuous sectioning was recently developed to obtain whole- sensory and motor functions as well as cognitive behaviors by brain maps for neurons of interest (13–16). Using the latest modulating neuronal activity. Understanding the organization of tomography-based method (15), we constructed a comprehensive the cholinergic system requires a complete map of cholinergic whole-brain map of genetically labeled cholinergic neurons in the neurons and their axon arborizations throughout the entire brain mouse brain, which provides quantitative information on neuronal at the level of single neurons.
    [Show full text]
  • BRAIN, Hnd CEREBELLAR CENTERS and FIBER TRACTS IS BIRDS1
    A CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN BULBAB, R111)- BRAIN, hND CEREBELLAR CENTERS AND FIBER TRACTS IS BIRDS1 ESTHER ELICK SANDERS Lnboratory of Comparative Xeurology, Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan FIFTEEN FIGURES CONTENTS Introduction . , . 156 Materials and methods . 167 Literature .. ...,..... 157 Description of nuclear . 165 Nuclei aiid root fibers of the eye-muscle nerves . .. .. 163 Oculomotor nuclei aiid root fibers . 166 Trochlear nucleus and root fibers .. , . ,.. ..... .. 168 Abdueens nuclei arid root fibers , ............. 1g9 Fiber connections of the eye-muscle nuclei . , . 171 Tecto-bulbar tract . 173 Dorsal tecto-bulbar tract . , . , . 17.5 Ventral tecto-bulbar tract . ............... 176 Trigemiiial nuclei and root fibers . , . , . 177 Sensory nudei of the trigeminal 177 Motor nuclei of the trigcminal . 179 Cutaneous sensory root of the trigeminal . 183 Mesencephalic and motor roots of the trigeminal . I . 183 Secondary connections of the t.rigemiii 153 Internuclear fibers from sensory trigemiiial nuclci 183 Trigemino-cerebellar connections . , . 183 Secondary ascending trigemiual bundle, (trigemino-mesencephalic tract) ................................................ 186 Quinto-frontal tract . .......... 187 Cerebello-motorius fibers . , . , . , . 189 Nuclei and root fibers of the facial nerve . 189 Sensory nucleus of the facial nerve ........................... 189 Motor nuclei of the facial nerve , , . ._.. 189 Root fibers of the facial nerve . 190 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Unirersity of Michigan. 155 THE JOURNAL OF COYPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, VOL. 49, NO. 1 156 ESTHER BLICK SAWDERS Suclear centers and root fibers of the cochlear nerve ................ 190 Nuclear centers of the cochlear nerve ........ ............ 190 194 195 Vestibular nuclei aiid root fibers .... 197 Vestibular nuclei ............................................ 197 Vestibular root fibers ................... .......... 204 Secondary connections of the vestibular nerve ....................
    [Show full text]