Circuits in the Rodent Brainstem That Control Whisking in Concert with Other Orofacial Motor Actions
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DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy
By DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 By the end of the lecture, students will be able to : Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal, mid “Trigeminal level” and rostral). 3. Mid brain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Describe the Reticular formation (structure, function and pathway) being an important content of the brain stem. 2 1. Traversed by the Central Canal. Motor Decussation*. Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal (Trigeminal sensory nucleus)* : ➢ It is a larger sensory T.S of Caudal part of M.O. nucleus. ➢ It is the brain stem continuation of the Substantia Gelatinosa of spinal cord 3 The Nucleus Extends : Through the whole length of the brain stem and upper segments of spinal cord. It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. 4 It is Motor Decussation. Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side They descend in the Decuss- = crossing lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract. 5 Traversed by Central Canal. Larger size Gracile & Cuneate nuclei, concerned with proprioceptive deep sensations of the body. Axons of Gracile & Cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers; decussating forming Sensory Decussation. Pyramids are prominent ventrally. 6 Formed by the crossed internal arcuate fibers Medial Leminiscus: Composed of the ascending internal arcuate fibers after their crossing. -
Electrophysiological and Morphological Evidence for a Gabaergic Nigrostriatal Pathway
The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 1999, 19(11):4682–4694 Electrophysiological and Morphological Evidence for a GABAergic Nigrostriatal Pathway Manuel Rodrı´guez1 and Toma´ s Gonza´ lez-Herna´ ndez2 Departments of 1Physiology and 2Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain The electrophysiological and neurochemical characteristics of gic neurons, a percentage that reached 81–84% after 6-OHDA the nondopaminergic nigrostriatal (NO-DA) cells and their func- injection. Electrophysiologically, NO-DA cells showed a behavior tional response to the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostri- similar to that found in other nigral GABAergic (nigrothalamic) atal (DA) cells were studied. Three different criteria were used to cells. In addition, the 6-OHDA degeneration of DA cells induced a identify NO-DA cells: (1) antidromic response to striatal stimu- modification of their electrophysiological pattern similar to that lation with an electrophysiological behavior (firing rate, inter- found in GABAergic nigrothalamic neurons. Taken together, the spike interval variability, and conduction velocity) different from present data indicate the existence of a small GABAergic nigro- that of DA cells; (2) retrograde labeling after striatal injection of striatal pathway and suggest their involvement in the pathophys- HRP but showing immunonegativity for DA cell markers (ty- iology of Parkinson’s disease. rosine hydroxylase, calretinin, calbindin-D28k, and cholecysto- kinin); and (3) resistance to neurotoxic effect of 6-hydroxydomine Key words: nigrostriatal pathway; dopaminergic cells; (6-OHDA). Our results showed that under normal conditions, GABAergic cells; GABA; glutamic acid decarboxylase; parval- 5–8% of nigrostriatal neurons are immunoreactive for GABA, glu- bumin; calretinin; calbindin-D28k; cholecystokinin; Parkinson’s tamic acid decarboxylase, and parvalbumin, markers of GABAer- disease The substantia nigra (SN) is a major output center of the basal paminergic (Grace and Bunney, 1980, 1983a). -
The Effects of Chloride Dynamics on Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
RESEARCH ARTICLE The effects of chloride dynamics on substantia nigra pars reticulata responses to pallidal and striatal inputs Ryan S Phillips1,2, Ian Rosner2,3, Aryn H Gittis2,3, Jonathan E Rubin1,2* 1Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States; 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, United States; 3Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States Abstract As a rodent basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is well positioned to impact behavior. SNr neurons receive GABAergic inputs from the striatum (direct pathway) and globus pallidus (GPe, indirect pathway). Dominant theories of action selection rely on these pathways’ inhibitory actions. Yet, experimental results on SNr responses to these inputs are limited and include excitatory effects. Our study combines experimental and computational work to characterize, explain, and make predictions about these pathways. We observe diverse SNr responses to stimulation of SNr-projecting striatal and GPe neurons, including biphasic and excitatory effects, which our modeling shows can be explained by intracellular chloride processing. Our work predicts that ongoing GPe activity could tune the SNr operating mode, including its responses in decision-making scenarios, and GPe output may modulate synchrony and low-frequency oscillations of SNr neurons, which we confirm using optogenetic stimulation of GPe terminals within the SNr. Introduction The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is the primary output nucleus of the rodent basal ganglia *For correspondence: (BG) and hence likely plays a key role in the behavioral functions, such as decision-making and action [email protected] selection, suppression, or tuning, to which the BG contribute. -
Cortical Control of Facial Expression
Review The Journal of Comparative Neurology Research in Systems Neuroscience DOI 10.1002/cne.23908 Topical review Cortical control of facial expression. René M. Müri1,2,3 1Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland 2Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Abbreviated title: Cortical control of facial expression Key words: human, facial expression, emotion, facial innervation | downloaded: 13.3.2017 http://boris.unibe.ch/72088/ This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an ‘Accepted Article’, doi: 10.1002/cne.23908 source: © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Received: Jan 31, 2015; Revised: Sep 19, 2015; Accepted: Sep 25, 2015 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Journal of Comparative Neurology Page 4 of 23 Abstract The present topical review deals with the motor control of facial expressions in humans. Facial expressions are a central part of human communication. Emotional face expressions have a crucial role in human non-verbal behavior, allowing a rapid transfer of information between individuals. Facial expressions can be both voluntarily or emotionally controlled. Recent studies in non-human primates and humans revealed that the motor control of facial expressions has a distributed neural representation. At least 5 cortical regions on the medial and lateral aspects of each hemisphere are involved: the primary motor cortex, the ventral lateral premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area on the medial wall, and, finally, the rostral and caudal cingulate cortex. -
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V. Gurevich, Ph.D., and Jeffrey N. Joyce, Ph.D. The dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are members of the D2 important difference from the rat is that D3 receptors were subfamily that includes the D2, D3 and D4 receptor. In the virtually absent in the ventral tegmental area. D3 receptor rat, the D3 receptor exhibits a distribution restricted to and D3 mRNA positive neurons were observed in sensory, mesolimbic regions with little overlap with the D2 receptor. hormonal, and association regions such as the nucleus Receptor binding and nonisotopic in situ hybridization basalis, anteroventral, mediodorsal, and geniculate nuclei of were used to study the distribution of the D3 receptors and the thalamus, mammillary nuclei, the basolateral, neurons positive for D3 mRNA in comparison to the D2 basomedial, and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. As revealed receptor/mRNA in subcortical regions of the human brain. by simultaneous labeling for D3 and D2 mRNA, D3 mRNA D2 binding sites were detected in all brain areas studied, was often expressed in D2 mRNA positive neurons. with the highest concentration found in the striatum Neurons that solely expressed D2 mRNA were numerous followed by the nucleus accumbens, external segment of the and regionally widespread, whereas only occasional D3- globus pallidus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental positive-D2-negative cells were observed. The regions of area, medial preoptic area and tuberomammillary nucleus relatively higher expression of the D3 receptor and its of the hypothalamus. In most areas the presence of D2 mRNA appeared linked through functional circuits, but receptor sites coincided with the presence of neurons co-expression of D2 and D3 mRNA suggests a functional positive for its mRNA. -
Using High-Resolution MR Imaging at 7T to Evaluate the Anatomy of the Midbrain ORIGINAL RESEARCH Dopaminergic System
Using High-Resolution MR Imaging at 7T to Evaluate the Anatomy of the Midbrain ORIGINAL RESEARCH Dopaminergic System M. Eapen BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dysfunction of DA neurotransmission from the SN and VTA has been D.H. Zald implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease and schizophrenia. Unfortunately, these midbrain DA structures are difficult to define on clinical MR imaging. To more precisely evaluate J.C. Gatenby the anatomic architecture of the DA midbrain, we scanned healthy participants with a 7T MR imaging Z. Ding system. Here we contrast the performance of high-resolution T2- and T2*-weighted GRASE and FFE J.C. Gore MR imaging scans at 7T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy participants were scanned by using GRASE and FFE se- quences. CNRs were calculated among the SN, VTA, and RN, and their volumes were estimated by using a segmentation algorithm. RESULTS: Both GRASE and FFE scans revealed visible contrast between midbrain DA regions. The GRASE scan showed higher CNRs compared with the FFE scan. The T2* contrast of the FFE scan further delineated substructures and microvasculature within the midbrain SN and RN. Segmentation and volume estimation of the midbrain SN, RN, and VTA showed individual differences in the size and volume of these structures across participants. CONCLUSIONS: Both GRASE and FFE provide sufficient CNR to evaluate the anatomy of the midbrain DA system. The FFE in particular reveals vascular details and substructure information within the midbrain regions that could be useful for examining -
Somatotopic Organization of Perioral Musculature Innervation Within the Pig Facial Motor Nucleus
Original Paper Brain Behav Evol 2005;66:22–34 Received: September 20, 2004 Returned for revision: November 10, 2004 DOI: 10.1159/000085045 Accepted after revision: December 7, 2004 Published online: April 8, 2005 Somatotopic Organization of Perioral Musculature Innervation within the Pig Facial Motor Nucleus Christopher D. Marshall a Ron H. Hsu b Susan W. Herring c aTexas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Tex., bDepartment of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., and cDepartment of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA Key Words pools of the lateral 4 of the 7 subnuclei of the facial motor Somatotopy W Innervation W Facial nucleus W Perioral nucleus. The motor neuron pools of the perioral muscles muscles W Orbicularis oris W Buccinator W Mammals were generally segregated from motoneurons innervat- ing other facial muscles of the rostrum. However, motor neuron pools were not confined to single nuclei but Abstract instead spanned across 3–4 subnuclei. Perioral muscle The orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles of mammals motor neuron pools overlapped but were organized so- form an important subset of the facial musculature, the matotopically. Motor neuron pools of portions of the perioral muscles. In many taxa, these muscles form a SOO overlapped greatly with each other but exhibited a robust muscular hydrostat capable of highly manipula- crude somatotopy within the SOO motor neuron pool. tive fine motor movements, likely accompanied by a spe- The large and somatotopically organized SOO motor cialized pattern of innervation. We conducted a retro- neuron pool in pigs suggests that the upper lip might be grade nerve-tracing study of cranial nerve (CN) VII in pigs more richly innervated than the other perioral muscles (Sus scrofa) to: (1) map the motor neuron pool distribu- and functionally divided. -
III. Biochemical and Developmental Dissociation of Patch-Matrix Mesostriatal Systems
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1987. 7(12): 39353944 The Neostriatal Mosaic: III. Biochemical and Developmental Dissociation of Patch-Matrix Mesostriatal Systems Charles R. Gerfen,’ Ken G. Baimbridge,2 and Jean Thibault3 ‘Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, ‘Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and 3Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Collkge de France, Paris In the previous paper (Gerfen et al., 1987) mesostriatal do- ically distinct. For example, following pharmacologic treat- paminergic neurons were shown to be subdivided into dorsal ments that deplete dopamine stores in mesostriatal terminals, and ventral tiers that project to the striatal matrix and patch there is a more rapid replenishment of dopamine in patch than compartments, respectively. The present study provides ex- in matrix areas (Olson et al., 1972; Fuxe et al., 1979; Fukui et perimental evidence that these patch-matrix mesostriatal al., 1986). Also, chronic apomorphine treatment results in an dopaminergic systems are biochemically and develop- increase in dynorphin immunoreactivity in patch and not matrix mentally distinct. A 28 kDa calcium-binding protein (CaBP, striatonigral neurons (Li et al., 1986). The manner in which the or calbindin-D 28LDa) is expressed in dorsal tier mesostriatal patch- and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons dopaminergic neurons. The distribution of such neurons, lo- may be differentially regulated by the compartmental organi- cated in the ventral tegmental area, dorsal tier of the sub- zation of striatonigral projections (Gerfen, 1984, 1985) was dis- stantia nigra pars compacta, and retrorubral area, matches cussed in the previous paper (Gerfen et al., 1987). -
Lecture (6) Internal Structures of the Brainstem.Pdf
Internal structures of the Brainstem Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy-Lecture 6 Editing file Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: ● Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal and rostral). 3. Midbrain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Color guide ● Only in boys slides in Green ● Only in girls slides in Purple ● important in Red ● Notes in Grey Medulla oblongata Caudal (Closed) Medulla Traversed by the central canal Motor decussation (decussation of the pyramids) ● Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side ● They descend in the lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. ● The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract Trigeminal sensory nucleus. ● it is the larger sensory nucleus. ● The Nucleus Extends Through the whole length of the brainstem and its note :All CN V afferent sensory information enters continuation of the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. the brainstem through the nerve itself located in the pons. Thus, to reach the spinal nucleus (which ● It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. spans the entire brain stem length) in the Caudal ● It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Medulla those fibers have to "descend" in what's known as the Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal ● Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending (how its sensory and descend?see the note) fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. -
Descending Projections from the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Differentially Control Seizures
Descending projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata differentially control seizures Evan Wickera, Veronica C. Becka, Colin Kulick-Sopera, Catherine V. Kulick-Sopera, Safwan K. Hydera, Carolina Campos-Rodrigueza, Tahiyana Khana,b, Prosper N’Gouemoa,b,c, and Patrick A. Forcellia,b,d,1 aDepartment of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007; bInterdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007; cDepartment of Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007; and dDepartment of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007 Edited by Peter L. Strick, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, and approved November 20, 2019 (received for review May 13, 2019) Three decades of studies have shown that inhibition of the sub- Here, we sought to address 2 unresolved questions. First, to what stantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) attenuates seizures, yet the extent does selective silencing of the nigrotectal as compared to the circuits mediating this effect remain obscure. SNpr projects to nigrotegmental pathway recapitulate the effect of silencing SNpr? the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC) Second, are the seizure-suppressive effects of SNpr silencing me- and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), but the contributions of diated by divergent pathways depending on the seizure type? these projections are unknown. To address this gap, we optoge- We optogenetically silenced either SNpr, nigrotectal, or nigro- netically silenced cell -
The Effects of Lesions to the Superior Colliculus and Ventromedial Thalamus on [Kappa]-Opioid-Mediated Locomotor Activity in the Preweanling Rat
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2003 The effects of lesions to the superior colliculus and ventromedial thalamus on [kappa]-opioid-mediated locomotor activity in the preweanling rat Arturo Rubin Zavala Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Zavala, Arturo Rubin, "The effects of lesions to the superior colliculus and ventromedial thalamus on [kappa]-opioid-mediated locomotor activity in the preweanling rat" (2003). Theses Digitization Project. 2404. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2404 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF LESIONS TO THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND VENTROMEDIAL THALAMUS ON k-OPIOID-MEDIATED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE PREWEANLING RAT A Thesis Presented to'the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts i in I Psychology by Arturo Rubin Zavala March 2003 THE EFFECTS OF LESIONS TO THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND VENTROMEDIAL THALAMUS ON K-OPIOID-MEDIATED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE PREWEANLING RAT A Thesis I Presented to,the Faculty of I California State University, San Bernardino by , Arturo Rubin Zavala March 2003 Approved by: zhwl°3 Sanders A. McDougall, Chair, Psychology Date Thompsorij Biology ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to determine the I neuronal circuitry responsible for 'K-opioid-mediated locomotion in preweanling rats. -
Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2 and Hoxb1 Are Expressed in and Delete
Supplemental Figure 1. Egr2Cre and Hoxb1Cre are expressed in and delete Atoh1flox from different regions of the developing neural tube. (A, A’) E9.5 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression only in rhombomeres 3 and 5. White and black dotted lines here and in panels E and E’ denote the anterior and posterior boundaries of rhombomere 4, respectively. (B, C) Coronal sections from a P30 Egr2Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing β-galactosidase expression in the CN. Large cells and granule cells are labeled in the AVCN and DCN, but to a much lesser extent in the PVCN. (D) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN, demonstrating that these nuclei arise predominantly from rhombomeres 3 and 5. (E, E’) E9.5 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R embryo wholemount stained with Xgal. Cre expression drives β-galactosidase expression posterior to the anterior boundary of rhombomere 4. (F, G) Coronal sections from a P30 Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal showing heavy expression of β-galactosidase in the PVCN and DCN with much lower levels of expression in the AVCN. (H) Xgal staining in coronal sections of the AAN of the same Hoxb1Cre; ROSAR26R animal. High levels of expression are seen throughout the AAN with the exception of the MNTB, where only some of the neurons are labeled. (I-N) Atoh1 in situ hybridization in coronal hindbrain sections from E15.5 wildtype (I, L), Egr2Cre; Atoh1CKO (J, M) and Hoxb1; Atoh1CKO (K, N) embryos. Red arrows show the absence of Atoh1 mRNA in the neuroepithelium that contributes neurons to the developing AES, AVCN, cRL, and DCN, while expression of the gene is maintained in other regions where Cre is not expressed.